542:
773:
533:. As Richard Pennell commented, by claiming the title they positioned themselves as potential "caliphs-in-waiting", but for the moment, the title was simply the expression of their claim to an overarching "activist authority" over the areas they controlled.
1101:
190:), the list of those Muslims entitled to a share of the spoils of conquest. From Umar on, the title became a fixed part of caliphal titulature. Indeed, it appears to have been the chief title of the early caliphs, and the actual title of
269:. In later centuries, it was also adopted by regional rulers, especially in the western parts of the Muslim world, who used the caliphal rank to emphasize their independent authority and legitimacy, rather than any ecumenical claim. The
688:
language. The title of sire was used "Vatad", as in "homeland" ("Vatan"), which meant "defender of the rights of
Muslims in non-Islamic countries." The Grand Duchy was viewed as a new
1080:
1469:
1172:
1102:"Statement by the Leadership Council of Islamic Emirate regarding the martyrdom of Amir ul Mumineen Mullah Akhtar Muhammad Mansour and the election of the new leader"
396:
for regional rulers with the connotations of wide-ranging and absolute authority over a region, the power to conduct relations with foreign states, the upkeep of the
1050:
253:
became virtually tantamount to claiming the caliphate. As a result, the title was used by the great
Islamic dynasties that claimed the universal leadership over the
953:
1403:
1235:
636:, and was thus the right of any rightful Imam who stepped forth to claim his right by force of arms. The title was thus part of the titulature of the Zaydi
1142:
918:
1462:
346:") and has been used thus throughout history, without necessarily implying a claim to the caliphate. It was used in this sense by the early
2161:
1072:
704:, the Polish-Lithuanian monarch as the King of Poland was tasked with the protection of the rights of the Jews and other non-Christians.
480:
before the crowd. The title granted legitimacy to Omar's leadership of
Afghanistan and his declared jihad against the government led by
2135:
1455:
529:
was conferred the title after his appointment in
October 2006 by the Mujahideen Shura Council as the first Emir of the newly declared
2043:
17:
1301:
722:(page 34.6), an informer who is spreading nasty rumors about the main character is described as "Ibid, commender of the frightful".
1580:
618:(written word) itself. There is always a present living imam in the world, and following him, a believer could never go astray.
114:, however, counsels against the translation "Prince of the Believers" as "neither philologically nor historically correct".
1287:
1256:
1229:
1161:
347:
498:, the successor of Mullah Omar, was conferred the title in July 2015 upon his appointment as the new leader of the Taliban.
2103:
2171:
1330:
2098:
1552:
677:
503:
174:, responsible for appointing and dismissing generals and governors, taking major political decisions, and keeping the
2023:
1973:
1478:
1438:
1397:
934:
2048:
2013:
1143:"Controversy Grows Over Supposed Unity of Iraqi Mujahideen as Al-Qaida Announces Founding of Sunni Islamic State"
1313:
2038:
2033:
2028:
408:
2008:
1146:
916:هندوستان ميں فارسى تاريخ نگارى: ٧١ويں صدى كے آخرى نصف سے ٨١ويں صدى كے پهلے نصف تک فارسى تاريخ نگارى كا ارتقاء
614:), he explains that the hearts of the believers are attached to the Commander of the Believers, not just the
507:
33:
739:, one of the protagonists of the series, is frequently addressed by inferiors as commander of the faithful (
350:—who notably rarely used the caliphal title after they took it from the Abbasids in 1517—as well as various
2018:
2166:
1792:
915:
270:
1546:
599:
110:", the wide variety of its historical and modern use allows for a range of translations. The historian
700:
and the countries of Poland (Lechistan) and
Lithuania (Lipka) as "Dawood". One can claim that, since
1309:
573:
1221:
149:) adopted the title. This was likely not for its military connotation, but rather deriving from a
2176:
1487:
1171:(Analysis Paper No. 19). Washington, D.C.: Center for Middle East Policy, Brookings Institution.
