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subtends less than 12' (0.2° or ~2 mm at a viewing distance of 50 cm), so color stimulus of at least 3 mm in diameter or thickness is recommended when the color is on paper or on a screen. Under normal conditions, colored backgrounds do not affect the interpretation of color codes, but
259:
are multidimensional with color (black, red) and shape (club, diamond, heart, spade), which are partially redundant since clubs and spades are always black and diamonds and hearts are always red. Tasks using categorical color codes can be classified as identification tasks, where a single stimulus is
308:
and blind people, and may even be inaccessible for those with normal color vision, since use of many colors to code many variables can lead to use of confusingly similar colors. Only 15–40% of the colorblind can correctly name surface color codes with 8–10 color categories, most of which test as
280:
recommends categorical color codes in seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, white and black. Adding redundant coding of luminosity and colorfulness adds information and increases speed and accuracy of color decoding tasks. Color codes are superior to others (encoding to letters, shape,
267:
The ideal color scheme for a categorical color code depends on whether speed or accuracy is more important. Despite humans being able to distinguish 150 distinct colors along the hue dimension during comparative task, evidence supports that color schemes where colors differ only by hue (equal
284:
Several studies demonstrate a subjective preference for color codes over achromatic codes (e.g. shapes), even in studies where color coding did not increase performance over achromatic coding. Subjects reported the tasks as less monotonous and less inducing of eye strain and fatigue.
281:
size, etc.) in certain types of tasks. Adding color as a redundant attribute to a numeral or letter encoding in search tasks decreased time by 50–75%, but in unidimensional identification tasks, using alphanumeric or line inclination codes caused less errors than color codes.
142:
As chemistry and other technologies advanced, it became expedient to use coloration as a signal for telling apart things that would otherwise be confusingly similar, such as
264:), versus search tasks, where a color stimulus must be found within a field of heterogenous stimuli. Performance in these tasks is measured by speed and/or accuracy.
276:) should have a maximum of 8eightcategories with optimized stimulus spacing along the hue dimension, though this would not be color blind accessible. The
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52:
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A color code encodes a variable, which may have different representations, where the color code type should match the variable type:
1682:
1672:
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107:(representing unordered/qualitative categories) though may also be sequential (representing an ordered/quantitative variable).
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Color codes present some potential problems. On forms and signage, the use of color can distract from black and white text.
48:
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mildly colorblind. This finding uses ideal illumination; when dimmer illumination is used, performance drops sharply.
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230:– only a subset of a continuous color code are used (still ordered), where each is distinguishable from the others.
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743:(2 ed.). International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities. pp. 7–9.
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1216:
990:
26:
674:
Christ, Richard E. (December 1975). "Review and
Analysis of Color Coding Research for Visual Displays".
255:(encoding the same variable). Partial redundancy sees one variable as a subset of another. For example,
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The earliest examples of color codes in use are for long-distance communication by use of flags, as in
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Bedford, R. E.; Wyszecki, G. W. (1 February 1958). "Wavelength
Discrimination for Point Sources".
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785:. Wright Air Development Center, Air Research and Development Command, United States Air Force.
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214:– the colors are unordered, but are chosen to maximize saliency of the colors, by maximizing
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165:– the variable may represent discrete values of unordered qualitative data (e.g. blood type)
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190:: 1,2,3,4,5,6) are sometimes treated as a categorical variable, despite the ordered nature.
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chromatic (and/or low) illumination of surface color code can degrade performance.
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and other munitions, which are color-coded according to their pyrotechnic contents
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often incorporate colors (such as the widely used "Code Blue" indicating a
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Color codes are often designed without consideration for accessibility to
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Cole, Barry L (1 July 2004). "The handicap of abnormal colour vision".
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The ability to discriminate color differences decreases rapidly as the
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Human
Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
676:
Human
Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
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Clerical vestments, frontals and altar hangings in
Christian churches
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is a system for encoding and representing non-color information with
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243:. When other attributes are varied (e.g. shape, size), the code is
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649:
Transactions of the
American Society of Civil Engineers: Volume 29
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741:
The
Surface Colours used as Visual Signals on Aids to Navigation
183:– the variable represents ordered, quantitative data (e.g. age)
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To distinguish rarity or quality of items in adventure and
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When color is the only varied attribute, the color code is
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139:, with other colors having similar assignments of meaning.
