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346:
618:
140:
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38:
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355:
591:
476:
218:
810:, a lyre-like instrument. It was often used as a generic term for 'plucked stringed instrument' by writers discussing a variety of instruments in medieval and Renaissance times, but when a player used this name for his instrument, he was probably making a claim that his instrument was the one that had the magic to readily manipulate the listener's emotional states as the original kithara (with a similar large plectrum) had a reputation of doing to the ancient Greeks."
494:
650:
452:
The cithara is also mentioned in other places in the Latin
Vulgate version of the Bible, including Genesis 4:21, 1 Kings (1 Samuel) 16:16, 1 Paralipomenon (1 Chronicles) 25:3, Job 30:31, Psalms 32:2, Psalms 56:9, Psalms 70:22, Psalms 80:3, Psalms 91:4, Psalms 97:5, Psalms 107:3, Psalms
825:
depicts King David wielding an instrument that has a broad neck, a circular pegbox (without pegs depicted), and three strings, and whose total length is three times as long as its body, which is of a circular shape. This instrument resembles a lute more than a cithara, but it is associated with
181:
was widely used as a teaching instrument in boys’ schools, the cithara was a virtuoso's instrument and generally known as requiring a great deal of skill. The cithara was played primarily to accompany dance, epic recitations, rhapsodies, odes, and lyric songs. It was also played solo at the
661:
540:
637:
830:
This psalter contains several images of an instrument having a long neck and a narrow body with parallel sides, sloping shoulders, and a pear-shaped pegbox. In the text, next to all these miniatures, the instrument is called a
514:
574:
182:
receptions, banquets, national games, and trials of skill. Aristotle said that these string instruments were not for educational purposes but for pleasure only. It was played by strumming the strings with a stiff
425:
is mentioned a number of times in the Bible, generally translated into
English as "harp" or "psaltery", but historically rendered as "cithara". Psalm 42 in the Latin Vulgate (Psalm 43 in other versions), says,
202:) or to rings threaded over the bar, or wound around pegs. The other ends of the strings were secured to a tail-piece after passing over a flat bridge, or the tail-piece and bridge were combined.
1108:
186:
made of dried leather, held in the right hand with elbow outstretched and palm bent inwards. The strings with undesired notes were damped with the straightened fingers of the left hand.
590:
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composed of two resonating tables, either flat or slightly arched, connected by ribs or sides of equal width. At the top, its strings were knotted around the crossbar or yoke (
1834:
617:
205:
Most vase paintings show citharas with seven strings, in agreement with ancient authors, but those same authors also mention that occasionally an especially skillful
411:-like instruments. The use of the name throughout the Middle Ages looked back to the original Greek cithara, and its abilities to sway people's emotions.
1410:
690:
1381:, dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music and playing instruments rebuilt on archaeological reference. In its recording
279:, is the term for a type of statue or other image of Apollo with a cithara. Among the best-known examples is the Apollo Citharoedus at the
1909:
1336:
475:
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819:"There is evidence of citharae shaped like a lute, that is with a neck and an elongated body, even before the twelfth century: the
1403:
1121:
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1191:
493:
1396:
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170:, Martha Maas, and Jane M. Snyder have made connections between the cithara and stringed instruments from ancient
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146:7, Psalms 150:3, Isaiah 5:12, Isaiah 16:11, 1 Machabees 3:45, and 1 Corinthians 14:7.
8:
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was an intermediate stage, as the cithara developed from the lyre. Detail from an Attic
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was also used generically for stringed instruments, including lyres, but also including
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mentions that
Phrynnis was the first to play the cithara at Athens and won at the
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166:-neck lyres developed and used during the Aegean Bronze Age. Scholars such as
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depicting women in a peristyle, listening to another woman play a kithara and
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1598:
1331:
330:
85:
1388:
1383:
D'Euripide aux premiers chretiens: musique de l'antiquité grecque et romaine
1340:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 395–397.
1029:
643:
Apollo
Kitharoidos. Painted plaster, Roman artwork from the Augustan period.
229:
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876:
of later times, i.e. the 6th to 3rd centuries B.C., in the
Hellenic world."
718:
628:
320:
195:
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319:; by cithara is probably meant the new 12-stringed instrument invented by
252:
is often depicted playing a cithara instead of a lyre, often dressed in a
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103:, appropriate for teaching music to beginners. As opposed to the simpler
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283:, a 2nd-century CE colossal marble statue by an unknown Roman sculptor.
