27:
634:
459:
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55:
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Antofagasta, but the attempt failed, leaving the company deeply in debt. Mining was never really fully developed at this time because of a lack of water, isolation, difficulty communicating, lack of capital, and fluctuations in the copper price. Nevertheless, larger mining companies eventually emerged, organized as commercial companies rather than mining operations to work around problems with the mining code. These companies started to buy up and consolidate small mines and claims. In 1951, a young
48:
375:
293:. The most widely known seems to be that it means the limit (camata) of the land of the Chucos (chuqui). Another interpretation is that it means metal (chuqui) tipped wooden (camata) spear. A third interpretation is that it means the distance (camata) that a spear (chuqui) was thrown by an Atacameño to determine the size of the copper orebody that a god intended to give him. Yet, another theory is that it means 'Pico de Oro' or 'Peak of Gold'.
403:
438:
Chile then went ahead with the development and construction of a mine on the eastern section of the
Chuquicamata field, gradually expanding it to include the rest of the field over the next 15 years. A leaching plant was planned with a capacity to produce 50,000 tons of electrolytic copper annually.
430:
and were immediately interested. They organised the Chile
Exploration Company (Chilex) in January 1912 and eventually bought out Burrage for US$ 25 million (or $ 789 million today) in Chile's stock market. E. A. Cappelen Smith, consulting metallurgist for M. Guggenheim's Sons, worked out the first
355:
These early operations mined high grade veins like the
Zaragoza and Balmaceda veins, which contained concentrations of up to 10-15% copper, leaving low grade disseminated ore. One attempt was made to process the low-grade ore in 1899-1900 by Norman Walker, a partner in La Compañia de Cobres de
351:
when rebels confiscated mines belonging to loyalists. Many miners lived in makeshift and lawless shanty towns around the mines, including Punta de Rieles, Placilla, and Banco
Drummond. These settlements provided miners with alcohol, gambling, and prostitution and murder was an almost daily
447:, 140 km (90 mi) to the West and an aqueduct was constructed to bring water in from the Andes. Production started on May 18, 1915. Production rose from 4,345 tonnes in the first year to 50,400 tonnes in 1920. The Guggenheims sold the mine to
344:, including Chuquicamata. At this time, a great influx of miners were drawn into the area by what was termed the 'Red Gold Fever' (La Fiebre del Oro Rojo). Soon, Chuquicamata was covered with mines and over 400 mining claims at one point.
316:
mine, which is now the world's largest producing mine, with 750,000 metric tons of annual productions (5.6% of the world's production in 2000). Copper has been mined for centuries at
Chuquicamata, as evidenced by the 1899 discovery of the
418:
of the
Guggenheim Group. Their reports found that the mine showed promise, and in April 1911, he started to buy up mines and claims, mainly from the larger mining companies, in association with Duncan Fox y Cia., an English entrepreneur.
1866:
664:
in the
Atacama Desert, and Chile was the primary source of nitrates in the world. After the war, the world market for saltpeter, Chile's main export at the time, collapsed because of the production of artificial
541:
to the north (on the same mineralized system), Ministro Hales mine to the south (formerly Mansa Mina) and the recently discovered 'Toki cluster' of copper porphyries to form the "'Codelco Norte'" division of
1441:
261:. Flotation and smelting facilities were installed in 1952, and expansion of the refining facilities in 1968 made 500,000 tons annual copper production possible in the late 1970s. Previously part of
496:, and turned out to be the largest known deposit of exotic copper. This led Anaconda to build an oxide plant, concentrator, smelter, refinery, and town next to the mine, as well as a power plant in
692:. These mines gave rise to largely self-contained and self-sustaining settlements, complete with housing for workers, water and electrical plants, schools, stores, railways, and police forces.
426:. They examined his claims and estimated the reserves at 690 million tonnes of 2.58% grade copper. The Guggenheims also had discovered a process for treating the low grade ores developed by
410:
The modern era started when an
American engineer named Bradley finally developed a method of processing low-grade oxidized copper ores. In 1910 he approached the lawyer and industrialist
347:
It was a wild and disorganized camp. Title claims were often in doubt due to the defective 1873 Mining Code and matters were further complicated after the capture of Calama during the
301:
Incas and
Spanish explorers exploited the mineral deposits of Chuquicamata during the pre-colonial and colonial periods, and Chilean and English companies mined the
1449:
641:
Copper mining has long been the most consistent
Chilean export, and currently accounts for almost one-third of all foreign trade, down from a peak of almost 75%.
