530:
prison alongside common criminals. One such prison, Candido Mendes, located on Ilha Grande, housed a mix of violent criminals and guerrillas in its notoriously brutal "Block B", or "The Pit". Inmates there were subject to frequent abuse at the hands of both their peers and the guards. The inmates banded together for mutual protection, shielding themselves from guard beatings and establishing a code of conduct for prisoners. Additionally, the guerrillas began to spread ideas about resistance, revolution, and social justice among the common criminals. As the alliance cemented, members introduced a common code of prison rules, designed to promote loyalty among members, reduce violence within the prison, and advance the common cause of the prisoners, while still maintaining a degree of autonomy for individual members to act as they desired.
208:
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182:
651:. High levels of autonomy have been characteristic of the CV since its inception on Ilha Grande: while prisoners were barred from violence against each other, they were freely allowed to pursue independent business. Another distinct aspect of CV structure is that they allow their leaders to freely step away from gang activity if they choose to do so, in stark contrast with many comparable gangs who require members to remain active until death.
169:
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195:
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143:
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469:. The prisoners formed the alliance to protect themselves from prison violence and guard-inflicted brutality; as the group coalesced, the common criminals were infused with leftist social justice ideals by the guerrillas. In 1979, prison officials labeled the alliance "Comando Vermelho", a name which the prisoners eventually co-opted as their own. In the 1980s, the gang expanded beyond Ilha Grande into other prisons and the
77:
889:
156:
720:), "where drugs and sex attract even bourgeois or petty-bourgeois youth", held regularly by the organization every Sunday, funk artists are also sponsored by the CV to record songs and even entire CDs that promote the group and eulogize the group's dead members. Because the CV pays for the production and recording of the funk songs, they "are often well recorded and of a high technical quality, and are being played on
130:
543:
grassroots movement demanding amnesty for thousands of political prisoners and exiles to insulate himself and his colleagues from potential indictments," and passed the sweeping 1979 Amnesty Law, protecting political prisoners and their government captors from prosecution. As a result, the leftist guerrilla elements of the CV were released from prison, weakening the group's ideological bent.
25:
670:
much of the world for that matter," have Rio cartels, and primarily the CV, "systematically engaged the state in armed confrontation for so long." Currently, the CV continues to violently fight with state forces, and the ACLED reports that state violence represents a disproportionate share of reported fatalities in Rio de
Janeiro.
588:
overwhelming military force, followed by the installation of a proximity-policing unit (Unidade de
Policia Pacificadora, UPP), which remains in the favela after military withdrawal. Rather than eliminating the drug trade, the UPPs were primarily tasked with securing the favela communities from gang-related violence.
751:"The Professor" (deceased): Lima was a founding member of the Comando Vermelho, having been imprisoned at Cândido Mendes during the 1970s after attempting to escape another prison. He took part in several bank robberies and was a major figure during the CV's initial rise to power. He later wrote a memoir,
1855:"Brazil: the Red Command (Comando Vermelho, CV) criminal organization, including activities, areas of operation, membership, structure, networks, political connections, and resources; state protection available for victims of crimes committed by the Red Command (2017-March 2019) [BRA106243.E]"
611:
Armed militia groups in Rio represent another growing challenge for the CV. Militia groups, formed by former and current police officers purporting to fight crime, have grown to control substantial territory throughout Rio. In recent years, violence between militias and gangs has intensified; in 2020
591:
The early period of
Pacification (2008–2010) saw 40 UPP battalions installed across 200 communities, and was largely successful for the state. The CV, which suddenly ceased their violent confrontation with state forces, ceded significant territory to the state; one UPP effort left "the CV's principal
546:
Meanwhile, the CV began to spread beyond prison gates. While many of its original members were bank robbers, the group quickly became involved in the burgeoning cocaine market. CV members helped traffic drugs overseas for
Colombian cartels and distributed cocaine into the local Rio de Janeiro market.
533:
In attempts to break up the alliance, prison officials moved inmate leaders to different wings and prisons, but this instead helped the group spread throughout the prison system. During this period prison officials gave the group its name: one official called the group "Comando
Vermelho" in a memo to
511:
Today, while not as powerful as at its peak, the CV remains a significant presence in Rio and throughout Brazil; recent estimates suggest the group is the second-largest criminal organization in Brazil behind the PCC. InSight Crime reports the CV may boast as many as 30,000 members throughout Brazil.
669:
A defining characteristic of the CV is their willingness to openly engage the state in armed confrontation. Since the mid-1980s, as state forces steadily increased the severity of their crackdowns, the CV has responded with frequent violent clashes. Lessing writes that "nowhere else in Brazil, or in
525:
The exact year that the
Comando Vermelho was founded remains disputed, but sources agree the gang formed out of a prison alliance between leftist guerrillas and common criminals housed together during the 1970s by Brazil's military dictatorship at Cândido Mendes, a maximum security Brazilian prison.