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92:
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872:, p. 94: "he swan-neck lyres were the predecessors of the sacred
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1348:. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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107:, the cithara was primarily used by professional musicians, called
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1309:. Vienna, Austria: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
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Two sketches of string instrument players (citharas, lyres or
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1167:. Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press.
95:
family. It was a seven-stringed professional version of the
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440:"To thee, O God my God, I will give praise upon the harp."
448:"Yea, upon the harp will I praise thee, O God my God."
41:
Young kithara player by the
Goluchow Painter, Athens,
1346:"The Kithara in Ancient Greece | Thematic Essay"
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209:
would use more than the conventional seven strings.
436:which is translated in the Douay-Rheims version as
71:
30:For the medieval European stringed instrument, see
1101:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
244:The cithara is said to have been the invention of
1236:"The Swan-Neck Lyres of Minoan-Mycenaean Culture"
1896:
1385:, the band plays both Roman and Greek kitharas.
1367:Peter Pringle demonstrates how a kithara worked
891:
696:Girl with lute by George Lawrence Bulleid, 1905
596:A Roman representation of a woman playing the
431:"Confitebor tibi in cithara, Deus, Deus meus,"
1418:
1404:
1012:
1010:
444:The King James version renders this verse as
1182:Maas, Martha; Snyder, Jane McIntosh (1989).
623:Cithara on the reverse of a hemidrachm from
228:holding a cithara and wearing the customary
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850:
736:, an instrument whose name is derived from
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670:playing a cithara while Sappho listens in
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286:
240:). Marble, Roman artwork, 2nd century CE.
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1200:
1186:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
1146:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1139:
1030:"Latin Vulgate Bible, Psalms Chapter 42"
1001:
914:
216:
212:
138:
36:
1300:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1048:"Douay-Rheims Bible, Psalms Chapter 42"
990:
14:
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1184:Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece
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1433:
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1143:Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece
958:
923:
99:, which was regarded as a rustic, or
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908:
1298:Music and Image in Classical Athens
1274:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
826:David. Further evidence appears in
464:may have been the same instrument.
24:
1910:Ancient Hebrew musical instruments
1377:A music group directed by scholar
1289:
393:Other instruments called "cithara"
134:
25:
1931:
1905:Ancient Greek musical instruments
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1304:
933:: Aristotle calls the cithara an
806:was the Latin name for the Greek
1203:"A Short History of the Cittern"
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27:Ancient Greek musical instrument
1094:
1086:[Latin Vulgate Bible].
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813:
796:
194:The cithara had a deep, wooden
189:
1161:Ciabattoni, Francesco (2010).
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13:
1:
1296:Bundrick, Sheramy D. (2005).
851:Harper, Douglas (2001–2022).
838:
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482:
380:
42:
1164:Dante's Journey to Polyphony
1140:Anderson, Warren D. (1994).
1070:www.kingjamesbibleonline.org
789:
481:Bronze figurine from Crete,
155:The cithara originated from
7:
1234:Vorreiter, Leopold (1975).
857:Online Etymology Dictionary
701:
549:tuning two phorminges. The
523:flying with kithara by the
72:
10:
1936:
1920:Sacred musical instruments
1240:The Galpin Society Journal
1207:The Galpin Society Journal
1201:Segerman, Ephraim (1999).
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822:Golden Psalter of St. Gall
655:Orpheus Mosaic in Rottweil
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419:An instrument called the
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947:Maas & Snyder (1989)
1337:Encyclopædia Britannica
1268:West, Martin Litchfield
1114:Oxford University Press
1066:"Psalms Chapter 43 KJV"
1084:"Biblia Sacra Vulgata"
886:Maas & Snyder 1989
682:The Walters Art Museum
499:Kithara player by the
287:Famous cithara players
241:
152:
49:
1322:Schlesinger, Kathleen
1307:"Ancient Greek Music"
964:Description of Greece
828:The Stuttgart Psalter
220:
213:Apollo as a kitharode
142:
40:
678:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
329:, who played at the
248:, the god of music.
