1957:
1951:
706:
1551:
966:
902:, the pause where the kempul is omitted. Thus, the gong plays once, the kenong divides that into four parts, the kempul divides each of those in two, and the ketuk divides each of those further in two. Note that except for the kenong playing on the gong, the instruments do not play when the next one plays. The kendhang plays in kendhang kalih style. A typical lancaran has four gongs, at the end of which the larger
45:
1537:
536:
For an example of the gendhing structure, consider "gendhing kethuk 2 kerep minggah kethuk 4." This means that in the merong, there will be two kethuk strokes that happen on odd-numbered gatra, and in the minggah, there will be four gatras per nongan. The structure would then look like:
434:
may be taken to mean, "cyclicly punctuating". More clearly, "gongs of different sizes are used to mark off circular segments, or cycles, of musical time." Though a colotomic structure may be hundreds of units long and is generally explicitly stated, it is akin to hierarchical
Western
525:, but in the kerep pattern, it is at the end of all odd-numbered gatras, whereas in the arang, it is at the end of the gatras of doubled odd numbers (that is, gatras 2, 6, 10, 14, etc.). In the minggah section, the kempyang and kethuk play in the same pattern as in the
778:, the pause where the kempul is omitted. Thus, the gong plays once, the kenong divides that into two parts, the kempul (or wela) divides each of those in two, the ketuk divides each of those further in two, and finally the kempyang divides each of those in two. The
630:
and kenong. Thus, in each section, the gong plays once, the kenong divides that into four parts, and then that is divided into parts according to the given structure. Here, in each part, each nongan lasts 16 beats
675:
and thus a nongan would last 16 gatras (64 beats), and a gongan 64 gatras (256 beats). Obviously, in a long structure like that, especially at a slow tempo, a single gongan may last many minutes.
93:
music. It refers to the use of specific instruments to mark off nested time intervals, or the process of dividing rhythmic time into such nested cycles. In the gamelan, this is usually done by
258:
Although the term "colotomic" was derived from
Indonesian music theory, it can be applied to other musical traditions as well. In particular, it has been used to describe Japanese
370:) at the end, not at the beginning as is often considered normal for Western music. Thus the more important structural instruments coincide with the stressed beats.)
186:, while Lindsay refers to them as "phrase-making instruments"). The Javanese names for these instruments are onomatopoeic, with the relative resonance of the words
943:. They also use a distinctive kendhang pattern. A bubaran is used as an ending piece, to be played while the audience is departing. The best-known bubaran is
1438:
This sampak has three gongan. The signal to end can come at any gong, where the player plays the next two notes as normal, and then 22 (as indicated by
686:. If that is the case, the piece will be noted something like "minggah ladrang". If the other section has a different name, that will be given as well.
171:. There are a number of different structures, which differ greatly in length and complexity; however, all of them have some colotomic characteristics.
2414:
2409:
2099:
1824:
384:
The colotomic structure of a piece is the length of the cycle and how the interpunctuating instruments play during that cycle, but they are also
2134:
149:, represents the largest time cycle and generally indicates that that section will be repeated, or the piece will move on to a new section.
2094:
2456:
682:, which would also have the length of a single gongan. The minggah section may also use one of the other structures, especially the
446:
in
Javanese music conform to one of these structures, except for some special ceremonial pieces and experimental new compositions.
381:
is played. Groupings of four are most common at all levels of structure, although there are numerous exceptions at larger levels.