625:, who deliver rents to the prison leaders as a form of "insurance scheme." Essentially, non-imprisoned members provide financial support and carry out instructions from imprisoned leaders, thus protecting themselves from retribution in the event that they are captured themselves. Beneath the favela
600:
Despite its initial success for the state, corruption and over-expansion caused erosion of the
Pacification system, and by 2013 the program began to break down. Since then, violent clashes between the CV and state forces have surged. In 2016, following the collapse of a 20-year truce between the CV
529:
Soon after their regime began in 1964, Brazil's military dictatorship faced a persistent challenge from leftist guerrilla rebels, made up largely of "middle-class intellectuals". In hopes of delegitimizing the rebels, in the early 1970s the
Brazilian government began placing those they captured in
550:
During this period, the CV became increasingly involved in the provision of social services and administration of justice for the favela communities which it controlled. In exchange for the cooperation of favela residents, the CV prohibited theft, robbery, and rape, and provided public goods like
542:
In 1979, sensing an impending democratization movement, newly-installed
President Joao Figueiredo and his military regime began to fear that they and members of their armed forces could face trial for human rights violations in a democratic system. To protect themselves, Figueiredo "manipulated a
766:): Beira-Mar is an imprisoned senior leader who led the CV's business dealings with the FARC, the Colombian guerrilla group that entered the cocaine trade following the death of Pablo Escobar. In 2001, he was captured by the Colombian military following a shootout, and was extradited to Brazil.
646:
Within this structure, there is significant freedom for gang members to run operations as they see fit. According to
Penglase, the "CV is most accurately described as a loose association of drug traffickers who come together for reciprocal assistance yet who act with great degrees of autonomy."
587:
Beginning in 2008, in an effort to combat the widespread gang-related violence, Rio state police forces implemented a new "Pacification" strategy, "inspired by notions of community-oriented policing." The strategy, which proceeds in stages, begins with state occupation of a target favela using
869:
is based in a Rio favela and is inspired by true events surrounding the emergence of organized crime groups like the CV. The DVD release of the film contains an extra documentary "News of a Private War" which features interviews with the police and local children from the favelas. In the 2010
673:
One suggested explanation for the CV's violent conflict with the state is the varying levels of conditionality in state crackdowns––whether the state cracks down harder on violent cartel behavior. In 2008, after the highly-conditional Pacification policy was implemented, cartel-state violence
563:
Massive profits created incentives for different CV factions to splinter off as local leaders sought larger profit shares. Notable break-away groups which emerged during this period include Terceiro Comando and Amigos dos Amigos. As these groups clashed over territory in Rio, violence rapidly
480:
The cocaine trade brought the CV massive profits and growth; by the end of 1985 the gang controlled as much as 70% of the drug trade in Rio de Janeiro's favelas. During this period, the CV established trading relationships with Colombian cartels. However, the group's decentralized leadership
1552:
654:
Inside prisons with a strong CV presence, senior leaders practice internal criminal governance. These leaders "rule prison life, settle internal faction disputes that occur outside of prison and make the final decision on any matters of mutual interest for faction affiliates."
1353:
703:. In addition to sponsoring groups like neighborhood associations and special interest clubs, and organizing sporting events, one of the most common ways in which the criminal organization is able to catch the youth's attention is through the popular musical style of
612:
and 2021, "clashes between gangs and militias were responsible for 28% of reported fatalities" in Rio. For example, in July and August 2022, the CV clashed frequently with the Campinho police militia for "control of the Morro do Fuba community in the North Zone."
512:
The gang continues to engage in drug trafficking, arms trafficking, and turf wars with rival gangs. Notably, in recent years a struggle has intensified between the CV, the PCC, and other rival gangs over control of trade routes and territory in the Amazon region.
682:
On 19 November 2016, a Rio de Janeiro police helicopter was shot down by small arms fire during a clash with CV gang members and crashed in a ditch. All four police officers on board were killed. In June 2018, the CV launched attacks on a Bolivian Army base in
554:
The official end of the military dictatorship in 1985 marked the end of all remaining ties between the leftist guerrillas and the CV. Many of the guerrillas re-entered society and "rose inside political parties;" some would go on to hold elected office.
773:, he is currently the top leader of the CV, having taken control of this crime syndicate following the arrest of Fernandinho Beira-Mar in 2002, after Beira-Mar brutally killed Ernaldo Pinto Medeiros (a.k.a. UÉ), who was the founder and top leader of
1618:
738:, or 'extremely prohibited', in terms of where it can be sold and who can play it. In addition to promoting the crime group, the funk sponsored by the CV also challenges the ideas and laws of the Division of the Repression Against Drugs.
