609:, who spoke about Rackham's pioneering achievements in local government, took place at Newnham College on 20 November 2018. Gillian Sutherland, Fellow Emerita at Newnham College, spoke about Rackham in her historical context. Both events were filmed by Antony Carpen and may be seen on YouTube. The blue plaque was put up at 9 Park Terrace, a property belonging to Emmanuel College, on 25 January 2019 and a reception was held in Emmanuel. The blue plaque may be seen on the website of Cambridge, Past, Present & Future, a charity which administers the blue plaque scheme in Cambridge. In 2019 the Friends of the Milton Road Library have named one of the two community rooms in the re-opened Milton Road Library after Clara Rackham. Mary Joannou's biography of
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sections of the membership who were either pacifists or primarily interested in ending the war by securing a negotiated peace with
Germany. She managed to combine her deep personal loyalty to Fawcett with her own principled opposition to the war by the advocacy of a compromise whereby the NUWSS would agree to support women's war work in principle but individual members would be permitted to pursue whatever activities they wished either in war work, for example, working in hospitals, or supporting initiatives to bring about peace. Rackham's proposal was accepted as NUWSS policy thereby averting the danger of the organisation falling apart. After women over 30 were enfranchised under the
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448:, believing that small selective grammar schools were of more benefit to working-class children. She served with Lilian Mary Hart Clark on the governing body of the Cambridge School of Arts, Crafts and Technology, which was renamed the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology in 1958, and Anglia Ruskin University in 2005. A large modern building containing laboratories and teaching rooms was erected on the Cambridge campus in 1972 and named Rackham in her honour. This was demolished in 2009. She had a lifelong interest in the education of working people, was a part-time lecturer in social history and local government for the
342:(1935). With the exception of the few years in which she worked as a factory inspector she never left Cambridge. She fought innumerable battles to improve living conditions for the working-class communities in the north and east of the city, lobbying hard for the indoor heated swimming pool on the corner of Parker's Piece and Mill Road. Today's light and airy glass pool remains as one of her lasting achievements. She opened the Rock Road Public Library and also helped to finance the construction of the Labour Club on Mill Road which was built by voluntary labour in the 1920s.
504:. Bellamy and Price note that Rackham had come to adopt the practice of waiting outside the borough council chamber until the prayers before council meetings had finished. She also refused the mayoralty of Cambridge because she did not wish to take part in religious observances while agreeing to chair meetings of Cambridge Borough Council which were not preceded by prayers (1956–1958). She declined the Freedom of the City of Cambridge, requesting instead that a bench be placed outside the Meadowcroft retirement home on
593:, Cambridge, is named after her as was a room in the Alex Wood Hall in Norfolk Street, the headquarters of the Cambridge City Labour Party. A bust was commissioned and manufactured but its whereabouts today are unknown. In 2018, the centenary of some women obtaining the vote, Rackham and Leah Manning were selected by the Women's Local Government Society to be included in their list of pioneers whose lives had inspired a younger generation to engage in service to their local communities.
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before returning to
Langdon House when another place there became available. Rackham died in Langdon House in 1966 after enjoying her 90th birthday celebrations, which were attended by friends and well-wishers representing over twenty local organisations, charities, and voluntary groups which she had supported over the years. She was cremated at the cemetery on
182:. She was the leader of the Liberal group at Newnham College and spoke in student debates. When Gladstone died in 1898 on the day before she was due to begin part one of the Classical Tripos she was not told the news in case she were to do badly. Rackham is first listed as a host of a public meeting in an advertisement that appeared on 24 October 1902 in
624:. Mary talks about Rackham's time at Newnham, her relationship with Harris, and her support of the Labour Party, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and NUWSS. Lucy's interview includes details about Rackham's home life as well as her work as a borough and county councillor, and as a Poor Law guardian.