323:, as a means to " hegemonic role and its position outside significant constitutional restraint".
310:
226:
135:
1604:
1209:
927:
759:
754:
428:
204:
171:
164:, the title's adoption marked a step in the centralization of the nascent Muslim state, as the
1044:
236:), who adopted it as a means to strengthen his position, which had become shaky following the
2078:
2071:
1822:
1609:
1586:
1422:
947:
701:
530:
499:
1385:
438:, which translates to "This is the tomb of the Commander of the Faithful, Hussein bin Ali."
1905:
1840:
1810:
1685:
1668:
603:
589:
526:
522:
390:
in 1836. According to historian
Richard Pennell, this pattern reflects the use of the term
696:
in
Lithuanian or Władysław in Polish, which was known in the diplomatic notes between the
666:
661:
8:
2088:
2066:
1574:
1513:
525:
adopted the title, nine years before the
Islamic State proclaimed its caliphate in 2014.
481:
463:
415:
216:
153:
injunction to "Obey God and obey the
Apostle and those invested with command among you" (
2116:
2093:
1680:
1369:
565:
377:
363:
294:
1352:
Pennell, Richard (2016). "What is the significance of the title 'Amīr al-mu'minīn'?".
1988:
1798:
1705:
1598:
1569:
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1434:
1393:
1373:
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1283:
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930:
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286:
266:
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222:
1447:
2156:
1937:
1834:
1742:
1650:
1592:
1557:
1541:
1361:
1217:
685:
648:
449:. Mullah Mohammed Omar was conferred the title in April 1996 by a Taliban-convened
103:
1423:"State Building and Social Fragmentation in Afghanistan: A Historical Perspective"
1365:
1873:
1828:
1752:
1695:
1662:
1277:
1260:
1254:
922:
749:
726:
546:
454:
419:
373:
335:
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221:'successor') does not appear to have been adopted until the reign of the
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95:
51:
37:
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in 1931, the following inscription was written on the window above his tomb:
359:
343:
302:
111:
1263:"The Kitáb-i-Íqán PART ONE". BAHA'I REFERENCE LIBRARY. Retrieved 2014-09-11.
273:
adopted it in 928, whence it was also used by several other minor rulers of
32:
This article is about the
Islamic title. For the leader of the Taliban, see
1915:
1729:
1644:
1495:
1426:
778:
697:
681:
237:
2110:
1700:
1690:
1638:
1431:
The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan
1297:
713:
511:
446:
387:
351:
326:
At the same time, the title has retained a connotation of command in the
244:
161:
541:
506:, was also conferred the title upon his election in 2016 and became the
1910:
1852:
1674:
1030:
La Mecque au XIVème siècle de l'Hégire / مكة في القرن الرابع عشر الهجري
644:
588:
Fatimid caliphs used the title as part of their titulature, and in the
274:
130:
was used for Muslim military commanders during the lifetime of Prophet
355:
191:
107:
84:
630:, the title retained strong connotations with the leadership of the
1932:
1900:
1816:
1747:
1656:
1499:
763:
731:
693:
689:
473:
282:
131:
1162:"From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State"
1620:
1614:
1523:
627:
576:
by the Shia and the officially designated successor to Muhammad.
442:
290:
154:
66:
61:
1983:
1978:
1947:
1920:
1878:
1711:
572:, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, regarded as the first
397:
354:
Muslim warlords until the modern period. The title was used by
306:
1169:
The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World
490:
by his followers and other jihadists, notably al-Qaeda leader
1518:
615:
550:
469:
450:
401:
400:, and the protection of Muslim territory from non-believers.