149:sambuca (instrument)
1272:Ancient Greek Music
714:Ancient Greek music
668:Alcaeus of Mytilene
415:Biblical references
335:Alexander the Great
327:Athenodoros of Teos
1373:"Ensemble Kérylos"
1109:Grove Music Online
673:Sappho and Alcaeus
525:Providence Painter
272:Apollo Citharoedus
242:
222:Apollo kitharoidos
177:Whereas the basic
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119:has come to mean "
89:musical instrument
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1123:978-1-56159-263-0
1017:Ciabattoni (2010)
935:organon technikon
460:mentioned in the
256:’s formal robes.
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16:(Redirected from
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1869:Greek folk music
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1327:"Cithara"
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83:
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1884:Greek dances
1741:Askomandoura
1470:
1382:
1350:. Retrieved
1335:
1311:. Retrieved
1297:
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671:
609: 40-30
597:
555:white-ground
457:
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367:?) from the
321:Melanippides
310:
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199:
196:sounding box
193:
190:Construction
176:
154:
128:
116:
113:modern Greek
81:
53:
51:
1634:Pontic lyra
1629:Cretan lyra
1569:Water organ
1379:Annie Bélis
1090:(in Latin).
909:West (1992)
580:Apollo and
399:Middle Ages
373:Anglo-Saxon
317:Panathenaea
264:Citharoedus
259:Kitharoidos
127:stems from
115:, the word
1899:Categories
1818:Idiophones
1799:Tambourine
1785:Percussion
1551:Percussion
1352:2016-10-25
1313:2016-10-25
1213:: 77–107.
1103:"Kaithros"
839:References
532: 480
375:artist in
230:kitharōdos
109:kitharodes
93:yoke lutes
46: 520
1879:Nisiotika
1825:Koudounia
1804:Toubeleki
1751:Tsampouna
1700:Tambouras
1536:Pan flute
1494:Epigonion
1246:: 93–97.
966:. 5.14.8.
960:Pausanias
925:Aristotle
831:cithara."
790:Footnotes
758:Kitharode
557:cup from
323:of Melos.
254:kitharode
234:musagetes
207:kitharode
168:M.L. West
161:Mycenaean
84:, was an
78:Latinized
67:romanized
1857:See also
1776:Souravli
1761:Karamuza
1756:Floghera
1721:Santouri
1705:Thaboura
1695:Psaltery
1685:Mandolin
1665:Bouzouki
1587:Medieval
1564:Crotalum
1559:Cochilia
1509:Trigonon
1476:Phorminx
1461:Barbiton
1324:(1911).
1270:(1992).
1116:. 2001.
1088:drbo.org
1052:drbo.org
931:. 1341a.
929:Politics
874:kitharai
853:"guitar"
768:Phorminx
724:Barbiton
702:See also
551:phorminx
458:kaithros
293:Phrynnis
184:plectrum
172:Anatolia
1835:Trigono
1809:Tympano
1771:Mantura
1766:Lalitsa
1680:Mandola
1658:Plucked
1599:Organon
1574:Sistrum
1541:Salpinx
1504:Sambuca
1499:Magadis
1471:Kithara
1443:Pandura
1427:Ancient
1334:(ed.).
1134:Sources
808:kithara
804:Cithara
773:Pandura
738:Kithara
734:Gittern
729:Cythara
680:(1881;
598:cithara
582:Marsyas
559:Eretria
468:Gallery
404:cythara
397:In the
129:kithara
117:kithara
91:in the
82:cithara
73:kithára
69::
54:kithara
32:Cythara
18:Cithara
1830:Stamna
1714:Struck
1690:Oudola
1675:Laouto
1670:Guitar
1615:String
1608:Modern
1466:Chelys
1435:String
1278:
1260:841575
1258:
1227:842519
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986:. 761.
783:Zither
753:Kinnor
743:Guitar
625:Cragus
422:kinnor
365:rottas
309:: The
307:Lesbos
302:Φρῦνις
250:Apollo
246:Apollo
226:Apollo
157:Minoan
145:fresco
121:guitar
62:κιθάρα
1915:Lyres
1840:Zilia
1746:Gaida
1622:Bowed
1531:Aulos
1330:. In
1256:JSTOR
1223:JSTOR
978:"phi"
778:Sitar
377:Reims
305:) of
262:, or
238:Muses
200:zugon
111:. In
58:Greek
1734:Wind
1523:Wind
1486:Harp
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748:Harp
611:BC).
547:Muse
521:Nike
456:The
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179:lyra
164:swan
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97:lyre
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676:by
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