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domestic producers who would otherwise resort to exporting illicit drugs. Additionally, extensive free trade among states increases cross-border drug enforcement and coordination between law enforcement agencies in different countries. However, free trade also increases the sheer volume of legal cross-border trade and provides cover for drug smuggling—by providing ample opportunity to conceal illicit cargo in legal trade. While international free trade continues to expand the volume of legal trade, the ability to detect and interdict drug trafficking is severely diminished. Towards the late 1990s, the top ten seaports in the world processed 33.6 million containers. Free trade has fostered integration of financial markets and has provided drug traffickers with more opportunities to launder money and invest in other activities. This strengthens the drug industry while weakening the efforts of law enforcement to monitor the flow of drug money into the legitimate economy. Cooperation among cartels expands their scope to distant markets and strengthens their abilities to evade detection by local law enforcement. Additionally, criminal organizations work together to coordinate money-laundering activities by having separate organizations handle specific stages of laundering process. One organization structures the process of how financial transactions will be laundered, while another criminal group provides the "dirty" money to be cleaned. By fostering expansion of trade and global transportation networks, free trade encourages cooperation and formation of alliances among criminal organizations across different countries. The drug trade in Latin
America emerged in the early 1930s. It saw significant growth in the Andean countries, including Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. The underground market in the early half of the 20th century mainly had ties to Europe. After World War II, the Andean countries saw an expansion of trade, specifically with cocaine.
1982:
967:
1337:
1135:(PAN). Chaos again emerged as elected government in Mexico changed drastically. As the PAN party took control, drug cartel leaders took advantage of the ensuing confusion and used their existing influence to further gain power. Instead of negotiating with the central government as was done with the PRI party, drug cartels utilized new ways to distribute their supply and continued operating through force and intimidation. As Mexico became more democratized, the corruption fell from a centralized power to the local authorities. Cartels began to bribe local authorities, thus eliminating the structure and rules placed by the government—giving cartels more freedom. As a response, Mexico saw an increase in violence caused by drug trafficking.
1891:
1435:
activity of
Caribbean cartels that led to the rise of an alternate route of smuggling through Mexico. This led to the increased collaboration between major Colombian and Mexican drug traffickers. Such drastic changes in the execution of drug trade in Colombia paired with the political instabilities and rise of drug wars in Medellin and Cali, gave way for the rise of the smaller Colombian drug trafficking organizations (and the rise of heroin trade). As the drug trade's influence over the economy increased, drug lords and their networks grew in their power and influence in society. The occurrences in drug-related violence increased during this time period as drug lords fought to maintain their control in the economy.
1730:
1439:
bankers, police, etc.). As these smaller
Colombian drug cartels grew in prevalence, several notable aspects of the Colombian society gave way for further development of the Colombian drug industry. For example, until the late 1980s, the long-term effects of the drug industry were not realized by much of society. Additionally, there was a lack of regulation in prisons where captured traffickers were sent. These prisons were under-regulated, under-funded, and under-staffed, which allowed for the formation of prison gangs, for the smuggling of arms/weapons/etc., for feasible escapes, and even for captured drug lords to continue running their businesses from prison.
1101:
traffickers and gangs increased the growth of the drug industry. Toleration of drug trafficking has undermined the authority of the
Mexican government and has decreased the power of law enforcement officers in regulation over such activities. These policies of tolerance fostered the growing power of drug cartels in the Mexican economy and have made drug traders wealthier. Many states in Mexico lack policies that establish stability in governance. There also is a lack of local stability, as mayors cannot be re-elected. This requires electing a new mayor each term. Drug gangs have manipulated this, using vacuums in local leadership to their own advantage.
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GNP rose throughout the 1990s ($ 68.5bn in 1994 and $ 96.3bn in 1997), illegal drug values began to comprise a decreasing fraction of the national economy. By the early 1990s, although
Colombia led in the exportation of cocaine, it found increasing confrontations within its state. These confrontations were primarily between cartels and government institutions. This led to a decrease in the drug trade's contribution to the GDP of Colombia; dropping from 5.5% to 2.6%. Though a contributor of wealth, the distribution of cocaine has had negative effects on the socio-political situation of Colombia and has weakened its economy as well.
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750:, who oversaw 100 such gangs for approximately $ 500,000 in monthly income. Another $ 5,000 monthly was paid for cocaine, and $ 4,000 for other non-wage expenses. J.T. took $ 8,500 monthly for his own salary. The remaining $ 9,500 monthly went to pay the employees a $ 7 per hour wage for officers and a $ 3.30 per hour wage for foot soldiers. Contrary to a popular image of drug sales as a lucrative profession, many of the employees were living with their mothers by necessity. Despite this, the gang had four times as many unpaid members who dreamed of becoming foot soldiers.
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1802:, the price of heroin is typically valued 8 to 10 times that of cocaine on American streets, making it a high-profit substance for smugglers and dealers. In Europe (except the transit countries Portugal and the Netherlands), for example, a purported gram of street heroin, usually consisting of 700–800 mg of a light to dark brown powder containing 5–10% heroin base, costs €30–70, making the effective value per gram of pure heroin €300–700. Heroin is generally a preferred product for smuggling and distribution—over unrefined opium due to the cost-effectiveness and increased
46:
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1906:(2,788) and Illinois (1,058) than in California (764). In 2003, methamphetamine lab incidents reached new highs in Georgia (250), Minnesota (309), and Texas (677). There were only seven methamphetamine lab incidents reported in Hawaii in 2004, though nearly 59 percent of substance use treatment admissions (excluding alcohol) were for primary methamphetamine use during the first six months of 2004. As of 2007, Missouri leads the United States in drug-lab seizures, with 1,268 incidents reported. Often canine units are used for detecting
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males, they typically hold more power than their culture allows and acquire some independence. The increase in power has attracted females from higher social classes. Financial gain has also prompted women to become involved in the illegal drug market. Many women in the lower levels of major drug cartels belong to a low economic class. Drug trafficking offers women an accessible way to earn income. Females from all social classes have become involved in the trade due to outside pressure from their social and economic environments.
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different cartels fought for control of export markets. Despite this strife, this power struggle led to then having multiple producers of coca leaf farms. This in turn caused an improvement in quality control and reduction of police interdiction in the distribution of cocaine. This also led to cartels attempting to repatriate their earnings which would eventually make up 5.5% of
Colombia's GDP. This drive to repatriate earnings led to the pressure of legitimizing their wealth, causing an increase in violence throughout Colombia.
1142:, in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century, implemented several different programs relating to law enforcement and regulation. In 1993, President Salinas created the National Institute for the Combat of Drugs in Mexico. From 1995 to 1998, President Zedillo established policies regarding increased punishment of organized crime, allowing ", protected witnesses, covert agents and seizures of goods", and increasing the quality of law enforcement at the federal level. From 2001 to 2005, President
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in the
Western Hemisphere. While the smuggling of drugs such as marijuana, poppy, opium and heroin became more ubiquitous during this time period, the activity of cocaine cartels drove the development of the Latin American drug trade. The trade emerged as a multinational effort as supplies (i.e. coca plant substances) were imported from countries such as Bolivia and Peru, were refined in Colombian cocaine labs and smuggled through Colombia, and exported to countries such as the US.
716:
1071:, opiates in the 1940s, marijuana in the 1960s, and heroin in the 1970s. Most of the US imports of drugs come from Mexican drug cartels. In the United States, around 195 cities have been infiltrated by drug trafficking that originated in Mexico. An estimated $ 10bn of the Mexican drug cartel's profits come from the United States, not only supplying the Mexican drug cartels with the profit necessary for survival, but also furthering America's economic dependence on drugs.
496:. From these producers, drugs are smuggled into the West and Central Asia to its destinations in Europe and the United States. Iran is now a common route for smugglers, having been previously a primary trading route, due to its large-scale and costly war against drug trafficking. The Border Police Chief of Iran said that his country "is a strong barrier against the trafficking of illegal drugs to Caucasus, especially the Republic of Azerbaijan." The drugs produced by the
1795:. This amounted to an export value of about US$ 4 billion, with a quarter being earned by opium farmers and the rest going to district officials, insurgents, warlords and drug traffickers. Another significant area where poppy fields are grown for the manufacture of heroin is Mexico. In November 2023, a U.N report showed that in the entirety of Afghanistan, poppy cultivation dropped by over 95%, removing it from its place as being the world's largest opium producer.
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455:. Police officers are often bribed. A police officer's normal monthly wage of $ 93 is less than 2% of the value of 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of cocaine (€7000 or $ 8750). The money can also be laundered using real estate. A house is built using illegal funds, and when the house is sold, legal money is earned. When drugs are sent over land, through the Sahara, the drug traders have been forced to cooperate with terrorist organizations, such as
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the influence of this development on the US economy, the Reagan administration began "certifying" countries for their attempts at controlling drug trafficking. This allowed the United States to intervene in activities related to illegal drug transport in Latin
America. Continuing into the 1980s, the United States instated stricter policy pertaining to drug transit through sea. As a result, there was an influx in drug-trafficking across the
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varied tremendously among cities in
America, it was a common anxiety in communities across urban America. An example of this could be seen in Miami, a city with a host of ethnic enclaves. Between 1985 and 1995, the homicide rate in Miami was one of the highest in the nation—four times the national homicide average. This crime rate was correlated with regions with low employment and was not entirely dependent on ethnicity.
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488:(1991), borders were opened and trading and customs agreements were signed so that the routes expanded to include China, Central Asia, and Russia. There are, therefore, diversified drug trafficking routes available today, particularly in the heroin trade and these thrive due to the continuous development of new markets. A large amount of drugs are smuggled into Europe from Asia. The main sources of these drugs are
621:(DEA), accusing its representatives of spying. Following the departure of the DEA from Venezuela and the expansion of DEA's partnership with Colombia in 2005, Venezuela became more attractive to drug traffickers. Between 2008 and 2012, Venezuela's cocaine seizure ranking among other countries declined, going from being ranked fourth in the world for cocaine seizures in 2008 to sixth in the world in 2012.
895:'s close participation in the drug production and smuggling networks. The Fourth Armoured Division, being an elite military unit permitted to move freely across Assad regime's checkpoints, oversees the smuggling operations from Syria, including the trafficking of cash, weapons, illegal drugs, etc. Days after the publication of the joint BBC-OCCRP documentary; Assad government banned all activities of
38:
836:, commanded by Maher al-Assad was one of the main Ba'athist military divisions that was engaged in perpetrating brutal crackdowns and mass violence against protestors across the country. In 2018, Bashar al-Assad assigned Maher as the commander of the 4th Armoured Division, a military unit that supervised Assad regime's criminal enterprises like smuggling, drug trafficking, narcotics production and
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947:. Interestingly, however, the quantities the country produces far exceed its own military’s demand. ... By some estimates, this business gives Syria more money than its entire legal export, and the regime constantly works to increase its profits, primarily by expanding its market reach. To this end, criminal gangs associated with Damascus or Hezbollah have built distribution networks for
358:
711:"In many instances, the money from drugs was the only liquid investment capital. In the second half of 2008, liquidity was the banking system's main problem and hence liquid capital became an important factor ... Inter-bank loans were funded by money that originated from the drugs trade and other illegal activities...there were signs that some banks were rescued that way".
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constitute the majority of many of the cartels' earnings, and the main way in which the cartels finance many other illegal activities; including the purchase of other illegal drugs for trafficking, and for acquiring weapons that are ultimately used to commit murders (causing a burgeoning in the homicide rates of many areas of the world, but particularly Latin
America).
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the demand by growing more marijuana. Grown in the strategic northeast region of Colombia, marijuana soon became the leading cash crop in Colombia. This success was short-lived due to anti-marijuana campaigns that were enforced by the US military throughout the Caribbean. Instead, drug traffickers in Colombia continued their focus on exporting cocaine.
1825:). Since that time it has become more difficult for drugs to be imported into the US than it had been in previous decades, but that does not stop the heroin smugglers from getting their product across US borders. Purity levels vary greatly by region with Northeastern cities having the most pure heroin in the United States. On 17 October 2018 police in
826:, directly supervises the production, smuggling and profiteering of the drug business. Already suffering from severe financial problems as a result of corruption and civil war, profits from Captagon are said to be the "lifeline" of the Assad regime, through which it earns more than 90% of its total revenue. The smugglers receive direct training from
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chief exporter of cocaine. The business of drug trafficking can be seen in several stages in Colombia towards the latter half of the 20th century. Colombia served as the dominant force in the distribution and sale of cocaine by the 1980s. As drug producers gained more power, they became more centralized and organized into what became drug cartels.
1495:. These groups keep their operations outside the Western Balkans, while staying connected to their homeland. Within the network of these groups, the dealmakers operate in a proximity of supply sources and the distribution networks are managed by foot soldiers. However, the bosses of the organized criminal groups stay and keep their wealth in the
1369:. Quantities of the drug were then smuggled throughout the US. The international drug trade created political ties between the involved countries, encouraging the governments of the countries involved to collaborate and instate common policies to eradicate drug cartels. Cuba stopped being a center for transport of cocaine following the
1530:, Edin GaÄŤanin was living in the UAE using his extensive profits to buy property and protection in the country. Dubbed as the "European Escobar", he connected the supply network between production markets of Latin America and consumer markets of Western European. He was able to evade the arrest and investigations, including by the
1293:. Drug cartels are fundamental in local economics. A percentage of the profits seen from the trade are invested in the local community. Such profits contribute to the education and healthcare of the community. While these cartels bring violence and hazards into communities, they create jobs and provide income for its many members.