1627:
514:. Nevertheless, it remained by far the mine with the largest total production (approximately 29 million tonnes) of copper until the end of 2007 (excluding
1210:
Ossandon, Guillermo; Freraut, Roberto; Gustafson, Lewis; Lindsay, Darryl; Zentilli, Marcos (2001). "Geology of the Chuquicamata Mine: A Progress Report".
489:. These secondary sulfides arise from the leaching of the overlying ore and its re-deposition and replacement of the deeper primary (hypogene) sulfides.
522:. Its open pit is the world's largest at 4.3 km (2.7 mi) long, 3 km (1.9 mi) wide and over 900 m (3,000 ft) deep and its
1482:
368:, describing it as " a scene from a modern drama. You cannot say that it's lacking in beauty, but it is a beauty without grace, imposing and glacial."
352:
occurrence. The army had to be sent in to maintain order as late as 1918. The towns were eventually buried under the waste dumps to east of the mine.
594:
direction. The Chuqui Porphyry Complex lies in the mineralized east part of the pit. In contrast, the barren Fortuna Complex lies in the west part.
648:
since the colonial period, but it was not until the 20th century that copper reached the same level of importance as other mineral exports such as
562:
is hosted by the Chuqui Porphyry Complex, made up of East, Fine Texture, West and Banco porphyries. These Cu-Mo porphyry systems formed during the
101:
677:. As a result, Chile's economy shifted toward dependence on the copper industry. During this period, copper was described as "Chile's salary".
1874:
1743:
1585:
1897:
318:
273:
in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Its depth of 850 metres (2,790 ft) makes it the second deepest open-pit mine in the world, after
1495:
1469:
431:
process for the treatment of Chuquicamata copper oxide ore around 1913 and led a team of engineers operating a pilot plant in
1176:
1946:
1398:
1356:
1333:
1147:
1941:
1841:
1528:
1415:
586:. The West Fault is a major fault that separates Chuquicamata into western and eastern parts. This fault is part of the
1538:
1425:
1371:
1300:
1124:
1091:
270:
222:
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nationalized the Chuquicamata mine. Anaconda lost two-thirds of its copper production. After the Chilean military
26:
1956:
519:
325:
550 A.D. The mummy was found in an ancient mine shaft, apparently trapped by a rockfall— It is also related that
1936:
1884:
Chuqui: The Life and Death of a Mining Town - Documentary video about the last days of the town of Chuquicamata
703:
Allende in a CIA-backed coup in 1973, the new military government paid Anaconda $ 250 million in compensation.
700:
47:
1162:
510:
For many years it was the mine with the largest annual production in the world but was recently overtaken by
365:
1809:
Ossandon, C. Guillermo; Roberto Freraut C.; Lewis B. Gustafson; Darryl D. Lindsay; Marcos Zentilli (2001).
1686:
633:
458:
394:
1663:"Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973"
590:
West Fault System in Chile, extending several hundred kilometers in a general north-south to northeast
474:
the copper, but by 1951 the oxidized reserves were primarily exhausted. The company then built a mill,
427:
381:
415:
1810:
530:(855,000 tonnes p.a.) are among the world's largest. Chuquicamata is also a significant producer of
1926:
1871:
571:
538:
515:
1951:
1931:
1750:
1593:
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The Decline of the Copper Industry in Chile and the Entrance of North American Capital, 1870-1916
1417:
The Decline of the Copper Industry in Chile and the Entrance of North American Capital, 1870-1916
689:
555:
432:
374:
1901:
1889:
253:, at 2,850 m (9,350 ft) above sea level. It is 215 km (134 mi) northeast of
518:). Despite over 90 years of intensive exploitation, it remains one of the largest known copper
348:
466:
For many years, production came from the oxidized capping of the orebody, which only required
329:
obtained copper horseshoes from the natives when he passed through in the early 16th century.
1808:
527:
467:
414:, who sent engineers to examine Chuquicamata. This was the beginning of copper mining by the
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1219:
1126:
La Lucha de los Mineros Contra las leyes: Chuquicamata (1900–1915) Luis Orellana Retamales
8:
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1270:
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1235:
1086:
1081:
333:
79:
1694:
1613:
1554:
Yacimientos Metaliferos De Chile, Carlos Ruiz Fuller & Federico Peebles, page 54.
