1305:
390:
56:
2645:
2154:
381:. The standard was created by medieval Gaelic poets based on the vernacular usage of the late 12th century and allowed a lot of dialectal forms that existed at that point in time, but was kept conservative and had been taught virtually unchanged throughout later centuries. The grammar and metrical rules were described in a series of grammatical tracts and linguistic poems used for teaching in bardic schools.
923:
But what was achieved in the second half of the twelfth century was something completely radical: the formal adoption of vernacular speech as the basis for a new literary standard. (...) If what they observed of the language at that time had been written down and identified according to regions, and
563:
The fully stressed personal pronouns (which developed during Middle Irish out of Old Irish pronouns that were reserved for copular predicatives) are allowed in object and optionally in subject positions. If the subject is a 1st or 2nd person pronoun stated explicitly, the 3rd person form of the verb
405:
The Tudor dynasty sought to subdue its Irish citizens. The Tudor rulers attempted to do this by restricting the use of the Irish language while simultaneously promoting the use of the
English language. English expansion in Ireland, outside of the Pale, was attempted under Mary I, but ended with poor
924:
if the manuscripts containing their observations had survived the vicissitudes of the intervening centuries, we would have to-day a fascinating and unique collection of descriptive linguistic material. However, what the poets did was to co-ordinate this material to produce a prescriptive grammar.
674:
The 3rd person subject pronouns are always optional and often dropped in poetry. The infix pronouns inherited from Old Irish are still optionally used in poetry for direct objects, but their use was likely outdated in speech already in the beginning of the Early Modern period.
703:, containing a guide to spelling and sounds in Irish. It was written by John Kearney, treasurer of St. Patrick's Cathedral. The type used was adapted to what has become known as the Irish script. This was published in 1602-3 by the printer Francke. The
376:
Before that time, the vernacular dialects of
Ireland and Scotland were considered to belong to a single language, and in the late 12th century a highly formalized standard variant of that language was created for the use in
770:, with the language being described as "rchaic literary language based on 12th century Irish, formerly used by professional classes in Ireland until the 17th century and Scotland until the 18th century."
1435:
Meek, Donald E. (1996). "The Scots-Gaelic
Scribes of Late Medieval Perthshire: An Overview of the Orthography and Contents of the Book of the Dean of Lismore". In Janet Hadley Williams (ed.).
510:, i.e. after particles such as the negative, but it started to appear in independent forms in 15th century prose and was common by 17th century. Thus Classical Gaelic originally had
653:
and they might be optionally used as subjects of intransitive verbs (instead of the "subject" pronouns) – this usage seems to indicate lack of agency or will in the subject, eg.
671:
The 3rd usage above disappeared in Modern Irish and even in
Classical Gaelic the unmarked and more common pattern is to use the "subject" pronouns like with transitive verbs.
459:
gender is gone (formerly neuter nouns transition mostly to masculine, occasionally feminine categories) – but some historically neuter nouns may still optionally cause
1126:
2543:
731:(Uilliam Ă“ Domhnaill), Archbishop of Tuam in succession to Donellan. Their work was printed in 1602. The work of translating the Old Testament was undertaken by
2384:
2538:
2190:
347:, Scottish Gaelic did not have a separate standardised form and did not appear in print on a significant scale until the 1767 translation of the
506:"(he) hits, strikes"), today the usual 3rd person ending in the present tense, was originally just an alternative ending found only in verbs in
1505:
1450:
1024:
410:
was proficient in several languages and is reported to have expressed a desire to understand Irish. A primer was prepared on her behalf by
2795:
2309:
1176:
nĂ heol dĂşinn a leithĂ©id a bheith sa teanga labhartha ann: go deimhin, tuairimĂonn gur seift a bhĂ i bhforás fhoirmeacha cĂłnasctha
751:
in 1606. An Irish translation of the revised prayer book of 1662 was effected by John
Richardson (1664–1747) and published in 1712.
1549:
2681:
2358:
1148:
Seosamh Watson (1994). "Gaeilge na hAlban, §19.3". In McCone, K.; McManus, D.; Ó Háinle, C.; Williams, N.; Breatnach, L. (eds.).
