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intervening 174 years. The Poll tax was eventually combined with the land tax in 1857 almost universally, only government, sacrificial and hunting land was exempt from this alongside canals and barracks. The magistrates who collected taxes levied a 10% surcharge on the collection which was sanctioned by the Kangxi emperor in 1709 this was routinely abused however and peasants were exploited and charged higher surcharges with instances of a 50% surcharge. Despite the reputation of corruption within the Qing dynasty the collection of taxes was efficient and regular and the chief duty of magistrates was to collect taxes and this was done twice annually in spring and autumn with 2 months available for payment per period with an equal apportionment per collection. It was regular for taxes to be waived in poorer regions on an account of bad harvest as the continued collection would make the emperor appear as a tyrant. Taxes were collected per group of households 5 or 10 and each was summoned to pay taxes with records kept by the taxpayer, the magistrate and
Beijing the burden of paying taxes was given to the payer though in the event of a failure to pay the Magistrate would hire professional collectors. However, there was no uniform tax rate and it varied considerably from over 2.9 taels per mou in Hubei to 0.0002 in Gansu. Thus in 1887 on 1,047,783,839 mou of land the Board only collected 31,184,042 taels an average of 0.31 per Mou a very low rate of taxation.
846:
governors the necessary powers to consolidate necessary authority in one man and to allow for general co-ordination to occur the appointment as minister allowed them to bypass official regulation and directly address the emperor, their status as a censor-general allowed them to report on conditions outside of their domain something they could not do without being a censor. Theoretically, a viceroy was half a rank above the governor but with many viceroys and governors residing within the same city struggles between them were common for influence and control and often one would be transferred elsewhere this system of joint residence was a part of the inherent checks and balances placed within the administration by the Qing dynasty as those residing within the same city needed to present joint signatures on documents and often where both resided within the same city one would be Manchu and the other
Chinese. However, as the dynasty progressed many viceroys became concurrent governors of the city they resided within.
86:
482:
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sub-prefects and 72 of the second class and 1,554 magistrates. These 2,000 officials formed the
Zhengyin or principal officials, the other officials were known as the accessory officials (Zuo er) who were appointed to assist the principal such as an assistant prefect. The accessory officials could carry out all the functions of the principal they were seconded to except to hear a case and listen to litigants. There were 3,138 accessory officials in the provinces.
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distinct forces. The viceroy could technically command the other two being a higher-ranked official but the governor could also command the provincial commander in chief simultaneously the provincial commander in chief was the
Supreme Military official of the province; however, other circuits did not have to heed the orders of the provincial commander in chief as his control was indirect thus in a province there was no singular military official.
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record of lands, provincial borders and conducting a census. The Board also controlled the collection of taxes, non-military salaries, auditing of their provincial counterparts both their treasuries and granaries as well as the central treasury, the transportation of taxes and tributes. Additionally, its responsibilities included coinage, the custom house network and the system of weights and measurements alongside the
Department of works.
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17:
312:(and did) overturn judgements of lower courts from time to time. Fairness of treatment was also an issue under the system of control practised by the Manchu government over the Han Chinese majority. To counter these inadequacies and keep the population in line, the Qing government maintained a very harsh penal code towards the Han populace, but it was no more severe than previous Chinese dynasties.
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whereas gate posts for city gates were exclusively held by
Chinese bannermen, though this exclusivity was not always present. Many of the bannermen were given concurrent appointments, holding multiple offices that did not give them work but gave them a title. Only the Zenone or Tartar-General (the commander of a province's forces) were not given concurrent appointments.
396:. The office was originally intended to be temporary and was staffed by officials seconded from the Grand Council. However, as dealings with foreigners became increasingly complicated and frequent, the office grew in size and importance, aided by revenue from customs duties which came under its direct jurisdiction.
1180:
engaged not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet. Furthermore, similar to
Xinjiang which was converted into a province earlier, the Qing government also turned Manchuria into three provinces in the early 20th century, officially known as the "
849:
Viceroys and governors increasingly attempted to centralise their powers and reduce
Central Government oversight towards the end of the dynasty though they still remained easily dismissable according to the Imperial will even Li Hongzhang the most powerful viceroy and viceroy of Zhili the region most
343:
From the early Qing, the central government was characterized by a system of dual appointments by which each position in the central government had a Manchu and a Han
Chinese assigned to it. The Han Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu to ensure Han loyalty to Qing
52:
until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a grand secretary in the
Forbidden City (highest) to being
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unique to the Qing government. This institution was established to supervise the administration of Tibet and the Mongol lands. As the empire expanded, it took over administrative responsibility of all minority ethnic groups living in and around the empire, including early contacts with Russia – then
1111:
respectively, but the post of Ili General was established in 1762 to exercise unified military and administrative jurisdiction over both regions. Dzungaria was fully opened to Han migration by the Qianlong Emperor from the beginning. Han migrants were at first forbidden from permanently settling in
228:
There were two types of taxes, the land-poll tax and commodity taxes. In 1713 the Kangxi Emperor decided that the census of that year should be used for setting the poll tax to avoid tax dodging this census was still quoted in government figures in 1887 despite the rapid growth in population in the
224:
The board recorded the total size of the empire to be 1,047,783,839 Mou of land of which 70% belonged to the people, 7.8% to the military who farmed it with soldiers, 1.9% by bannermen and Imperial Clansmen, 17% frontier land which could be claimed by any citizen, 0.58% as official land and 0.1% as
161:
The Board of Revenue was second in importance only to the Board of Civil appointments which was ranked first. It followed the Qing practice of 1 supervising minister (normally Manchu) and 2 ministers (1 Manchu 1 Chinese) and 2 vice-ministers (1 Manchu 1 Chinese). The Board was tasked with keeping a
61:
The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries), each headed by two presidents and assisted by four vice presidents. In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split
1179:
and forced Tibetans to sign a treaty. The Qing court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, resulting in the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China. The British agreed not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet, while China
845:
such as junior censor-general and minister of war with a governor being a junior associate censor-general and vice-minister of war. The viceroys of Zhili and Liangjiang were also ministers of Beiyang and Nanyang, respectively. The reason for the consolidation of titles was to give the viceroys and
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was relatively weak compared to modern-day legal systems, as there was no separation of executive and legislative branches of government. The legal system could be inconsistent, and, at times, arbitrary, because the emperor ruled by decree and had final say on all judicial outcomes. Emperors could