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adopted a color code scheme for such communication wherein
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System for displaying information by using different colors
224:– the colors are ordered and form a smooth color gradient.
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to facilitate communication. This information tends to be
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in electrical and electronic devices, and pharmaceutical
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458:: to quickly differentiate variants, brands, categories)
349:
AKA resistor or EIA color code (today – IEC 60062:2016)
331:
Audio and video interfaces and connectors § Color codes
171:
are typically treated as a categorical variable (e.g.
21:
For the computer science and graph theory method, see
579:, Guidelines for color-coded alerts in public warning
712:Jones, Mari Riess (December 1962). "Color Coding".
203:Color scheme § In maps and data visualization
186:Discrete quantitative data (e.g. the 6 sides of a
1532:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
1931:
394:To distinguish friend from foe, for instance in
753:
343:– AC power phase, neutral, and grounding wires
895:
781:Conover, Donald W.; Kraft, Conrad L. (1958).
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523:NATO Military Symbols for Land Based Systems
317:Systems incorporating color-coding include:
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756:Journal of the Optical Society of America
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1683:International Commission on Illumination
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375:Three-phase electric power § Color codes
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63:by adding descriptive text and removing
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1673:Color Association of the United States
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251:(each encoding separate variables) or
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91:chart used in certain kinds of wiring
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218:between all color pair permutations.
31:
817:Clinical and Experimental Optometry
783:The Use of Color in Coding Displays
153:
13:
1537:Blue–green distinction in language
829:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2004.tb05056.x
798:See, e.g., Michael Richard Cohen,
625:Color coding in data visualization
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507:Homeland Security Advisory System
450:At point of sale (especially for
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1694:International Colour Association
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370:Surround sound ports and cables
1689:International Color Consortium
1678:International Colour Authority
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260:shown and must be identified (
247:, where the dimensions can be
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1:
1754:List of Crayola crayon colors
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262:connotatively or denotatively
207:The types of color code are:
487:Underground utility location
361:used to jump-start a vehicle
353:Ethernet twisted-pair wiring
336:Optical fibers § Color codes
296:
7:
1557:Traditional colors of Japan
1334:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
1217:Multi-primary color display
991:Spectral power distribution
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327:– telecommunications wiring
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27:Color code (disambiguation)
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726:10.1177/001872086200400604
688:10.1177/001872087501700602
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601:Category:Ribbon symbolism
482:Queen bee birth year code
365:PC99 connectors and ports
1734:List of colors (compact)
1552:Color in Chinese culture
1202:Digital image processing
935:Electromagnetic spectrum
492:Hospital emergency codes
196:
1739:List of colors by shade
454:within a huge range of
65:less pertinent examples
1744:List of color palettes
768:10.1364/JOSA.48.000129
739:IALA (December 2009).
92:
25:. For other uses, see
1668:Color Marketing Group
1423:On Vision and Colours
1356:Tinctures in heraldry
967:Structural coloration
585:of the combat mindset
534:In social functions:
518:List of Rainbow Codes
355:– local area networks
347:Electronic color code
181:Quantitative variable
87:
1749:List of color spaces
1641:Tint, shade and tone
1524:Cultural differences
1339:Polychromatic colors
1324:Complementary colors
1312:Monochromatic colors
876:at Wikimedia Commons
426:Characteristic light
163:Categorical variable
1729:List of colors: N–Z
1724:List of colors: G–M
1719:List of colors: A–F
583:Cooper's Color Code
567:green-collar worker
555:white-collar worker
472:Kerbside collection
377:(electrical wiring)
119:communication. The
61:improve the article
1776:List of web colors
1771:List of RAL colors
1177:Color reproduction
1142:Lüscher color test
979:Color of chemicals
843:"Color-Coded Loot"
630:Secondary notation
559:pink-collar worker
551:Blue-collar worker
528:Rainbow Herbicides
467:Fire extinguishers
447:Other technology:
416:role-playing games
325:25-pair color code
257:playing card suits