1499:
1428:
1374:
1277:
388:
which are associated with specific structural patterns on a larger scale than the colotomic cycle, and guidelines for what
143:. The larger gongs group together these hits into larger groupings, playing once per each grouping. The largest gong, the
2480:
1856:
1750:
1723:
1680:
1659:
1620:
797:
that may last three or four gongan. Some ketawang have the same ompak but different ngelik. Ketawang often begin in
2631:
2449:
1771:
2682:
462:
Gendhing is the longest and most complicated of the gendhing structures. It is typically played in a slow
530:
373:
Colotomic structures occur on even larger scales in most gamelan pieces as well. For example, a typical
505:, but the nongan can be of different lengths. Gendhing are then classified according to the number of
2692:
2442:
17:
2063:
2687:
913:. Some lancaran have a separate section which can be played between repetitions of the four-gong
202:
being comparable to that of the instruments they name. In the system of cipher gamelan notation (
2571:
467:
1298:
The ayak-ayakan is often used to accompany the entrance of puppets, or the transition between
2697:
2033:
2008:
1978:
1849:
358:
playing on the gong, the instruments do not play when the next one plays. (Remember that the
2289:
953:
is a variety of lancaran which consists of simply a repeated tone. It originates from the
638:
That was a fairly short example; a "kethuk 4 arang" merong, for example, would look like:
8:
2129:
2018:
1928:
1001:
859:
423:) can also be used to refer to a specific class of colotomic structures used in Javanese
174:
In the gamelan, the instruments which articulate this structure are sometimes called the
1389:. The melodic shape of a sampak is distinctive, as the gatras are repeated notes in the
614:
where "." indicates no interpunctuating instrument plays, p indicates the stroke of the
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2256:
2251:
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2089:
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984:
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135:
78:
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2013:
1767:
1746:
1719:
1676:
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513:, but the minggah section does. There are two patterns for the kethuk in the merong,
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207:
157:
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2527:
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1973:
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466:, although it may have faster sections. Gendhing are sometimes classified by which
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667:.... ...T .... .... .... ...T .... .... .... ...T .... .... .... ...T .... ...G
660:.... ...T .... .... .... ...T .... .... .... ...T .... .... .... ...T .... ...N
653:.... ...T .... .... .... ...T .... .... .... ...T .... .... .... ...T .... ...N
646:.... ...T .... .... .... ...T .... .... .... ...T .... .... .... ...T .... ...N
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1510:. The melodic shape of a srepeg is distinctive, as it consists mostly of the
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Groupings of four are most common at all levels of this structure. The basic
522:
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86:
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music. It is the shortest of the gendhing structures that are not from the
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140:
123:
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965:
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strokes in a nongan in each section. The merong section does not use the
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refers to the colotomic structure of gamelan compositions in general.
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1280:) can occur at different points in the cycle, given the cue from the
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1652:
A Gamelan Manual: A Player's Guide to the
Central Javanese Gamelan
1472:
with both lines played together, and T indicating a stroke of the
1406:
1339:
with both lines played together, and T indicating a stroke of the
1239:
with both lines played together, and T indicating a stroke of the
735:
is one of the gendhing structures used in
Javanese gamelan music.
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1904:
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1743:
Gamelan Gong Kebyar: The Art of
Twentieth-Century Balinese Music
1607:
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are related structures that share the same colotomic structure.
48:
Ladrang form on the phrase making or colotomic instruments. p =
44:
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repertoire. It can appear at the end of a composition as well.
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767:
763:
693:. Typically it has the length of one nongan, and a contrasting
679:
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divides each of those further in two. Note that except for the
314:
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82:
1502:) can occur at any point in the cycle, given the cue from the
1377:) can occur at any point in the cycle, given the cue from the
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Between the merong and inggah is a bridge section called the
619:
521:("frequent"). Both have the kethuk play only at the end of a
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105:
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1834:
1696:, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Page 43.
1766:, 2nd ed., p.53. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
1764:
Music
Cultures of the Pacific, the Near East, and Asia
1694:
Music
Cultures of the Pacific, the Near East, and Asia
1673:
1295:, and then slows down to tanggung, dados, or rangkep.
27:
Indonesian musical rhythmic and metric used in
Gamelan
1716:
Arjuna's Angels: Girls Learning Gamelan Music in Bali
37:"Lancaran" redirects here. For the type of ship, see
1532:
1365:are of varying length, usually two, three, or four
269:
152:The details of the rhythmic patterns depend on the
1828:describing colotomic structures in Balinese music
454:Colotomic structures from the general repertoire.