179:
The Bureau of Fujian, which was responsible for the accounts of Zhili and Fujian, auditing the miscellaneous expenses of Zhili which drew from the central treasury, to audit customs collected at Tianjin, to administer all government relief work, auditing rent received for housing by the government
295:
The confused organisation of troops led to severe organisational and command issues and led to a lack of standardisation. The provincial commander in chief would command a couple thousand men in Canton as would the governor of Guangdong and the viceroy of Liangguang, each would maintain their own
168:
The Board of Jiangsu and Anhui, which was responsible for land and poll taxes in the aforementioned provinces as well as the accounts of the government silk factories in Suzhou and Nanjing. It also was responsible for the arrears of taxes the provinces might be responsible for and making sure the
220:
The Board also controlled the relief in the event of natural disasters and maintained a granary reserve of 18,250,000 shih of grain, the practice of private granaries was also protected and both private and state granaries were guarded by bannermen. In the event of disaster the Board would often
291:
As in many organisations in the Qing government, appointments were made based on racial background. Certain positions could only be held by bannermen, while others (namely, those in the provincial forces) were exclusively Chinese. Guard posts for rivers and canals were also exclusively Chinese,
836:
There were 18 provinces in the early Qing dynasty later joined by 3 in Manchuria, Taiwan and Xinjiang. Amongst the original 18 provinces there were 8 viceroys, 18 governors, 19 finance commissioners, 18 judicial commissioners, 92 circuit-intendants, 185 prefects, 41 first-class independent
840:
Viceroys, governors and financial/judicial commissioners were directly appointed by the emperor with lower ranks either recommended to the emperor, sent by the Board of Civil appointments or appointed direcrly by the provincial authorities above them. A viceroy would hold many ranks
197:
The Bureau of Henan, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Henan, to audit the expenses of troops in Qiqihar, to encourage the revisions of reports rejected by the Board, to investigate reports sent to it and report to the emperor and act upon his
53:
a prefectural tax collector, deputy jail warden, deputy police commissioner, or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private.
529:, at approximately 13 million km in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China proper, but later this number was increased to 22, with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into regular provinces. Taiwan, originally part of
850:
immediate to the capital was dismissed following his failure in the First Sino-Japanese war. It was also common for officials to be rotated every three years as per the law of avoidance to avoid regional ties between officials and the regions they governed.
372:
seen as a tribute nation. The office had the status of a full ministry and was headed by officials of equal rank. However, appointees were at first restricted only to candidates of Manchu and Mongol ethnicity, until later open to Han Chinese as well.
158:, which was an essential household item, and tea. Thus, in the predominantly agrarian Qing dynasty, the "household" was the basis of imperial finance. The department was charged with revenue collection and the financial management of the government.
268:
under ministerial control. Furthermore, the ministry's functions were purely administrative. Campaigns and troop movements were monitored and directed by the emperor, first through the Manchu ruling council and later through the Grand
1128:, a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to restrict the movement of the Han Chinese, as the area was off-limits to civilian Han Chinese until the government started colonizing the area, especially since the 1860s.
172:
The Bureau of Zhejiang, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes in Zhejiang and the government silk factories at Hangzhou as well as reporting annually to the emperor the population and grain production of the
107:
as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols, but soon took over other military and administrative duties, centralizing authority under the crown. The grand councillors served as a sort of
376:
3744:
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The Bureau of Huguang, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Huguang, auditing customs collected inland in Hubei, auditing surcharges on the taxes of land, salt, tea and commodities across the
187:
The Bureau of Shandong, which was responsible for auditing the accounts of Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, to pay the officers of the 8 banners and control the government monopolies of salt and
1167:, which was incorporated into the Qing empire as a vassal after helping Qing defeat the Zunghars in 1757, maintained its status after Xinjiang turned into a province through the end of the dynasty in the
387:
Even though the Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan performed some duties of a foreign office, they fell short of developing into a professional foreign service. It was not until 1861 – a year after losing the
207:
The Bureau of Guangxi, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Guangxi, the customs of Guangxi, the direction and administration of the Beijing mints and the regulation of coinage as well as
279:
The Bureau of Statistics, for the reward, punishment, and investigation of officials, as well as for defense, policing, and issuing passports for those leaving the country and enforcing regulations.
201:
The Bureau of Sichuan, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Sichuan, auditing customs in Sichuan, to control all confiscated material, to report on crop conditions across the empire.
221:
cancel tax arrears or reduce the current taxes or even not collect taxes for a time, charitable works would also be organised such as orphanages, hospitals, poorhouses, widows and the shipwrecked.
194:
The Bureau of Shaanxi, which was responsible for auditing Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang, controlling the government tea monopoly, to act as the paymaster of the empire except where specified.
3808:
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The Bureau of Yunnan, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Yunnan, the mining royalties of Yunnan, to control the transportation of grain to Beijing in select provinces.
204:
The Bureau of Guangdong, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Guangdong, to control the bannermen succession and assign Han members and control assignments of the Board.
99:", which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the
439:, such as those at Yangzhou, were particularly lucrative, especially since they were direct, and did not go through absorptive layers of bureaucracy. The department was manned by
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The Board of Works handled all governmental building projects, including palaces, temples and the repairs of waterways and flood canals. It was also in charge of minting coinage.
240:
This board was responsible for all matters concerning court protocol. It organized the periodic worship of ancestors and various gods by the emperor, managed relations with
3642:
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1480:
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1163:. The Qing court sent forces to defeat Yaqub Beg and Xinjiang was reconquered, and then the political system of China proper was formally applied onto Xinjiang. The
954:) was the highest rank in the provincial administration. There were eight regional viceroys in China proper, each usually took charge of two or three provinces. The
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The Bureau of Jiangxi, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Jiangxi and to audit and reports of inter-provincial support of its military expenses.
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and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs. These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution called
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The Commissariat Bureau, which handled the records of servicemen, the recruitment of officers from the examinations, and the supply of ammunition and uniforms.
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The Bureau of Military section, which handled the organisation of army corps and the appointment and dismissal of officials, as well as their ranks and titles.