2273:
620:
The Comando Vermelho's structure is loosely hierarchical yet allows significant autonomy throughout the organization. While there is no one single boss, imprisoned senior leaders exercise authority over favela leaders, known as
2063:
489:
to emerge. Conflicts with these splinter groups, as well as fierce resistance to state crackdowns on their operations, drove a sharp uptick in violence in Rio and throughout Brazil throughout the late 1980s and into the 2000s.
784:('Crazy Elias'; deceased): He was one of the most powerful drug dealers in Rio de Janeiro and one of the most dangerous members of the Comando Vermelho, until he was arrested for the murder of famous Brazilian journalist
2363:
2453:
2393:
2213:
2123:
1942:
608:, the CV, PCC, Familia do Norte, and Colombian militia groups including the Border Command and the Carolina Ramirez Front have violently fought, contributing to a significant uptick in regional fatalities.
497:, or UPPs) to "maintain state control and provide social order" in favelas. Pacification proved initially successful; a sharp decline in violence between the state and the CV followed after implementation.
344:
Primeiro Grupo Catarinense, Paraguayan crime groups, Comando da Paz, Bala na Cara, Sindicato do Crime do Rio Grande do Norte, Okaida, Comando Revolucionário Brasileiro da Criminalidade, Primeiro Comando de
2423:
2243:
2093:
465:. The gang formed in the early 1970s out of a prison alliance between common criminals and leftist guerrillas who were imprisoned together at Cândido Mendes, a maximum-security prison on the island of
604:
Additionally, an emerging struggle for control of the Amazon region has intensified between rival gangs including the CV. Seeking access to the valuable trafficking routes in the Colombia-Brazil-Peru
1608:
493:
Violence continued to escalate until 2008, when the state government implemented a new policy to mitigate violent crime, called Pacification, which used new permanent proximity-policing units (
1973:
1421:
2333:
1832:
2265:
2055:
500:
However, in 2013, Pacification efforts eroded, and widespread violent conflict between the CV and state forces quickly returned. Additionally, in 2016, a 20-year-old truce between the
2033:
2705:
547:
The cocaine trade proved incredibly lucrative and the CV grew rapidly: "by the end of 1985, the gang already controlled 70% of the drug market in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro."
2303:
2355:
2445:
1680:
2385:
1801:
2003:
971:
2153:
2205:
2115:
1858:
601:
and the PCC, violence surged further. In 2023, sources consistently reported frequent violent clashes between the CV and the PCC as well as other rival gang groups.
1934:
2415:
2483:
2235:
2085:
1331:
1493:
3185:
2698:
579:
Fernandinho Beira-Mar or Seaside Freddy) the CV procured arms and ammunition, which they delivered to the FARC in exchange for their supply of cocaine.
473:
of Rio de Janeiro, and became involved in the rapidly growing cocaine industry. Meanwhile, Brazil's shift towards democracy and the eventual end of the
1388:
1965:
2640:
1644:
711:. Due to the genre's popularity with young Brazilians, the group "is known to have subsidized funk parties to recruit young kids for drug dealing".
2871:
1702:
2598:
1413:
2691:
2325:
1824:
732:." Thus the funk artists that are in league with the CV sometimes garner significant sales and airplay despite making a type of music that is
647:
Members of the CV operate with a shared identity and a common set of norms, but negotiate separately with individual drug suppliers, known as
863:
included an episode titled "Rio De Janeiro", which investigated the Comando Vermelho and their police adversaries. The 2002 crime drama film
877:
was inspired by CV founder William da Silva Lima's memoirs and narrates a fictionalized history of the birth of the gang in the late 1970s.
1012:
664:
2025:
1226:
811:. Considered one of the biggest drug lords in the state during the 2000s, he was Beira-Mar's right-hand man, responsible for controlling
42:
3244:
2859:
2844:
1882:
Behague, Gerard (Spring-Summer 2006). "Rap, Reggae, Rock, or Samba: The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music, 1985-1995."
2633:
2511:
1912:
2775:
2295:
1753:
2570:
1672:
2183:
1582:
3239:
2984:
2972:
1793:
34:
1462:
777:
in retaliation for the murder of Orlando Jogador, one of the original leaders of the CV (which would have been ordered by UÉ).
1995:
1272:
1072:
981:
2145:
1723:
1516:
1854:
1286:
1086:
2540:
788:. His death is unsolved: he was found dead, hanged in his cell on September 22, 2020, but it is unknown if he committed
1611:[Trafficking x militia: why the faction war in Rio has worsened since January and who is who in the conflict].