969:Ladrang form on the balungan instruments. GONG =
2674:
1313:is another structure. A sampak often follows a
377:has four gongs, at the end of which the larger
1317:. It is the fastest of the wayang structures.
808:The ketawang developed in the court of Prince
785:Ketawang usually have the specific form of an
2450:
1850:
909:Lancaran are usually played fast, usually in
210:on the numbers used to show the core melody (
1809:. London: Faber and Faber, 1990. Page 67–73.
1385:, and consists of a gatra played after the
1068:is omitted. Thus, the gong plays once, the
2457:
2443:
1857:
1843:
419:(also written, as in the old orthography,
793:and may be repeated several times, and a
1784:
1782:
1780:
1734:
1732:
1494:are of varying length, according to the
1484:. The kenong and kempul always play the
1351:. The kenong and kempul always play the
1272:are of varying length, according to the
1251:. The kenong and kempul always play the
964:
704:
497:(or "inggah"). Both consist of a single
402:Colotomic structures in Javanese gamelan
43:
1048:, and G the simultaneous stroke of the
1016:pTpW pTpN pTpP pTpN pTpP pTpN pTpP pTpG
935:are played more moderately, usually in
894:, and G the simultaneous stroke of the
782:usually plays in kendhang kalih style.
770:, and G the simultaneous stroke of the
626:, and G the simultaneous stroke of the
364:of gamelan music have the strong beat (
318:, and G the simultaneous stroke of the
14:
2675:
1125:, except it is twice as slow, and the
1080:divides each of those in two, and the
709:Ketawang structure as a clock diagram.
350:divides each of those in two, and the
206:), the colotomic parts are notated as
2438:
1838:
1777:
1729:
2464:
1024:where p indicates the strike of the
882:where T indicates the strike of the
754:where p indicates the strike of the
300:where T indicates the strike of the
219:
1792:, p.68-69. London: Faber and Faber.
1152:, each of which typically last one
1084:divides each of those in two. The
24:
1799:
1129:plays in between each beat of the
1107:except that four (instead of two)
1076:divides each of those in two, the
1072:divides that into four parts, the
346:divides that into four parts, the
25:
2709:
1813:
1521:It is usually fast and played in
678:The merong section may include a
635:), and thus the gongan lasts 64.
1955:
1949:
1549:
1535:
1453:is another colotomic structure:
1194:
925:. Lancaran are often written in
898:and kenong. The W indicates the
774:and kenong. The W indicates the
270:Example of a colotomic structure
133:. The fast-playing instruments,
30:For the surgical operation, see
1756:
1266:is used instead of the kempul.
240:) and something that divides (-
228:term was coined, presumably in
2135:List of U.S. gamelan ensembles
1708:
1699:
1686:
1665:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1208:
13:
1:
1369:, based on a signal from the
939:, but are usually written in
1714:Downing, Sonja Lynn (2008).
1320:The colotomic structure is:
1220:The colotomic structure is:
1119:. It is also similar to the
738:Its colotomic structure is:
531:interpunctuating instruments
180:interpunctuating instruments
7:
1864:
1650:Pickvance, Richard (2005).
1528:
1314:
1202:
1198:
826:
700:
517:("infrequent, sparse") and
489:Gendhing have two parts, a
457:
10:
2714:
1611:Lindsay, Jennifer (1992).
1400:
1008:) in the following order:
960:
866:) in the following order:
470:is most prominent, called
449:
284:) in the following order:
36:
29:
2476:
2385:
2332:
2277:
2203:
2155:
2148:
2082:
1964:
1947:
1872:
1762:Malm, William P. (1977).
1692:Malm, William P. (1977).
1445:
1305:
1173:
478:. Gendhing never use the
2587:Non-retrogradable rhythm
2064:Semar pegulingan gamelan
1595:
1004:is a cycle of 32 beats (
862:is a cycle of 16 beats (
280:is a cycle of 16 beats (
1830:(subscription required)
1671:Spiller, Henry (2004).