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In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "
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to administer the region in return for tribute. Until 1937 the inhabitants paid tribute to the Mir of Hunza, who exercised control over the pastures. The
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The Bureau of Guizhou, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Guizhou, the inland and maritime customs and the auditing of the fur tributes.
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was also put under direct control of the Qing court. Xinjiang, also known as Chinese Turkestan, was subdivided into the regions north and south of the
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which was unique to the Qing dynasty. It was established before the fall of the Ming, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the
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The personnel administration of all civil officials – including evaluation, promotion, and dismissal. It was also in charge of the "honours list".
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into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and
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was also governed by military generals until its division into provinces, though some areas of Xinjiang and Northeast China were lost to the
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to the Anglo-French coalition – that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a proper foreign affairs office known as the
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The Qing dynasty in ca. 1820, with provinces in yellow, military governorates and protectorates in light yellow, tributary states in orange
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Unlike its Ming predecessor, which had full control over all military matters, the Qing Board of War had very limited powers. First, the
154:) is "household". For much of Qing history, the government's main source of revenue came from taxation on landownership supplemented by
878:
was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example,
3781:
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70:, which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming, lost its importance during the Qing and evolved into an imperial
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With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of
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2853:"Yak keeping in Western High Asia: Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Southern Xinjiang Pakistan, by Hermann Kreutzmann[12]"
419:). Additionally, it also played an important role in managing the relations between the imperial court and the regions of
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411:. The department's original purpose was to manage the internal affairs of the imperial family and the activities of the
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The division of the Board into four Bureaus did not follow a scientific process and it was confused and unsatisfactory.
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invaded Xinjiang from Central Asia with support from the British Empire, and made himself the ruler of the kingdom of
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The Board of Punishments handled all legal matters, including the supervision of various law courts and prisons. The
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for bannermen, to control the orchards of the Imperial Household Department and the nomadic prairie of Qiqihar.
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scholars land. Most farms during the period were reported to be small and not exceeding several Mou in size.
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like previous dynasties in China, by the early 20th century however the Qing court began to move towards a
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The Ch'ing Imperial Household Department: A Study of Its Organization and Principal Functions, 1662–1796
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were under the direct control of the emperor and hereditary Manchu and Mongol princes, leaving only the
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The Bureau of Communications, which managed the supply of horses and the relay communication system.
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Other Mongolian leagues – Alshaa khoshuu (League-level khoshuu), Ejine khoshuu, Ili khoshuu (in
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Qing China reached its largest territorial extent during the 18th century, when it ruled over
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1147:. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During
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in the mid-19th century. Manchuria was originally separated from China proper by the Inner
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28:(1644–1912) was the last imperial dynasty of China. The early Qing emperors adopted the
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between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the
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to oversee these provinces, making the total number of regional viceroys to nine.
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province, became a province of its own in the 19th century, but was ceded to the
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of Qing China. During the Qing dynasty, the Chinese claimed suzerainty over the
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by the end of the century. In addition, many surrounding countries, such as the
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By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions such as
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Administration of territory in dynastic China § Qing dynasty (1644–1912)
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78:", which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the
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942:. The eighteen provinces are also known as "China proper". The position of
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Sources in Chinese History: Diverse Perspectives from 1644 to the Present
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Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820
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3080:"The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies"
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4035:
4010:
1084:
1039:
774:
709:
636:
598:
441:
432:
1112:
the Tarim Basin but were the ban was lifted after the invasion by
4510:
3194:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
1160:
1096:
1065:
1052:
1022:
996:
992:
979:
959:
769:
764:
759:
749:
744:
719:
640:
485:
Official map of the empire published by the Qing dynasty in 1905.
428:
45:
41:
119:
and their respective areas of responsibilities were as follows:
48:. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the
4829:
1061:
1035:
1031:
779:
754:
714:
648:
542:
530:
380:
2324:
4869:
4234:
3793:
1176:
1131:
1088:
1080:
1013:
1009:
1000:
983:
870:, controlled by the majority of China's historical dynasties.
819:
734:
729:
724:
704:
661:
3141:
Ladder to the Clouds: Intrigue and Tradition in Chinese Rank
4874:
4404:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
3893:
3035:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
958:, who was responsible for the area surrounding the capital
669:
437:
Relations with the Salt Superintendents and salt merchants
2800:
2729:
The Changing Legal Orders in Hong Kong and Mainland China
589:
and pay tribute to the Qing China between 1774 and 1798.
2790:
2788:
1171:
up until 1930. In the early 20th century, Britain sent
886:, or surveillance. Each province was administered by a
605:
and Turfan Khanate are placed into an "Eastern Circuit"
165:
The Board had 14 bureaus which were responsible to it:
431:, salt, furs, etc.); managed textile factories in the
344:
rule. While the Qing government was established as an
2824:
2812:
2785:
399:
There was also another government institution called
866:
in 1875 – the core territories of China, inside the
191:
The Bureau of Shanxi to audit the accounts of Shanxi
4409:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
2731:. City University of Hong Kong Press. p. 372.
2336:
2312:
647:(Special region designated as emperor's pasture),
2726:
103:. It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the
90:The emperor of China from The Universal Traveller
5214:
4693:
601:province) – sometimes the small semi-autonomous
1646:List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty
32:structures and institutions from the preceding
3809:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
56:
5097:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
4679:
4229:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
4200:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
3268:
853:
797:Additional provinces in the late Qing dynasty
3138:
2751:
2330:
2272:
2220:
2172:
2124:
2076:
2028:
1976:
1925:
1853:
1801:
1749:
1701:
934:under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the
831:
459:Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty
142:The literal translation of the Chinese word
1219:Administrative Commissioner's Office (布政使司)
452:
367:In addition to the six boards, there was a
4686:
4672:
3275:
3261:
3161:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
2968:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2919:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2845:
2686:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2634:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2585:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2536:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2487:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2438:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2389:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
445:, or "bondservants," from the Upper Three
5071:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
3889:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
2842:sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/26/2602579.pdf
682:(Northeast China, later became provinces)
3738:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
3157:
3058:
2994:
2704:. University of Maryland. Archived from
2342:
1186:Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces
1130:
857:
672:, approximately the area of present-day
480:
472:
374:
327:
169:weight stated by the provinces was true.