1123:. Over time, this party gained political influence and had a major impact on Mexico's social and economic policies. The party created ties with various groups as a power play in order to gain influence, and as a result created more corruption in the government. One such power play was an alliance with drug traffickers. This
1526:, were believed to be hiding in the UAE. One of such individuals, Eldi Dizdari was accused of international drug trafficking and was living in Dubai. Research revealed that these criminals invested huge amounts in the Emirates' real estate and other economical sectors to live there. Another trafficker of cocaine from
1031:, to help combat drug trafficking in Mexico. This program increased US security assistance to $ 1.4 billion over several years, which helped supply Mexican forces with "high-end equipment from helicopters to surveillance technology". Despite US aid, Mexican "narcogangs" continue to outnumber and outgun the
2038:
to 70,601. Since 2018, fentanyl and its analogues have been responsible for most drug overdose deaths in the US, causing over 71,238 deaths in 2021. Fentanyl is often mixed, cut, or ingested alongside other drugs, including cocaine and heroin. The fentanyl epidemic has erupted in a highly acrimonious
1995:
Cocaine is a highly trafficked drug. In 2017 the value of the global market for illicit cocaine was estimated at between $ 94 and $ 143 billion. In 2022, illicit sales in Europe were estimated at $ 11.1 billion. In 2020, almost 2,000 tons of cocaine were produced for distribution through illicit
1925:
In South Africa, methamphetamine is called "tik" or "tik-tik". Known locally as "tik", the substance was virtually unknown as late as 2003. Now, it is the country's main addictive substance, even when alcohol is included. Children as young as eight are abusing the substance, smoking it in crude glass
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As a result, Miami and Union City became the sole locations for trafficking. The relations between Cuban and Colombian organized crime remained strong until the 1970s, when Colombian cartels began to vie for power. In the 1980s and 90s, Colombia emerged as a key contributor of the drug trade industry
1309:
started to form and expand. The proliferation of drug cartel culture largely stemmed from the ranchero culture seen in Michoacán. Ranchero culture values the individual as opposed to the society as a whole. This culture fostered the drug culture of valuing the family that is formed within the cartel.
288:
imported substances are also adversely affected. For example, Ecuador has absorbed up to 300,000 refugees from Colombia who are running from guerrillas, paramilitaries and drug lords. While some applied for asylum, others are still illegal immigrants. The drugs that pass from Colombia through Ecuador
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Throughout the 1990s however, several factors led to the decline of these major cartels and to the rise of smaller Colombian cartels. The US demand for cocaine dropped while Colombian production rose, pressuring traffickers to find new drugs and markets. In this time period, there was an increase in
1413:
Throughout the 1980s, estimates of illegal drug value in Colombia ranged from $ 2bn to $ 4bn. This made up about 7–10% of the $ 36bn estimated GNP of Colombia during this decade. In the 1990s, the estimates of the illegal drug value remained roughly within the same range (~$ 2.5bn). As the Colombian
1393:
Having been an export of Colombia since the early 1950s, cocaine remained popular for a host of reasons. Colombia's location facilitated its transportation from South America into Central America, and then to its destination of North America. This continued into the 1990s, when Colombia remained the
987:
The effects of the illegal drug trade in the United States can be seen in a range of political, economic and social aspects. Increasing drug related violence can be tied to the racial tension that arose during the late 20th century along with the political upheaval prevalent throughout the 1960s and
706:
claimed illegal drug money saved the banking industry from collapse. He claimed he had seen evidence that the proceeds of organized crime were "the only liquid investment capital" available to some banks on the brink of collapse during 2008. He said that a majority of the $ 352 billion (ÂŁ216bn)
389:
Heroin is increasingly trafficked from Afghanistan to Europe and America through eastern and southern African countries. This path is known as the "southern route" or "smack track". Repercussions of this trade include burgeoning heroin use and political corruption among intermediary African nations.
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into the country. Execution is mostly used as a deterrent, and many have called upon much more effective measures to be taken by countries to tackle drug trafficking; for example, targeting specific criminal organisations that are often also active in the smuggling of other goods (i.e. wildlife) and
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became the first country to legalize cultivation, sale, and consumption of cannabis for recreational use for adult residents. In 2018, Canada became the second country to legalize use, sale and cultivation of cannabis. The first few weeks were met with extremely high demand, most shops being out of
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Colombia has had a significant role in the illegal drug trade in Latin America. While active in the drug trade since the 1930s, Colombia's role in the drug trade did not truly become dominant until the 1970s. When Mexico eradicated marijuana plantations, demand stayed the same. Colombia met much of
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With a large wave of immigrants in the 1960s and onwards, the United States saw an increased heterogeneity in its public. In the 1980s and 90s, drug-related homicide was at a record high. This increase in drug violence became increasingly tied to these ethnic minorities. Though the rate of violence
635:
According to a research conducted by the Israel-based Abba Eban Institute as part of an initiative called Janus Initiative, the main routes that Hezbollah uses for smuggling drugs are from Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil into West Africa and then transported through northern Africa into Europe. This
1100:
has contributed to the domination of Mexican cartels in the illicit drug trade. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Mexico's political environment allowed the growth of drug-related activity. The loose regulation over the transportation of illegal drugs and the failure to prosecute known drug
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By the early 1990s, so much as 50% of the cocaine available in the United States market originated from Mexico, and by the 2000s, over 90% of the cocaine in the United States was imported from Mexico. In Colombia, however, there was a fall of the major drug cartels in the mid-1990s. Visible shifts
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Marijuana was a popular drug seen through the Latin American trade route in the 1960s. Cocaine became a major drug product in the later decades. Much of the cocaine is smuggled from Colombia and Mexico via Jamaica. This led to several administrations combating the popularity of these drugs. Due to
243:
Drug trafficking is widely regarded by lawmakers as a serious offense around the world. Penalties often depend on the type of drug (and its classification in the country into which it is being trafficked), the quantity trafficked, where the drugs are sold and how they are distributed. If the drugs
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Cannabis use is tolerated in some areas, most notably the Netherlands, which has legalized the possession and licensed sale (but not cultivation) of the drug. Many nations have decriminalized the possession of small amounts of marijuana. Due to the hardy nature of the cannabis plant, marijuana is
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Cartels controlled the major aspects of each stage in the traffic of their product. Their organization allowed cocaine to be distributed in great amounts throughout the United States. By the late 1980s, intra-industry strife arose within the cartels. This stage was marked by increased violence as
1353:
It was common for smugglers in Colombia to import liquor, alcohol, cigarettes and textiles, while exporting cocaine. Personnel with knowledge of the terrain were able to supply the local market while also exporting a large amount of product. The established trade initially involved Peru, Bolivia,
758:
There are several arguments on whether or not free trade has a correlation to an increased activity in the illicit drug trade. Currently, the structure and operation of the illicit drug industry is described mainly in terms of an international division of labor. Free trade can open new markets to
1321:
are notorious for their contributions and influence over drug trafficking throughout Latin America. MS-13 has controlled much of the activity in the drug trade spanning from Mexico to Panama. Female involvement is present in the Mexican drug culture. Although females are not treated as equals to
1305:. In the past, Michoacán was mainly an agricultural society. This provided an initial growth of trade. Industrialization of rural areas of Mexico facilitated a greater distribution of drugs, expanding the drug market into different provinces. Once towns became industrialized, cartels such as the
1288:
Over the past few decades drug cartels have become integrated into Mexico's economy. Approximately 500 cities are directly engaged in drug trafficking and nearly 450,000 people are employed by drug cartels. Additionally, the livelihood of 3.2 million people is dependent on the drug cartels.
1059:
Although narcotics are illegal in the US, they have become integrated into the nation's culture and are seen as a recreational activity by sections of the population. Illicit drugs are considered to be a commodity with strong demand, as they are typically sold at a high value. This high price is
271:
revealed an operation in 92 countries that shut down 113,000 websites and online marketplaces selling counterfeit or illicit medicines and medical products a month earlier, led to the arrests of 227 people worldwide, recovered pharmaceutical products worth $ 23 million, and led to the seizure of
1655:
The demand for cannabis around the world, coupled with the drug's relative ease of cultivation, makes the illicit cannabis trade one of the primary ways in which organized criminal groups finance many of their activities. In Mexico, for example, the illicit trafficking of cannabis is thought to
1634:
is illegal in most countries throughout the world, recreational distribution is legal in some countries, such as Canada, and medical distribution is permitted in some places, such as 38 of the 50 US states (although importation and distribution is still federally prohibited). Beginning in 2014,
1438:
Typically, a drug cartel had support networks that consisted of a number of individuals. These people individuals ranged from those directly involved in the trade (such as suppliers, chemists, transporters, smugglers, etc.) as well as those involved indirectly in the trade (such as politicians,
1083:
The baby boomer generation also felt the effects of the drug trade in their increased drug use from the 1960s to 80s. Along with substance use, criminal involvement, suicide and murder were also on the rise. Due to the large amount of baby boomers, commercial marijuana use was on the rise. This
1905:
incidents reported to the National Clandestine Laboratory Database decreased from 1999 to 2009. During this period, methamphetamine lab incidents increased in mid-western States (Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Ohio), and in Pennsylvania. In 2004, more lab incidents were reported in Missouri
1127:
obscured justice, making it difficult to identify violence when it related to drugs. By the 1940s, the tie between the drug cartels and the PRI had solidified. This arrangement created immunity for the leaders of the drug cartels and allowed drug trafficking to grow under the protection of the
847:
In 2022, 90% of all captagon pills manufactured in Syria exported by drug cartels affiliated with Assad regime arrived at its customer destinations across the world. Although hundreds of millions of pills were intercepted and seized by police forces, these accounted only for 10% of the total
1940:
The Australian Crime Commission's illicit drug data report for 2011–2012 stated that the average strength of crystal methamphetamine doubled in most Australian jurisdictions within a 12-month period, and the majority of domestic laboratory closures involved small "addict-based" operations.
768:
652:. Internet-based drug trafficking is the global distribution of narcotics, making extensive use of technology. Similarly, the use of the Internet for the illegal trafficking of two controlled categories of drugs can also be identified as Internet-related drug trafficking. The platform
1860:
Penalties for smuggling heroin or morphine are often harsh in most countries. Some countries will readily hand down a death sentence (e.g. Singapore) or life in prison for the illegal smuggling of heroin or morphine, which are both internationally Schedule I drugs under the
341:
and cocaine, drug use was responsible for the great majority of crime, including 85% of shoplifting, 70–80% of burglaries and 54% of robberies. It concluded "he cost of crime committed to support illegal cocaine and heroin habits amounts to £16 billion a year in the UK"
1499:. The UAE is amongst the enablers of global corruption and illicit financial flows. Analysts have claimed that criminal actors across the world either operate from or through the Emirates. It was a haven for criminals, where the risk for illicit activities remains low.
1402:
101:
of US$ 78 trillion in the same year, the illegal drug trade may be estimated as nearly 1% of total global trade. Consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally, and it remains very difficult for local authorities to reduce the rates of drug consumption.
3010:
5066:
155:, the Qing government was forced to allow British merchants to sell Indian-grown opium. Trading in opium was lucrative, and smoking it had become common for the Chinese in the 19th century, so British merchants increased trade with the Chinese. The
355:
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2218:
1008:, came of age in the 1960s. Their social tendency to confront the law on specific issues, including illegal drugs, overwhelmed the understaffed judicial system. The federal government attempted to enforce the law, but with meager effect.
988:
70s. The second half of the 20th century was a period when increased wealth, and increased discretionary spending, increased the demand for illicit drugs in certain areas of the United States. Large-scale drug trafficking is one of the
1422:
By the 1980s, Colombian cartels became the dominant cocaine distributors in the US. This led to the spread of increased violence throughout both Latin America and Miami. In the 1980s, two major drug cartels emerged in Colombia: the
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3913:
2527:
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1522:(FATF) to place the Gulf country on its grey list in March 2022. Consequently, the Emirates' remained a safe option for the criminals. Nearly two-thirds of the Albanian criminal groups, who were active in trade of drugs like
694:
Statistics about profits from the drug trade are largely unknown due to its illicit nature. An online report published by the UK Home Office in 2007 estimated the illicit drug market in the UK at £4–6.6 billion a year.
805:
family is known for its extensive involvement in drug trade since the 1970s. As of 2022, the Syrian government finances the biggest multi-billion dollar drug trade in the world, mostly focused on an illegal drug known as
1910:
which can be concealed on large vehicles, or transported on something as small as a motorcycle. These labs are more difficult to detect than stationary ones, and can often be obscured among legal cargo in big trucks.
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4343:
Martinez, Ramiro Jr.; Matthew T. Lee; Amie L. Nielsen (Spring 2004). "Segmented Assimilation, Local Context and Determinants of Drug Violence in Miami and San Diego: Does Ethnicity and Immigration Matter?".
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captagoon exports of the drug cartels linked to the Assad regime. In 2020, Italian police seized 84 million captagon pills originating from Syrian ports while intercepting a single shipment. In June 2023,
1289:
Between local and international sales, such as to Europe and the United States, drug cartels in Mexico see a $ 25–30 bn yearly profit, a great deal of which circulates through international banks such as
4768:
259:, a 25-year-old Australian drug smuggler, was hanged in Singapore after being convicted in March 2004. In 2010, two people were sentenced to death in Malaysia for trafficking 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of
471:
Drugs in Asia traditionally traveled the southern routes – the main caravan axes of Southeast Asia and Southern China – and include the former opium-producing countries of
1644:
grown all across the world and is today the world's most popular illegal drug with the highest level of availability. Cannabis is grown legally in many countries for industrial, non-drug use (known as
1060:
caused by a combination of factors that include the potential legal ramifications that exist for suppliers of illicit drugs and their high demand. Despite the constant effort by politicians to win the
2250:
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Colombia, Venezuela and Cuba. Peasant farmers produced coca paste in Peru and Bolivia, while Colombian smugglers would process the coca paste into cocaine in Colombia, and trafficked product through
5705:
5241:"$ 22.4-Million in Heroin Found in Car at City Pier; Narcotics, Secreted in Auto Sent From France, Called Largest Seizure in U.S. $ 22.4-Million in Heroin Is Found Hidden in a Car at Pier in City"
4034:
1301:
Major cartels saw growth due to a prominent set culture of Mexican society that created the means for drug capital. One of the sites of origin for drug trafficking within Mexico, was the state of
723:
Costa declined to identify countries or banks that may have received any drug money, saying that would be inappropriate because his office is supposed to address the problem, not apportion blame.