1534:
1421:
1286:
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661:
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423:
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1718:
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By the late 1950s, the three largest copper mines in Chile were Chuquicamata,
1920:
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975:
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250:
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103:
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Since Burrage did not have the capital to develop a mine, he approached the
579:
504:
440:
1308:
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Copper has been mined in the land area between central Chile and southern
1564:
1076:
1066:
685:
657:
622:
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254:
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in terms of excavated volume in the world. It is located in the north of
1780:"A special issue devoted to porphyry copper deposits of Northern Chile"
606:
531:
451:
in 1923, and production increased to 135,890 tonnes by 1929 before the
1779:
715:
Climate data for Chuquicamata, elevation 2,710 m (8,890 ft)
1826:
1795:
1061:
610:
567:
497:
444:
313:
1255:"The production of copper in 6th century Chile's chuquicamata mine"
1101:
666:
614:
587:
523:
493:
479:
312:
in the world during the 1990s, but has since been surpassed by the
1372:"La Lucha de Los Mineros Contra la Leyes: Chuquicamata 1900-1915)"
559:
543:
402:
341:
266:
167:
1883:
492:
In 1957 the Exotica deposit (South Mine) was discovered beneath
1209:
653:
602:
563:
537:
Chuquicamata is now amalgamated with the currently operational
242:
239:
688:. Chuquicamata and El Salvador were owned and operated by the
193:
601:
and veinlets filling faults and fault-related shatter zones.
246:
208:
187:
184:
89:
1890:"Chuquicamata | mining centre, Chile | Britannica"
669:, first synthesized in Germany through a combination of the
621:
is conspicuous at Chuquicamata, almost all of it carried by
645:
597:
A large proportion of the copper at Chuquicamata occurs in
337:
278:
214:
199:
439:
Among the equipment purchased were steam shovels from the
1511:
257:
and 1,240 km (770 mi) north of the capital,
1811:"Geology of the Chuquicamata mine: A progress report"
332:
Mining activity was relatively small scale until the
223:
196:
190:
660:, saltpeter was collected from abundant deposits of
443:. A port and an oil-fired power plant were built at
211:
1777:
205:
202:
1719:"Anaconda Company | American company | Britannica"
1471:History of Corporacion Nacional del Cobre de Chile
1918:
308:from 1879 to 1912. The opencast was the biggest
1516:. The University of Utah Press. p. 3,108.
507:and operations were then assumed by CODELCO.
482:to treat the enormous reserves of underlying
289:There are several versions of the meaning of
1347:
1345:
1330:La Llegada de los Romanticos Inveersionistas
1138:
1136:
1134:
16:Largest open pit mine in the world by volume
1741:
1120:
1118:
1116:
554:Chuquicamata belongs to the broad class of
1687:"CHILE: The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream"
1526:
1413:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1778:Camus, Francisco; John H. Dilles (2001).
1507:
1505:
1342:
1131:
695:In 1971, Chile's newly elected president
1840:Sandrine Mörch (Director) (2007-11-10).
1742:Hajek, Ernst; Castri, Francesco (1975).
1113:
632:
457:
401:
393:
269:, a Chilean state enterprise, since the
265:, the mine is now owned and operated by
1527:Przeworski, Joanne Fox (January 1980).
1446:("Mining Engineering" Volume IV. 1952)"
1414:Przeworski, Joanne Fox (January 1980).
1198:
558:. Practically, the entire Chuquicamata
1919:
1502:
1484:New York Times article on Chuquicamata
1303:Copper horseshoes for Pedro de Almagro
1252:
582:activity which concentrated metal and
570:and exhibit classic "zoned alteration-
1383:"Los Primeros Pasos de Chuquicamata"
54:
628:
398:Haul truck in Chuquicamata in 2016.
336:, when Chile annexed parts of both
13:
1771:
1048:Source: Bioclimatografia de Chile
360:documented visiting the mine with
14:
1968:
1872:Codelco Chile - Chuquicamata info
1860:
1092:Chilean nationalization of copper
271:Chilean nationalization of copper
1512:Charles Caldwell Hawley (2014).
373:
180:
53:
46:
25:
1735:
1711:
1679:
1655:
1620:
1607:
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1463:
1434:
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1322:
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1246:
1169:
1156:
613:appears as both supergene and
389:
1:
1107:
322:
1842:"Chili entre mine et famine"
1749:(in Spanish). Archived from
1395:Closure of Chuquicamata Camp
1353:Closure of Chuquicamata camp
284:
31:The pit viewed from entrance
7:
1947:Mines in Antofagasta Region
1744:"Bioclimatografia de Chile"
1566:Cochilco Yearbook 1986-2005
1055:
904:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
764:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
605:is present everywhere, and
10:
1973:
1942:Geological type localities
1898:"Chuquicamata Copper Mine"
1630:Codelco 2006 Annual Report
1588:Codelco 2004 Annual Report
1232:10.2113/gsecongeo.96.2.249
1047:
714:
706:
637:Haul truck in Chuquicamata
549:
428:Elias Anton Cappelen Smith
296:
235:for short) is the largest
1279:10.1007/s11837-004-0256-6
1253:Fuller, David R. (2004).