84:
15:
4345:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
3282:
3230:
3139:Jackson, Beverly; Hugus, David (1999).
3077:
2982:
2830:
2818:
362:prepare for a constitutional government
5215:
3211:
3190:
2806:
2794:
2318:
4667:
4643:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
3884:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
3256:
3178:from the original on 26 November 2015
3126:from the original on 17 December 2016
2933:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2756:. Taylor & Francis. p. 272.
2651:
2647:
2645:
2599:
2550:
2501:
2452:
2403:
2354:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1571:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
3864:Ministry of Posts and Communications
415:(in which tasks it largely replaced
5089:
4612:History of Qing (People's Republic)
2776:
1641:Political systems of Imperial China
13:
4329:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
3698:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3691:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
3571:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
3395:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
3237:. Harvard University Asia Center.
3216:(3rd ed.). New York: Norton.
3197:. University of California Press.
3063:. University of California Press.
2937:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2888:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2875:
2655:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2642:
2603:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2554:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2505:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2456:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2407:The Government of China, 1644-1911
2358:The Government of China, 1644–1911
593:Northern and southern circuits of
435:region; and even published books.
407:and the accession of his son, the
352:, with government bodies like the
273:The Board contained four Bureaus:
44:with some positions also given to
14:
5239:
4618:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
4459:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
4334:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
3486:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
2863:from the original on 21 July 2019
575:Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County
4429:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
3745:Articles of Favourable Treatment
3501:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
3476:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
3362:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
3025:
3004:
2927:
2836:
2770:
2745:
2720:
2694:
2593:
2544:
2495:
2446:
2397:
2348:
2251:
2199:
2151:
2103:
2055:
2003:
1952:
1904:
1184:", and established the post of
1103:mountains, also known today as
1060: – in charge of
1047: – in charge of
1030: – in charge of
1021: – in charge of
1008: – in charge of
991: – in charge of
978: – in charge of
969: – in charge of
4898:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
4130:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
3420:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
3059:Bartlett, Beatrice S. (1991).
2263:
2211:
2163:
2115:
2067:
2019:
2014:
2010:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1916:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1740:
1728:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1658:
1229:; Administrative Provinces 行省)
643:league; directly ruled areas:
151:
147:
1:
5112:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
4564:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
4339:Islam during the Qing dynasty
4195:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
3879:Provincial military commander
3869:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
3854:Imperial Household Department
3681:Preparative Constitutionalism
3385:Sino-Russian border conflicts
3164:. Columbia University Press.
2301:
2247:Tulergi golo be dasara jurgan
2239:Tulergi golo be dasara jurgan
1636:Government of the Han dynasty
1151:era, taking advantage of the
922:) operating under a prefect (
908:Provincial commander in chief
900:provincial military commander
401:Imperial Household Department
244:, and oversaw the nationwide
5228:Government of Imperial China
4323:Researches on Manchu Origins
3728:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
3338:Transition from Ming to Qing
3328:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
3231:Torbert, Preston M. (1977).
3212:Spence, Jonathan D. (2012).
2891:. London. pp. 289–294.
2658:. London. pp. 254–258.
2606:. London. pp. 254–255.
2557:. London. pp. 192–195.
2508:. London. pp. 190–193.
2459:. London. pp. 189–191.
2410:. London. pp. 185–188.
2306:
383:(Chefoo) in the Qing dynasty
7:
4223:Changzhou School of Thought
3733:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
3708:Railway Protection Movement
3686:1909 Parliamentary election
3671:British expedition to Tibet
3581:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
3541:Self-Strengthening Movement
3516:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
3214:The Search for Modern China
3158:Millward, James A. (2007).
2013:; traditional Chinese:
1629:
1194:Territorial Administration
910:). Below the province were
156:official monopolies on salt
124:Board of Civil Appointments
57:Central government agencies
50:imperial examination system
36:but split rule between the
10:
5244:
4941:Bureau of Military Affairs
4865:Territorial administration
4749:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
4623:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
3511:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
3450:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
3440:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
3410:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
3191:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998).
3051:
2727:Albert H. Y. Chen (2021).
2331:Jackson & Hugus (1999)
2274:
2273:
2222:
2221:
2174:
2173:
2126:
2125:
2078:
2077:
2030:
2029:
1978:
1977:
1927:
1926:
1892:; simplified Chinese:
1855:
1854:
1838:; simplified Chinese:
1803:
1802:
1786:; simplified Chinese:
1751:
1750:
1703:
1702:
1686:; simplified Chinese:
1481:Independent Subprefectures
862:The Eighteen Provinces of
854:Territorial administration
565:, among many others, were
469:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
462:
456:
5172:
5159:Embroidered Uniform Guard
5139:
5038:
4991:
4956:
4923:
4885:
4802:
4776:
4702:
4633:Names of the Qing dynasty
4576:
4544:
4501:
4494:
4363:
4281:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
4208:
4140:
4061:
3966:
3762:
3653:
3611:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
3606:Gongche Shangshu movement
3551:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
3463:
3400:Chinese Rites controversy
3370:
3300:
3291:
3078:Elliott, Mark C. (2000).
2781:. 社会科学文献出版社. p. 530.
2702:"The Rise of the Manchus"
2258:
2206:
2158:
2110:
2062:
1911:
1888:traditional Chinese:
1834:traditional Chinese:
1782:traditional Chinese:
1735:
1682:traditional Chinese:
1665:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1499:
1497:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1335:
1333:
1263:
1261:
1182:Three Northeast Provinces
874:The Qing organization of
832:Provincial administration
585:were forced to submit as
5122:Administrative divisions
4554:Great Qing Treasure Note
4374:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
4084:Administrative divisions
3901:Administrative divisions
3829:Flag of the Qing dynasty
3088:Journal of Asian Studies
2934:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2885:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2652:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2600:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2551:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2502:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2453:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2404:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2355:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2009:simplified Chinese:
1651:
1116:in the 1820s. Likewise,
453:Administrative divisions
337:Great Qing Treasure Note
246:civil examination system
4982:Secretariat-Chancellery
4150:Chengde Mountain Resort
3951:Three Eastern Provinces
3601:First Sino-Japanese War
3576:Northern Chinese Famine
3435:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
3333:Qing invasion of Joseon
2940:. London. p. 296.