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1809:
Because of the high cost per volume, heroin is easily smuggled. A US quarter-sized (2.5 cm) cylindrical vial can contain hundreds of doses. From the 1930s to the early 1970s, the so-called
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commanders and Assad family members in their involvement in Syria's drug cartel. The investigation found that Lebanese criminal and drug kingpin Hassan Daqou collaborated with Syria's
2519:
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2876:
814:. Its revenues from Captagon smuggling alone is estimated to worth 57 billion dollars annually in 2022, which is approximately thrice the total trade of all Mexican cartels. General
135:
emerged. As a result, by 1838 the number of Chinese opium-addicts had grown to between four and twelve million. The Chinese government responded by enforcing a ban on the import of
656:
provided goods and services to 100,000 buyers before being shut down in October 2013. This prompted the creation of new platforms such as Silk Road 2.0, which were also shut down.
327:
estimated that 5% of murders were drug-related. In Colombia, drug violence can be caused by factors such as the economy, poor governments, and no authority within law enforcement.
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2703:
1138:
The corruption cartels created resulted in distrust of government by the Mexican public. This distrust became more prominent after the collapse of the PRI party. In response, the
5877:
1967:. The labs manufacture temazepam by chemically altering diazepam, oxazepam or lorazepam. "Jellie labs" have been identified and shut down in Russia, Ukraine, Latvia and Belarus.
3914:"Report to Congress on A Written Strategy to Disrupt and Dismantle Narcotics Production and Trafficking and Affiliated Networks Linked to the Regime of Bashar al-Assad in Syria"
5845:
5466:
5187:
6004:
5496:
4880:
3863:
3350:
2208:
1922:. "Meth" can also be inhaled, most commonly vaporized on aluminum foil or in a glass pipe. This method is reported to give "an unnatural high" and a "brief intense rush".
3538:
4941:
4699:
3233:
4890:
2752:
2334:
989:
307:, the most violent regions in Central America, particularly along the Guatemala–Honduras border, are highly correlated with an abundance of drug trafficking activity.
5274:
4973:
3841:"Council Implementing Decision (CFSP) 2023/847 of 24 April 2023 implementing Decision 2013/255/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria"
3556:
2643:
7647:
4798:
1697:, and this has resulted in a thriving illegal trade in alcohol. The manufacture, sale, transportation, import, and export of alcoholic beverages were illegal in the
2497:
1933:
currently operates methamphetamine production facilities. There, the drug is used as medicine because no alternatives are available; it also is smuggled across the
1502:
For the Balkan criminals, a growing trend was to relocate to the UAE, which became an attraction to dirty money and kingpins from several European nations and the
922:
also consume illegal drugs in large quantities. In July 2023, German police busted a major captagon network run by two Syrian-born men in southern German state of
742:) consisted of a leader (a college graduate named J.T.), three senior officers, and 25 to 75 street level salesmen ('foot soldiers') depending on season. Selling
632:'s two nephews were found guilty of trying to ship drugs into the United States so they could "obtain a large amount of cash to help their family stay in power".
5674:
5034:
3623:
5005:
4760:
2039:
dispute between the US and Mexican governments. While US officials blame the flood of fentanyl crossing the border primarily on Mexican crime groups, President
7215:
3317:
197:
4004:
3288:
4543:
2239:
5128:
3684:
Bartilow, Horace; Kihong Eom (Summer 2009). "Free Trader and Drug Smugglers: The Effects of Trade Openness of States' Ability to Combat Drug Trafficking".
6143:
5784:
3036:
8605:
5974:
5756:
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), 2006. Annual Report 2006: The State of the Drugs Problem in Europe, EMCDDA, Luxembourg.
5697:
4026:
1451:
as crucial players. These groups have moved up from being small-time crooks to major drug distributors. Most of these organized crime groups belonged to
2956:
Holmes, Jennifer S.; Piñeres, Sheila Amin Gutiérrez De; Curtin, Kevin M. (2007-04-01). "A Subnational Study of Insurgency: FARC Violence in the 1990s".
8383:
3512:
2905:
3495:
3375:
2846:
7897:
5520:
5354:
5240:
5154:
2479:
Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States. National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. Dated January 7th 1931
6038:
3840:
3818:
3586:
2926:
746:, they took in approximately $ 32,000 per month over a six-year period. This was spent as follows: $ 5,000 to the board of twenty directors of the
7642:
3990:
872:
337:
A report by the UK government's Drug Strategy Unit that was leaked to the press, stated that due to the expensive price of highly addictive drugs
7637:
6100:
5647:
5559:
5375:
3427:
3094:
2111:
4820:
330:
After a crackdown by US and Mexican authorities in the first decade of the 21st century as part of tightened border security in the wake of the
8630:
8610:
8388:
7195:
4738:
4091:
2460:
375:, EfraĂn Antonio Campo Flores and Francisco Flores de Freitas, after their arrest by the US Drug Enforcement Administration on 10 November 2015
2558:
1067:
Throughout the 20th century, narcotics other than cocaine also crossed the Mexican border, meeting the US demand for alcohol during the 1920s
8208:
3772:
2166:
451:
According to the Africa Economic Institute, the value of illicit drug smuggling in Guinea-Bissau is almost twice the value of the country's
8168:
5806:
8328:
3652:
2695:
144:
3061:
7923:
6032:
5905:
5867:
2613:
2091:
1926:
vials made from light bulbs. Since methamphetamine is easy to produce, the substance is manufactured locally in staggering quantities.
1690:
170:
In 1868, as a result of the increased use of opium in Britain, the British government restricted the sale of opium by implementing the
5098:
2283:
5837:
4858:
4488:
Salvador Maldonado, Aranda (April 2013). "Stories of Drug Trafficking in Rural Mexico: Territories, Drugs and Cartels in Michoacan".
2783:
167:, which concluded that conflict, stipulated that the Chinese authorities would open further ports to foreign trade, including opium.
5729:"Deadly 'jellies' flood city from Eastern Europe; Police chiefs fear drug-fueled crime surge as home-made tablets hit streets again"
5588:
5538:
5458:
5179:
8635:
7814:
6133:
5996:
5488:
5317:
5309:
3744:
Lopez Restrepo, Andres; Alvaro Camacho Guizado (2003). "From Smugglers to Warlords: Twentieth Century Colombian Drug Traffickers".
3453:
3395:
1766:. This resulted in the record setting April 26, 1968 seizure of 246 lb (111.6 kg) of heroin smuggled in a vehicle on the
1447:
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the global drug trade network witnessed the emergence of criminal groups from the Western
699:
500:
of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand, on the other hand, pass through the southern routes to feed the Australian, US, and Asian markets.
2359:
363:
US Coast Guard video of drug smugglers in high-speed boat dumping 2,300 pounds (1,000 kg) of cocaine in Eastern Pacific Ocean
8393:
7933:
7612:
7185:
5151:"Violent anti-Western extremism is nothing new to Saudi Arabia, but several bombings in the past two years raise fresh questions"
3959:
3936:
3871:
3340:
2588:
1981:
1109:
966:
961:
284:
The countries of drug production and transit are some of the most affected by the trade, though countries receiving the illegally
238:
230:
have increased cooperation among each other in order to facilitate trans-Atlantic drug-trafficking. Use of another illicit drug,
5941:
4458:
730:
suggested that many low-level employees receive low wages. In a study he made in the 1990s working closely with members of the
8623:
8293:
7824:
5736:
3535:
2171:
613:
According to the United Nations, cocaine trafficking through Venezuela increased from 2002 to 2008. In 2005, the government of
5911:
4937:
2673:
860:, elucidating a strategy to eliminate the narcotics production, drug trafficking and drug cartel networks affiliated with the
210:
The beginning of the 21st century saw drug use increase in North America and Europe, with a particularly increased demand for
8303:
7622:
7165:
4691:
3225:
2736:
2432:
2405:
127:
addictive drugs throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Beginning in the 18th century, British merchants from the
5433:
5217:
4027:"Drug Laws and Drug Law Enforcement – A Review and Evaluation Based on 111 Years of Experience | Office of Justice Programs"
2635:
2330:
7902:
6817:
5270:
4963:
2031:
1188:
943:"...Captagon produced in underground labs—and in actual Syrian pharmaceutical facilities—is distributed to the fighters of
5412:
4790:
8248:
7617:
2489:
2086:
1862:
1565:
1336:
517:
3615:
1518:
and for screening of suspicious transactions. The lack of regulations against illicit financial activities prompted the
636:
route serves Hezbollah in making a profit in the cocaine smuggling market in order to leverage it for their activities.
8343:
7717:
6998:
6175:
1531:
5670:
4995:
4390:
Jacobson, Mireille (Nov 2004). "Baby Booms and Drug Busts: Trends in Youth Drug Use in the United States, 1975–2000".
2305:
1898:
Methamphetamine is another popular drug among distributors. Three common street names are "meth", "crank", and "ice".
8363:
8348:
8318:
8173:
8083:
7769:
7734:
7086:
6837:
6274:
6068:
3305:
3264:
3209:
3184:
1587:
1116:
849:
574:
5618:
1648:) as well. Cannabis-hemp may also be planted for other non-drug domestic purposes, such as seasoning that occurs in
926:. Assad regime sponsors the largest Captagon production network in Syria; which is the source of about 80% of total
334:, border violence inside Mexico surged. The Mexican government estimates that 90% of the killings are drug-related.
247:
Drug smuggling carries severe penalties in many countries. Sentencing may include lengthy periods of incarceration,
203:. Prohibition proved almost impossible to enforce and resulted in the rise of organized crime, including the modern
8333:
8238:
8153:
8098:
7907:
7739:
7727:
4602:
Campbell, Howard (Winter 2008). "Female Drug Smugglers on the U.S. Mexico Border: Gender, Crime, and Empowerment".
4012:
3285:
2161:
2040:
1788:
1724:
1702:
497:
200:
17:
4574:
2422:
8572:
8496:
8398:
8093:
8057:
7892:
7799:
7160:
6064:
5120:
3891:
1799:
1792:
1729:
1036:
1013:
688:
618:
541:
513:
324:
2808:
1890:
887:
on trafficiking billions of dollars of drugs, under the command of General Ghassan Bilal, the right-hand man of
264:
even people. In many cases, links between politicians and the criminal organisations have been proven to exist.
8618:
8373:
8358:
8338:
8313:
8298:
8258:
8198:
8148:
7784:
6139:
5776:
4916:
3040:
2151:
1569:
1331:
1132:
853:
731:
591:
207:, which identified enormous business opportunities in the manufacturing, smuggling and sale of illicit liquor.
183:
117:
5966:
2030:
for cancer patients and those recovering from painful surgeries. Illicit use of fentanyl continues to fuel an
1963:) to supply the increasingly high demand for the drug internationally. Many clandestine temazepam labs are in
1914:
Methamphetamine is sometimes used intravenously, placing users and their partners at risk for transmission of
1147:
8552:
8501:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8118:
7829:
6674:
5765:
UNODC Office for Russia and Belarus, Illicit drug trends in the Russian Federation 2005. Moscow: UNODC, 2006
3644:
2901:
910:
problems amongst pro-Assad soldiers. In many instances, military officials encourage the soldiers to consume
884:
841:
823:
244:
are sold to underage people, then the penalties for trafficking may be harsher than in other circumstances.
8378:
8368:
8323:
8308:
8288:
8278:
8253:
8233:
8163:
8123:
8113:
8103:
5517:
3492:
3471:
3372:
2838:
1774:
1659:
Some studies show that the increased legalization of cannabis in the United States (beginning in 2012 with
1021:
31:
5150:
2728:
Threat Posed by the Convergence of Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Terrorism: Congressional Hearing
1203:
879:
published a documentary in June 2023, revealing further details about the activities of regime officials,
844:
expanded captagon production and trafficking from Syria into a "business model controlled by the regime".
323:, but is also an issue for many developed countries worldwide. In the late 1990s in the United States the
8664:
8474:
8410:
8353:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8203:
8193:
8143:
8138:
8128:
8108:
8088:
8047:
7498:
6026:
4064:
O'Neil, Shannon (July–August 2009). "The Real War in Mexico: How Democracy Can Defeat the Drug Cartels".
3848:
3826:
1519:
1173:
132:
4656:
Thoumi, Francisco (Jul 2002). "Illegal Drugs in Colombia: From Illegal Economic Boom to Social Crisis".
8582:
8557:
8283:
8243:
8213:
8158:
6572:
3417:
304:
86:
6090:
5556:
3102:
8587:
7834:
7568:
7513:
6646:
6257:
5639:
4731:"A safe haven in the Gulf: Balkan criminals, and their money, are hiding in the United Arab Emirates"
1660:
971:
399:
111:
4730:
4404:
4099:
3128:
2970:
2466:
1821:
used to smuggle hundreds of kilograms of heroin to the US in coffins of dead American soldiers (see
7205:
4138:
Rocha Garcia, Ricardo (2003). "Drug Trafficking and Its Impact on Colombia: An Economic Overview".
2550:
944:
903:
833:
779:
5026:
3796:"Syria is largest narco-state in world as it earns more from Captagon than from its legal exports"
3780:
2047:. He believes that the crisis of a lack of family values in the US drives people to use the drug.