973:
903:
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416:Chile Exploration Company
163:
158:
150:
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137:
132:
117:22.3054611°S 68.9022417°W
95:
85:
75:
41:
36:
24:
1164:El Mercurio, Antofagasta
556:porphyry copper deposits
122:-22.3054611; -68.9022417
690:Anaconda Copper Company
433:Perth Amboy, New Jersey
406:Chuquicamata ghost town
1957:Surface mines in Chile
1179:Nombre de Chuquicamata
638:
503:In 1971, the mine was
463:
407:
399:
366:The Motorcycle Diaries
349:1891 Chilean Civil War
1937:Copper mines in Chile
1867:Imágenes 3D en Google
636:
574:features. A regional
461:
455:hit and demand fell.
405:
397:
1848:. 55 min minutes in
1615:USGS Copper Smelters
384:Chuquicamata in 1925
321:," a mummy dated to
1756:on 22 November 2009
1271:2004JOM....56k..62F
1224:2001EcGeo..96..249O
834:Daily mean °C (°F)
539:Radomiro Tomić mine
424:Guggenheim Brothers
275:Bingham Canyon Mine
113: /
21:
1877:2011-07-26 at the
1723:www.britannica.com
1667:nsarchive2.gwu.edu
1572:2008-02-06 at the
1497:History of Codelco
1401:2007-10-22 at the
1359:2007-10-22 at the
1336:2007-10-22 at the
1150:2007-10-22 at the
1087:Potrerillos, Chile
1082:Los Pelambres mine
639:
578:zone gave rise to
464:
408:
400:
334:War of the Pacific
80:Antofagasta Region
19:
1514:A Kennecott Story
1144:Cierre Campamento
1052:
1051:
526:and electrolytic
327:Pedro de Valdivia
281:, United States.
231:; referred to as
173:
172:
67:Location in Chile
1964:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1900:. Archived from
1893:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1827:10.2113/96.2.249
1815:Economic Geology
1805:
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1796:10.2113/96.2.233
1784:Economic Geology
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1637:. Archived from
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1592:. Archived from
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1493:
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1448:. Archived from
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1380:
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1349:
1340:
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1307:. Archived from
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1290:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1212:Economic Geology
1207:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1183:. Archived from
1173:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1140:
1129:
1122:
1097:Geology of Chile
1072:El Salvador mine
712:
711:
697:Salvador Allende
682:El Salvador mine
629:Economic effects
584:sulfide minerals
512:Minera Escondida
462:View of the wall
453:Great Depression
412:Albert C Burrage
377:
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57:
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22:
18:
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1961:
1927:Anaconda Copper
1917:
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1888:
1879:Wayback Machine
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1772:Further reading
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1574:Wayback Machine
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1444:The Oxide Plant
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1403:Wayback Machine
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675:Ostwald process
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487:copper sulfides
476:flotation plant
449:Anaconda Copper
392:
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362:Alberto Granado
299:
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263:Anaconda Copper
249:, just outside
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1952:Open-pit mines
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1932:Atacama Desert
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1861:External links
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1846:Arte 360°, GEO
1837:
1821:(2): 249–270.
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1790:(2): 233–237.
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1693:. 1973-09-24.
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1533:. Arno Press.
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1420:. Arno Press.
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572:mineralization
551:
548:
516:Radomiro Tomić
472:electrowinning
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364:in his memoir
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108:068°54′08.07″W
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671:Haber process
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105:22°18′19.66″S
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1818:
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1737:
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1722:
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1594:the original
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1178:
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1163:
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1125:
978:mm (inches)
694:
679:
643:
640:
623:quartz veins
596:
580:hydrothermal
553:
536:
509:
505:nationalized
502:
491:
465:
441:Panama Canal
437:
435:for a year.