2361:. London. p. 185.
1441:Independent Departments
674:Tibet Autonomous Region
539:First Sino-Japanese War
350:constitutional monarchy
20:A Qing dynasty mandarin
4531:Great Qing Copper Coin
4419:Convention of Tientsin
4352:Annotated Bibliography
4300:Qing official headwear
3343:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1136:
1089:Imperial commissioners
871:
493:(Eighteen Provinces),
486:
478:
384:
358:parliamentary election
340:
92:
21:
5056:Imperial Commissioner
5001:Ministry of Personnel
4903:Three Ducal Ministers
4825:Imperial examinations
4789:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
4605:Draft History of Qing
4464:Treaty of Shimonoseki
4245:performance criticism
3849:Imperial Commissioner
3839:Great Qing Legal Code
3638:Eight-Nation Alliance
3621:Third plague pandemic
3531:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
3455:White Lotus Rebellion
2752:David Atwill (2021).
1134:
1045:Viceroy of Liangguang
989:Viceroy of Liangjiang
946:or governor-general (
861:
573:in the south-west of
484:
476:
463:Further information:
379:A postage stamp from
378:
331:
88:
19:
5164:Qing Imperial Guards
5147:Tang Imperial Guards
4536:Great Qing Gold Coin
4469:Treaty of Tarbagatai
4414:Convention of Peking
4294:Pentaglot Dictionary
4276:Literary inquisition
3986:Ever Victorious Army
3819:Deliberative Council
3723:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3676:1905 Batang uprising
3616:Hundred Days' Reform
3506:Small Swords Society
1155:in northwest China,
976:Viceroy of Shaan-Gan
687:Eighteen provinces (
309:Qing legal framework
301:Board of Punishments
5066:Imperial Clan Court
5051:Remonstrance Bureau
5021:Ministry of Justice
5006:Ministry of Revenue
4860:Historical capitals
4845:Academies (Shuyuan)
4589:Anti-Qing sentiment
4439:Treaty of the Bogue
4379:Treaty of Nerchinsk
4311:Complete Tang Poems
3991:Green Standard Army
3874:Provincial governor
3844:Imperial Clan Court
3824:Diplomatic missions
3799:Consultative Bureau
3546:Tongzhi Restoration
3425:Afaqi Khoja revolts
3405:Ten Great Campaigns
3313:Jurchen unification
3143:. Ten Speed Press.
3040:. 1906 – via
2809:, pp. 179–180.
2708:on 18 December 2008
2333:, pp. 134–135.
1173:an expedition force
1087:under its control.
868:Great Wall of China
266:Green Standard Army
4474:Treaty of Tientsin
4185:Western Qing tombs
4180:Eastern Qing tombs
4006:Peking Field Force
3750:Manchu Restoration
3643:Declaration of war
3596:Jindandao incident
3415:Lhasa riot of 1750
3021:. 19 January 1906.
3019:The New York Times
3012:"<untitled>"
1878:qouhai nashvn-i ba
1870:coohai nashūn i ba
1137:
1135:Qing China in 1892
1058:Viceroy of Yun-Gui
1028:Viceroy of Min-Zhe
1019:Viceroy of Sichuan
1006:Viceroy of Huguang
872:
577:but permitted the
487:
479:
385:
356:established and a
341:
339:banknote from 1859
93:
64:state examinations
22:
5210:
5209:
5135:
5134:
5076:Viceroys in China
5061:Grand Secretariat
5034:
5033:
5026:Ministry of Works
5011:Ministry of Rites
4958:Three Departments
4915:Translated titles
4820:Five Directorates
4661:
4660:
4572:
4571:
4484:Treaty of Whampoa
4479:Treaty of Wanghia
4454:Treaty of Nanking
4424:Li–Lobanov Treaty
4399:Chefoo Convention
4394:Burlingame Treaty
4265:Kangxi Dictionary
4170:Old Summer Palace
4001:Firearm Battalion
3804:Cup of Solid Gold
3758:
3757:
3703:Manchurian plague
3666:Late Qing reforms
3657:(1901–1912)
3591:Sikkim expedition
3521:Panthay Rebellion
3491:Taiping Rebellion
3467:(1801–1900)
3445:Sino-Nepalese War
3390:Dzungar–Qing Wars
3376:(1683–1799)
3304:(1616–1683)
3244:978-0-674-12761-6
3223:978-0-393-93451-9
3204:978-0-520-21289-3
3171:978-0-231-13924-3
3150:978-1-580-08020-0
3070:978-0-520-06591-8
2947:978-0-429-45550-6
2898:978-0-429-45550-6
2665:978-0-429-45550-6
2613:978-0-429-45550-6
2564:978-0-429-45550-6
2515:978-0-429-45550-6
2466:978-0-429-45550-6
2417:978-0-429-45550-6
2368:978-0-429-45550-6
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1169:Xinhai Revolution
1143:and protector of
940:county magistrate
784:Taiwan Prefecture
583:Khanate of Kokand
571:Taghdumbash Pamir
346:absolute monarchy
242:tributary nations
105:Yongzheng Emperor
68:Grand Secretariat
5235:
5087:
5086:
4954:
4953:
4855:Tributary system
4810:Nine-rank system
4794:Scholar-official
4784:Grand Chancellor
4688:
4681:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4638:New Qing History
4521:Qianlong Tongbao
4499:
4498:
4444:Treaty of Canton
4384:Unequal treaties
4190:Fuling Mausoleum
3789:Advisory Council
3718:Wuchang Uprising
3658:
3561:Tianjin Massacre
3526:Second Opium War
3468:
3430:Sino-Burmese War
3377:
3355:Battle of Penghu
3323:Seven Grievances
3305:
3298:
3297:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3227:
3208:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3154:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3084:
3074:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3008:
3002:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2959:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2910:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2677:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2527:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2478:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2429:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2380:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2295:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:dorolon-i jurgan
2043:dorolon i jurgan
2036:
2035:
2034:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1141:Tibetan Buddhism
967:Viceroy of Zhili
956:viceroy of Zhili
938:, overseen by a
567:tributary states
547:Later Lê dynasty
390:Second Opium War
354:Advisory Council
153:
149:
136:Board of Revenue
112:to the emperor.