917:
1160:
946:
2475:
1309:
907:
477:
in 1985 allowed the leftist guerrillas to re-enter society; thus, the CV largely abandoned its left-wing ideology.
1485:
1125:"The Bastard Child of the Dictatorship:: The Comando Vermelho and the Birth of "Narco-culture" in Rio de Janeiro"
474:
870:
documentary "Dancing with the Devil", director John Blair investigates criminal organizations in Rio's favelas.
755:, which describes his experience during the early years of the CV. He died of a heart attack in his home in the
3075:
1319:
3080:
1189:"Primeiro Comando da Capital and Comando Vermelho: Genesis, Evolution and Their Impact through Narco-culture"
976:
769:
Márcio dos Santos Nepomuceno, a.k.a. "Marcinho VP" (incarcerated): Considered the most powerful drug lord in
3021:
1378:
3254:
2813:
1640:
912:
756:
501:
458:
353:
2592:
1780:
1609:"Tráfico x milícia: por que a guerra de facções no Rio piorou desde janeiro e quem é quem no conflito"
803:
Roni Peixoto, a.k.a. "Gordo" ('Fat Man'; deceased): He was known by the nickname Gordo because he was
3112:
2788:
369:
2925:
1719:
Neither War Nor Peace: International Comparisons of Children and Youth in Organised Armed Violence
2940:
1004:
864:
838:
575:, a Colombian guerrilla group which moved into the cocaine trade. Led by Luiz Fernando da Costa (
1517:"Killing in the Slums: Social Order, Criminal Governance, and Police Violence in Rio de Janeiro"
3097:
2952:
785:
103:
2808:
2622:
1188:
377:
3249:
3142:
3043:
2823:
494:
481:
structure and disputes over profits prompted infighting, causing splinter groups such as the
462:
410:
361:
534:
his colleagues. The name was adopted first by the press and then later by the group itself.
3154:
826:
Cláudio Augusto da Silva Duarte, a.k.a. "Mano C" (incarcerated): CV leader in the state of
1446:
592:
stronghold firmly in the hand of the state for the first time in more than a generation."
46:
8:
2962:
2683:
2665:
2505:
1904:
1458:
508:, and the CV broke down, sparking an outbreak in violent clashes between the two groups.
393:
2803:
1745:
373:
3218:
3200:
3048:
2957:
1544:
1218:
1152:
859:
699:
The Comando Vermelho continue to attract new Brazilian youth and bring them into their
414:
3090:
2930:
2562:
2236:"Filha de Elias Maluco divulga carta e diz que pai não se suicidou: 'Mataram meu pai'"
1205:
3127:
2935:
2783:
2765:
2175:
2116:"Marcinho VP: quem é o traficante 'mais importante do que o secretário de Segurança'"
1696:
1574:
1536:
1323:
1278:
1268:
1222:
1210:
1156:
1144:
1078:
1068:
1064:
Gangster Warlords: Drug Dollars, Killing Fields and the New Politics of Latin America
774:
537:
486:
446:
422:
365:
81:
The letters "CV" sprayed on a wall in Salvador, Brazil, representing the organization
2760:
2206:"Morte de 'Elias Maluco' pode ter sido motivada por saída do 'alto escalão' do 'CV'"
1548:
2818:
1528:
1454:
1200:
1136:
812:
558:
482:
418:
357:
322:
310:
298:
3085:
1966:"Morre aos 76 anos um dos fundadores do Comando Vermelho | Rio de Janeiro | O Dia"
2977:
2714:
1717:
902:
837:
Ocimar Prado Junior, a.k.a. "Coquinho" (incarcerated): CV leader in the state of
831:
762:
Luiz Fernando da Costa, a.k.a. "Fernandinho Beira-Mar", a.k.a. "Seaside Freddy" (
684:
538:
Split with the guerrillas and the cocaine boom (1979 – late 1980s)
326:
1905:"Brazil: The social contradictions underlying the violent eruption in Sao Paulo"
3205:
3159:
3117:
3102:
3026:
2920:
2877:
2793:
2755:
2623:"Blood on the streets as drug gang and police fight for control of Rio favelas"
2056:"Como foi a prisão de Fernandinho Beira-Mar numa selva da Colômbia, há 20 anos"
1935:"Morre William 'Professor', um dos fundadores da maior facção criminosa do Rio"
823:(the capital of Minas Gerais), which may have led to his brutal murder in 2022.