1047:
7887:
7854:
7844:
7794:
7789:
7414:
6733:
6728:
2121:
2101:
1558:
1259:
915:
653:
521:
509:
7877:
7968:
7404:
7399:
7135:
6936:
6740:
6669:
6168:
4399:
3280:
2965:
2219:
United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
2015:
1506:. Besides, Dubai was also dubbed as the "new Costa del Crime", replacing the crime hideaway of
1456:
1406:
1366:
625:
545:
452:
7296:
1822:
319:
such as murder and gun violence. This is especially true in all developing countries, such as
7849:
7804:
7764:
7220:
6462:
6298:
6184:
2726:
2397:
2196:
1985:
Prostitutes buy cocaine capsules from a drug dealer in Berlin, 1930. The capsules sold for 5
1902:
1664:
935:
151:
China. The British defeated the Chinese, and in the resulting treaty that ended the war, the
82:
4276:
Naim, Moises (May–June 2009). "The American Prohibition on Thinking Smart in the Drug War".
2609:
676:
8577:
8469:
7882:
7839:
7779:
7707:
7680:
7200:
7175:
7145:
7140:
6966:
6767:
5088:
2136:
1606:
1496:
1124:
1097:
1068:
975:
331:
160:
124:
5542:
4850:
2787:
2275:
556:
8:
8547:
8484:
8052:
7988:
7722:
7424:
7346:
6793:
6777:
6723:
6607:
6095:
5584:
5061:
3597:
2146:
2141:
1139:
703:
668:
US$ 207 million and additional amounts in other currencies were confiscated from Mexican
485:
98:
7243:
5557:
Rolling Meth Labs In Vogue – Methamphetamine Makers Turn Vehicles Into Rolling Drug Labs
5322:
1358:'s Cuba. This trade route established ties between Cuban and Colombian organized crime.
8669:
8491:
7697:
7553:
7508:
7488:
7447:
6565:
6433:
6385:
6235:
6027:"U.S. Overdose Deaths In 2021 Increased Half as Much as in 2020 – But Are Still Up 15%"
4673:
4619:
4566:
4497:
4417:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4320:
4285:
4250:
4237:
4217:
4193:
4163:
4155:
4073:
3753:
3701:
3313:
2991:
2355:
1741:
1682:
1676:
1216:
1178:
1120:
798:
747:
603:
252:
128:
93:
report estimates the size of the global illicit drug market between US$ 426 and US$ 652
45:
3967:
3944:
2580:
1424:
914:
and other illegal drugs, leading to overdose or drug abuse. Pro-Assad fighters in the
131:
began to illegally sell opium to Chinese merchants, and by the early 19th century, an
8562:
8542:
8133:
7938:
7809:
7670:
7467:
7434:
7409:
6921:
6654:
6327:
6161:
5933:
4623:
4570:
4443:
4373:
4324:
4316:
4255:
4167:
3864:"A little-known drug brought billions to Syria's coffers. Now it's a bargaining chip"
3697:
3513:"Senior advisor of the 'Silk Road' website pleads guilty in Manhattan Federal Court."
3260:
3205:
3180:
2995:
2983:
2732:
2428:
2424:
Merchants of War and Peace: British Knowledge of China in the Making of the Opium War
2401:
2386:
2126:
2106:
1810:
1758:
1686:
1355:
1028:
896:
171:
164:
152:
5728:
3705:
629:
372:
8479:
8062:
7978:
7759:
7702:
7690:
7389:
7268:
7210:
7170:
7127:
7028:
6931:
6892:
6875:
6813:
6710:
5899:
4968:
4665:
4611:
4558:
4409:
4353:
4312:
4245:
4229:
4151:
4147:
3693:
2975:
2665:
2176:
2131:
2078:
1907:
1768:
1515:
1370:
1318:
727:
441:
256:
156:
70:
5437:
174:. In the United States, control of opium remained under the control of individual
8567:
8516:
8454:
7953:
7928:
7774:
7558:
7472:
7394:
7384:
7155:
7150:
7033:
6971:
6948:
6592:
6582:
6147:
5563:
5524:
5209:
5093:
3557:"'Silk Road 2.0' Launches, Promising A Resurrected Black Market For The Dark Web"
3542:
3519:
3499:
3379:
3345:
3292:
2191:
2156:
2027:
1885:
1720:
1631:
1468:
880:
876:
827:
819:
802:
775:
649:
493:
315:
In several countries, the illegal drug trade is thought to be directly linked to
272:
approximately nine million devices and drugs, including large quantities of fake
260:
219:
140:
4669:
3392:"Drug seizures Report From Year: 2009 Until Year: 2012 Drug Group: Cocaine-type"
1803:
1667:) has led Mexican cartels to smuggle less cannabis in exchange for more heroin.
8464:
8430:
8405:
7995:
7712:
7538:
7528:
7442:
7351:
7291:
7235:
6988:
6943:
6843:
6230:
6220:
5405:"Opium cultivation declines by 95 per cent in Afghanistan: UN survey | UN News"
5404:
3202:
Transnational Threats: Smuggling and Trafficking in Arms, Drugs, and Human Life
2186:
1964:
1956:
1503:
1480:
1306:
1272:
1234:
1193:
993:
907:
888:
815:
811:
792:
771:
227:
223:
204:
74:
4233:
3892:"Bashar Escobar: How the Assad family built a narco-empire to hold onto power"
2979:
1626:
Trafficked cannabis in Brazil. Each can contained 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb).
614:
552:
8658:
8537:
8511:
8506:
8420:
7983:
7943:
7563:
7543:
7452:
7379:
7306:
7301:
7286:
7082:
6882:
6865:
6833:
6612:
6553:
6418:
6350:
6332:
6303:
6270:
6252:
5872:
4413:
2987:
2381:
2035:
1763:
1698:
1511:
1476:
1252:
1104:
743:
669:
417:
316:
121:
7281:
5089:"U.S. Legalization of Marijuana Has Hit Mexican Cartels' Cross-Border Trade"
4761:"Dubai's Role in Facilitating Corruption and Global Illicit Financial Flows"
2309:
715:
404:
Cocaine produced in Colombia and Bolivia increasingly has been shipped via
8425:
7973:
7675:
7361:
7180:
7115:
7060:
7008:
6887:
6853:
6805:
6701:
6519:
6375:
6288:
4996:"Laura Carlsen: How Legalizing Marijuana Would Weaken Mexican Drug Cartels"
3983:"No Homeland, No Future: Alawite Youth As the Backbone of the Assad Regime"
3773:"Assad cousins hit with sanctions over amphetamine trade that funds regime"
3531:
3306:"In Venezuela, Remote Areas Provide a Drug Trafficking Hub « Previous"
2356:"History of Legislative Control Over Opium, Cocaine, and Their Derivatives"
2034:. From 2011 to 2021, synthetic opioid deaths per year increased from 2,600
1838:
1818:
1694:
1484:
1374:
1150:. These policies resulted in the arrests of major drug-trafficking bosses:
1061:
1032:
1005:
861:
179:
148:
66:
6060:
4615:
4562:
4259:
2809:"Estados Unidos denuncia que el 79 porciento de cocaĂna pasa por Honduras"
1873:
1787:, the majority of the world's heroin was produced in an area known as the
1302:
726:
Though street-level drug sales are widely viewed as lucrative, a study by
7872:
7819:
7665:
7503:
7371:
7326:
7248:
7225:
6958:
6916:
6624:
6487:
6413:
6368:
6215:
5610:
2393:
2388:
The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another
2181:
2116:
1930:
1919:
1814:
1791:. However, by 2007, 93% of the opiates on the world market originated in
1428:
1221:
1143:
1020:
occurred in the drug market in the United States. Between 1996 and 2000,
857:
739:
607:
489:
405:
300:
6153:
5376:"Afghan opium poppy cultivation plunges by 95 percent under Taliban: UN"
4501:
4421:
4365:
4289:
4241:
4197:
4159:
4077:
3757:
3522:
Drug Enforcement Administration press release. (Retrieved 10 July 2020).
2551:"Gambino, Bonanno family members held in joint US-Italy anti-mafia raid"
1611:
7948:
7685:
7419:
7311:
6784:
6629:
6577:
6207:
4677:
2096:
2064:
1987:
1572: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1464:
1084:
increased the supply and demand for marijuana during this time period.
413:
367:
175:
3899:
683:
seized in Operation Albatross, a joint operation of Afghan officials,
8459:
8415:
7963:
7958:
7533:
7518:
7493:
7341:
7336:
7321:
7316:
7276:
7253:
7190:
7047:
7020:
6904:
6762:
6745:
6718:
6634:
6597:
6587:
6560:
6531:
6492:
6479:
6457:
6428:
6225:
5124:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4342:
2816:
1950:
1630:
While the recreational use of (and consequently the distribution of)
1622:
1488:
919:
892:
865:
587:
299:
passes on its way to the United States, had, as of 2011, the highest
289:
to other parts of South America create economic and social problems.
255:(in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and elsewhere). In December 2005,
211:
4912:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
3743:
2753:"Thousands of fake online pharmacies shut in global sting: Interpol"
2058:
1547:
69:
dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of
7462:
7356:
7258:
6981:
6912:
6870:
6860:
6828:
6823:
6788:
6602:
6509:
6469:
6445:
6398:
6293:
6262:
5807:"Europe a key global hub for billion-dollar cocaine market: Report"
5568:
5347:"Opium Amounts to Half of Afghanistan's GDP in 2007, Reports UNODC"
5000:
3449:
3341:"Venezuela's Drug-Running Generals May Be Who Finally Ousts Maduro"
2213:
2023:
2005:
1850:
1616:
1027:
In 2008, the US government initiated another program, known as the
948:
927:
911:
807:
707:
of drug profits was absorbed into the economic system as a result:
645:
481:
473:
456:
421:
320:
292:
273:
268:
248:
4658:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
4303:
Gootenberg, Paul (2012). "Cocaine's Long March North, 1900–2010".
1901:
According to the Community Epidemiology Work Group, the number of
1833:
discovered 270 kg of heroin hidden in a ship coming from the
7573:
7092:
7075:
7070:
7055:
7003:
6993:
6976:
6848:
6689:
6684:
6617:
6543:
6363:
6283:
4885:
4508:
3422:
2548:
1976:
1876:
port of a shipment from Iran that was headed for Western Europe.
1869:
1846:
1842:
1636:
1523:
1475:. The illicit trade activities of the Balkans primarily involved
1452:
1448:
1064:, the US is still the world's largest importer of illegal drugs.
1052:
923:
906:
in sponsorship of drug production and trade has led to pervasive
837:
767:
735:
680:
664:
460:
445:
409:
296:
231:
215:
78:
3467:
1959:, is illicitly manufactured in clandestine laboratories (called
1310:
This ideal allowed for greater organization within the cartels.
899:
media outlets and entry of affiliated media personnel in Syria.
49:
Drug trafficking air routes monitored by the US Southern Command
7523:
7457:
6926:
6772:
6752:
6514:
6438:
6403:
6342:
5997:"Fentanyl overtakes heroin as the No. 1 opioid overdose killer"
5838:"Cocaine production is at its highest level on record, UN says"
4444:"Combatting Drugs in Mexico under Calderon: The Inevitable War"
4005:"German police arrest Syrians in Bavaria captagon factory bust"
2072:
2019:
2011:
1753:
1749:
1737:
1733:
1714:
1527:
1492:
1472:
1460:
1341:
1035:, allowing for continued activities of drug cartels across the
595:
338:
6127:
4878:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3418:"Venezuelan first lady's nephews convicted in U.S. drug trial"
2462:
Opium and the People, Opiate Use in Nineteenth-Century England
37:
6659:
6497:
6450:
6313:
5350:
4821:"United Arab Emirates placed on money laundering 'gray list'"
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3226:"Iran is a firm barrier against drug trafficking to Caucasus"
1934:
1854:
1830:
1826:
1507:
1362:
1314:
599:
437:
429:
159:
broke out in 1856, with the British joined this time by the
136:
41:
Main heroin-producing countries in the world (colored in red)
5489:"Romania Seizes 1.4 Tons of Heroin Bound for Western Europe"
3960:"Syria: New Captagon drug trade link to top officials found"
3937:"Syria: New Captagon drug trade link to top officials found"
3616:"Drug money saved banks in global crisis, claims UN advisor"
3204:. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International. p. 97.
3160:
Alexandre Schmidt, UNODC, Amadou Ndiaye, Mu'azu Umaru, GIABA
2209:
International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking
1108:
Drug trafficking tunnel discovered near US-Mexico border in
120:
issued edicts against opium smoking in 1730, 1796 and 1800.
7548:
7065:
6679:
6548:
6536:
6504:
6322:
6245:
6240:
4881:"Uruguay becomes first country to legalize marijuana trade"
2044:
2032:
epidemic of synthetic opioid drug overdose deaths in the US
1834:
1649:
1645:
1290:
684:
477:
433:
425:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4428:
3712:
1813:
supplied the majority of US demand. Allegedly, during the
7648:
Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs
7331:
6757:
6524:
5459:"Italian Police Make Major Heroin Haul On Ship From Iran"
5057:"Measuring America's changing drug habits, on the border"
5030:
4791:"Fraudsters 'turning Dubai into the new Costa del Crime'"
2875:. International Crisis Group. 5 June 2014. Archived from
2869:"The Tunisian Exception: Success and Limits of Consensus"
1915:
1401:
1313:
Gangs play a major role in the activity of drug cartels.
1131:
During the 1990s, the PRI lost some elections to the new
1119:(PRI) was formed to resolve the chaos resulting from the
996:
prescribed at the federal level when it involves murder.
4597:
4595:
4140:
Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
3746:
Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
3124:
2696:"How the Wildlife Trade Relates to Other Illicit Trades"
2636:"Outcry after Indonesia executes 6 for drug trafficking"
951:
in countries where the drug was not previously popular."
939:
news-outlet in 2024, journalist Yuriy Matsarsky stated:
5671:"Spreading Meth across the Chinese-North Korean Border"
5178:
Collins, Larry; Lapierre, Dominique (6 February 1972).
4692:"Balkan Gangs Are Now Leading Global Smugglers, Report"
4630:
4490:
European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
4271:
4269:
3819:"Is the Syrian Regime the World's Biggest Drug Dealer?"
3373:
World Drug Report 2010 Statistical Annex: Drug seizures
3179:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 63.