5243:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5168:
5140:Imperial guards
5131:
5085:
5081:Mandarin square
5030:
5016:Ministry of War
4987:
4952:
4924:Middle Imperial
4919:
4881:
4798:
4772:
4698:
4692:
4662:
4657:
4653:Willow Palisade
4599:Chuang Guandong
4568:
4540:
4490:
4449:Treaty of Kulja
4434:Treaty of Aigun
4367:
4359:
4258:History of Ming
4210:
4204:
4142:
4136:
4062:Special regions
4057:
3996:Imperial Guards
3962:
3754:
3713:1911 Revolution
3659:
3656:
3649:
3626:Boxer Rebellion
3586:Sino-French War
3536:Amur Annexation
3481:First Opium War
3469:
3466:
3459:
3378:
3375:
3366:
3350:Great Clearance
3306:
3303:
3287:
3281:
3251:
3245:
3224:
3205:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3151:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3101:10.2307/2658945
3082:
3071:
3054:
3049:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2995:Millward (2007)
2993:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2961:
2960:
2948:
2932:
2928:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2883:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2786:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2679:
2678:
2666:
2650:
2643:
2627:
2626:
2614:
2598:
2594:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2549:
2545:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2500:
2496:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2451:
2447:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2402:
2398:
2382:
2381:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2343:Bartlett (1991)
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2256:
2252:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2204:
2200:
2176:
2156:
2152:
2128:
2108:
2104:
2080:
2060:
2056:
2032:
2008:
2004:
1999:boigon-i jurgan
1991:boigon i jurgan
1980:
1957:
1953:
1929:
1909:
1905:
1887:
1883:
1859:
1857:
1833:
1829:
1805:
1781:
1777:
1753:
1733:
1729:
1705:
1681:
1677:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1632:
1220:
1126:Willow Palisade
930:), followed by
856:
834:
829:
794:
551:Tây Sơn dynasty
535:Empire of Japan
503:Outer Manchuria
499:Northeast China
471:
461:
455:
405:Shunzhi Emperor
59:
12:
11:
5:
5241:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4993:Six Ministries
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4971:Zhongshu Sheng
4968:
4966:Shangshu Sheng
4962:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4908:Nine Ministers
4905:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4886:Early Imperial
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4840:Hanlin Academy
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4696:Imperial China
4694:Government of
4691:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4516:Kangxi Tongbao
4513:
4507:
4505:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4389:Boxer Protocol
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:Forbidden City
4152:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4118:General of Ili
4115:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4101:List of ambans
4098:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Margary Affair
3563:
3558:
3556:Mudan incident
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3496:Nian Rebellion
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3228:
3222:
3209:
3203:
3188:
3170:
3155:
3149:
3136:
3095:(3): 603–646.
3075:
3069:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3024:
3003:
2987:
2983:Elliott (2000)
2975:
2946:
2926:
2897:
2874:
2844:
2835:
2831:Torbert (1977)
2823:
2819:Torbert (1977)
2811:
2799:
2797:, p. 179.
2784:
2769:
2762:
2744:
2737:
2719:
2693:
2664:
2641:
2612:
2592:
2563:
2543:
2514:
2494:
2465:
2445:
2416:
2396:
2367:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2261:; pinyin:
2250:
2209:; pinyin:
2198:
2195:weilere jurgan
2187:weilere jurgan
2161:; pinyin:
2150:
2147:beidere jurgan
2139:beidere jurgan
2113:; pinyin:
2102:
2065:; pinyin:
2054:
2017:; pinyin:
2002:
1951:
1948:hafan-i jurgan
1940:hafan i jurgan
1914:; pinyin:
1903:
1896:; pinyin:
1881:
1842:; pinyin:
1827:
1790:; pinyin:
1775:
1738:; pinyin:
1727:
1690:; pinyin:
1675:
1668:; pinyin:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1609:Subprefectures
1606:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1149:The Great Game
1122:Russian Empire
1114:Jahangir Khoja
1077:Outer Mongolia
1069:
1068:
1055:
1042:
1025:
1016:
1003:
986:
973:
932:subprefectures
855:
852:
833:
830:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
806:
804:Gansu-Xinjiang
800:
799:
798:
793:
792:
787:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
696:
695:
694:
684:
683:
677:
659:
633:
630:Inner Mongolia
627:
609:Outer Mongolia
606:
597:(later became
563:Katoor dynasty
559:Ryukyu Kingdom
555:Nguyễn dynasty
543:Joseon dynasty
537:following the
515:Outer Mongolia
511:Inner Mongolia
457:Main article:
454:
451:
409:Kangxi Emperor
326:
325:
318:Board of Works
314:
313:
271:
270:
250:
249:
234:Board of Rites
218:
217:
216:
215:
212:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
163:
159:
132:
131:
117:Six Ministries
80:Forbidden City
58:
55:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5240:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Grand Council
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:Three Bureaus
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:Late Imperial
5037:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4744:Son of Heaven
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4684:
4682:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Manchu people
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4594:Canton System
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Hubu Guanpiao
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:Society &
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:Summer Palace
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:Mukden Palace
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:Palaces &
4139:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:Eight Banners
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
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3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:Grand Council
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
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3701:
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3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3654:20th century
3652:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
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3607:
3604:
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3599:
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3527:
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3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3464:19th century
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3013:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2879:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2839:
2833:, p. 28.
2832:
2827:
2821:, p. 27.
2820:
2815:
2808:
2807:Rawski (1998)
2803:
2796:
2795:Rawski (1998)
2791:
2789:
2780:
2779:两岸新编中国近代史．晚清卷
2773:
2765:
2763:9780429560347
2759:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2738:9789629374501
2734:
2730:
2723:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2321:, p. 39.