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Rackham became a well-known figure in
Cambridge in her later years, riding everywhere on her bicycle, doing voluntary work in the community, enjoying her contact with young and old alike, adjusting with indomitable good humour to her own loss of hearing, and reading aloud to the partially sighted. In
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Rackham proved to be a first-class organiser, giving rousing speeches, and touring the surrounding villages to drum up support for women's suffrage. She was faced with a hostile crowd in
Newmarket. Rackham was elected to the executive committee of the Eastern Federation of the NUWSS and then to the
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Rackham moved into the
Langdon House residential care home after the death of her sister, Margaret, who had lived with her at 9 Park Terrace after Harris Rackham died. She then relocated herself to Meadowcroft to make available a place at Langdon House for an old person who was poorer than she was
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and drew attention to the range of options made available to magistrates when dealing with children in need of care or protection while criticising aspects of the legislation for not going far enough. In 1933 she argued that no young person under the age of 17 should be sent to prison. At the time
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by both the city and the county council. She was first elected as a councillor for West
Chesterton in north Cambridge (1919–22) and was later returned for Romsey, a working-class area of the city on the unfashionable side of the railway bridge in which many of the families of local railway workers
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subcommittee of the
Standing Joint Committee of Industrial Women's Organizations (SJCIWO) and by 1930 had become chairman of the organisation. Rackham chaired the National Conference of Labour Women at the Kingsway Hall in London where SJCIWO put forward two reports for discussion; on abolition of
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which would have excluded women from their role on school boards. Rackham objection to the legislation was that it removed the right of women to be elected by local voters to their existing roles and made them reliant on the consent of other members of boards rather than a direct mandate from the
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who thought unemployment benefits (the dole) too high, and wrongly assumed this was the consensus on the
Commission. Rackham was a signatory to a minority report by the Labour Party members on the Commission in 1933. She later published a short book in which she demonstrated her own expertise on
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Rackham was chairman of the
Cambridgeshire County Council Education Committee from 1945 to 1957 and took a strong interest in girls' education, nursery education, and education in the early years and campaigned for free school milk and meals for the benefit of undernourished children. She was a
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Rackham steered the national organisation through its most turbulent period in 1915 with considerable tact and skill when
Millicent Fawcett's qualified support for women's involvement in the war effort was opposed by a majority of the NUWSS committee who tendered their resignations and by large
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from 1956 to 1958 and chairman of the Cambridgeshire County Council Education Committee from 1945 to 1957. She first came to prominence through her leading role in the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies and later became a significant national figure in the labour movement, acquiring a
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Like other suffragists from a privileged background, Rackham was brought into direct contact with the plight of the poor and disadvantaged through her work as a Poor Law Guardian and was shocked by what she saw. Her experiences with poor relief for the Castle End ward of Cambridge (1904–15)
452:, and elected Chairman of the WEA Eastern District. She always valued and retained her links with Newnham College where she organised a summer school for working women and was on the college's governing body from 1920 to 1940 and on the Newnham College council from 1924 to 1931.
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A celebration of Rackham's life and work in words, music and theatre organised by Mary Joannou took place in the presence of members of the Rackham family at Anglia Ruskin University on 2 November 2018. The event included a specially commissioned play entitled
362:) and Edith Bethune-Baker, was one of the first women in Cambridge to serve on the bench. The work of the criminal justice system and, in particular, the way in which the law dealt with juvenile offenders became a central concern for her throughout her life.
223:' of law-abiding suffragists that converged on Hyde Park from routes all over the country in 1913. Rackham joined the procession at Burwell and gave a stirring address to the marchers in the market square in Cambridge before the procession set off for
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to London. Rackham participated in her last peace march in 1961 at the age of eighty-five. Other members of the Tabor family, including her niece, Mary Tabor, also remember being taken on the Aldermaston March by Rackham when they were children.
109:, and was captain of the hockey team. Clara left with the equivalent of a third-class degree (women did not officially receive degrees from Cambridge University until 1948). However, she had made a lifelong friend in another Newnham student,
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Anyone who studies the social reforms of the century in Cambridge will see how much they owe to Mrs Rackham's devoted and unstinting championship of the under-privileged. Her aim was to give them a better way of life. Her success is her
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Joyce Bellamy and Eileen Price, Rackham, Clara Dorothea (1875–1966), Labour Alderman, Social Reformer and Educationalist, in Joyce Bellamy and John Saville (eds), Dictionary of Labour Biography (Macmillan: Basingstoke, 1993), pp.