2896:
2894:
2043:
insists that the main source of this synthetic drug is
840:
of goods and resources. Under Maher's supervision, the
6091:"As fentanyl crisis grows, U.S.-Mexico divide deepens"
4211:
4209:
4207:
2610:"Two Friends Sent To The Gallows For Drug Trafficking"
2549:
Laura Smith-Spark and Hada Messia (11 February 2014).
1016:, which increased the drug cartel activity in Mexico.
492:, along with countries that constituted the so-called
198:
Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
5989:
4879:
Malena Castaldi; Felipe Llambias (11 December 2013).
4592:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
2666:"Organized Crime: The World's Largest Social Network"
719:
5 cm hashish packages taken from a smuggler by police
624:
On 18 November 2016, following what was known as the
4266:
2891:
2054:
1748:
In the 1950s and 1960s, most heroin was produced in
590:
has been a path to the United States and Europe for
4204:
2955:
1409:
was extradited from Colombia to the US in May 2008.
5434:"News from DEA, Congressional Testimony, 11/09/05"
5121:"Legal Pot in the US Is Crippling Mexican Cartels"
4964:"Blunt Trauma – Marijuana, the new blood diamonds"
4487:
4184:Quinones, Sam (March–April 2009). "State of War".
4048:
3683:
3011:"Progress in Mexico drug war is drenched in blood"
2385:
182:in 1914, after 12 international powers signed the
30:"Drug dealer" redirects here. For other uses, see
5961:
5959:
5573:Published July 17, 2002. Retrieved on 2009-02-14.
5118:
2633:
8656:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
873:Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
830:to successfully conduct trafficking operations.
782:, oversees the operations of Syria's drug trade.
5698:"Purity on the rise as ice tops the drugs wave"
5177:
4385:
4383:
4179:
4177:
3536:How the feds took down the Dread Pirate Roberts
2458:
2331:"The 1912 Hague International Opium Convention"
2112:Environmental impact of illicit drug production
7196:Legal history of cannabis in the United States
5956:
5777:"Transnational Crime and the Developing World"
5726:
3587:"The illicit drug trade in the United Kingdom"
2902:"Drug-Related Crime – Fact sheet – Drug Facts"
2839:"Honduras Has World's Highest Murder Rate: UN"
2459:Berridge, Virginia; Edwards, Griffith (1981).
2240:"Transnational Crime and the Developing World"
762:
6169:
5695:
5027:"Cash From Marijuana Fuels Mexico's Drug War"
4961:
4714:
4338:
4336:
4334:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3089:
3087:
2724:
2672:. Vol. 19, no. 2. 31 January 2011.
2202:
2167:Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region
1841:. The ship had already passed and stopped at
1800:United States Drug Enforcement Administration
6196:
6053:
4938:"The usage of Marijuana as food ingredients"
4483:
4481:
4479:
4380:
4174:
4137:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3062:"Africa is heroin's new highway to the West"
2718:
2379:
2306:"Illegal Drugs in America: A Modern History"
1762:crime ring, with much of it arriving in the
644:Drugs are increasingly traded online on the
91:Transnational Crime and the Developing World
81:, of many types of drugs through the use of
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
3177:Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy
3101:. Africa Economic Institute. Archived from
3002:
1361:From Cuba, cocaine would be transported to
484:. After the 1990s, particularly after the
7924:Arguments for and against drug prohibition
6176:
6162:
6140:Illicit drug issues by country, by the CIA
6033:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5906:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5608:
5173:
5171:
4765:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
4331:
4302:
4063:
3666:
3084:
3054:
3008:
2781:
2092:Arguments for and against drug prohibition
1894:Methamphetamine smuggled inside a car tire
1640:stock after operating for only four days.
1537:
1296:
555:. Please do not remove this message until
345:
6183:
5774:
5549:
4476:
4403:
4249:
3889:
3878:
3554:
3548:
3409:
3365:
3332:
3254:
2969:
2373:
1588:Learn how and when to remove this message
575:Learn how and when to remove this message
444:in countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, and
7898:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.
7595:
6134:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
5934:"Fentanyl: MedlinePlus Drug Information"
5318:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
4940:. nutritionfortheworld.wikifoundry.com.
4601:
4389:
4183:
4114:
3861:
3396:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
3338:
1980:
1889:
1728:
1621:
1610:
1400:
1335:
1103:
1046:
965:
933:In an investigative report published by
766:
738:, he found that one gang (essentially a
714:
700:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
675:
663:
551:Relevant discussion may be found on the
366:
349:
44:
36:
7934:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
6989:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids
5539:"Maps of Methamphetamine Lab Incidents"
5168:
5086:
4296:
4215:
4092:"Drug Trafficking in the United States"
3980:
3957:
3793:
3645:"Why Drug Dealers Live With Their Moms"
3415:
3297:
2775:
1092:
962:Illegal drug trade in the United States
753:
239:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
14:
8657:
7825:Office of National Drug Control Policy
7613:International drug control conventions
5527:Office of National Drug Control Policy
5238:
5210:"Agents Seize Heroin Worth Record 22M"
4913:"GDS: the world's biggest drug survey"
4655:
4541:
4441:
3770:
3303:
3236:from the original on November 11, 2017
3199:
3174:
2172:Maritime drug smuggling into Australia
1903:clandestine methamphetamine laboratory
1534:, by seeking shelter in the Emirates.
8016:
7594:
7166:List of cannabis rights organizations
7113:
6195:
6157:
6007:from the original on 12 December 2018
5977:from the original on 23 February 2023
5944:from the original on 27 November 2023
5835:
5775:Mavrellis, Channing (27 March 2017).
5708:from the original on 19 February 2014
5668:
5469:from the original on 10 November 2018
4771:from the original on 9 September 2020
4544:"Drugs, Violence, and Life in Mexico"
3934:
3430:from the original on 19 November 2016
3170:
3168:
3166:
2676:from the original on 17 November 2017
2646:from the original on 17 November 2017
2634:Los Angeles Times (18 January 2015).
2561:from the original on 17 November 2017
2530:from the original on 17 November 2017
2500:from the original on 17 November 2017
2286:from the original on 15 November 2023
2276:"History of the Opium Trade in China"
2026:; its primary clinical utility is in
1384:
818:, younger brother of Syrian dictator
639:
592:illegal drugs originating in Colombia
6071:from the original on 4 December 2018
5880:from the original on 5 November 2023
5689:
5582:
5277:from the original on 22 October 2020
5251:from the original on 21 October 2020
5220:from the original on 24 October 2020
5190:from the original on 20 October 2020
5180:"The French Connection—In Real Life"
4893:from the original on 1 December 2015
4831:from the original on 19 October 2023
4275:
3890:Matsarsky, Yuriy (1 February 2024).
3816:
3613:
3567:from the original on 6 November 2013
2763:from the original on 19 October 2023
2420:
1570:adding citations to reliable sources
1541:
617:severed ties with the United States
525:
295:, through which an estimated 79% of
6041:from the original on 10 August 2022
5609:Sommerfeld, Julia (February 2001).
5536:
4702:from the original on 5 January 2021
4305:Latin American Politics and Society
3958:Radford, Antoinette (8 July 2023).
3686:Latin American Politics and Society
3555:Greenberg, Andy (30 October 2013).
3525:
3353:from the original on 11 August 2017
3320:from the original on 11 August 2012
3259:. Sydney: HarperCollins Australia.
2958:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
2237:
2087:Allegations of CIA drug trafficking
1863:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
1777:, this route was being supplanted.
1514:. The UAE had poor regulations for
1417:
1283:
1110:San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area
999:
871:A joint investigation conducted by
856:published a detailed report to the
518:Illegal drug trade in Latin America
279:
201:banned alcohol in the United States
24:
7718:Law Enforcement Action Partnership
6103:from the original on 29 April 2023
5914:from the original on 28 April 2022
5640:""Tik": Crystal meth in Cape Town"
4741:from the original on 19 April 2022
4392:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
4358:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00191.x
3862:AlKhaldi, Celine (11 April 2023).
3502:, notguiltyadams.com, 13 July 2022
3416:Raymond, Nate (19 November 2016).
3286:Aumenta narcotráfico por Venezuela
3163:
3095:"West Africa and Drug Trafficking"
3013:. Associated Press. Archived from
2581:"Australian executed in Singapore"
2256:from the original on 17 April 2023
1879:
1532:US Drug Enforcement Administration
1442:
25:
8681:
7735:Students for Sensible Drug Policy
6119:
5848:from the original on 17 June 2023
5817:from the original on 17 June 2023
5585:"NIDA InfoFacts: Methamphetamine"
5131:from the original on 20 June 2016
4976:from the original on 19 July 2012
4542:Morris, Stephen D. (2012-09-07).
3981:Lazkani, Alimar (4 August 2020).
3072:from the original on 1 March 2019
1991:each (equivalent to €18 in 2021).
1775:The French Connection (1971 film)
1377:'s communist government in 1959.
1348:
1117:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1042:
384:
7740:Transform Drug Policy Foundation
7634:Other treaties addressing drugs
7114:
6083:
6019:
5971:National Institute on Drug Abuse
5926:
5892:
5860:
5836:Turak, Natasha (16 March 2023).
5829:
5799:
5787:from the original on 5 June 2023
5768:
5759:
5750:
5720:
5662:
5650:from the original on 6 July 2024
5632:
5602:
5576:
5530:
5511:
5499:from the original on 21 May 2021
5481:
5451:
5426:
5397:
5368:
5339:
5302:
5289:
5263:
5119:Mary Emily O’Hara (8 May 2014).
5037:from the original on 6 July 2024
4801:from the original on 6 July 2024
4464:from the original on 27 May 2016
4317:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00146.x
4218:"Drug Wars in the United States"
4216:Epstein, RJ (18 November 1989).
3698:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00050.x
3493:What is Online Drug Trafficking?
3456:from the original on 2019-10-23.
3339:al-Ameri, Alaa (31 March 2014).
3304:Neuman, William (26 July 2012).
2162:Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)
2071:
2057:
1725:Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)
1546:
955:
598:and Caribbean countries such as
530:
503:
310:
234:, has also increased in Europe.
8573:Regulation of therapeutic goods
8497:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
8058:Opium production in Afghanistan
6065:Drug Enforcement Administration
5739:from the original on 2008-03-21
5677:from the original on 2012-06-14
5621:from the original on 2024-07-06
5591:from the original on 2007-10-27
5415:from the original on 2023-11-25
5386:from the original on 2023-11-06
5232:
5216:. New York City. 27 June 1968.
5202:
5157:from the original on 2013-07-28
5143:
5112:
5101:from the original on 2016-06-14
5080:
5069:from the original on 2016-04-17
5049:
5019:
5008:from the original on 2013-05-02
4988:
4955:
4944:from the original on 2014-12-16
4930:
4919:from the original on 2018-02-08
4905:
4872:
4861:from the original on 2023-02-02
4843:
4813:
4783:
4753:
4684:
4442:Chabat, Jorge (December 2010).
4084:
4037:from the original on 2024-07-06
4019:
3997:
3974:
3951:
3928:
3906:
3855:
3847:. 24 April 2023. Archived from
3833:
3810:
3794:Solomou, John (17 April 2023).
3787:
3764:
3655:from the original on 2017-12-16
3637:
3626:from the original on 2010-04-20
3607:
3594:Home Office Online Report 20/07
3579:
3511:Mulvey, Erin (30 January 2020)
3505:
3485:
3474:from the original on 2019-10-23
3460:
3442:
3384:
3273:
3248:
3218:
3193:
3154:
3142:
3131:from the original on 2018-06-14
3117:
3029:
3009:Traci Carl (November 3, 2009).
2949:
2937:from the original on 2018-08-25
2919:
2908:from the original on 2010-02-18
2861:
2849:from the original on 2017-11-17
2831:
2801:
2745:
2706:from the original on 2017-07-30
2688:
2658:
2627:
2616:from the original on 2015-09-23
2602:
2591:from the original on 2019-12-02
2573:
2542:
2512:
2482:
2441:from the original on 2024-07-06
2421:Chen, Song-Chuan (2017-01-01).
2362:from the original on 2017-04-21
2337:from the original on 2016-05-28
2308:. Deamuseum.org. Archived from
2022:and 100 times more potent than
1872:seized 1.4 tonnes of heroin at
1736:woven into a hand-made knotted
1557:needs additional citations for
1189:JoaquĂn Archivaldo Guzmán Loera
1148:Federal Agency of Investigation
1074:
1051:ICE arresting an individual in
619:Drug Enforcement Administration
514:Illegal drug trade in Venezuela
325:Federal Bureau of Investigation
303:in the world. According to the
8521:of tobacco or other substances
5611:"Beating an addiction to meth"
5239:Bigart, Homer (27 June 1968).
4962:Greg Campbell (13 July 2012).
4551:Latin American Research Review
4346:International Migration Review
4152:10.1080/08263663.2003.10816844
4011:. 20 July 2023. Archived from
3920:. 29 June 2023. Archived from
3817:Daly, Max (14 December 2022).
3771:Jalabi, Raya (28 March 2023).
3232:. yjc.ir. September 18, 2013.
3200:Bowman, Marion Eugene (2007).
3175:Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (2010).
2473:
2452:
2427:. Hong Kong University Press.
2414:
2348:
2323:
2298:
2268:
2231:
2152:Drug trafficking organizations
1705:in the 1920s and early 1930s.
1332:Illegal drug trade in Colombia
854:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
748:Black Gangster Disciple Nation
732:Black Gangster Disciple Nation
184:International Opium Convention
178:until the introduction of the
118:government of the Qing dynasty
97:billion in 2014 alone. With a
13:
1:
8553:Needle and syringe programmes
8502:Long-term effects of cannabis
7903:Psilocybin mushrooms legality
7830:School district drug policies
5727:Alex Robertson (2003-10-10).
5696:MARK SCHLIEBS (20 May 2013).