2320:
2319:Spence (2012)
2315:
2311:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2270:
2266:
2257:Chinese:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2218:
2214:
2205:Chinese:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2170:
2166:
2157:Chinese:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2122:
2118:
2109:Chinese:
2106:
2100:
2099:qouhai jurgan
2096:
2092:
2091:coohai jurgan
2088:
2074:
2070:
2061:Chinese:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2026:
2022:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1974:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1923:
1919:
1910:Chinese:
1907:
1901:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1851:
1847:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1799:
1795:
1779:
1773:
1772:ashan-i amban
1769:
1765:
1764:ashan i amban
1761:
1747:
1743:
1734:Chinese:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1699:
1695:
1679:
1673:
1664:Chinese:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1419:
1417:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1387:
1371:
1369:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1314:
1312:
1300:
1296:
1276:
1274:
1242:
1240:
1228:
1224:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:Kumul Khanate
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:Dungan Revolt
1150:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
987:
985:
981:
977:
974:
972:
968:
965:
964:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
869:
865:
860:
851:
847:
844:
838:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
810:
809:Fujian-Taiwan
807:
805:
802:
801:
796:
795:
791:
788:
785:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
692:
691:
686:
685:
681:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
628:
626:
625:Tannu Urianha
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:
604:
603:Kumul Khanate
600:
596:
592:
591:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
483:
475:
470:
466:
460:
450:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
382:
377:
373:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
338:
335:
330:
323:
322:
321:
320:
319:
310:
306:
305:
304:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
267:
263:
262:Eight Banners
259:
258:
257:
256:
255:
247:
243:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
230:
226:
222:
213:
210:
206:
203:
200:
198:instructions.
196:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
166:
164:
160:
157:
145:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
120:
118:
113:
111:
110:privy council
106:
102:
101:Grand Council
98:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
18:
5223:Qing dynasty
5201:
5127:Zongli Yamen
4976:Menxia Sheng
4803:Institutions
4648:Treaty ports
4610:
4603:
4577:Other topics
4350:
4343:
4321:
4309:
4292:
4287:Peiwen Yunfu
4285:
4263:
4256:
4227:
3976:Beiyang Army
3958:Zongli Yamen
3814:Da-Qing Bank
3763:
3631:Red Lanterns
3284:Qing dynasty
3233:
3213:
3193:
3180:. Retrieved
3160:
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3092:
3086:
3060:
3034:
3027:
3018:
3006:
2990:
2978:
2936:
2929:
2887:
2865:. Retrieved
2856:
2847:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2778:
2777:王建朗 (2016).
2772:
2753:
2747:
2728:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:the original
2696:
2654:
2602:
2595:
2553:
2546:
2504:
2497:
2455:
2448:
2406:
2399:
2357:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2292:
2284:
2262:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2210:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2162:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2114:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2066:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2018:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1966:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1915:
1906:
1899:jūnjī dàchén
1897:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1843:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1791:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1739:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1691:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1484:
1464:
1444:
1298:
1226:
1138:
1070:
951:
927:
919:
907:
895:
873:
864:China proper
848:
839:
835:
825:Heilongjiang
811:(until 1895)
690:China proper
688:
668:and western
649:Guihua Tümed
617:Kobdo league
587:protectorate
579:Mir of Hunza
491:China proper
488:
440:
413:inner palace
398:
394:Zongli Yamen
386:
366:
342:
316:
315:
299:
298:
294:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
254:Board of War
252:
251:
232:
231:
227:
223:
219:
143:
134:
133:
122:
121:
114:
94:
89:
60:
34:Ming dynasty
30:bureaucratic
26:Qing dynasty
23:
5152:Shence Army
4936:Jimi system
4815:Nine Courts
4761:Consort kin
4584:Aisin Gioro
4546:Paper money
4305:Qing poetry
4026:Wuwei Corps
4021:Shuishiying
3782:Family tree
2985:, p. .
2857:www.fao.org
2281:Möllendorff
2235:Möllendorff
2183:Möllendorff
2135:Möllendorff
2087:Möllendorff
2039:Möllendorff
1987:Möllendorff
1936:Möllendorff
1866:Möllendorff
1824:dorgi yamun
1816:dorgi yamun
1812:Möllendorff
1760:Möllendorff
1724:aliha amban
1716:aliha amban
1712:Möllendorff
1585:Departments
1461:Prefectures
1109:Tarim Basin
912:prefectures
786:until 1885)
97:Inner Court
76:Outer Court
5217:Categories
5107:Lifan Yuan
4252:Four Wangs
4143:mausoleums
4096:Golden Urn
4069:Inner Asia
4046:Xiang Army
4016:Hushenying
3941:Liangguang
3921:Liangjiang
3859:Lifan Yuan
3764:Government
3130:29 October
3042:Wikisource
2997:, p.
2956:1050360672
2907:1050360672
2712:19 October
2674:1050360672
2622:1050360672
2573:1050360672
2524:1050360672
2475:1050360672
2426:1050360672
2377:1050360672
2302:References
1443:(直隸州/直隶州,
1093:Lifan Yuan
843:ex-officio
693:provinces)
561:, and the
369:Lifan Yuan
5174:Dynasties
4850:Censorate
4835:Guozijian
4074:Manchuria
4041:Huai Army
4031:Yong Ying
3916:Shaan-Gan
3372:High Qing
3318:Later Jin
3117:162684575
2964:cite book
2915:cite book
2682:cite book
2630:cite book
2581:cite book
2532:cite book
2483:cite book
2434:cite book
2385:cite book
2307:Citations
2212:Lǐfànyuàn
2031:ᡩᠣᡵᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᡳ
1979:ᠪᠣᡳ᠌ᡤᠣᠨ ᡳ
1845:jūnjī chù
1485:zhílìtīng
1445:zhílìzhōu
1223:Provinces
1161:Kashgaria
1157:Yaqub Beg
1118:Manchuria
1105:Dzungaria
1101:Tian Shan
1049:Guangdong
884:censorate
876:provinces
740:Guangdong
680:Manchuria
657:Hulunbuir
645:Dariganga
641:Köke Nuur
595:Tian Shan
495:Manchuria
4946:Shumishi
4931:Jiedushi
4712:Monarchy
4704:Nobility
4526:Hongqian
4495:Currency
4365:Treaties
4271:Kaozheng
4218:Booi Aha
4160:Hetu Ala
4113:Timeline
4108:Xinjiang
4079:Mongolia
4036:Chu Army
4011:New Army
3968:Military
3906:Viceroys
3176:Archived
3121:Archived
2861:Archived
2287:,
2279:,
2241:,
2233:,
2189:,
2181:,
2175:ᠸᡝᡳ᠌ᠯᡝᡵᡝ
2141:,
2133:,
2127:ᠪᡝᡳ᠌ᡩᡝᡵᡝ
2093:,
2085:,
2045:,
2037:,
1993:,
1985:,
1942:,
1934:,
1872:,
1864:,
1858:ᠨᠠᠰᡥᡡᠨ ᡳ
1818:,
1810:,
1766:,
1758:,
1718:,
1710:,
1693:shàngshū
1630:See also
1611:(散廳/散厅,
1597:Counties
1573:Counties
1483:(直隸廳/厅,
1295:Circuits
1085:Xinjiang
1040:Zhejiang
898:) and a
888:governor
815:Fengtian
775:Zhejiang
710:Shandong
637:Xinjiang
599:Xinjiang
519:Xinjiang
507:Mongolia
433:Jiangnan
425:Mongolia
269:Council.