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which was founded in 1958 to call for Britain to lead the world in getting rid of nuclear weapons by disarming unilaterally. Her great-niece, Sarah Rackham, remembers being taken as a child on the annual CND march from
113:, one of the first three women to be elected to parliament as Labour MPs, and had also met her future husband, Harris Rackham, a lecturer in Classics at Newnham College from 1893. Harris, a brother of the illustrator
239:, the NUWSS dissolved itself and was succeeded by the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship in 1919. She had no formal legal training but from 1923 to 1931 she edited, and often wrote, a legal column for
38:(3 December 1875 – 11 March 1966) was an English feminist and politician active in the women's suffrage movement, the Women's Co-operative Guild, the peace movement, adult education, family planning and the
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in 1899. The couple married in 1901 and lived at 4 Grange Terrace before moving to 18 Hobson Street, the Senior Tutor's House at Christ's College in 1911, and then setting up home in a Georgian house at 9
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Like many former suffragists, Rackham placed her hopes for peace in the League of Nations between the wars and she attended meetings of the local Cambridge branch whenever she could. At the height of the
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In 1944 Rackham presented the Central Library in Cambridge with a unique collection of, for the most part, signed and numbered editions of Arthur Rackham's illustrated books. Rackham Close, in
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national executive committee which she chaired from 1909 to 1915 when she resigned to take up a position as a government factory inspector. Cambridge sent a sizeable contingent to the '
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from its inception in 1921, and another JP, was a friend. She joined the Howard League and worked with Clara Martineau of Birmingham City Council as part of a group reporting on
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written by Ros Connelly, young dancers from the Bodyworks Studio, and presentations by Sarah Rackham, Deborah Thom and Councillor Anna Smith. The civic ceremony in which the
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the age limit was 14. She resigned as a magistrate in 1950, and from her other committees when she became aware that loss of hearing had made it hard for her to carry on.
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At Newnham College (1895–98) Clara Tabor studied Classics but much of her time was taken up with outdoor pursuits and with politics. She was a prominent supporter of the
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Lawless Youth. A Challenge to the New Europe. A Policy for the Juvenile Courts prepared by the International Committee of the Howard League for Penal Reform 1942–1945
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and elsewhere in the countryside surrounding Cambridge with Rackham's enthusiastic support. However, she never fully embraced the Labour Party's post-war support for
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Music Therapy Department. In the 1930s Rackham supported Manning's initiatives in parliament to welcome Basque children to Britain who were seeking refuge during the
207:, a classicist at Girton College, persuaded Rackham to join the Cambridge Women's Suffrage Association. This was a branch of the constitutional, non-militant
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for the Home Office and was one of four women appointed to temporary positions on 25 October 1915 working alongside Jeanette Tawney, wife of the philosopher
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in 1980. Although she had been brought up in the Christian faith, her outlook on life became decidedly secular over the years and she eventually joined the
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263:. She was deployed initially in Lancashire and then in the London area. The post meant that she had to turn down the offer of an academic position at
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496:, recalled how overwhelmed they had been by the public response to a letter requesting information about her life and work which they had sent to
189:. Her attendance is reported at the public meeting on 29 October 1902 held at the old Sturton Hall. The Liberal Party were protesting against the
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in the 1920s and one of the first women to be heard on the airwaves. She gave talks on the work of a magistrate and on legal matters. A series
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in 1902 and became its President, remaining active in her local group for over twenty years and writing on the value of co-operative ideals in
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personal friend of Henry Morris, the innovative Director of Education for Cambridgeshire from 1922, and shared his visionary ideal of the '
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145:. Jebb founded the Save the Children Fund in 1919 to raise money for German and Austrian children. In 1923 Rackham served on the
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in 1945). Both women were associated with the ragged school set up in a building in Young Street which is now the site of
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the marriage bar, and on equal pay for equal work. In Cambridge she worked with her friend, the Homerton College-trained
620:, about their aunt, in November 1975 and January 1976 respectively, as part of the Suffrage Interviews project, titled
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in 1924. The marriage was a happy one and lasted until Harris's death in 1944. Clara remained in the house until 1957.
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though she stood as an Independent representing the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship (NUSEC) in the
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during her lifetime but stipulated that the council could do whatever they thought was appropriate after her death.
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to Parliament in 1925. Rackham was also a founder-member of the Magistrates' Association in 1927 and an advocate of
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national reputation for her expertise on factory conditions, workers' rights, equal pay, and national insurance.