820:
770:
725:
688:
605:
559:
Infighting and growing cartel-state violence (late 1980s – 2008)
450:
1774:
1532:
1282:
3233:
3149:
3107:
3038:
2967:
2734:
2086:"O Empreendedor do Crime: A impressionante história de Fernandinho Beira-Mar"
1797:
1540:
1383:
1327:
1214:
1148:
1082:
894:
816:
700:
568:
438:
306:
213:
3122:
2532:
1414:"Tussle for the Amazon: New Frontiers in Brazil's Organized Crime Landscape"
3137:
3016:
3000:
2905:
2882:
2627:
1613:
1314:
808:
781:
763:
721:
704:
442:
334:
2641:"The Evolution of the Most Lethal Criminal Organization in Brazil—the PCC"
2386:"Veja quem era Roni Peixoto, um dos maiores traficantes de MG, morto hoje"
2266:"Veja quem era Roni Peixoto, um dos maiores traficantes de MG, morto hoje"
1354:"The Evolution of the Most Lethal Criminal Organization in Brazil—the PCC"
942:
729:
505:
3164:
3132:
3063:
3053:
2945:
2915:
2910:
2356:"Quem era Roni Peixoto, braço-direito de Beira-Mar achado morto em carro"
1005:"Brazil gang kills 31, many hacked to death, as prison violence explodes"
466:
454:
99:
1264:
Making peace in drug wars : crackdowns and cartels in Latin America
1124:
551:
school supplies, medical equipment, and food distribution for the poor.
3058:
3031:
2828:
2739:
2729:
2296:"Saiba quem é Roni Peixoto, braço direito de Beira-Mar em Minas Gerais"
1310:"'The PCC are after me': the drug cartel with Paraguay in its clutches"
1140:
804:
708:
434:
426:
1262:
3169:
3068:
2865:
1062:
854:
239:
187:
2326:"Saiba quem é Roni Peixoto, traficante morto a tiros em Santa Luzia"
1515:
Magaloni, Beatriz; Franco-Vivanco, Edgar; Melo, Vanessa (May 2020).
1441:
1439:
797:
265:
200:
174:
2634:
UNODC Report: Firearms and drugs fuel conflict in Brazil's favelas
2416:"Quem é Roni Peixoto, braço direito de Beira-Mar encontrado morto"
1794:"Red Command Arrests in Bolivia Point to Group's Likely Expansion"
76:
2666:"Rage, Rinse, Repeat – The Futile Cycle of Anger at Rio's Police"
789:
318:
314:
302:
226:
148:
1436:
943:"Os donos do crime: Marcola, Beira-Mar e Zé Roberto da Compensa"
827:
2887:
1825:"The gangs who rule Brazil's favelas are not afraid to be seen"
1746:"Brazil: Four dead after police helicopter 'shot down by gang'"
1673:"Deadly Rio de Janeiro: Armed Violence and the Civilian Burden"
793:
470:
430:
294:
135:
107:
571:'s death, the CV established a working relationship with the
330:
252:
674:
declined, only to see a resurgence after the policy eroded.
643:, the lowest-level gang members, who are often young teens.
2476:"Líder do Comando Vermelho no Amazonas é preso no Paraguai"
1671:
Franciotti, Bhavani Castro, Julia Lins (14 February 2023).
572:
161:
2713:
2446:"Líder do Comando Vermelho no Pará é preso em Sete Lagoas"
1514:
733:
715:
630:
2567:
FILM PLATFORM - Educational Rights and Screening Licenses
2533:"City Of God (Cidade De Deus) - Official Site - Miramax"
1607:
Pierre, Eduardo; Martins, Marco Antônio (2 April 2023).
595:
1408:
1406:
635:('drug mouth bosses') who carry out drug trafficking,
691:, in both instances stealing weapons and ammunition.
1403:
884:
694:
724:stations and sold by hundreds of street vendors in
3231:
2872:Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies
677:
639:('soldiers') who protect the favela's turf, and
2594:400 Contra 1 - Uma História do Crime Organizado
1776:"Brazilian police probe military chopper crash"
1602:
1600:
1003:Fonseca, Pedro; Brooks, Brad (6 January 2017).
2452:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 September 2020.
2242:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 September 2020.
2212:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 September 2020.
1902:
1869:– via ecoi.net/en/document/2011300.html.
815:throughout Minas Gerais and the introducer of
741:
504:(PCC), a rival criminal organization based in
457:against rival criminal organizations, such as
2699:
2002:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 November 2007.
1996:"Conheça a história de Fernandinho Beira-Mar"
1606:
1486:"Between Drug Gangs, the Police and Militias"
2507:Ross Kemp on Gangs (TV Series 2005– ) - IMDb
1701:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1597:
665:November 2010 Rio de Janeiro favela shootout
3186:Organized crime groups in the United States
1898:
1896:
658:
582:
2706:
2692:
2482:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 March 2023.