5518:Street Terms: Methamphetamine
5310:Afghanistan Opium Survey 2007
4851:"State Medical Cannabis Laws"
2224:
1955:Temazepam, a strong hypnotic
1781:
1701:during the time known as the
982:
902:The extensive involvement of
218:. As a result, international
190:
7623:1971 Psychotropic Substances
5353:. 2008-11-16. Archived from
5273:. Desert Sun. 26 June 1968.
3935:Nader, Emir (27 June 2023).
2904:. Whitehousedrugpolicy.gov.
2843:International Business Times
2238:May, Channing (March 2017).
1944:
1691:a number of Muslim countries
1615:Four ounces (110 g) of
891:. The report also unearthed
32:Drug dealer (disambiguation)
7:
8411:Pharmaceutical distribution
8048:Coca production in Colombia
7499:Counterculture of the 1960s
5967:"Drug Overdose Death Rates"
5669:Huang, Jende (2012-02-07).
4670:10.1177/0002716202058002008
3614:Syal, Rajeev (2009-12-13).
2050:
2041:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
1999:
1681:Alcohol, in the context of
1600:
1520:Financial Action Task Force
1325:
1174:Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo
974:offloads seized cocaine in
763:Drug trafficking by country
594:, through Central America,
557:conditions to do so are met
133:illegal drug trade in China
10:
8686:
8583:Substance abuse prevention
8558:Opioid replacement therapy
5781:Global Financial Integrity
5271:"Biggest Heroin Haul Told"
2520:"Of bongs and bureaucrats"
2247:Global Financial Integrity
2203:International coordination
2003:
1974:
1970:
1948:
1883:
1718:
1712:
1674:
1670:
1604:
1329:
1154:Arrested drug traffickers
959:
790:
659:
507:
397:
305:International Crisis Group
236:
109:
105:
87:Global Financial Integrity
29:
8596:
8588:Supervised injection site
8530:
8445:
8071:
8038:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8012:
7916:
7878:Anabolic steroid legality
7865:
7750:
7658:
7643:Convention Against Doping
7638:Law of the Sea Convention
7605:
7601:
7590:
7569:Urban legends about drugs
7481:
7433:
7370:
7267:
7234:
7126:
7122:
7109:
7046:
7019:
6957:
6903:
6804:
6709:
6700:
6645:
6478:
6341:
6206:
6202:
6191:
5436:. Dea.gov. Archived from
4604:Anthropological Quarterly
4234:10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1275
2980:10.1080/10576100601148456
2014:, is 20 to 40 times more
1708:
1661:Washington Initiative 502
1373:and the establishment of
1227:
1204:HĂ©ctor Luis Palma Salazar
1164:
1161:
1158:
1087:
400:Drug trade in West Africa
379:
371:The nephews of President
112:History of opium in China
8384:Turks and Caicos Islands
7893:Methamphetamine legality
7206:Marijuana Policy Project
6197:Major recreational drugs
5555:Bootie Cosgrove-Mather."
5321:(Report). Archived from
4915:. globaldrugsurvey.com.
4414:10.1162/0033553042476125
3918:U.S. Department of State
1004:A large generation, the
885:Fourth Armoured Division
824:Fourth Armoured Division
810:, making it the world's
793:Narco-state § Syria
786:
780:Syrian Republican Guards
143:(1839–1842) between the
7161:Cannabis rights leaders
4222:British Medical Journal
3255:McPhedran, Ian (2017).
3151:magazine, February 2012
2380:Hanes, William Travis;
2122:Illicit cigarette trade
2102:Counterfeit medications
1538:Trade in specific drugs
1297:Culture of drug cartels
1260:Benjamin Arellano Felix
1231:Ismael Higuera Guerrero
916:National Defence Forces
628:, Venezuelan President
522:Drug barons of Colombia
510:Corruption in Venezuela
466:
393:
346:Drug trafficking routes
222:syndicates such as the
7969:Politics of drug abuse
6937:Mandragora officinarum
5297:The Politics of Heroin
3987:Arab Reform Initiative
3230:Young Journalists Club
3039:. TDPF. Archived from
2725:Bill McCollum (2002).
2010:Fentanyl, a synthetic
1992:
1895:
1745:
1627:
1619:
1457:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1410:
1407:Diego Murillo Bejarano
1367:Union City, New Jersey
1345:
1344:, Colombia, April 2013
1128:government officials.
1112:
1056:
1022:US cocaine consumption
992:, and may result in a
979:
953:
801:of Syria ruled by the
783:
720:
713:
691:
673:
626:Narcosobrinos incident
440:). The money is often
376:
364:
276:tests and face masks.
50:
42:
8329:Saint Kitts and Nevis
7628:1988 Drug Trafficking
7221:Cannabis and religion
6185:Recreational drug use
5299:, Lawrence Hill, 2003
4616:10.1353/anq.2008.0004
4563:10.1353/lar.2012.0011
3450:"Abba Eban Institute"
2784:"Refugees in Ecuador"
2731:. Diane. p. 39.
2197:Operation Show Me How
1984:
1893:
1817:, drug lords such as
1732:
1719:Further information:
1665:Colorado Amendment 64
1625:
1614:
1404:
1339:
1133:National Action Party
1107:
1050:
969:
941:
930:supply in the world.
842:4th Armoured Division
822:and commander of the
778:and commander of the
774:, younger brother of
770:
718:
709:
679:
667:
508:Further information:
370:
362:
83:drug prohibition laws
73:. Most jurisdictions
48:
40:
8578:Responsible drug use
8389:United Arab Emirates
7708:Drug Policy Alliance
7596:Legality of drug use
7201:Legality of cannabis
7176:Cannabis Social Club
7146:Cannabis cultivation
7141:Cannabis consumption
6972:Cannabis (Marijuana)
6794:Psilocybin mushrooms
6003:. 12 December 2018.
5876:. 14 November 2018.
3284:, 24 February 2008,
2137:Wildlife trafficking
1752:and transshipped in
1607:Legality of cannabis
1566:improve this article
1497:United Arab Emirates
1405:Colombian drug lord
1140:presidents of Mexico
1125:political corruption
1098:Corruption in Mexico
1093:Political influences
978:, Florida, May 2014.
799:Ba'athist government
754:Impact of free trade
332:September 11 attacks
77:trade, except under
8636:Tobacco consumption
8606:Alcohol consumption
8548:Drug rehabilitation
8485:Effects of cannabis
8209:Indian Ocean region
7989:Philippine drug war
7618:1961 Narcotic Drugs
6299:nail polish remover
6096:The Washington Post
5973:. 9 February 2023.
5465:. 9 November 2018.
5062:The Washington Post
4228:(6710): 1275–1276.
3993:on 3 February 2023.
3924:on 9 February 2024.
3902:on 8 February 2024.
3068:. 31 January 2019.
3017:on February 2, 2014
2526:. 17 January 2014.
2358:. Druglibrary.org.
2333:. Druglibrary.org.
2147:Drug liberalization
2142:Illegal organ trade
1683:alcoholic beverages
1155:
945:Bashar Assad's army
904:Syrian Armed Forces
850:US State Department
812:largest narco-state
704:Antonio Maria Costa
702:Executive Director
544:of this section is
486:end of the Cold War
27:Global black market
8665:Illegal drug trade
8492:Drug-related crime
8169:Dominican Republic
8079:Illegal drug trade
7554:Religion and drugs
7509:Drug paraphernalia
7489:Chasing the dragon
7448:Fashion cigarettes
7029:Calea zacatechichi
6724:Psychoactive toads
6434:Mitragyna speciosa
6386:Dextropropoxyphene
6328:Nonbenzodiazepines
6236:Alcoholic beverage
6146:2010-12-29 at the
5910:. 7 October 2022.
5615:Meth's Deadly Buzz
5562:2013-11-09 at the
5523:2010-08-01 at the
5245:The New York Times
5184:The New York Times
4580:on 3 December 2013
4146:(55/56): 277–230.
3829:on 4 January 2023.
3752:(55/56): 249–275.
3541:2021-02-24 at the
3518:2020-11-24 at the
3498:2023-12-07 at the
3468:"Janus Initiative"
3378:2017-10-10 at the
3314:The New York Times
3310:The New York Times
3291:2016-10-28 at the
2757:New Indian Express
1993:
1929:The government of
1896:
1823:Cadaver Connection
1746:
1742:Manchester Airport
1677:Alcoholic beverage
1628:
1620:
1411:
1385:Colombia's economy
1346:
1217:Juan Garcia Abrego
1179:Guadalajara Cartel
1153:
1121:Mexican Revolution
1113:
1057:
980:
881:Ba'athist military
784:
721:
692:
674:
640:Online trafficking
604:Dominican Republic
377:
365:
139:; this led to the
129:East India Company
55:illegal drug trade
51:
43:
8652:
8651:
8648:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8563:Pharmacovigilance
8543:Drug legalization
8441:
8440:
8008:
8007:
8004:
8003:
7939:Cognitive liberty
7883:Cannabis legality
7671:Decriminalization
7586:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7468:Smoking fetishism
7105:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7042:
7041:
6922:Atropa belladonna
6289:contact adhesives
6231:Ethanol (alcohol)
5811:www.aljazeera.com
5349:(Press release).
4735:Global Initiative
3874:on 12 April 2023.
3851:on 28 April 2023.
3806:on 17 April 2023.
3783:on 28 March 2023.
3649:Los Angeles Times
3491:Brittingham, Tad
2738:978-0-7567-2082-7
2640:Los Angeles Times
2434:978-988-8390-56-4
2407:978-1-4022-0149-3
2394:Sourcebooks, Inc.
2127:Human trafficking
2107:Counterfeit money
1908:rolling meth labs
1837:southern port of
1811:French Connection
1798:According to the
1759:French Connection
1687:denatured alcohol
1598:
1597:
1590:
1281:
1280:
1029:Merida Initiative
698:In December 2009
585:
584:
577:
360:
189:Between 1920 and
172:1868 Pharmacy Act
165:Treaty of Tianjin
153:Treaty of Nanking
85:. The think tank
16:(Redirected from
8677:
8480:Drug harmfulness
8475:Driving impaired
8294:Papua New Guinea
8063:Rolling meth lab
8036:
8035:
8025:
8024:
8014:
8013:
7979:Mexican drug war
7888:Cocaine legality
7873:Alcohol legality
7703:Demand reduction
7691:Supply reduction
7603:
7602:
7592:
7591:
7269:Drinking culture
7211:Medical cannabis
7171:Cannabis smoking
7128:Cannabis culture
7124:
7123:
7111:
7110:
7087:recreational use
6932:Hyoscyamus niger
6893:Salvia divinorum
6876:Amanita muscaria
6838:recreational use
6818:recreational use
6707:
6706:
6275:recreational use
6204:
6203:
6193:
6192:
6178:
6171:
6164:
6155:
6154:
6131:
6130:
6128:Official website
6113:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5963:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5772:
5766:
5763:
5757:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5580:
5574:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5541:. Archived from
5534:
5528:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5314:
5306:
5300:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5175:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4969:The New Republic
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4827:. 4 March 2022.
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4797:. 24 June 2018.
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4727:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4698:. 24 July 2020.
4688:
4682:
4681:
4653:
4628:
4627:
4599:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4573:. Archived from
4548:
4539:
4506:
4505:
4485:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4463:
4448:
4439:
4426:
4425:
4407:
4398:(4): 1481–1512.
4387:
4378:
4377:
4340:
4329:
4328:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4284:(172): 167–168.
4273:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4213:
4202:
4201:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4135:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4098:. Archived from
4088:
4082:
4081:
4061:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4015:on 22 July 2023.
4001:
3995:
3994:
3989:. Archived from
3978:
3972:
3971:
3966:. Archived from
3955:
3949:
3948:
3943:. Archived from
3932:
3926:
3925:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3898:. Archived from
3887:
3876:
3875:
3870:. Archived from
3859:
3853:
3852:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3825:. Archived from
3814:
3808:
3807:
3802:. Archived from
3791:
3785:
3784:
3779:. Archived from
3768:
3762:
3761:
3741:
3710:
3709:
3681:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3596:. Archived from
3591:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3552:
3546:
3545:, 3 October 2013
3529:
3523:
3509:
3503:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3388:
3382:
3371:United Nations,
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3301:
3295:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3172:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2973:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2927:"Out of control"
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2815:. Archived from
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2786:. Archived from
2782:Linda Helfrich.
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2700:One Green Planet
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2496:. 25 June 2014.
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2465:. Archived from
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2391:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2244:
2235:
2177:Narco-capitalism
2132:Arms trafficking
2081:
2079:Economics portal
2076:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2061:
1786:
1783:
1769:SS France (1960)
1689:, is illegal in
1593:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1550:
1542:
1516:money laundering
1371:Cuban Revolution
1340:Seized drugs in
1319:18th Street gang
1284:Mexico's economy
1156:
1152:
1037:US–Mexico border
1024:dropped by 11%.
1014:Mexico–US border
1000:Political impact
834:Republican Guard
728:Sudhir Venkatesh
580:
573:
569:
566:
560:
534:
533:
526:
361:
287:
280:Societal effects
257:Van Tuong Nguyen
195:
192:
157:Second Opium War
96:
71:prohibited drugs
63:narcotrafficking
59:drug trafficking
21:
18:Drug trafficking
8685:
8684:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8676:
8675:
8674:
8655:
8654:
8653:
8640:
8598:
8592:
8568:Reagent testing
8526:
8517:Passive smoking
8447:
8437:
8067:
8053:Drug precursors
8040:
8031:
8029:
8019:
8000:
7954:Drug possession
7929:Cannabis rights
7912:
7908:Salvia legality
7861:
7752:
7746:
7654:
7597:
7578:
7559:Self-medication
7477:
7473:Tobacco smoking
7435:Smoking culture
7429:
7366:
7263:
7230:
7186:Cannabis vaping
7156:Cannabis rights
7151:Cannabis edible
7118:
7097:
7038:
7034:Silene capensis
7015:
6953:
6949:Diphenhydramine
6899:
6800:
6696:
6641:
6593:Methylphenidate
6583:Methamphetamine
6474:
6337:
6221:Benzodiazepines
6198:
6187:
6182:
6148:Wayback Machine
6126:
6125:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6106:
6104:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6074:
6072:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6042:
6037:. 11 May 2022.