857:
McManus, Damian (1994). "An Nua-Ghaeilge
Chlasaiceach". In K. McCone; D. McManus; C. Ó Háinle; N. Williams; L. Breatnach (eds.).
3332:
2183:
1194:
we are not aware of its likes existing in the spoken language: indeed, opines that the system of the present conjunct ending
1413:
1334:
973:
866:
838:
1025:"Sir Christopher Nugent, 5th Baron Delvin (1544-1602) - Facsimile of the Irish language primer commissioned for Elizabeth I"
2332:
1738:
700:
507:
469:"one day"), as they did in Old Irish. The distinction between preposition + accusative to show motion toward a goal (e.g.
2590:
2444:
1394:
948:
916:
564:
is used – most verb forms can take either the synthetic or analytic form, for example "I will speak" can be expressed as
2139:
1669:
711:) undertook the first publication of Scripture in Irish. The first Irish translation of the New Testament was begun by
489:
in nouns, but they are kept in
Classical Gaelic. The Classical Gaelic standard also requires the use of accusative for
430:, lawyers, doctors, administrators, monks, and so on in Ireland and Scotland. The tracts were edited and published by
2648:
2176:
1489:
1467:
1356:
1270:
1157:
736:
3288:
2943:
1076:
3327:
2454:
1050:
244:
17:
2788:
1679:
1675:
1347:(2003) . "Bardic Poetry: A Lecture delivered before the National Literary Society, Dublin, 15th April, 1912".
2630:
2436:
2109:
1965:
1630:
1566:
779:
606:
2831:
2698:
2365:
2215:
1813:
1665:
1542:
719:, who worked on it until his murder in 1585. The work was continued by John Kearny, his assistant, and Dr.
592:"ye will speak") but the 3rd person plural form is used whenever a 3rd person plural subject is expressed (
3140:
2966:
2674:
2348:
2260:
1801:
1716:
1118:
2353:
2207:
2116:
1789:
1687:
1210:
811:
1110:"deceased" (lit. "who does not live"), which is likely borrowed from the classical standard. The form
998:
2781:
683:
The first book printed in any
Goidelic language was published in 1567 in Edinburgh, a translation of
426:
written by native speakers and intended to teach the most cultivated form of the language to student
2517:
1304:
3177:
3120:
2905:
2864:
2482:
2327:
2225:
1936:
127:
2394:
988:
Hindley, Reg. 1990. The Death of the Irish language: A qualified obituary London: Routledge, p. 6.
481:"in the battle") is lost during this period in the spoken language, as is the distinction between
3337:
2319:
2157:
2078:
1723:
1535:
728:
712:
626:
is put onto the table" – in Modern Irish these are understood as active autonomous verbs instead,
460:
117:
3293:
2667:
2294:
1784:
398:
609:. The forms used for direct object of transitive verbs (the "object" pronouns) are also used:
70:
3270:
2819:
2401:
2220:
748:
2616:
2871:
2606:
740:
369:
2420:
2046:
1974:
8:
3282:
3172:
3165:
3148:
2914:
2878:
2706:
2548:
2071:
2006:
1574:
692:
378:
282:
861:(in Irish). Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College. pp. 335–445.
3235:
3029:
2415:
2230:
1992:
1794:
1650:
1499:
1444:
1116:
is understood as an adjective "alive" and not as a verbal form by modern speakers, see
724:
708:
601:
With regards to the pronouns
Classical Gaelic (as well as Middle Irish) shows signs of
456:
423:
411:
132:
747:(1638–1713), Archbishop of Dublin. William Bedell had undertaken a translation of the
260:
2887:
2855:
2841:
2474:
2408:
1884:
1764:
1733:
1485:
1463:
1409:
1390:
1382:
1352:
1330:
1266:
1239:
1153:
969:
944:
912:
862:
834:
720:
704:
475:"into the battle") and preposition + dative to show non–goal-oriented location (e.g.
407:
321:
64:
1983:
436:
3153:
3128:
3096:
3077:
3038:
3014:
2956:
2932:
2804:
2299:
2284:
2279:
1999:
1728:
716:
602:
122:
3241:
2598:
2087:
1292:
389:
3196:
3090:
3050:
2951:
2726:
2304:
2235:
2199:
1743:
1594:
1423:
1258:
784:
744:
541:
486:
445:
336:
159:
109:
60:
2508:
1180:
an láith. i nGaeilge na hÉireann leis an idirdhealú ar an fháistineach a neartú.