2422:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 April 2022.
2392:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 April 2022.
2362:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 April 2022.
2332:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 April 2022.
2302:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 April 2022.
2272:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 April 2022.
2122:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 30 April 2021.
2062:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 20 April 2021.
2026:"Beira-Mar fica atrás das grades até 2045"
1878:
1876:
1670:
75:
2092:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 April 2021.
1204:
1067:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 43.
707:, a form of Brazilian music derived from
2638:
2032:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 May 2015.
1893:
1122:
2639:Coutinho, Leonardo (19 February 2019).
2616:
1873:
1791:
1715:
3232:
2985:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
2973:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
1822:
1816:
1186:
1060:
966:
964:
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2687:
2663:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1307:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
848:
748:
596:Resurgence in violence (2013–present)
576:
392:
1726:from the original on 16 October 2023
1459:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim190140287
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1254:
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1038:
1036:
1034:
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1002:
47:move details into the article's body
18:
1915:from the original on 3 January 2023
1847:
1756:from the original on 27 August 2021
1585:from the original on 3 January 2023
1358:PRISM | National Defense University
1260:
1015:from the original on 7 January 2017
961:
807:during his leadership of the CV in
714:In addition to these funk parties (
678:Examples of CV–state conflict
13:
2601:from the original on 26 April 2023
2573:from the original on 26 April 2023
2543:from the original on 27 April 2023
2486:from the original on 16 April 2023
2456:from the original on 14 April 2023
2426:from the original on 14 April 2023
2396:from the original on 14 April 2023
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2216:from the original on 14 April 2023
2186:from the original on 14 April 2023
2156:from the original on 14 April 2023
2126:from the original on 14 April 2023
2096:from the original on 14 April 2023
2066:from the original on 14 April 2023
2036:from the original on 14 April 2023
2006:from the original on 14 April 2023
1976:from the original on 27 April 2023
1945:from the original on 27 April 2023
1683:from the original on 10 April 2023
1659:
1647:from the original on 24 March 2024
1555:from the original on 21 April 2024
1496:from the original on 27 April 2023
1465:from the original on 21 April 2024
1447:"Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"
1424:from the original on 27 April 2023
1289:from the original on 21 April 2024
1229:from the original on 26 April 2023
1163:from the original on 21 April 2024
1089:from the original on 21 April 2024
949:from the original on 22 March 2023
918:Militias-Comando Vermelho conflict
687:and a Brazilian police station in
14:
3266:
1861:from the original on 24 June 2021
1835:from the original on 24 June 2021
1823:Grillo, Ioan (26 February 2016).
1804:from the original on 20 June 2018
1521:American Political Science Review
1391:from the original on 4 April 2023
1241:
1206:10.12797/AdAmericam.23.2022.23.01
1175:
1101:
1027:
695:Comando Vermelho and funk carioca
3245:Organized crime groups in Brazil
2845:Organized crime groups in Canada
2651:(1). National Defense University
2514:from the original on 15 May 2023
1621:from the original on 5 July 2023
1334:from the original on 2 July 2022
1308:Blair, Laurence (23 June 2022).
1061:Grillo, Ioan (12 January 2017).
908:List of criminal gangs in Brazil
887:
792:or if someone inside the prison
258:
245:
232:
219:
206:
193:
180:
167:
154:
141:
128:
23:
2585:
2555:
2525:
2498:
2468:
2438:
2408:
2378:
2348:
2318:
2288:
2258:
2228:
2198:
2168:
2138:
2108:
2078:
2060:Jornal O Globo (Blog do Acervo)
2048:
2018:
1988:
1963:
1957:
1927:
1792:Bargent, James (19 June 2018).
1785:
1768:
1738:
1709:
1633:
1567:
1508:
1483:
1477:
1371:
780:Elias Pereira da Silva, a.k.a.
564:increased throughout the city.
495:Unidade de Policia Pacificadora
16:Brazilian criminal organization
3076:Independent Cartel of Acapulco
1903:Benoit, Hector (18 May 2006).
1346:
1301:
996:
935:
873:The 2010 Brazilian crime film
583:Pacification (2008–2013)
1:
3240:1979 establishments in Brazil
3081:Jalisco New Generation Cartel
1187:Jański, Kamil (7 June 2022).
977:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
928:
1123:Penglase, B. (1 June 2008).
615:
283:Márcio dos Santos Nepomuceno
7:
2814:Primeiro Comando da Capital
2664:Dalby, Chris (7 May 2021).