1185:music, there are a few
1807:A Guide to the Gamelan
1790:A Guide to the Gamelan
1788:Sorrell, Neil (1990).
1705:Malm, 123 and 194-195.
1355:. It does not use the
1140:have two sections, an
1064:, the pause where the
1058:. The W indicates the
974:
801:and then slow down to
728:
697:melody to the merong.
468:elaborating instrument
338:is omitted. Thus, the
334:, the pause where the
328:. The W indicates the
236:for a unit of rhythm (
184:structural instruments
161:
69:
2481:Additive and divisive
2034:Joged bumbung gamelan
2009:Gender wayang gamelan
1641:Lindsay (1992), p.14.
1632:Lindsay (1992), p.10.
1291:It usually begins in
1160:can be played in any
968:
708:
176:colotomic instruments
97:of various size: the
47:
2607:Prolation and tempus
529:, but with no other
407:Colotomic structures
2683:Gamelan instruments
2130:Gamelan Son of Lion
2019:Gong kebyar gamelan
1929:Gendhing structures
1514:alternating with a
1187:gendhing structures
1002:colotomic structure
874:TWTN TPTN TPTN TPTG
860:colotomic structure
837:gendhing structures
746:pTpW pTpN pTpP pTpG
606:pTp. pTp. pTp. pTpG
599:pTp. pTp. pTp. pTpN
592:pTp. pTp. pTp. pTpN
585:pTp. pTp. pTp. pTpN
569:...T .... ...T ...G
562:...T .... ...T ...N
555:...T .... ...T ...N
548:...T .... ...T ...N
292:TWTN TPTN TPTN TPTG
154:colotomic structure
81:description of the
2125:Gamelan Sekar Jaya
2090:K. P. H. Notoprojo
2074:Surakartan gamelan
1989:Beleganjur gamelan
1984:Bebonangan gamelan
1585:Music of Indonesia
1393:. It is played in
1217:is one structure.
1101:is similar to the
975:
812:(r. 1853–1881) of
729:
412:Gendhing structure
204:kepatihan notation
136:kempyang and ketuk
70:
2670:
2669:
2582:Metric modulation
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2059:Selunding gamelan
2014:Gong gede gamelan
1465:TNTNTNTN TNTNTNTN
1460:...P...P ...P...P
1332:TPTPTPTP TPTPTPTP
1327:NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN
1189:derived from the
1090:usually plays in
839:used in Javanese
819:Famous ketawang:
430:At its simplest,
250:ethnomusicologist
220:History and usage
208:diacritical marks
164:), also known as
139:, keep a regular
56:, â‹… = pause, N =
16:(Redirected from
2705:
2693:Rhythm and meter
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2435:
2370:Kendang ketipung
2230:Bonang panembung
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2105:Rahayu Supanggah
2049:Salendro gamelan
2044:Munggang gamelan
1979:Angklung gamelan
1974:American gamelan
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1941:Gamelan notation
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2004:Gambang gamelan
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1822:. Excerpt from
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1800:Further reading
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1739:Tenzer, Michael
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917:, known as the
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810:Mangkunegara IV
789:that lasts one
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1996:
1994:Degung gamelan
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1825:Balinese music
1820:Michael Tenzer
1815:
1814:External links
1812:
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1805:Neil Sorrell.
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1276:. The ending (
1237:
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1092:kendhang kalih
1022:
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983:is one of the
962:
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941:balungan mlaku
937:irama tanggung
880:
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835:is one of the
828:
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1590:Music of Java
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1570:Cycle (music)
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1516:neighbor tone
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397:
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386:musical forms
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19:
2698:Musical form
2539:
2505:
2257:Saron demung
2252:Saron barung
2242:Saron peking
2156:
2120:Evan Ziporyn
1965:Genres &
1923:
1823:
1806:
1789:
1763:
1758:
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1710:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1672:
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1651:
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1637:
1628:
1612:
1543:Music portal
1523:irama lancar
1520:
1490:
1480:, and N the
1471:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1404:
1395:irama lancar
1361:
1347:, and N the
1338:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1293:irama lancar
1290:
1268:
1264:gong suwukan
1247:, and N the
1238:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1193:repertoire:
1177:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1141:
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1005:
999:
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978:
976:
970:
950:
949:
932:
931:
911:irama lancar
908:
881:
872:
863:
857:
852:
848:
847:repertoire.