688:
352:
3308:
3264:
3217:
3188:
3044:
2981:
2894:
2721:
2716:
1655:
1640:
1589:
1584:
1558:
1198:
in Irish was a device to strengthen the distinction from the future tense.]
340:
292:
273:
201:
1152:(in Irish). Maynooth: Roinn na Sean-Ghaeilge, Coláiste Phádraig. p. 688.
3321:
3247:
3085:
2746:
2690:
2289:
2250:
1779:
1706:
1645:
1477:
1344:
1322:
1243:
807:
732:
695:. He used a slightly modified form of the Classical Gaelic and also used the
490:
431:
348:
237:
1927:
766:) to cover Classical Gaelic. The code was introduced in the 15th edition of
3064:
2994:
2762:
2736:
2711:
2611:
2245:
1748:
1660:
1614:
1604:
1579:
696:
580:). The singular form is also used with 1st and 2nd person plural pronouns (
344:
288:
208:
169:
228:
2028:
1857:
1774:
1228:"Unaccusativity and the subject pronoun in Middle and Early Modern Irish"
422:
The grammar of Early Modern Irish is laid out in a series of grammatical
55:
2564:
2055:
2134:
1848:
1297:
1227:
767:
482:
394:
1920:
1077:"Electronic Bibliography of Irish Linguistics and Literature 1942–71,
1051:"Electronic Bibliography of Irish Linguistics and Literature 1942–71,
299:, was used in Ireland and Scotland from the 13th to the 18th century.
3276:
3229:
3057:
2987:
2731:
2240:
2064:
1599:
1406:
The Art of Bardic Poetry: A new
Edition of Irish Grammatical Tracts I
966:
The Art of Bardic Poetry: A new Edition of Irish Grammatical Tracts I
759:
684:
528:" does not praise", whereas later Early Modern and Modern Irish have
364:
253:
221:
164:
2037:
1913:
1695:
1263:
A New History of Ireland, Volume III: Early Modern Ireland 1534–1691
3223:
2773:
2501:
743:, however it was not published until 1680, in a revised version by
325:
88:
2168:
1256:
1190:
which is understood as an adjective now in utterances of the type
699:. In 1571, the first book in Irish to be printed in Ireland was a
3160:
3133:
2975:
2848:
1875:
1527:
548:
has never spread, but the present and future tenses were merged:
500:(which spread from conjunct forms of Old Irish n-stem verbs like
373:, was the first book printed in either Scottish or Irish Gaelic.
329:
92:
2659:
2555:
2469:
3201:
1839:
1830:
1367:
1866:
1769:
829:
Mac Eoin, GearĂłid (1993). "Irish". In Ball, Martin J. (ed.).
654:
630:
614:
593:
587:
581:
571:
565:
523:
517:
511:
476:
470:
464:
315:
76:
1513:
493:
of the verb if it is different in form from the nominative.
287:'Classical Irish') represented a transition between
1944:
427:
343:
appear as far back as the 12th century annotations of the
1904:
1437:
Stewart Style, 1513–1542: Essays on the Court of James V
1365:
1257:
T. W. Moody; F. X. Martin; F. J. Byrne (12 March 2009).
501:
762:
gives the name "Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic" (and the code
1074:
1048:
605:– the pronouns are divided into two sets with partial
2619:
2596:
2562:
2553:
2519:
2506:
2406:
2392:
1186:
hasn't appeared in Scotland, and apart from the form
1172:
a thuigtear mar aidiacht anois in abairtà de chineál
1111:
1105:
934:
932:
555:
549:
357:
739:, who completed his translation within the reign of
351:
into Scottish Gaelic; however, in the 16th century,
1387:
The linguistic training of the mediaeval Irish poet
941:
The linguistic training of the mediaeval Irish poet
909:
The linguistic training of the mediaeval Irish poet
1403:
963:
929:
893:Meek, "Scots-Gaelic Scribes", pp. 263–4; Wormald,
1150:Stair na Gaeilge: in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta
1075:Baumgarten, Rolf; Ă“ Maolalaigh, Roibeard (2004).