6025:
6024:
6020:
6010:
6008:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5965:
5964:
5957:
5947:
5945:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5915:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5883:
5881:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5851:
5849:
5834:
5830:
5820:
5818:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5773:
5769:
5764:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5742:
5740:
5725:
5721:
5711:
5709:
5694:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5667:
5663:
5653:
5651:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5624:
5622:
5607:
5603:
5594:
5592:
5581:
5577:
5564:Wayback Machine
5554:
5550:
5535:
5531:
5525:Wayback Machine
5516:
5512:
5502:
5500:
5495:. 20 May 2021.
5487:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5470:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5443:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5418:
5416:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5389:
5387:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5360:
5358:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5278:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5254:
5252:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5193:
5191:
5176:
5169:
5160:
5158:
5153:. Sptimes.com.
5149:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5117:
5113:
5104:
5102:
5085:
5081:
5072:
5070:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5033:. 19 May 2010.
5025:
5024:
5020:
5011:
5009:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4979:
4977:
4960:
4956:
4947:
4945:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4877:
4873:
4864:
4862:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4832:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4729:
4728:
4715:
4705:
4703:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4654:
4631:
4600:
4593:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4546:
4540:
4509:
4486:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4446:
4440:
4429:
4405:10.1.1.525.5505
4388:
4381:
4341:
4332:
4301:
4297:
4274:
4267:
4214:
4205:
4182:
4175:
4136:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4066:Foreign Affairs
4062:
4049:
4040:
4038:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3979:
3975:
3970:on 9 July 2023.
3956:
3952:
3947:on 5 July 2023.
3933:
3929:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3888:
3879:
3860:
3856:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3815:
3811:
3792:
3788:
3777:Financial Times
3769:
3765:
3742:
3713:
3682:
3667:
3658:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3627:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3553:
3549:
3543:Wayback Machine
3530:
3526:
3520:Wayback Machine
3510:
3506:
3500:Wayback Machine
3490:
3486:
3477:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3380:Wayback Machine
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3302:
3298:
3293:Wayback Machine
3278:
3274:
3267:
3257:The Smack Track
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3173:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3134:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3105:on 29 July 2017
3093:
3092:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3007:
3003:
2971:10.1.1.553.6185
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2873:CrisisGroup.org
2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2819:on 11 June 2016
2807:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2791:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2759:. 8 June 2021.
2751:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2612:. Bernama.com.
2608:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2457:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2435:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2280:Druglibrary.org
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2205:
2192:Organized crime
2157:Golden Crescent
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2028:pain management
2008:
2002:
1979:
1973:
1953:
1947:
1888:
1886:Methamphetamine
1882:
1880:Methamphetamine
1789:Golden Triangle
1784:
1773:By the time of
1727:
1721:Golden Crescent
1717:
1711:
1679:
1673:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1563:
1551:
1540:
1469:North Macedonia
1445:
1443:Western Balkans
1420:
1387:
1365:, Florida; and
1351:
1334:
1328:
1299:
1286:
1264:Tijuana Cartel
1244:Tijuana Cartel
1208:Sinaloa Cartel
1095:
1090:
1077:
1045:
1002:
985:
964:
958:
877:BBC News Arabic
828:Syrian military
820:Bashar al-Assad
795:
789:
776:Bashar al-Assad
765:
756:
662:
650:darknet markets
642:
581:
570:
564:
561:
550:
535:
531:
524:
506:
498:Golden Triangle
494:Golden Crescent
469:
408:(especially in
402:
396:
387:
382:
350:
348:
313:
285:
282:
241:
220:organized crime
193:
141:First Opium War
114:
108:
94:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8683:
8673:
8672:
8667:
8650:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8627:
8626:
8621:
8613:
8608:
8602:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8534:
8532:
8531:Harm reduction
8528:
8527:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8522:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8488:
8487:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8465:Date rape drug
8462:
8457:
8451:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8435:
8434:
8433:
8431:Liquor license
8428:
8423:
8418:
8408:
8406:Darknet market
8403:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8075:
8073:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8044:
8042:
8033:
8021:
8020:
8010:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7996:Zero tolerance
7993:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7920:
7918:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7770:Czech Republic
7767:
7762:
7756:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7723:Liberalization
7720:
7715:
7713:Harm reduction
7710:
7705:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7609:
7607:
7599:
7598:
7588:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7539:Party and play
7536:
7531:
7529:Needle sharing
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7443:Cigarette card
7439:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7376:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7352:Tailgate party
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7302:Drinking games
7299:
7294:
7292:Binge drinking
7289:
7284:
7279:
7273:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7240:
7238:
7236:Coffee culture
7232:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7132:
7130:
7120:
7119:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7063:
7058:
7052:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7025:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6963:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6946:
6944:Dimenhydrinate
6941:
6940:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6909:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6885:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6844:alkyl nitrites
6841:
6826:
6821:
6810:
6808:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6768:Peruvian torch
6760:
6755:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6715:
6713:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6657:
6651:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6507:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6490:
6484:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6431:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6416:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6401:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6347:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6333:Quinazolinones
6330:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6260:
6255:
6253:Gabapentinoids
6250:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6200:
6199:
6189:
6188:
6181:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6137:
6121:
6120:External links
6118:
6115:
6114:
6082:
6052:
6018:
5988:
5955:
5925:
5891:
5859:
5828:
5813:. 6 May 2022.
5798:
5767:
5758:
5749:
5719:
5702:The Australian
5688:
5661:
5631:
5601:
5575:
5548:
5545:on 2009-09-09.
5529:
5510:
5493:Balkan Insight
5480:
5450:
5425:
5411:. 2023-11-05.
5396:
5367:
5338:
5301:
5295:See McCoy, A;
5288:
5262:
5231:
5201:
5167:
5142:
5111:
5079:
5048:
5018:
4987:
4954:
4929:
4904:
4871:
4842:
4812:
4782:
4752:
4713:
4696:Balkan Insight
4683:
4664:(2): 102–116.
4629:
4610:(1): 233–267.
4591:
4557:(2): 216–223.
4507:
4475:
4427:
4379:
4352:(1): 131–157.
4330:
4311:(1): 159–180.
4295:
4278:Foreign Policy
4265:
4203:
4192:(171): 76–80.
4186:Foreign Policy
4173:
4113:
4102:on 29 May 2016
4096:Policy Almanac
4083:
4047:
4018:
3996:
3973:
3950:
3927:
3905:
3877:
3854:
3832:
3809:
3786:
3763:
3711:
3692:(2): 117–145.
3665:
3651:. 2005-04-24.
3636:
3606:
3603:on 2011-02-18.
3578:
3547:
3524:
3504:
3484:
3459:
3441:
3408:
3383:
3364:
3331:
3296:
3272:
3265:
3247:
3217:
3210:
3192:
3185:
3162:
3153:
3141:
3116:
3099:africaecon.org
3083:
3053:
3028:
3001:
2964:(3): 249–265.
2948:
2933:. 2013-03-09.
2918:
2890:
2860:
2845:. 2011-11-23.
2830:
2800:
2774:
2744:
2737:
2717:
2702:. 2014-08-20.
2687:
2657:
2626:
2601:
2587:. 2005-12-02.
2572:
2541:
2511:
2481:
2472:
2469:on 2013-12-25.
2451:
2433:
2413:
2406:
2382:Sanello, Frank
2372:
2347:
2322:
2297:
2267:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:Narcoterrorism
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2068:
2052:
2049:
2004:Main article:
2001:
1998:
1975:Main article:
1972:
1969:
1965:Eastern Europe
1957:benzodiazepine
1949:Main article:
1946:
1943:
1884:Main article:
1881:
1878:
1713:Main article:
1710:
1707:
1675:Main article:
1672:
1669:
1605:Main article:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1504:United Kingdom
1481:Western Europe
1444:
1441:
1419:
1418:Social impacts
1416:
1386:
1383:
1350:
1349:Political ties
1347:
1330:Main article:
1327:
1324:
1307:Sinaloa Cartel
1298:
1295:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1273:Osiel Cardenas
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1235:Tijuana Cartel
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1194:Sinaloa Cartel
1191:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1076:
1073:
1055:, October 2011
1044:
1043:Social impacts
1041:
1001:
998:
994:death sentence
990:capital crimes
984:
981:
972:US Coast Guard
960:Main article:
957:
954:
908:drug addiction
889:Maher al-Assad
816:Maher al-Assad
788:
785:
772:Maher al-Assad
764:
761:
755:
752:
661:
658:
641:
638:
630:Nicolás Maduro
583:
582:
538:
536:
529:
505:
502:
468:
465:
395:
392:
386:
385:East and South
383:
381:
378:
373:Nicolás Maduro
347:
344:
317:violent crimes
312:
309:
281:
278:
267:In June 2021,
224:Sinaloa Cartel
205:American Mafia
145:United Kingdom
107:
104:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8682:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8597:Countries by
8595:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8538:Drug checking
8536:
8535:
8533:
8529:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8507:Neurotoxicity
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8444:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8421:Cannabis shop
8419:
8417:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8394:United States
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8249:Latin America
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8077:
8076:
8074:
8070:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8037:
8034:
8026:
8022:
8015:
8011:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7984:Plan Colombia
7982:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7944:Designer drug
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7866:Drug legality
7864:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7816:
7815:United States
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7749:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7729:
7728:Latin America
7726:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7698:Policy reform
7696:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7606:International
7604:
7600:
7593:
7589:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7564:Sex and drugs
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7544:Poly drug use
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7453:Cloud-chasing
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7432:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7380:Psychonautics
7378:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7307:Drinking song
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7297:Diethyl ether
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7287:Beer festival
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7084:
7083:Nitrous oxide
7081:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6956:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6835:
6834:Nitrous oxide
6832:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6806:Dissociatives
6803:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6702:Hallucinogens
6699:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6520:Energy drinks
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6419:Hydromorphone
6417:
6415:
6412:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6351:Buprenorphine
6349:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6304:Paint thinner
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6276:
6272:
6271:Nitrous oxide
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6179:
6174:
6172:
6167:
6165:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6129:
6124:
6123:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6070:
6066:
6063:(factsheet).
6062:
6056:
6040:
6036:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5913:
5909:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5873:Health Canada
5869:
5863:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5832:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5762:
5753:
5738:
5734:
5733:Evening Times
5730:
5723:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5676:
5672:
5665:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5590:
5586:
5583:NIDA (2008).
5579:
5572:
5570:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5552:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5514:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5440:on 2008-05-16
5439:
5435:
5429:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5357:on 2007-12-02
5356:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5328:on 2008-01-28
5324:
5320:
5319:
5311:
5305:
5298:
5292:
5276:
5272:
5266:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5172:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5087:Ioan Grillo.
5083:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5007:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4958:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4875:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4596:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4503:
4499:
4496:(94): 43–66.
4495:
4491:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4384:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4270:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4178:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3582:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3488:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3335:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3268:
3266:9781460707555
3262:
3258:
3251:
3240:September 18,
3235:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3213:
3211:9780275994044
3207:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3186:9780674051348
3182:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3071:
3067:
3066:The Economist
3063:
3057:
3043:on 2011-11-07
3042:
3038:
3032:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2936:
2932:
2931:The Economist
2928:
2922:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2879:on 2014-08-08
2878:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2790:on 2010-06-04
2789:
2785:
2778:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2529:
2525:
2524:The Economist
2521:
2515:
2499:
2495:
2494:The Economist
2491:
2490:"Narconomics"
2485:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2312:on 2004-12-04
2311:
2307:
2301:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1868:In May 2021,
1866:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1764:United States
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:United States
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1592:
1589:
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1571:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1555:This section
1553:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:Costa del Sol
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:Latin America
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1415:
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1399:
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1391:
1382:
1378:
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1343:
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1333:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:Colima Cartel
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
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1190:
1187:
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1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:In 1929, the
1111:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1007:
997:
995:
991:
977:
973:
968:
963:
956:United States
952:
950:
946:
940:
938:
937:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
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894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
800:
794:
781:
777:
773:
769:
760:
751:
749:
745:
744:crack cocaine
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
717:
712:
708:
705:
701:
696:
690:
686:
682:
678:
671:
670:Zhenli Ye Gon
666:
657:
655:
651:
647:
637:
633:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
579:
576:
568:
558:
554:
548:
547:
543:
537:
528:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
504:South America
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
464:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Guinea-Bissau
415:
411:
407:
401:
391:
374:
369:
343:
340:
335:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
311:Violent crime
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
277:
275:
270:
265:
262:
258:
254:
253:death penalty
251:and even the
250:
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225:
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208:
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202:
199:
187:
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100:
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88:
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80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
47:
39:
33:
19:
8624:Lifetime use
8426:Liquor store
8344:South Africa
8078:
7974:War on drugs
7800:Soviet Union
7676:Legalization
7514:Drug tourism
7362:Wine tasting
7282:Beer culture
7244:Coffee break
7181:Cannabis tea
7116:Drug culture
6959:Cannabinoids
6888:Salvinorin A
6854:amyl nitrite
6711:Psychedelics
6463:/paracetamol
6376:Desomorphine
6216:Barbiturates
6105:. Retrieved
6094:
6085:
6073:. Retrieved
6055:
6043:. Retrieved
6030:
6021:
6009:. Retrieved
6000:
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5979:. Retrieved
5970:
5946:. Retrieved
5937:
5928:
5916:. Retrieved
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5894:
5882:. Retrieved
5871:
5862:
5850:. Retrieved
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5831:
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5810:
5801:
5789:. Retrieved
5780:
5770:
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5741:. Retrieved
5732:
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5701:
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5679:. Retrieved
5664:
5652:. Retrieved
5643:
5634:
5623:. Retrieved
5617:. NBC News.