421:
409:
354:
346:
331:
300:
291:Chuquicamata
290:
288:
232:
224:choo-kee-kə-
176:Chuquicamata
175:
174:
141:Copper, gold
61:Chuquicamata
20:Chuquicamata
1077:El Teniente
1067:Chanarcillo
686:El Teniente
658:World War I
619:Molybdenite
390:Modern mine
358:Che Guevara
303:brochantite
255:Antofagasta
120: /
96:Coordinates
1921:Categories
1908:2015-02-26
1852:2007-11-09
1832:2007-11-11
1801:2007-11-11
1728:2022-12-02
1704:2022-12-02
1672:2022-12-02
1648:2008-05-23
1600:2008-05-23
1456:2010-02-20
1315:2008-06-14
1191:2008-06-14
1108:References
617:minerals.
607:chalcocite
532:molybdenum
319:Copper Man
133:Production
1699:0040-781X
1287:137666853
1240:128812977
1062:Escondida
701:overthrew
656:. Before
650:saltpeter
611:covellite
568:Oligocene
520:resources
498:Tocopilla
484:supergene
470:and then
445:Tocopilla
314:Escondida
285:Etymology
1875:Archived
1570:Archived
1399:Archived
1357:Archived
1334:Archived
1148:Archived
1102:Mir mine
1056:See also
974:Average
673:and the
667:nitrates
615:hypogene
588:Cenozoic
528:refinery
494:tailings
468:leaching
259:Santiago
237:open pit
138:Products
37:Location
1267:Bibcode
1220:Bibcode
1043:(0.34)
1023:(0.07)
1013:(0.07)
1003:(0.07)
993:(0.13)
969:(37.4)
964:(38.5)
959:(34.2)
954:(35.4)
949:(34.3)
944:(34.9)
939:(32.9)
934:(35.4)
929:(36.5)
924:(37.0)
919:(40.8)
914:(43.2)
909:(45.3)
899:(52.4)
894:(54.9)
889:(52.3)
884:(52.0)
879:(50.2)
874:(49.1)
869:(46.8)
864:(46.8)
859:(51.8)
854:(53.2)
849:(55.8)
844:(57.6)
839:(58.5)
829:(68.2)
824:(70.2)
819:(68.5)
814:(67.6)
809:(65.1)
804:(65.5)
799:(63.7)
794:(62.2)
789:(70.0)
784:(70.9)
779:(71.2)
774:(72.7)
769:(71.1)
707:Climate
662:caliche
560:orebody
550:Geology
544:Codelco
524:smelter
480:smelter
342:Bolivia
297:History
267:Codelco
168:CODELCO
164:Company
146:History
86:Country
1760:27 May
1697:
1537:
1424:
1285:
1238:
1038:(0.0)
1033:(0.0)
1028:(0.0)
1018:(0.0)
1008:(0.0)
998:(0.0)
988:(0.0)
983:(0.0)
720:Month
684:, and
654:silver
603:Pyrite
592:strike
564:Eocene
251:Calama
240:copper
233:Chuqui
151:Opened
76:Region
1754:(PDF)
1747:(PDF)
1642:(PDF)
1635:(PDF)
1283:S2CID
1236:S2CID
759:Year
599:veins
576:fault
306:veins
247:Chile
159:Owner
90:Chile
1762:2024
1695:ISSN
1691:Time
1535:ISBN
1422:ISBN
897:11.3
892:12.7
887:11.3
882:11.1
877:10.1
857:11.0
852:11.8
847:13.2
842:14.2
837:14.7
827:20.1
822:21.2
817:20.3
812:19.8
807:18.4
802:18.6
797:17.6
792:16.8
787:21.1
782:21.6
777:21.8
772:22.6
767:21.7
756:Dec
753:Nov
750:Oct
747:Sep
744:Aug
741:Jul
738:Jun
735:May
732:Apr
729:Mar
726:Feb
723:Jan
646:Peru
609:and
478:and
340:and
338:Peru
279:Utah
243:mine
154:1882
1823:doi
1792:doi
1275:doi
1259:JOM
1228:doi
1036:0.0
1031:0.0
1026:0.0
1021:1.8
1016:0.0
1011:1.9
1006:0.0
1001:1.9
996:0.0
991:3.4
986:0.0
981:0.0
967:3.0
962:3.6
957:1.2
952:1.9
947:1.3
942:1.6
937:0.5
932:1.9
927:2.5
922:2.8
917:4.9
912:6.2
907:7.4
872:9.5
867:8.2
862:8.2
652:or
500:.
310:pit
277:in
228:-tə
226:MAH
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323:c.
209:ɑː
194:iː
188:uː
185:tʃ
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203:ˈ
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