2182:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
2152:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
1972:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
1941:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
1884:Latin American Music Review
1617:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
913:Primeiro Comando da Capital
880:
798:made it look like a suicide
742:Notable leaders and members
502:Primeiro Comando da Capital
459:Primeiro Comando da Capital
354:Primeiro Comando da Capital
10:
3271:
3022:Beltrán-Leyva Organization
662:
515:
394:[koˈmɐ̃duveʁˈmeʎu]
3214:
3193:
3178:
3113:Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel
3009:
2993:
2898:
2852:
2837:
2789:Brazilian police militias
2774:
2748:
2722:
1641:"Comandos de la Frontera"
1533:10.1017/S0003055419000856
945:. Istoé. 6 January 2017.
734:
716:
631:
521:Origins (1971–1979)
370:Brazilian police militias
349:
340:
290:
273:
121:
113:
94:
86:
74:
2926:Libertadores del Vichada
2563:"Dancing with the Devil"
1909:World Socialist Web Site
923:
753:Four Hundred Against One
659:Conflict with government
2941:Muerte a Secuestradores
2090:Iconografia da História
1722:. 7Letras. p. 32.
1643:. Insight Crime. 2014.
747:William da Silva Lima,
423:protection racketeering
98:Candido Mendes Prison,
3098:Knights Templar Cartel
2953:Norte del Valle Cartel
2717:groups in the Americas
1716:Dowdney, Luke (2005).
1451:The SHAFR Guide Online
280:Luiz Fernando da Costa
95:Founding location
3044:La Familia Michoacana
2824:Terceiro Comando Puro
1129:Luso-Brazilian Review
475:military dictatorship
463:Terceiro Comando Puro
413:engaged primarily in
411:criminal organization
362:Terceiro Comando Puro
66:Criminal organization
3155:South Pacific Cartel
2617:General bibliography
2146:"Gabinete na prisão"
1752:. 20 November 2016.
1420:. 16 November 2022.
1320:Pedro Juan Caballero
3255:Terrorism in Brazil
2963:Oficina de Envigado
2809:Guardiões do Estado
2390:Correio Braziliense
1581:. 26 January 2021.
1261:Lessing, Benjamin.
984:on 24 December 2013
378:Guardiões do Estado
117:Early 1970s–present
71:
3219:Mafia bibliography
3201:Cartel of the Suns
3049:Guadalajara Cartel
2958:North Coast Cartel
2176:"O poder do crime"
1579:Americas Quarterly
1141:10.1353/lbr.0.0001
860:Ross Kemp on Gangs
849:In popular culture
841:in northern Brazil
69:
3227:
3226:
3128:Artistas Asesinos
2936:The Extraditables
2860:No Limit Soldiers
2784:Amigos dos Amigos
2766:Santa Cruz Cartel
2420:G1 (Minas Gerais)
1387:. 27 March 2017.
1274:978-1-108-18583-7
1074:978-1-4088-4591-2
775:Amigos dos Amigos
759:at the age of 76.
757:South Zone of Rio
606:tri-border region
487:Amigos dos Amigos
447:irregular warfare
409:, is a Brazilian
405:), also known as
383:
382:
366:Amigos dos Amigos
114:Years active
64:
63:
43:length guidelines
3262:
2819:Terceiro Comando
2804:Família do Norte
2799:Comando Vermelho
2708:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1900:
1891:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1857:. 8 April 2019.
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1829:The World Weekly
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1668:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1418:Diálogo Américas
1410:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1258:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1208:
1184:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1120:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1058:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
980:. Archived from
968:
959:
958:
956:
954:
939:
897:
892:
891:
890:
813:drug trafficking
750:
737:
719:
634:
632:gerentes de boca
578:
483:Terceiro Comando
419:arms trafficking
415:drug trafficking
396:
391:
386:Comando Vermelho
374:Família do Norte
358:Terceiro Comando
323:money laundering
311:arms trafficking
299:drug trafficking
264:
262:
261:
251:
249:
248:
238:
236:
235:
225:
223:
222:
212:
210:
209:
199:
197:
196:
186:
184:
183:
173:
171:
170:
160:
158:
157:
147:
145:
144:
134:
132:
131:
79:
72:
70:Comando Vermelho
68:
59:
56:
50:
41:Please read the
27:
26:
19:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3210:
3189:
3174:
3005:
2989:
2978:FARC dissidents
2931:Medellín Cartel
2894:
2848:
2833:
2770:
2744:
2718:
2715:Organized crime
2712:
2674:
2672:
2654:
2652:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2537:www.miramax.com
2531:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2450:Estado de Minas
2444:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2270:Estado de Minas
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1901:
1894:
1881:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1790:
1786:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1714:
1710:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1669:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1605:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1275:
1267:. p. 164.