329:
254:
177:
150:
70:
134:. It was, for example, borne by the Muslim commander at the
29:
Title designating the supreme leader of an Islamic community
1942:
1892:
1768:
1491:
554:
139:
125:
89:
36:. For the Indonesian footballer named from this title, see
1070:
945:
670:
569:
424:هَذَا قَبْرُ أَمِيرِ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ ٱلْحُسَيْن بْنُ عَلِي
1189:
1011:
1009:
859:
835:
984:
982:
676:
A similar (but not the same) title was afforded to the
1119:
1073:"The Taliban's new leadership is allied with al Qaeda"
994:
847:
825:
823:
821:
819:
468:'assembly') of approximately 1000-1500 Afghan
1477:
1006:
967:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
766:, are referred to as "Commanders of the Faithful."
979:
949:
Latest History of the Khanates of Bokhara and Kokand
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433:
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44:
1279:
Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam
883:
871:
435:
Haḏa qabru ʾamīri ʾal-mūˈminīna ʾal-Ḥusayn bnu ʿAlī
895:
796:
673:, the son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
680:'s monarch as the Grand Duke of Lithuania by the
669:, applies the title Commander of the Faithful to
170:was acknowledged as the central authority of the
2148:
926:, Kanishka Publishing, original source from the
285:claimed the caliphate, and were followed by the
1046:الشريف الحسين الرضي والخلافة لنضال داود المومني
692:. Vatad was viewed as a variation on the name
1463:
1216:, Oxford University Press, pp. 165–182,
1137:
1027:
138:. On his accession in 634, the second caliph
1131:
1064:
740:
376:assumed the title in 1834. The Afghan ruler
1159:
1071:Thomas Joscelyn; Bill Roggio (2015-07-31).
69:title designating the supreme leader of an
2136:Knowledge:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility
1470:
1456:
1331:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1153:
939:
1433:. Syracuse University Press. p. 35.
1222:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311730.003.0009
907:
1417:
1380:
1000:
973:
640:until the end of the Yemeni monarchy.
540:
1351:
1195:
1145:. Counterterrorism Blog. Archived from
1125:
1032:(in Arabic). La Mecque: /. p. 291.
1015:
988:
901:
889:
877:
14:
2149:
1275:
1207:
1042:
865:
853:
841:
665:, the primary theological work of the
441:In 1996, the title was adopted by the
380:likewise used it when he proclaimed a
1451:
1248:
1094:
647:did not use the term, except for the
2104:List of current constituent monarchs
1354:The Journal of North African Studies
1339:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 445.
1296:
829:
1392:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
946:Leonid Nikolaevich Sobolev (1876).
654:
458:
423:
339:
199:
187:
99:
55:
24:
2162:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
2099:List of current sovereign monarchs
1553:Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty
1208:Virani, Shafique N. (2007-04-01),
411:was buried in the compound of the
404:(Tamerlane) also used the title.
305:, also by virtue of their claimed
25:
2188:
1974:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1479:Imperial, royal, and noble styles
771:
484:. Omar was still referred to as
293:, following whom all successive
1406:from the original on 2024-01-02
1238:from the original on 2024-01-02
1214:The Ismailis in the Middle Ages
1201:
1178:from the original on 2020-02-22
1083:from the original on 2016-06-17
1053:from the original on 2024-01-02
1036:
1021:
956:from the original on 2024-01-02
568:apply the title exclusively to
247:, the adoption of the title of
231:
144:
2089:Defender of the Holy Sepulchre
1390:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
678:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
536:
496:Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansoor
319:as the principal title of the
13:
1:
1366:10.1080/13629387.2016.1157482
913:Shah Muhammad Waseem (2003):
785:
707:
504:Supreme Leader of the Taliban
34:Supreme Leader of Afghanistan
1282:. Harvard University Press.
952:. Foreign Department Press.
790:
579:
7:
1793:Imperial and Royal Highness
632:
594:
486:
434:
392:
382:
358:, the sixth emperor of the
328:
315:
309:—have also claimed it. The
297:—the last two of them, the
249:
210:
176:
166:
124:
88:
45:
10:
2193:
2172:Religious leadership roles
1547:Imperial and Royal Majesty
1269:
1160:Cole Bunzel (March 2015).