832:
830:
818:
807:
784:
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688:
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583:
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567:
560:
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546:
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518:
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488:
484:gong suwukan
475:
471:
461:
453:
443:
441:
431:
429:
420:
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411:
410:
406:
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393:
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365:
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128:
124:gong suwukan
122:
116:
110:
104:
98:
89:patterns of
73:
72:
71:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
2637:Syncopation
2283:elaborating
2149:Instruments
1615:, p.48-49.
1215:ayak-ayakan
1209:Ayak-ayakan
1195:Ayak-ayakan
1166:except for
1113:comprise a
906:is played.
805:or slower.
232:, from the
2677:Categories
2652:Time point
2602:Polyrhythm
2597:Note value
2567:Homorhythm
2533:Note value
2523:Cross-beat
2386:Vocals and
2173:Gong ageng
2095:Nartosabdo
1772:0131823876
1051:gong ageng
1000:The basic
988:structures
971:gong ageng
904:gong ageng
821:Puspawarna
803:irama dadi
725:gong ageng
379:gong ageng
253:Jaap Kunst
248:), by the
146:gong ageng
130:gong ageng
79:Indonesian
66:gong ageng
2627:Stop-time
2577:Isorhythm
2552:Half-time
2516:Count off
2486:Anacrusis
2415:Senggakan
2333:Unpitched
2317:Celempung
2279:Panerusan
2208:or melody
2157:Colotomic
2083:Musicians
1967:ensembles
1718:, p.304.
1232:TNTN TNTN
1227:...P ...P
951:Gangsaran
849:Gangsaran
814:Surakarta
758:, T the
723:, Gong =
577:Minggah:
540:Merong:
432:colotomic
262:and Thai
169:structure
64:, GONG =
32:colostomy
18:Colotomic
2528:Duration
2511:Counting
2506:Colotomy
2405:Pesinden
2400:Sindenan
2395:Gerongan
2388:clapping
2205:Balungan
2185:Kempyang
2110:Sumarsam
1924:Colotomy
1741:(2000).
1675:, p.69.
1654:, p.63.
1529:See also
1504:kendhang
1476:, P the
1409:barang:
1379:kendhang
1371:kendhang
1357:kempyang
1343:, P the
1282:kendhang
1243:, P the
1180:Javanese
1131:lancaran
1127:kempyang
1122:lancaran
1104:ketawang
1087:kendhang
1082:kempyang
1042:, N the
1036:, P the
1030:, T the
1027:kempyang
992:Javanese
990:used in
986:gendhing
945:Udan Mas
890:, N the
886:, P the
833:lancaran
827:Lancaran
780:kendhang
766:, N the
762:, P the
756:kempyang
733:ketawang
701:Ketawang
695:balungan
622:, N the
618:, T the
616:kempyang
527:ketawang
511:kempyang
458:Gendhing
444:gendhing
417:Gendhing
375:lancaran
312:, N the
306:, P the
277:lancaran
213:balungan
167:gendhing
158:Javanese
100:kempyang
83:rhythmic
74:Colotomy
50:kempyang
2612:Prosody
2562:Hemiola
2355:Kendang
2350:Kemanak
2290:Gambang
2269:Slentho
2264:Slentem
1914:kotekan
1905:Sekaran
1895:Cengkok
1885:Slendro
1866:Gamelan
1745:, p.7.
1565:Gamelan
1492:Gongans
1405:Sampak
1401:Example
1363:Gongans
1300:pathets
1270:Gongans
1260:manyura
1257:slendro
1183:gamelan
1158:Ladrang
1138:ladrang
1099:ladrang
1094:style.