5614:
5604:
5593:. Retrieved
5578:
5567:
5551:
5543:the original
5537:DEA (2008).
5532:
5513:
5501:. Retrieved
5492:
5483:
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5453:
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5438:the original
5428:
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5355:the original
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5323:the original
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5265:
5253:. Retrieved
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5183:
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5145:
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5114:
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5092:
5082:
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5060:
5051:
5039:. Retrieved
5021:
5010:. Retrieved
4999:
4990:
4978:. Retrieved
4967:
4957:
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4932:
4921:. Retrieved
4907:
4895:. Retrieved
4884:
4874:
4863:. Retrieved
4855:www.ncsl.org
4854:
4845:
4833:. Retrieved
4824:
4815:
4803:. Retrieved
4795:The Guardian
4794:
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4764:
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4734:
4704:. Retrieved
4695:
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4661:
4657:
4607:
4603:
4582:. Retrieved
4575:the original
4554:
4550:
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4489:
4466:. Retrieved
4454:
4450:
4395:
4391:
4349:
4345:
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4139:
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4100:the original
4095:
4086:
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4069:
4065:
4039:. Retrieved
4030:
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3963:
3953:
3945:the original
3940:
3930:
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3895:
3872:the original
3867:
3857:
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3827:the original
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3804:the original
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3776:
3766:
3749:
3745:
3689:
3685:
3657:. Retrieved
3648:
3639:
3628:. Retrieved
3620:The Guardian
3619:
3609:
3598:the original
3593:
3581:
3569:. Retrieved
3560:
3550:
3532:Ars Technica
3527:
3507:
3487:
3476:. Retrieved
3462:
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3421:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3386:
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3344:
3334:
3322:. Retrieved
3309:
3299:
3281:El Universal
3279:
3275:
3256:
3250:
3238:. Retrieved
3229:
3220:
3201:
3195:
3176:
3156:
3148:
3144:
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3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3103:the original
3098:
3074:. Retrieved
3065:
3056:
3045:. Retrieved
3041:the original
3031:
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3015:the original
3004:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2930:
2921:
2910:. Retrieved
2881:. Retrieved
2877:the original
2872:
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2842:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2817:the original
2812:
2803:
2792:. Retrieved
2788:the original
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2756:
2747:
2727:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2699:
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2669:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2639:
2629:
2618:. Retrieved
2604:
2593:. Retrieved
2584:
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2554:
2544:
2532:. Retrieved
2523:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2493:
2484:
2475:
2467:the original
2461:
2454:
2443:. Retrieved
2423:
2416:
2387:
2375:
2364:. Retrieved
2350:
2339:. Retrieved
2325:
2314:. Retrieved
2310:the original
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2246:
2233:
2009:
1994:
1986:
1960:
1954:
1939:
1928:
1924:
1913:
1900:
1897:
1867:
1859:
1839:Bandar Abbas
1819:Ike Atkinson
1808:
1797:
1780:Then, until
1779:
1771:ocean liner.
1767:
1757:
1747:
1695:Saudi Arabia
1685:rather than
1680:
1658:
1654:
1642:
1629:
1584:
1575:
1564:Please help
1559:verification
1556:
1501:
1485:South Africa
1446:
1437:
1433:
1421:
1412:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1375:Fidel Castro
1360:
1352:
1312:
1300:
1287:
1277:Gulf Cartel
1249:Adan Amezcua
1146:created the
1137:
1130:
1114:
1096:
1082:
1078:
1075:Demographics
1066:
1062:war on drugs
1058:
1033:Mexican Army
1026:
1018:
1010:
1006:baby boomers
1003:
986:
942:
934:
932:
901:
870:
862:Assad regime
846:
832:
796:
757:
725:
722:
710:
697:
693:
643:
634:
623:
612:
586:
571:
562:
540:
470:
450:
403:
388:
336:
329:
314:
291:
283:
266:
246:
242:
209:
188:
180:Harrison Act
169:
149:Qing-dynasty
115:
90:
67:black market
65:is a global
62:
58:
54:
52:
8631:Opiates use
8611:Cocaine use
8446:Issues with
8364:Switzerland
8349:South Korea
8319:Puerto Rico
8304:Philippines
8174:El Salvador
8084:Afghanistan
7820:Just Say No
7810:Switzerland
7785:Netherlands
7751:Drug policy
7681:Prohibition
7666:Drug policy
7659:State level
7504:Dance party
7415:Microdosing
7372:Psychedelia
7327:Oktoberfest
7249:Coffeehouse
7226:Stoner film
6917:Scopolamine
6647:Entactogens
6625:Theobromine
6488:Amphetamine
6414:Hydrocodone
6404:Diamorphine
6208:Depressants
6011:20 February
5981:20 February
5938:MedlinePlus
5918:20 February
5473:10 November
5463:Radio Farda
5409:news.un.org
4031:www.ojp.gov
3896:The Insider
3434:19 November
3037:"Transform"
2182:Narco-state
2117:Rum running
1961:jellie labs
1931:North Korea
1920:hepatitis C
1815:Vietnam War
1806:of heroin.
1793:Afghanistan
1785: 2004
1703:Prohibition
1241:Jesus Labra
1222:Gulf Cartel
1144:Vicente Fox
1069:Prohibition
976:Miami Beach
936:The Insider
858:US Congress
615:Hugo Chávez
608:Puerto Rico
490:Afghanistan
459:in Islamic
406:West Africa
301:murder rate
228:'Ndrangheta
194: 1933
8659:Categories
8619:Annual use
8470:Dependence
8334:Seychelles
8239:Kyrgyzstan
8154:Costa Rica
8099:Bangladesh
8072:Drug trade
8041:production
8030:production
7949:Drug court
7835:California
7753:by country
7686:Regulation
7420:Smart shop
7405:Literature
7400:Experience
7347:Sports bar
7312:Happy hour
7277:Bartending
7048:Club drugs
7021:Oneirogens
6905:Deliriants
6785:Psilocybin
6608:Polacrilex
6578:Mephedrone
6480:Stimulants
6282:Hazardous
6226:Carbamates
6075:4 December
6061:"Fentanyl"
5948:5 November
5900:"Fentanyl"
5884:5 November
5868:"Fentanyl"
5743:2008-04-09
5625:2008-06-29
5595:2008-04-07
5444:2008-10-17
5419:2023-11-07
5390:2023-11-07
5380:Al Jazeera
5361:2007-01-27
5332:2008-01-27
5281:18 October
5255:18 October
5224:18 October
5214:Daily News
5194:18 October
5161:2013-06-09
5105:2016-06-11
5073:2016-06-11
5012:2013-06-09
4948:2014-12-15
4923:2018-02-07
4897:7 February
4865:2024-04-18
4584:5 November
4468:5 November
4041:2022-06-30
3659:2016-05-17
3630:2016-12-14
3622:. London.
3571:6 November
3478:2019-10-06
3135:2013-06-09
3109:14 October
3076:5 February
3047:2011-11-26
2912:2008-10-19
2794:2010-05-31
2620:2011-11-26
2595:2013-06-09
2445:2022-03-16
2366:2011-11-26
2341:2011-11-26
2316:2011-11-26
2225:References
2097:Corruption
2065:Law portal
1988:Reichsmark
1740:seized at
1693:, such as
1465:Montenegro
983:Background
791:See also:
687:, and the
542:neutrality
414:Cape Verde
398:See also:
237:See also:
125:prohibited
110:See also:
8670:Smuggling
8615:Cannabis
8460:Addiction
8416:Beer shop
8399:Venezuela
8264:Mauritius
8094:Australia
8032:and trade
7959:Drug test
7760:Australia
7534:Nootropic
7519:Entheogen
7494:Club drug
7342:Sommelier
7337:Pub crawl
7322:Nightclub
7317:Hip flask
7254:Latte art
7191:Head shop
7061:Quaaludes
6829:Inhalants
6778:San Pedro
6763:Mescaline
6746:Ayahuasca
6719:Bufotenin
6664:Benzofury
6655:2C series
6635:Chocolate
6598:Modafinil
6588:Methylone
6561:Ephedrine
6532:Cathinone
6493:Arecoline
6458:Oxycodone
6429:Methadone
6263:Inhalants
5654:8 October
5644:Unodc.org
5125:VICE News
4624:142202702
4571:143803615
4400:CiteSeerX
4374:144567229
4325:154032231
4168:153739307
3823:Vice News
3346:Vice News
2996:108709139
2988:1057-610X
2966:CiteSeerX
2813:Radio HRN
2290:8 October
2260:23 August
2036:overdoses
1996:markets.
1951:Temazepam
1945:Temazepam
1874:Constanța
1489:Australia
1303:Michoacán
920:Hezbollah
893:Hezbollah
866:Hezbollah
740:franchise
654:Silk Road
588:Venezuela
565:July 2019
553:talk page
442:laundered
212:marijuana
186:in 1912.
176:US states
99:world GDP
8599:drug use
8512:Overdose
8448:drug use
8374:Thailand
8359:Suriname
8339:Slovakia
8314:Portugal
8299:Paraguay
8259:Malaysia
8199:Honduras
8149:Colombia
8134:Cambodia
7855:Virginia
7845:Maryland
7840:Colorado
7795:Slovakia
7790:Portugal
7463:Smokeasy
7357:Wine bar
7259:Teahouse
6982:Hash oil
6913:Atropine
6871:Muscimol
6861:Ketamine
6824:Glaucine
6789:Psilocin
6603:Nicotine
6510:Caffeine
6470:Tramadol
6446:Morphine
6423:Dilaudid
6399:Fentanyl
6390:Darvocet
6380:Krokodil
6355:Suboxone
6294:Gasoline
6284:solvents
6267:Medical
6144:Archived
6101:Archived
6069:Archived
6039:Archived
6005:Archived
6001:CBS News
5975:Archived
5942:Archived
5912:Archived
5878:Archived
5846:Archived
5815:Archived
5785:Archived
5737:Archived
5706:Archived
5675:Archived
5648:Archived
5619:Archived
5589:Archived
5569:CBS News
5560:Archived
5521:Archived
5497:Archived
5467:Archived
5413:Archived
5384:Archived
5275:Archived
5249:Archived
5218:Archived
5188:Archived
5155:Archived
5129:Archived
5099:Archived
5067:Archived
5035:Archived
5006:Archived
5001:HuffPost
4974:Archived
4942:Archived
4917:Archived
4891:Archived
4859:Archived
4829:Archived
4799:Archived
4769:Archived
4745:19 April
4739:Archived
4700:Archived
4502:23408421
4459:Archived
4457:: 1–14.
4422:25098723
4366:27645360
4290:20684881
4242:29706058
4198:20684853
4160:41800192
4078:20699622
4035:Archived
4009:New Arab
3964:BBC News
3941:BBC News
3758:41800191
3706:53473348
3653:Archived
3624:Archived
3565:Archived
3539:Archived
3516:Archived
3496:Archived
3472:Archived
3454:Archived
3428:Archived
3376:Archived
3351:Archived
3318:Archived
3289:Archived
3234:Archived
3129:Archived
3070:Archived
2935:Archived
2906:Archived
2847:Archived
2761:Archived
2704:Archived
2674:Archived
2644:Archived
2614:Archived
2589:Archived
2585:BBC News
2559:Archived
2528:Archived
2498:Archived
2439:Archived
2396:p.
2384:(2004).
2360:Archived
2335:Archived
2284:Archived
2251:Archived
2214:Interpol
2051:See also
2024:morphine
2006:Fentanyl
2000:Fentanyl
1937:border.
1851:Valencia
1804:efficacy
1756:via the
1632:cannabis
1617:cannabis
1601:Cannabis
1578:May 2010
1431:groups.
1425:MedellĂn
1326:Colombia
1317:and the
949:Captagon
928:captagon
912:Captagon
808:Captagon
803:Al-Assad
672:in 2007.
646:dark web
546:disputed
482:Pakistan
474:Thailand
457:Al-Qaeda
422:Cameroon
321:Honduras
293:Honduras
274:COVID-19
269:Interpol
261:cannabis
249:flogging
122:The West
75:prohibit
8274:Nigeria
8269:Moldova
8189:Germany
8184:Finland
8179:Estonia
8119:Bolivia
7775:Germany
7574:Whoonga
7425:Therapy
7093:Poppers
7071:Ecstasy
7056:Cocaine
7004:APINACA
6994:JWH-018
6977:Hashish
6849:poppers
6685:Ecstasy
6618:Tobacco
6566:Ephedra
6544:Cocaine
6364:Codeine
6358:Subutex
6343:Opioids
6136:(UNODC)
6132:of the
5852:17 June
5821:17 June
5791:17 June
5135:11 June
5041:6 April
4980:17 July
4886:Reuters
4835:4 March
4805:24 June
4706:24 July
4678:1049737
4260:2513908
4251:1838155
3845:EUR-Lex
3423:Reuters
3125:"GIABA"
2883:31 July
1977:Cocaine
1971:Cocaine
1935:Chinese
1870:Romania
1847:Germany
1843:Hamburg
1835:Iranian
1671:Alcohol
1637:Uruguay
1524:cocaine
1453:Albania
1449:Balkans
1356:Batista
1165:Cartel
1162:Person
1053:Arizona
924:Bavaria
838:plunder
736:Chicago
681:Hashish
660:Profits
461:Maghreb
446:Senegal
410:Nigeria
297:cocaine
232:hashish
216:cocaine
106:History
79:license
8379:Turkey
8369:Taiwan
8324:Russia
8309:Poland
8289:Panama
8279:Norway
8254:Latvia
8234:Kosovo
8164:Cyprus
8124:Brazil
8114:Bhutan
8104:Belize
7850:Oregon
7805:Sweden
7765:Canada
7524:Hippie
7458:Loosie
6927:Datura
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