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697:"Women, Health and Politics, 1919– 1939: Professional and lay involvement in the Women's Health Campaign" (PDF)
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1160:: 'How we Manage Our Affairs-I, How we Elect our Councillors' – 5XX Daventry – 6 November 1929 – BBC Genome"
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in 1938. She was a lifelong advocate of workers' rights and an early advocate of the 40-hour work week.
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for the use of the residents. She stated that she did not want to have a bust of herself displayed in
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reinforced her conviction that it was essential for women to have the vote if things were to change.
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in the Newnham College Political Society, a proficient long-distance cyclist, swam regularly in the
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Clara (centre front), with her father Henry and mother Emma, sister Margaret and brother Francis
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Clara Rackham, The Life and Times of Clara Rackham: Socialist, Suffragist and Social Reformer
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lived in 1929. Rackham was returned unopposed to represent Romsey for the last time in 1946.
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A Critical Woman: Barbara Wootton, Social Science and Public Policy in the Twentieth Century
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Royal Commission on Unemployment Insurance, abridged minority report (1933, Fabian Society)
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Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews
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1962 she delivered her last speech at the Golden Jubilee of the Cambridge Branch of the
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where she was a long-serving city and county councillor. Rackham was vice-chairman of
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on 15 March 1966. A tribute written in the Newnham College Roll Letter in 1967 reads:
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334:(1922) and lost heavily to a rising star in the Conservative Party, the sitting MP,
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on Unemployment Insurance where she clashed with the cotton industry administrator
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Mary Tabor, Interview with Brian Harrison (1975, The Women's Library at the LSE)
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in the Attlee ministry of 1945, and campaigned for Dalton when he contested the
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Information provided by Sarah Rackham, Clara's great-niece, 23 April 2018.
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Rackham stood for Parliament twice with no success: she was defeated in
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Rackham held numerous elected positions in Cambridge and was made an
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election of March 1919. Rackham developed a close relationship with
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Jean Spence; Sarah Aiston; Maureen M. Meikle (10 September 2009).
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1016:(Papermac ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 116–9 and 159.
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211:(NUWSS), the President of which was the veteran suffragist,
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Clara Rackham (known as Dorothea to her family) was born in
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Rackham's nieces, Mary and Lucy Tabor, were interviewed by
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in 1929 began with a talk "How we Elect our Councillors".
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Rackham was a pioneering broadcaster in the early days of
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and some of these children were given homes in Cambridge.
49:, educator, anti-poverty campaigner and penal reformer in
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Lancashire and Whitehall: The Diary of Sir Raymond Streat
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People educated at Notting Hill & Ealing High School
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in 1894, and like her older sister, Margaret, attended
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At the end of the First World War Rackham joined the
961:. Manchester University Press. p. 45 and note.
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and formed part of the delegation to visit Asquith.
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227:. In London she was seated on the podium next to
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133:Rackham established the Cambridge branch of the
354:Rackham became a magistrate in 1920, and, with
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580:Unveiling of the blue plaque for Clara Rackham
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651:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
645:Harrison, Brian. "Rackham, Clara Dorothea".
537:Cambridge: A Brief Study in Social Questions
209:National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies
139:Cambridge: A Brief Study in Social Questions
78:and Emma Tabor (née Woodcock) who came from
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315:. Leah Manning remembered that, during the
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469:and the United States, Rackham joined the
885:"Factory and Workshop Acts, 1901 to 1911"
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1305:Members of Cambridgeshire County Council
919:A Historical Dictionary of British Women
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572:, Hermann Mannheim, and Wanda Grabinska.
274:From 1930 to 1932 Rackham served on the
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1091:. 3 November 1933 – via ProQuest.
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860:Women, Education, and Agency, 1600–2000
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648:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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178:The youthful Rackham was an admirer of
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548:Social Conditions in Provincial Towns
237:Representation of the People Act 1918
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1270:Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
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829:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 33.
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42:. She was a pioneering magistrate,
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1209:. Cambridge and County Folk Museum
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317:1926 United Kingdom general strike
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1110:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp.
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777:"Cambridge Independent Press"
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350:Magistrate and penal reformer
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982:Cheryl Law (22 April 2000).