621:
592:branch of Isma'ilism, the
560:
117:
31:
2131:
2059:
2001:
1961:
1891:
1866:
1785:
1761:
1728:
1721:
1532:
1506:
1485:
1049:(in Arabic). IslamKotob.
758:leaders of the fictional
18:Commander of the Faithful
1276:Donner, Fred M. (2012).
752:'s 1985 dystopian novel
476:, when he displayed the
1210:"Salvation and Imamate"
742:commandeur des croyants
311:Constitution of Morocco
227:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
172:expanding Muslim empire
78:
2094:Great Catholic Monarch
1605:Most Excellent Majesty
1581:Most Christian Majesty
1077:FDD's Long War Journal
1028:Muhammad Rafi (1964).
928:University of Michigan
741:
684:, who used to speak a
598:is always the current
557:
374:Abdelkader El Djezairi
136:Battle of al-Qadisiyya
56:أَمِيْر ٱلْمُؤْمِنِيْن
2079:Defender of the Faith
2072:Divine right of kings
1823:Ducal Serene Highness
1645:Most Eminent Highness
1610:Most Gracious Majesty
1587:Most Faithful Majesty
544:
531:Islamic State of Iraq
500:Hibatullah Akhundzada
307:descent from Muhammad
1906:Duli Yang Maha Mulia
1841:Illustrious Highness
1811:Grand Ducal Highness
1669:Illustrious Highness
1425:. In Ali Banuazizi;
604:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
527:Abu Umar al-Baghdadi
523:Abu Umar al-Baghdadi
313:still uses the term
2067:By the Grace of God
868:, pp. 210–211.
844:, pp. 135–136.
755:The Handmaid's Tale
482:Burhanuddin Rabbani
370:took on the title.
271:Umayyads of Cordoba
102:) is equivalent to
2167:Islamic honorifics
2117:Translatio imperii
1314:Lévi-Provençal, E.
1302:"Amīr al-Muʾminīn"
1259:2021-05-10 at the
921:2023-04-05 at the
760:Republic of Gilead
558:
378:Dost Mohammad Khan
364:Muhammad Umar Khan
295:Moroccan dynasties
157:, verses 58–62).
2144:
2143:
1997:
1996:
1989:Sultanic Highness
1887:
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1799:Imperial Highness
1781:
1780:
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1599:Britannic Majesty
1570:Catholic Monarchs
1564:Apostolic Majesty
1289:978-0-674-06414-0
1231:978-0-19-531173-0
1198:, pp. 17–18.
856:, pp. 98–99.
762:, a militaristic
737:Haroun El Poussah
702:Casimir the Great
595:ʾAmīr al-Muʾminīn
492:Ayman al-Zawahiri
487:ʾAmīr al-Muʾminīn
478:Cloak of Muhammad
467:
432:
393:ʾAmīr al-Muʾminīn
316:ʾAmīr al-Muʾminīn
277:. From 1253, the
250:ʾAmīr al-Muʾminīn
220:
208:
167:ʾAmīr al-Muʾminīn
71:Islamic community
60:Commander of the
46:ʾAmīr al-Muʾminīn
16:(Redirected from
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1969:Amir al-Mu'minin
1959:
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1867:Specific culture
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1686:Most Illustrious
1651:Exalted Highness
1593:Orthodox Majesty
1575:Catholic Majesty
1558:Imperial Majesty
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1382:Esposito, John
1378:
1360:(4): 623–644.
1349:
1310:Kramers, J. H.
1306:Gibb, H. A. R.
1298:Gibb, H. A. R.
1294:
1288:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1247:
1230:
1200:
1188:
1152:
1149:on 2009-10-13.
1141:(2006-10-15).
1130:
1118:
1106:Voice of Jihad
1093:
1063:
1035:
1020:
1005:
993:
978:
966:
938:
906:
894:
882:
870:
858:
846:
834:
832:, p. 445.