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89:25-pair color code
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1431:Theory of Colours
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1137:Color preferences
1080:Impossible colors
1070:Color vision test
1065:Color temperature
1043:Color calibration
972:Animal coloration
872:Media related to
800:Medication Errors
572:Handkerchief code
538:Black hat hacking
503:In military use:
409:League of Legends
341:Electrical wiring
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431:Navigation light
321:In electricity:
245:multidimensional
216:color difference
169:Binary variables
154:Encoded Variable
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1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:Color balance
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1167:Chromotherapy
1165:
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1107:Tetrachromacy
1105:
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1034:
1032:
1031:Achromatopsia
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:Chromesthesia
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
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985:
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948:
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936:
933:
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930:
928:Color physics
926:
923:
921:
920:Color science
917:
912:
905:
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893:
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886:
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865:
844:
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826:
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795:
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769:
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742:
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723:
719:
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641:
631:
628:
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623:
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612:
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607:In religion:
606:
602:
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584:
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497:
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465:
463:
462:Bottled gases
460:
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439:
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429:
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359:Jumper cables
357:
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54:
50:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
28:
24:
19:
1629:Fluorescence
1592:Colorfulness
1585:Dichromatism
1429:
1421:
1391:Chromaticity
1374:Color mixing
1366:Color theory
1299:Color scheme
1162:Chromophobia
1111:
1057:
847:. Retrieved
845:. Giant Bomb
837:
820:
816:
799:
782:
776:
759:
755:
749:
740:
734:
717:
713:
679:
675:
648:
644:
597:
589:Rank in judo
477:Pipe marking
407:
401:
395:
390:magic points
316:
303:
300:
290:visual angle
287:
283:
274:colorfulness
266:
252:
248:
244:
240:
238:
227:
221:
211:
206:
157:
141:
114:
96:
94:
70:
59:Please help
47:may contain
46:
23:Color-coding
18:
1940:Color codes
1766:Color chart
1624:Iridescence
1456:Basic terms
1447:Color terms
1401:Color wheel
1396:Color solid
1260:Color space
1246:subtractive
1229:Color model
1100:Unique hues
996:Colorimetry
962:Chromophore
563:grey-collar
306:color blind
249:independent
235:Categorical
212:Categorical
105:categorical
73:August 2023
1934:Categories
1786:Shades of:
1619:Brightness
1351:Web colors
1307:Color tool
1290:philosophy
1195:Color cast
1095:Afterimage
1085:Metamerism
1058:Color code
1053:Color task
1036:Dichromacy
874:Color code
762:(2): 129.
636:References
270:luminosity
222:Continuous
201:See also:
135:signified
127:signified
97:color code
53:irrelevant
1945:Encodings
1636:Grayscale
1609:Lightness
1604:Luminance
1413:(fashion)
1113:The dress
577:ISO 22324
542:white hat
452:packaging
397:StarCraft
297:Criticism
253:redundant
117:semaphore
49:excessive
1909:Category
1891:Lighting
1614:Darkness
1434:(Goethe)
1234:additive
1222:Quattron
619:See also
546:grey hat
456:products
436:Sea mark
313:Examples
228:Discrete
55:examples
1873:Related
1834:Magenta
1759:history
1663:Pantone
950:Visible
945:Rainbow
849:13 June
596:colors
111:History
1886:Qualia
1881:Vision
1829:Purple
1824:Violet
1804:Yellow
1799:Orange
1494:Orange
1489:Purple
1479:Yellow
913:topics
594:Ribbon
386:Health
144:wiring
137:safety
129:danger
101:colors
1919:Index
1859:Black
1849:White
1844:Brown
1809:Green
1711:Lists
1703:Names
1685:(CIE)
1654:Color
1514:Brown
1509:White
1499:Black
1469:Green
1288:Color
984:Water
940:Light
911:Color
406:, or
197:Types
148:pills
133:white
1854:Gray
1839:Pink
1819:Blue
1814:Cyan
1504:Gray
1484:Pink
1464:Blue
1251:CMYK
851:2016
598:see:
403:Halo
388:and
278:IALA
272:and
131:and
1794:Red
1580:Hue
1474:Red
1239:RGB
825:doi
764:doi
722:doi
684:doi
188:die
173:sex
125:red
51:or
1936::
821:87
819:.
807:^
791:^
760:48
758:.
716:.
696:^
680:17
678:.
656:^
565:,
561:,
557:,
553:,
544:,
540:,
498:),
400:,
150:.
95:A
903:e
896:t
889:v
853:.
831:.
827::
770:.
766::
728:.
724::
718:4
690:.
686::
175:)
75:)
71:(
67:.
57:.
29:.
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