1049:Baumgarten, Rolf; Ă“ Maolalaigh, Roibeard (2004).
859:Stair na Gaeilge: in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta
3319:
496:Verb endings are also in transition. The ending
1422:
1259:"The Irish Language in the Early Modern Period"
1250:
1482:Court, Kirk and Community: Scotland, 1470-1625
1168:chun cinn in Albain, agus diomaite den fhoirm
1147:
1104:exists in a single phrase of Scottish Gaelic,
444:. and some with commentary and translation by
3144:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)
2789:
2675:
2184:
1543:
1343:
1321:
1225:
663:"the settlement was without a blessing until
1381:
1215:. Glasgow: MacLaren & Sons. p. 223.
938:
906:
818:(3rd ed.). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.
2114:
2085:
2076:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2004:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1925:
1911:
1902:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1799:
1714:
1685:
1632:
1457:
1349:Irish Bardic Poetry: Texts and Translations
535:
529:
332:from the 13th century to the 18th century.
68:
45:
2796:
2782:
2682:
2668:
2191:
2177:
1550:
1536:
1504:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1449:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
656:do bhĂ an baile gan bheannach / go raibhe
54:
1408:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
1389:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
1351:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
1329:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
968:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
943:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
911:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
852:
850:
816:Stories from Keating's History of Ireland
802:
800:
1430:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
1265:. Oxford University Press. p. 511.
828:
388:
1476:
856:
14:
3320:
1208:
847:
833:. London: Routledge. pp. 101–44.
806:
797:
650:) – this is continued in Modern Irish,
540:. This innovation was not followed in
440:between 1916 and 1955 under the title
2777:
2663:
2172:
1531:
189:
2803:
2333:Dependent and independent verb forms
1434:
412:Christopher Nugent, 6th Baron Delvin
335:Although the first written signs of
3226:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)
2445:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005
2198:
875:
384:
302:
24:
1557:
1514:"Léamh – Learn Early Modern Irish"
1315:
727:, and it was finally completed by
613:as subjects of passive verbs, eg.
576:(3rd sg. form and 1st sg. pronoun
27:Earlier form of the Irish language
25:
3349:
2689:
667:was in the hands of an Irishman".
3289:Scottish Gaelic-medium education
2644:
2643:
2153:
2152:
1460:The Companion to Gaelic Scotland
1366:Katharine Simms; MĂcheál Hoyne.
1303:
883:The Companion to Gaelic Scotland
629:for subjects of the copula, eg.
1739:Dependent and independent forms
1439:. East Linton. pp. 254–72.
1327:Irish Syllabic Poetry 1200–1600
1286:
1219:
1202:
1141:
1094:
1068:
1042:
1017:
991:
463:of a following complement (eg.
3238:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)
982:
957:
900:
887:
822:
13:
1:
3333:History of the Irish language
3309:extinct or ancestor languages
2437:Education (Scotland) Act 1872
790:
780:History of the Irish language
678:
607:ergative-absolutive alignment
324:that was in use by poets in
7:
1404:Eoin Mac Cárthaigh (2014).
999:"Elizabeth I and languages"
964:Eoin Mac Cárthaigh (2014).
773:
754:
10:
3354:
2117:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge
1164:NĂor tháinig an foirceann
632:mo theanga, is Ă© m'arm-sa
417:
3302:
3257:
3210:
3187:
3124:? (possibly hypothetical)
3112:
3028:
3006:
2965:
2942:
2924:
2913:
2904:
2829:
2811:
2755:
2697:
2639:
2583:
2531:
2494:
2462:
2453:
2429:
2383:
2374:
2341:
2318:
2272:
2206:
2148:
2135:Personal and family names
2127:
2102:
2086:
2077:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2019:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1956:
1912:
1903:
1895:
1821:
1812:
1757:
1705:
1623:
1565:
1458:Thomson, D., ed. (1994).