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
719:Finnegans Wake
716:'s 1939 novel
709:
706:
656:
653:
638:Imams of Yemen
623:
620:
581:
578:
562:
559:
538:
535:
413:Al-Aqsa Mosque
368:Kokand Khanate
234: 685–705
162:Fred M. Donner
147: 634–644
119:
116:
85:etymologically
80:
77:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2189:
2178:
2175:
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2123:Victory title
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1953:Son of Heaven
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:King of Kings
1926:
1922:
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1741:
1739:
1738:Pater Patriae
1736:
1735:
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1731:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1706:Much Honoured
1704:
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1615:Royal Majesty
1613:
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1514:Nəgusä Nägäst
1512:
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1501:
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1484:
1480:
1473:
1468:
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1450:
1442:
1440:9780815624486
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1405:
1401:
1399:9780195125597
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1391:
1387:
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1237:
1233:
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1174:
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1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:Evan Kohlmann
1134:
1127:
1122:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1018:, p. 16.
1017:
1012:
1010:
1003:, p. 35.
1002:
1001:Shahrani 1986
997:
990:
985:
983:
975:
974:Esposito 2003
970:
955:
951:
950:
942:
936:
935:9788173915376
932:
929:
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867:
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838:
831:
826:
824:
822:
820:
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795:
780:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
756:
751:
746:
743:
738:
734:
733:
729:comic series
728:
723:
721:
720:
715:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
663:
652:
650:
646:
641:
639:
634:
629:
619:
617:
613:
612:Sayr wa-Suluk
609:
605:
601:
596:
591:
587:
577:
575:
571:
567:
566:Twelver Shias
556:
552:
548:
547:mosque of Ali
543:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:Islamic State
517:In 2005, the
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
456:
452:
448:
447:Muhammad Umar
444:
439:
436:
430:
421:
417:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
360:Mughal Empire
357:
353:
349:
345:
337:
332:
331:
324:
322:
317:
312:
308:
304:
303:Alawi dynasty
300:
299:Sa'di dynasty
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
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246:
241:
239:
228:
224:
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197:
193:
185:
180:
179:
173:
168:
163:
160:According to
158:
156:
152:
141:
137:
133:
128:
127:
115:
113:
109:
105:
97:
92:
91:
86:
76:
74:
72:
68:
64:
63:
53:
49:
47:
39:
35:
27:
19:
2115:
2082:
1968:
1730:Ancient Rome
1430:
1427:Myron Weiner
1408:. Retrieved
1389:
1357:
1353:
1336:
1329:
1278:
1250:
1240:, retrieved
1213:
1203:
1196:Pennell 2016
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1168:
1155:
1147:the original
1133:
1126:Pennell 2016
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1108:. 2016-05-25
1105:
1096:
1085:. Retrieved
1076:
1066:
1055:. Retrieved
1045:
1043:IslamKotob.
1038:
1029:
1023:
1016:Pennell 2016
996:
991:, p. 2.
989:Pennell 2016
976:, p. 1.
969:
958:. Retrieved
948:
941:
914:
909:
902:Pennell 2016
897:
892:, p. 7.
890:Pennell 2016
885:
880:, p. 6.
878:Pennell 2016
873:
861:
849:
837:
779:Islam portal
753:
747:
730:
724:
717:
711:
698:Golden Horde
682:Lipka Tatars
675:
667:Baháʼí Faith
662:Kitáb-i-Íqán
660:
658:
642:
625:
611:
607:
583:
564:
516:
502:, the third
440:
406:
386:against the
372:
352:West African
325:
242:
238:Second Fitna
159:
121:
82:
75:
59:
43:
42:
26:
2111:Sacred king
2019:Netherlands
1795:(HI&RH)
1786:Middle Ages
1701:Wohlgeboren
1691:Hochgeboren
1639:Monseigneur
1549:(HI&RM)
1326:Pellat, Ch.
1318:Schacht, J.
866:Donner 2012
854:Donner 2012
842:Donner 2012
714:James Joyce
537:Shi'a views
514:in 2021.