665:UK public library membership
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117:, became a Senior Fellow at
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1087:"The Manchester Guardian".
683:A Cambridge Alumni Database
679:"Rackham, Harris (RKN887H)"
309:Chancellor of the Exchequer
187:Cambridge Independent Press
119:Christ's College, Cambridge
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1300:Co-operative Women's Guild
1136:"Making women magistrates"
1038:"Making women magistrates"
922:. Routledge. p. 364.
685:. University of Cambridge.
568:(1947), with Margery Fry,
498:The Cambridge Evening News
313:1922 Cambridge by-election
135:Women's Co-operative Guild
96:Newnham College, Cambridge
1230:"The Suffrage Interviews"
1063:. Routledge. p. 64.
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405:How we Manage Our Affairs
301:Cambridge Borough Council
213:Millicent Garrett Fawcett
1285:British prison reformers
546:Survey of Cambridge for
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382:. In 1933 she wrote to
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386:regarding the recent
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158:in 1928 and then for
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1141:30 June 2015 at the
1043:30 June 2015 at the
307:, who was to become
283:factory conditions,
269:University of London
255:Rackham worked as a
380:corporal punishment
360:John Maynard Keynes
356:Florence Ada Keynes
1280:Factory inspectors
1202:Wimhurst, Tamsin.
1158:Mrs. C. D. Rackham
953:Sir Raymond Streat
892:The London Gazette
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378:, and opponent of
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366:, director of the
241:The Women's Leader
198:Leading suffragist
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894:. 29 October 1915
870:978-1-135-85584-0
836:978-1-84966-468-4
801:. 30 October 1902
779:. 24 October 1902
761:Harrison, Brian.
663:(Subscription or
543:, on co-operation
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229:Millicent Fawcett
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418:village college
413:
397:
352:
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265:Bedford College
253:First World War
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92:Bedford College
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40:labour movement
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1134:Logan (2002),
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541:Eglantyne Jebb
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454:
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340:Saffron Walden
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191:Education Bill
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156:Islington East
143:Eglantyne Jebb
128:Parker's Piece
115:Arthur Rackham
111:Susan Lawrence
72:non-conformist
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1237:. Retrieved
1233:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1197:
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1167:. Retrieved
1157:
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1102:Law (2000).
1097:
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1010:Pimlott, Ben
1004:
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977:
957:
947:
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896:. Retrieved
891:
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781:. Retrieved
771:
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728:Law (2000).
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467:Soviet Union
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261:R. H. Tawney
250:
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183:
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152:Leah Manning
138:
132:
126:overlooking
100:
68:Notting Hill
65:
29:
28:
18:
1265:1966 deaths
1260:1875 births
1014:Hugh Dalton
699:, at p. 125
603:blue plaque
570:Max Grünhut
560:Factory Law
483:Final years
476:Aldermaston
364:Margery Fry
305:Hugh Dalton
285:Factory Law
251:During the
36: Tabor
1254:Categories
1023:0333412516
667:required.)
628:References
550:(1912) by
539:(1906) by
332:Chelmsford
205:Adela Adam
84:Lancashire
1145:, p. 235.
1047:, p. 207.
525:memorial.
438:Impington
434:Comberton
426:Bottisham
411:Education
401:BBC radio
376:probation
107:River Cam
51:Cambridge
1239:23 April
1139:Archived
1041:Archived
1012:(1986).
955:(1987).
805:15 April
783:15 April
718:323–238.
463:Cold War
324:Alderman
194:people.
47:Guardian
44:Poor Law
1213:28 July
1169:28 June
898:27 June
422:Sawston
267:in the
225:Royston
1118:
1067:
1020:
992:
965:
926:
867:
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591:Arbury
585:Legacy
562:(1938)
442:Linton
160:Epping
1207:(PDF)
888:(PDF)
338:, in
80:Wigan
1241:2024
1215:2018
1171:2015
1116:ISBN
1114:–8.
1065:ISBN
1018:ISBN
990:ISBN
963:ISBN
924:ISBN
900:2015
865:ISBN
831:ISBN
807:2017
785:2017
742:ISBN
1164:BBC
1112:127
738:103
653:doi
184:The
34:née
1256::
1232:.
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1079:^
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659:.
655::
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