1259:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1185:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1121:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1075:
1059:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
970:
969:
962:
952:
950:
941:
940:
936:
931:
926:
903:Crime in Brazil
893:
888:
886:
883:
851:
832:northern Brazil
744:
697:
680:
667:
661:
618:
598:
585:
561:
540:
523:
518:
451:narco-terrorism
389:
286:
259:
257:
246:
244:
233:
231:
220:
218:
207:
205:
194:
192:
181:
179:
168:
166:
155:
153:
142:
140:
129:
127:
82:
67:
60:
54:
51:
40:
37:may be too long
32:This article's
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3268:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3206:Tren de Aragua
3203:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:Tijuana Cartel
3157:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3143:La Resistencia
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3118:Sinaloa Cartel
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:Milenio Cartel
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3027:Los Mazatlecos
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2923:
2921:Clan del Golfo
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2878:Jamaican posse
2875:
2869:
2863:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2794:Carecas do ABC
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2761:La Corporación
2758:
2756:Chapare Cartel
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2661:
2636:
2631:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2584:
2554:
2524:
2497:
2480:portalvoce.com
2467:
2437:
2407:
2377:
2347:
2330:Jornal O Tempo
2317:
2300:Radio Itatiaia
2287:
2257:
2227:
2197:
2167:
2137:
2107:
2077:
2047:
2017:
1987:
1970:odia.ig.com.br
1956:
1926:
1892:
1872:
1846:
1815:
1784:
1767:
1737:
1708:
1658:
1632:
1596:
1566:
1507:
1476:
1435:
1402:
1370:
1345:
1300:
1273:
1240:
1174:
1100:
1073:
1026:
995:
960:
933:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
899:
898:
882:
879:
857:'s docuseries
850:
847:
846:
845:
835:
824:
821:Belo Horizonte
801:
778:
771:Rio de Janeiro
767:
760:
743:
740:
726:Rio de Janeiro
696:
693:
689:Epitaciolandia
679:
676:
660:
657:
617:
614:
597:
594:
584:
581:
560:
557:
539:
536:
522:
519:
517:
514:
439:armored trucks
381:
380:
351:
347:
346:
342:
338:
337:
292:
288:
287:
285:
284:
281:
277:
275:
271:
270:
269:
268:
255:
242:
229:
216:
203:
190:
177:
164:
151:
138:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
104:Rio de Janeiro
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
80:
65:
62:
61:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3267:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3179:United States
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Sonora Cartel
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Oaxaca Cartel
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3086:Juárez Cartel
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Colima Cartel
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Los Rastrojos
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Puccio family
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2671:
2670:InSight Crime
2667:
2662:
2650:
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3138:Los Mexicles
3017:La Barredora
3001:Texis Cartel
2906:Black Eagles
2883:Shower Posse
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2120:Jornal Extra
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782:Elias Maluco
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722:pirate radio
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3165:Los Viagras
3133:Gente Nueva
3064:Los Pelones
3054:Gulf Cartel
2994:El Salvador
2946:Los Priscos
2916:Cali Cartel
2911:Bloque Meta
1193:Ad Americam
988:21 December
866:City of God
717:bailes funk
467:Ilha Grande
399:Red Command
390:Portuguese:
100:Ilha Grande
90:Early 1970s
3234:Categories
3123:Los Ántrax
3059:Los Metros
3032:Los Negros
2829:Zwi Migdal
2740:Zwi Migdal
2730:Ashkenazum
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929:References
805:overweight
794:killed him
709:Miami bass
663:See also:
427:kidnapping
291:Activities
3194:Venezuela
3170:Los Zetas
3069:Los Rojos
2866:Zoe Pound
2862:(Curaçao)
2853:Caribbean
2723:Argentina
1919:3 January
1760:27 August
1541:0003-0554
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853:In 2006,
786:Tim Lopes
735:Proibidão
730:São Paulo
616:Structure
506:São Paulo
455:turf wars
435:hijacking
327:hijacking
274:Leader(s)
240:Argentina
188:Venezuela
122:Territory
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45:and help
3091:La Línea
2899:Colombia
2605:26 April
2599:archived
2577:26 April
2571:Archived
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2541:Archived
2518:26 April
2512:archived
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2010:14 April
2004:Archived
1980:27 April
1974:Archived
1964:Dia, O.
1949:27 April
1943:Archived
1913:Archived
1859:Archived
1833:Archived
1802:Archived
1754:Archived
1750:BBC News
1724:Archived
1697:cite web
1687:27 April
1681:Archived
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1013:Archived
972:"Brazil"
947:Archived
881:See also
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685:Porvenir
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728:and in
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516:History
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319:rioting
315:assault
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