1428:Bardic Syntactical Tracts
1079:Bardic Syntactical Tracts
895:Court, Kirk and Community
646:"it, she" refers back to
450:Bardic Syntactical Tracts
251:
235:
219:
214:
198:
180:
152:
106:
98:
84:
53:
44:
39:
34:
2483:West Highland Free Press
1966:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta
1368:"Bardic Poetry Database"
1293:Gaelic, Hiberno-Scottish
1053:Irish grammatical tracts
642:is my weapon" (feminine
442:Irish Grammatical Tracts
3132:? (possibly related to
2591:Gaelic-medium education
1209:Calder, George (1923).
735:(1571–1642), Bishop of
655:
631:
615:
598:"the men will speak").
594:
588:
582:
572:
566:
524:
518:
512:
502:
477:
471:
465:
359:Foirm na n-Urrnuidheadh
322:literary form of Gaelic
316:
3328:Early modern languages
3294:Welsh-medium education
2944:Southwestern Brittonic
2620:
2597:
2563:
2554:
2520:
2507:
2407:
2393:
2295:East Sutherland Gaelic
2140:List of personal names
2115:
2005:
1926:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1802:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil
1800:
1717:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil
1715:
1686:
1633:
1226:MĂcheál Hoyne (2020).
1112:
1106:
701:Protestant 'catechism'
616:cuirthear ar an mbord
556:
550:
536:
530:
402:
399:Elizabeth I of England
358:
277:
69:
46:
3271:Skol Veythrin Karenza
3211:Celtic-speaking areas
3136:or pre-Indo-European)
2395:An Comunn GĂ idhealach
1003:European Studies Blog
939:Brian Ă“ CuĂv (1973).
907:Brian Ă“ CuĂv (1973).
749:Book of Common Prayer
560:"he will not grasp".
392:
339:having diverged from
295:. Its literary form,
831:The Celtic Languages
554:"he will grasp" but
370:Book of Common Order
278:Gaeilge Chlasaiceach
102:13th to 18th century
3283:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh
3258:Immersive education
2707:Proto-Indo-European
2216:Proto-Indo-European
2072:Irish Texts Society
1575:Proto-Indo-European
1100:This verbal ending
693:Bishop of the Isles
544:, where the ending
434:as a supplement to
363:, an adaptation of
71:Auraicept na n-Éces
40:Early Modern Gaelic
3236:Cape Breton Island
3072:Early Modern Irish
2832:Continental Celtic
2742:Early Modern Irish
2416:The Gaelic College
2385:Gaelic development
2359:Bible translations
2256:Early Modern Irish
2110:Leaving Cert Irish
2079:Sáirséal agus Dill
1651:Newfoundland Irish
1610:Early Modern Irish
1129:and Will Robertson
1005:. 17 November 2021
725:Archbishop of Tuam
709:Anglican communion
595:laibheĂłraid na fir
570:(1st sg. form) or
516:" praises" versus
508:dependent position
403:
270:Early Modern Irish
138:Early Modern Irish
35:Early Modern Irish
3315:
3314:
3108:
3107:
3024:
3023:
2967:Western Brittonic
2856:Cisalpine Gaulish
2771:
2770:
2657:
2656:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2514:
2487:
2479:
2475:Stornoway Gazette
2441:
2421:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig
2310:Dialect phonology
2265:
2166:
2165:
2098:
2097:
2047:ClĂł Iar-Chonnacht
2012:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1790:Modern literature
1724:Initial mutations
1415:978-1-85500-226-5
1336:978-1-85500-048-3
1301:(15th ed., 2005)
975:978-1-85500-226-5
868:978-0-901519-90-0
840:978-0-415-01035-1
741:Charles the First
721:Nehemiah Donellan
707:(a member of the
705:Church of Ireland
589:laibheĂłraidh sibh
586:"we will speak",
583:laibheĂłraidh sinn
408:Queen Elizabeth I
286:
267:
266:
65:Book of Ballymote
16:(Redirected from
3345:
3097:Galwegian Gaelic
3078:Classical Gaelic
3039:Classical Gaelic
2933:Common Brittonic
2922:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2805:Celtic languages
2798:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2647:
2646:
2623:
2602:
2568:
2559:
2523:
2512:
2504:
2485:
2477:
2460:
2459:
2439:
2412:
2402:Bòrd na Gà idhlig
2398:
2381:
2380:
2300:Galwegian Gaelic
2285:Hebridean Gaelic
2280:Mid-Minch Gaelic
2263:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2156:
2155:
2120:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2010:
2002:
2000:BBC Radio Ulster
1996:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1819:
1818:
1805:
1785:Early literature
1720:
1691:
1670:Northern Ireland
1636:
1624:Sociolinguistics
1552:
1545:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1473:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1431:
1419:
1400:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1362:
1340:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1212:A Gaelic Grammar
1206:
1200:
1199:
1182:[The ending
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1115:
1109:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
995:
989:
986:
980:
979:
961:
955:
954:
936:
927:
926:
904:
898:
891:
885:
879:
873:
872:
854:
845:
844:
826:
820:
819:
804:
765:
717:Bishop of Ossory
687:'s 'Liturgy' by
662:
637:
621:
603:split ergativity
597:
591:
585:
575:
569:
559:
553:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
505:
480:
474:
468:
385:External history
361:
319:
308:Classical Gaelic
303:Classical Gaelic
297:Classical Gaelic
281:
263:
247:
231:
224:
204:
190:Classical Gaelic
112:
74:
58:
49:
32:
31:
21:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3298:
3253:
3206:
3197:Beurla Reagaird
3183:
3121:Ancient Belgian
3104:
3091:Scottish Gaelic
3051:Primitive Irish
3020:
3002:
2961:
2938:
2917:
2900:
2825:
2807:
2802:
2772:
2767:
2751:
2727:Primitive Irish
2693:
2688:
2658:
2653:
2635:
2571:
2527:
2490:
2449:
2425:
2376:
2370:
2337:
2314:
2305:Canadian Gaelic
2268:
2236:Primitive Irish
2202:
2200:Scottish Gaelic
2197:
2167:
2162:
2144:
2123:
2094:
2015:
1952:
1891:
1808:
1753:
1701:
1680:in Newfoundland
1676:Outside Ireland
1619:
1595:Primitive Irish
1561:
1556:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1470:
1442:
1441:
1424:Lambert McKenna
1416:
1397:
1396:978-0901282-699
1372:
1370:
1359:
1337:
1318:
1316:Further reading
1313:
1312:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1255:
1251:
1224:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1160:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1123:Am Faclair Beag
1117:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
997:
996:
992:
987:
983:
976:
962:
958:
951:
950:978-0901282-699
937:
930:
919:
918:978-0901282-699
905:
901:
892:
888:
881:Thomson (ed.),
880:
876:
869:
855:
848:
841:
827:
823:
805:
798:
793:
785:Scottish Gaelic
776:
763:
757:
745:Narcissus Marsh
681:
573:laibheóraidh mé
542:Scottish Gaelic
487:accusative case
446:Lambert McKenna
420:
387:
337:Scottish Gaelic
320:) was a shared
312:Classical Irish
305:
259:
243:
240:
227:
220:
205:
200:
194:
183:
176:
160:Primitive Irish
155:
148:
113:
110:Language family
108:
80:
75:explaining the
28:
23:
22:
18:Classical Irish
15:
12:
11:
5:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3338:Irish dialects
3335:
3330:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3218:Lower Brittany
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3178:Paleo-Hispanic
3169:
3157:
3145:
3137:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3042:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2979:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2908:
2906:Insular Celtic
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2865:Hispano-Celtic
2861:
2860:
2859:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Proto-Goidelic
2719:
2717:Insular Celtic
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2609:
2604:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:Insular Celtic
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2103:Qualifications
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
1997:
1988:
1984:RaidiĂł Na Life
1979:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1918:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1656:Leinster Irish
1653:
1648:
1643:
1641:Connacht Irish
1638:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:Proto-Goidelic
1587:
1585:Insular Celtic
1582:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:Irish language
1555:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1510:
1490:
1478:Wormald, Jenny
1474:
1468:
1455:
1432:
1420:
1414:
1401:
1395:
1379:
1363:
1357:
1341:
1335:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1285:
1271:
1249:
1218:
1201:
1158:
1140:
1093:
1067:
1041:
1016:
990:
981:
974:
956:
949:
928:
917:
899:
886:
874:
867:
846:
839:
821:
808:Bergin, Osborn
795:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
782:
775:
772:
756:
753:
729:William Daniel
713:Nicholas Walsh
680:
677:
669:
668:
651:
627:
419:
416:
386:
383:
304:
301:
265:
264:
257:
249:
248:
241:
236:
233:
232:
225:
217:
216:
215:Language codes
212:
211:
206:
202:Writing system
199:
196:
195:
193:
192:
186:
184:
182:Standard forms
181:
178:
177:
175:
174:
173:
172:
158:
156:
153:
150:
149:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
128:Insular Celtic
116:
114:
107:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
86:
85:Native to
82:
81:
59:
51:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3350:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3248:Y Fro Gymraeg
3246:
3243:
3242:GĂ idhealtachd
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:Reconstructed
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:Reconstructed
2810:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2747:Manx language
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:Manx language
2685:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2599:GĂ idhealtachd
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Argyll Gaelic
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Gaelicisation
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2089:
2088:GlĂłr na nGael
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:Raidió Fáilte
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Munster Irish
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1491:0-7486-0276-3
1487:
1484:. Edinburgh.