512:Afghanistan
416:as a caliph
388:Sikh Empire
112:H.A.R. Gibb
2151:Categories
1911:Great king
1853:Excellency
1714:(Millourt)
1675:Excellency
1410:2015-04-25
1242:2020-11-17
1182:2016-09-25
1112:2016-06-14
1087:2015-10-14
1057:2023-12-26
960:2017-11-15
786:References
708:In fiction
645:Kharijites
626:Among the
608:The Voyage
275:al-Andalus
122:The title
2002:Countries
1722:Antiquity
1374:148543546
1345:495469456
1335:Volume I:
1322:Lewis, B.
830:Gibb 1960
791:Citations
735:, Caliph
580:Ismailism
429:romanized
356:Aurangzeb
205:romanized
108:commander
83:Although
2060:See also
2049:Scotland
2024:Portugal
1933:Maharaja
1901:Baghatur
1843:(HIll.H)
1835:Serenity
1817:Highness
1748:Sebastos
1743:Augustus
1671:(HIll.H)
1657:Highness
1542:Holiness
1500:nobility
1429:(eds.).
1421:(1986).
1404:Archived
1384:(2003).
1328:(eds.).
1300:(1960).
1257:Archived
1236:archived
1173:Archived
1081:Archived
1051:Archived
954:Archived
919:Archived
764:theonomy
732:Iznogoud
694:Vytautas
690:homeland
586:Isma'ili
474:Kandahar
344:holy war
287:Marinids
283:Ifriqiya
267:Fatimids
263:Abbasids
259:Umayyads
132:Muhammad
62:Faithful
2157:Caliphs
2014:Georgia
1962:Islamic
1762:Georgia
1753:Dominus
1621:Majesty
1534:Western
1524:Pharaoh
1496:royalty
1270:Sources
725:In the
622:Zaydism
616:Command
561:Twelver
521:leader
466:
459:شُورَىٰ
445:leader
443:Taliban
431::
366:of the
291:Morocco
279:Hafsids
225:caliph
223:Umayyad
219:
211:khalifa
207::
151:Quranic
118:History
104:English
100:أَمِيْر
2044:Canada
2034:Sweden
2029:Serbia
2009:France
1984:Sharif
1979:Hadrat
1948:Shogun
1938:Mikado
1921:Khagan
1879:Senhor
1825:(HDSH)
1813:(HGDH)
1712:Milord
1647:(HMEH)
1641:(Msgr)
1583:(HMCM)
1507:Africa
1498:, and
1437:
1396:
1372:
1343:
1324:&
1286:
1228:
933:
727:French
686:Turkic
628:Zaydis
590:Nizari
508:Leader
455:Arabic
420:Arabic
398:Sharia
340:جِهَاد
336:Arabic
265:, and
257:: the
245:Sunnis
243:Among
196:Arabic
192:caliph
184:Arabic
155:Sura 4
96:Arabic
67:Muslim
52:Arabic
1893:Asian
1847:Grace
1831:(HSH)
1807:(HRH)
1801:(HIH)
1665:(HSH)
1653:(HEH)
1635:(HRH)
1627:Grace
1617:(HRM)
1601:(HBM)
1595:(HOM)
1589:(HFM)
1577:(HCM)
1566:(HAM)
1560:(HIM)
1519:Nkosi
1492:popes
1370:S2CID
1304:. In
1176:(PDF)
1165:(PDF)
633:jihād
602:. In
551:Najaf
470:ulama
451:shura
407:When
402:Timur
383:jihād
330:jihād
200:خليفة
188:دیوان
178:dīwān
126:ʾamīr
90:ʾamīr
73:.
65:is a
58:) or
1943:Shah
1916:Khan
1855:(HE)
1849:(HG)
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1819:(HH)
1769:Mepe
1677:(HE)
1659:(HH)
1629:(HG)
1623:(HM)
1490:for
1435:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1341:OCLC
1284:ISBN
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643:The
584:The
574:imam
555:Iraq
545:The
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217:lit.
140:Umar
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1337:A–B
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