997:music.
995:gamelan
980:ladrang
961:Ladrang
933:Bubaran
853:bubaran
841:gamelan
684:ladrang
495:minggah
450:General
427:music.
425:gamelan
421:gending
91:gamelan
2662:Tuplet
2547:Groove
2466:Rhythm
2420:Keplok
2377:Kepyak
2324:Suling
2295:Gender
2215:Bonang
2190:Kenong
2180:Kempul
1912:&
1890:Pathet
1873:Theory
1770:
1749:
1722:
1679:
1658:
1619:
1508:kepyak
1496:pathet
1482:kenong
1478:kempul
1474:kethuk
1451:Srepeg
1446:Srepeg
1391:pathet
1383:kepyak
1367:gatras
1349:kenong
1345:kempul
1341:kethuk
1315:srepeg
1311:Sampak
1306:Sampak
1286:kepyak
1274:pathet
1262:, the
1249:kenong
1245:kempul
1241:kethuk
1203:Srepeg
1201:, and
1199:Sampak
1191:wayang
1174:Wayang
1168:lancar
1154:gongan
1149:ngelik
1146:and a
1116:gongan
1110:nongan
1074:kempul
1070:kenong
1066:kempul
1056:kenong
1045:kenong
1039:kempul
955:wayang
919:nyekar
892:kenong
888:kempul
845:wayang
795:ngelik
791:gongan
768:kenong
764:kempul
721:kenong
719:, N =
717:kempul
715:, P =
713:kethuk
680:ngelik
624:kenong
507:kethuk
503:nongan
499:gongan
493:and a
491:merong
480:kempul
361:gatras
356:kenong
348:kempul
344:kenong
336:kempul
326:kenong
315:kenong
309:kempul
264:piphat
260:gagaku
198:, and
196:kenong
192:kempul
178:(also
162:bentuk
127:, and
118:kenong
112:kempul
87:metric
77:is an
62:kempul
60:, P =
58:kenong
52:, t =
2647:Tempo
2632:Swing
2617:Pulse
2541:Gatra
2470:meter
2345:Kecer
2340:Bedug
2312:Siter
2307:Rebab
2237:Saron
2195:Ketuk
1936:Irama
1919:Gatra
1910:Imbal
1900:Seleh
1880:Pelog
1596:Notes
1580:Irama
1512:seleh
1500:suwuk
1486:seleh
1429:Suwuk
1407:pélog
1375:suwuk
1353:seleh
1278:suwuk
1255:. In
1253:seleh
1163:irama
1143:ompak
1136:Many
1078:ketuk
1033:ketuk
1006:keteg
915:ompak
884:ketuk
864:keteg
787:ompak
760:ketuk
691:ompak
633:keteg
620:ketuk
523:gatra
519:kerep
515:arang
464:irama
442:Most
437:meter
395:irama
390:tempi
367:seleh
352:ketuk
303:ketuk
282:keteg
246:tomic
238:colon
234:Greek
230:Dutch
200:ketuk
106:ketuk
95:gongs
54:ketuk
2642:Tala
2572:Iqa'
2496:Beat
2468:and
2410:Alok
2168:Gong
1768:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1440:xx22
1433:xx22
1387:gong
1213:The
1097:The
1061:wela
1054:and
977:The
923:lagu
900:wela
896:gong
851:and
831:The
776:wela
772:gong
731:The
711:T =
628:gong
392:and
340:gong
331:wela
324:and
321:gong
274:The
242:tomy
224:The
188:gong
141:beat
85:and
2491:Bar
1506:or
1442:).
1381:or
1284:or
1178:In
921:or
482:or
474:or
409:or
216:).
182:or
2679::
2281:or
2159:or
1779:^
1731:^
1604:^
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1197:,
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244:/-
194:,
190:,
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121:,
115:,
109:,
103:,
2458:e
2451:t
2444:v
1858:e
1851:t
1844:v
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