27:
602:
176:, the French ambassador to Britain, warned the Emperor that war with Britain was a real possibility unless some kind of alliance with Britain was signed, and that with such an alliance in being it did not matter what other European states thought. Rouher presented the Emperor with his commercial plan with sixty pages of favourable arguments, which the Emperor approved. The Emperor announced the treaty in a letter published on 15 January 1860 and it caused fury among the protectionist interests.
171:
On 9 December, Chevalier told Cobden that Rouher had drawn up a plan for a commercial treaty which would be submitted for approval by the emperor the next day. However, the
Emperor was concerned over the definite advantages France would gain in adopting free trade: Britain was so dependent on trade
235:
on most
British manufactured goods to levels not above 30% and reduced British duties on French wines and brandy. In consequence the value of British exports to France more than doubled in the 1860s and the importation of French wines into Britain also doubled. France ended the treaty in 1892 in
135:
to trade freely with
Britain. Upon reading this speech Chevalier wrote to Cobden and arranged to meet him in England. He discovered that Cobden was planning to visit Paris for family reasons in the winter. Chevalier urged Cobden to meet with the emperor to try to persuade him of the benefits of
167:
came to have great fame and reputation in
Britain. The Emperor replied: "I am charmed and flattered at the idea of performing a similar work in my country; but it is very difficult in France to make reforms; we make revolutions in France, not reforms".
583:
158:
by decree if it were part of an international treaty but that he was worried that free trade would throw French workers out of their jobs. Cobden replied that free trade tended to increase rather than diminish the demand for
108:" treaties the British negotiated in the 1860s. By the 1880s, however, the rise of protectionism in Germany, the United States and elsewhere made the treaty less relevant. It was the first modern free trade agreement.
96:
policies in 1846, there remained tariffs with France. The 1860 treaty ended tariffs on the main items of trade—wine, brandy and silk goods from France, and coal, iron and industrial goods from
Britain.
760:
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879:
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in Paris, Cobden had his first audience with the emperor on 27 October 1859. They discussed free trade and the
Emperor informed him that he could alter
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asked why, instead of spending money on armaments against a possible French invasion, did not the
British government attempt to persuade French Emperor
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Dunham, Arthur L. "The
Influence of the Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce of 1860 on the Development of the Iron Industry in France."
889:
756:
511:
854:
215:, the French Foreign Minister, and Rouher for France. However, it was then discovered that it had been written in the treaty of
104:, the treaty set off a "golden age of free trade" in Europe, which lasted until the late 1870s. It was the first of eight "
864:
252:
503:
Dunham, Arthur L. "The development of the cotton industry in France and the Anglo-French Treaty of
Commerce of 1860."
204:
34:
addressing the House of
Commons during the debates on the Cobden–Chevalier Treaty in February 1860, as painted by
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894:
208:
899:
817:
141:
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that she was constantly in fear of war whilst France could endure war with much less inconvenience.
554:
Ratcliffe, Barrie M. "Napoleon and the Anglo-French Commercial Treaty of 1860: A Reconsideration."
490:
The Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce of 1860 and the Progress of the Industrial Revolution in France
243:
According to a 2022 study, the treaty substantially increased trade between members of the treaty.
859:
144:
869:
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when it was meant shipping. The treaty was re-written and signed and sealed on 29 January.
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89:
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68:
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and they both agreed that a commercial treaty between Britain and France was a good idea.
8:
352:
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302:
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The Heyday of Free Trade: The Treaty of Commerce of 1860 Between England and France.
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Krasner, Stephen D. (1976). "State Power and the Structure of International Trade".
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279:"The French (Trade) Revolution of 1860: Intra-Industry Trade and Smooth Adjustment"
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War, Wine, and Taxes: The Political Economy of Anglo-French Trade, 1689-1900
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35:
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Becuwe, Stéphane; Blancheton, Bertrand; Meissner, Christopher M. (2021).
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described the treaty as the "first modern trade agreement." According to
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It is named after the main British and French originators of the treaty,
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232:
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In a Parliamentary session of 1859, Cobden's friend and political ally
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Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
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Tariff reform in France, 1860–1900: the politics of economic interest
447:"Revisiting the 'Cobden-Chevalier network' trade and welfare effects"
332:
400:
387:
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The Treaty of 1860 and the Industry of the Department of the North
155:
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The new policy was widely copied across Europe. According to
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After talks with Chevalier and French Minister of Commerce
16:
1860 free trade agreement between Great Britain and France
434:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 179.
276:
516:
Townson University Journal of International Affairs
199:, the plenipotentiaries of both nations signed and
187:, the treaty set off a "golden age of free trade".
841:
371:A Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century World History
523:The Cobden-Chevalier Commercial Treaty of 1860.
211:, and Cobden signed on behalf of Britain, and
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880:Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
607:Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
258:Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
122:
850:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
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492:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
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429:
385:
92:on 23 January 1860. After Britain began
419:. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 711.
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219:coke and coal rather than British, and
163:and that because of his tariff reforms
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369:John Belchem, and Richard Price, eds.
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875:Treaties of the Second French Empire
556:Journal of European Economic History
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195:On 23 January 1860 at the British
14:
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565:(Cornell University Press, 1980).
388:"The Purpose of Trade Agreements"
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309:
674:Crown Dependencies Customs Union
600:
451:Explorations in Economic History
386:Grossman, Gene M. (March 2016).
25:
890:Free trade agreements of France
812:European Free Trade Association
253:France–United Kingdom relations
179:Princeton University economist
140:. In September, Cobden visited
885:France–United Kingdom treaties
855:History of international trade
498:Quarterly Journal of Economics
438:
423:
408:
363:
270:
1:
551:. Princeton University Press.
263:
432:The Age of Reform, 1815–1870
430:Woodward, Llewellyn (1962).
392:NBER Working Paper No. 22070
209:British Ambassador to France
7:
818:European Economic Community
538:The Economic History Review
488:Dunham, Arthur. L. (1930).
283:Journal of Economic History
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142:Chancellor of the Exchequer
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865:1860 in the United Kingdom
417:The Life of Richard Cobden
231:The treaty reduced French
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706:Gulf Cooperation Council
547:Nye, John V. C. (2007).
123:Origins and negotiations
505:Economic History Review
445:Timini, Jacopo (2022).
145:William Ewart Gladstone
78:Cobden–Chevalier Treaty
20:Cobden–Chevalier Treaty
500:41.2 (1927): 317–337.
415:Morley, John (1905).
532:Moraze, P. (1940). "
507:1#2 (1928): 281–307.
106:most favoured nation
82:free trade agreement
80:was an Anglo-French
895:January 1860 events
529:14#1 (1971): 67–98.
84:signed between the
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900:Eponymous treaties
561:Smith, Michael S.
527:Historical Journal
518:2#2 (1968): 77–96.
510:Godell, Stephen. "
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726:South Korea
687:Negotiating
648:New Zealand
544:(1): 18–28.
205:Lord Cowley
129:John Bright
61:signatories
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457:: 101480.
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94:free trade
782:Bilateral
694:Bilateral
653:Singapore
628:Australia
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303:204446912
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59:Original
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658:Vietnam
349:2009974
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69:France
44:Signed
38:(1863)
761:CPTPP
711:India
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353:S2CID
345:JSTOR
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