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1469:1-871901-31-6
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1358:0-901282-12-X
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:Osborn Bergin
1342:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:Eleanor Knott
1320:
1319:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1274:
1272:9780199562527
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1192:nach maireann
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1174:nach maireann
1171:
1167:
1161:
1159:0-901519-90-1
1155:
1151:
1144:
1128:
1127:Michael Bauer
1124:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1107:nach maireann
1103:
1097:
1082:
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2509:BBC GĂ idhlig
2495:Broadcasting
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2366:Dictionaries
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1975:RaidiĂł RĂ-Rá
1795:Lexicography
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1615:Modern Irish
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2430:Legislation
2349:Orthography
2261:Renaissance
2029:Tuairisc.ie
1858:Tuairisc.ie
1775:Gaelic type
1765:Orthography
1734:Conjugation
1634:GaeilgeoirĂ
1034:16 December
557:cha ghlac e
448:in 1944 as
154:Early forms
3322:Categories
3244:(Scotland)
3220:(Brittany)
3173:Tartessian
3149:Lusitanian
2879:Gallaecian
2631:Road signs
2532:Publishers
2518:BBC Radio
2486:(sporadic)
2478:(sporadic)
2463:Newspapers
2354:Literature
2020:Publishers
1948:(sporadic)
1940:(sporadic)
1937:BBC Two NI
1928:Nuacht RTÉ
1896:Television
1849:An tUltach
1729:Declension
1688:BĂ©arlachas
1519:11 January
1373:11 October
1298:Ethnologue
1278:6 February
1133:10 October
1119:"maireann"
1086:11 January
1060:11 January
1029:www.rct.uk
812:"Language"
791:References
768:Ethnologue
679:Literature
648:mo theanga
567:laibheĂłrad
551:glacaidh e
525:nĂ mholann
483:nominative
395:phrasebook
317:Gaoidhealg
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3307:indicate
3277:Gaelscoil
3273:(Cornish)
3232:(Ireland)
3230:Gaeltacht
3166:Tyrsenian
3058:Old Irish
2988:Old Welsh
2915:Brittonic
2732:Old Irish
2544:Akerbeltz
2375:Official
2264:(present)
2241:Old Irish
2065:Gael Linn
1885:Seachtain
1744:Phonology
1600:Old Irish
1500:cite book
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1445:cite book
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1325:(2011) .
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760:ISO 639-3
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254:Glottolog
222:ISO 639-3
165:Old Irish
61:fol. 170r
3267:(Breton)
3224:Y Wladfa
3141:Ligurian
3030:Goidelic
2888:Lepontic
2842:Galatian
2649:Category
2565:Ùr-sgeul
2502:BBC Alba
2328:Alphabet
2273:Dialects
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2158:Category
2056:Coiscéim
1822:Journals
1631:List of
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774:See also
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466:lá n-aon
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3129:Camunic
3113:Unknown
3015:Pictish
3007:Pictish
2976:Cumbric
2957:Cornish
2849:Gaulish
2756:Grammar
2699:History
2549:Birlinn
2377:support
2342:Writing
2320:Grammar
2208:History
1921:RTÉ One
1876:An Gael
1780:Braille
1758:Writing
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1567:History
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