188:Ginseng.
72:chancery
4777:Offices
4756:Empress
4734:Emperor
4717:Dynasty
4511:Zhiqian
4503:Coinage
4240:Economy
4211:culture
3946:Yun-Gui
3936:Min-Zhe
3931:Sichuan
3926:Huguang
3772:Emperor
3293:History
3109:2658945
3052:Sources
2867:21 July
2225:ᡤᠣᠯᠣ ᠪᡝ
2223:ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ
2079:ᠴᠣᡠ᠋ᡥᠠᡳ
1928:ᡥᠠᡶᠠᠨ ᡳ
1856:ᠴᠣᡠ᠋ᡥᠠᡳ
1752:ᠠᠰᡥᠠᠨ ᡳ
1741:shìláng
1613:sàntīng
1589:sànzhōu
1145:Muslims
1097:Qinghai
1066:Guizhou
1053:Guangxi
1023:Sichuan
997:Jiangxi
993:Jiangsu
980:Shaanxi
960:Beijing
944:viceroy
880:Huguang
782:(incl.
770:Jiangxi
765:Jiangsu
760:Guizhou
750:Sichuan
745:Guangxi
720:Shaanxi
666:Ü-Tsang
653:Chakhar
621:Köbsgöl
613:Khalkha
447:Banners
429:ginseng
417:eunuchs
208:mining.
46:Mongols
42:Manchus
4830:Taixue
4729:Titles
4125:Taiwan
3301:Early
3286:topics
3241:
3220:
3201:
3182:18 May
3168:
3147:
3115:
3107:
3067:
3037:
2954:
2944:
2905:
2895:
2760:
2735:
2672:
2662:
2620:
2610:
2571:
2561:
2522:
2512:
2473:
2463:
2424:
2414:
2375:
2365:
2271::
2269:Manchu
2229:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
2227:ᡩᠠᠰᠠᡵᠠ
2219::
2217:Manchu
2177:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
2171::
2169:Manchu
2164:gōngbù
2129:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
2123::
2121:Manchu
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2081:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
2075::
2073:Manchu
2068:bīngbù
2033:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
2027::
2025:Manchu
1981:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
1975::
1973:Manchu
1930:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
1924::
1922:Manchu
1852::
1850:Manchu
1800::
1798:Manchu
1748::
1746:Manchu
1700::
1698:Manchu
1599:(縣/县,
1575:(縣/县,
1062:Yunnan
1038:, and
1036:Taiwan
1032:Fujian
999:, and
952:zongdu
936:county
780:Fujian
755:Yunnan
715:Shanxi
557:, the
553:, the
549:, the
545:, the
531:Fujian
525:, and
523:Taiwan
467:, and
381:Yantai
184:empire
173:Empire
66:. The
5117:Ranks
4870:Yamen
4768:Harem
4722:Cycle
4317:Queue
4235:Dibao
4091:Tibet
3911:Zhili
3794:Amban
3124:(PDF)
3113:S2CID
3105:JSTOR
3083:(PDF)
3015:(PDF)
2289:Abkai
2275:ᠪᠣᡠ᠋ᡳ
2264:bāoyī
2243:Abkai
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2143:Abkai
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2047:Abkai
1995:Abkai
1944:Abkai
1874:Abkai
1820:Abkai
1806:ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ
1804:ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ
1793:nèigé
1768:Abkai
1754:ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ
1720:Abkai
1706:ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ
1704:ᠠᠯᡳᡥᠠ
1671:lìubù
1652:Notes
1587:(散州,
1227:shěng
1177:Tibet
1081:Tibet
1073:Inner
1014:Hunan
1010:Hubei
1001:Anhui
984:Gansu
971:Zhili
928:zhīfǔ
896:xunfu
820:Jilin
790:Anhui
735:Hunan
730:Hubei
725:Gansu
705:Henan
700:Zhili
662:Tibet
527:Tibet
421:Tibet
332:2000–
5202:Qing
5197:Yuan
5192:Liao
5187:Tang
5090:Qing
4893:King
4875:Tusi
4739:List
4053:Navy
3894:Ejen
3777:List
3239:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3199:ISBN
3184:2020
3166:ISBN
3145:ISBN
3132:2013
3065:ISBN
2970:link
2952:OCLC
2942:ISBN
2921:link
2903:OCLC
2893:ISBN
2869:2019
2758:ISBN
2733:ISBN
2714:2008
2688:link
2670:OCLC
2660:ISBN
2636:link
2618:OCLC
2608:ISBN
2587:link
2569:OCLC
2559:ISBN
2538:link
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2461:ISBN
2440:link
2422:OCLC
2412:ISBN
2391:link
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1968:hùbù
1917:lìbù
1894:军机大臣
1890:軍機大臣
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1297:(道,
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423:and
334:cash
115:The
40:and
24:The
5182:Han
3097:doi
2999:190
2207:理藩院
1840:军机处
1836:軍機處
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2011:礼部
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1989::
1971:;
1965:;
1963:户部
1961:;
1959:戶部
1946::
1938::
1920:;
1912:吏部
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1714::
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1684:尚書
1666:六部
1465:fǔ
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1079:,
1034:,
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950:,
948:總督
926:,
924:知府
920:fu
918:,
906:,
904:提督
894:,
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