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acceptable level of risk increase drastically. Depressurization allows considerable expansions of a mine, and can extend the life of the mine by 10 to 15 years. One technique used in depressurization is annealing. Annealing is the slow heating and cooling of a metal, alloy or glass. This slow heating and cooling relieves the internal stress of surrounding areas. Annealing will increase a material's workability and durability, which overall increases open-pit mine safety. When groundwater pressures cause problems in open-pit mines, horizontal drains are used to aid in accelerating the slope depressurization process. Which helps to prevent large scale slope failure in the mine. Horizontal drains are used to lower pore pressure by reducing groundwater head, which enhances slope stability.
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of an appropriate open-pit slope design, changes throughout the life of a mine. It is based mainly on an ever-increasing understanding of the rock mass conditions, including groundwater and associated pressures that may be acting within the slopes. The reduction of groundwater related to pore pressures is a crucial aspect of determining whether or not a geotechnical engineering design for open-pit slopes is attainable. Groundwater control systems, which include dewatering and depressurization wells, may also have a large impact on local groundwater. Because of this, an optimization-based version of the control system is required to ensure that local and regional hydro-geological impacts are within acceptable ranges.
171:, which describe vertical levels of the hole. The interval of the benches depends on the deposit being mined, the mineral being mined, and the size of the machinery that is being used. Generally, large mine benches are 12 to 15 metres thick. In contrast, many quarries do not use benches, as they are usually shallow. Mining can be conducted on more than one bench at a time, and access to different benches is done with a system of ramps. The width of each bench is determined by the size of the equipment being used, generally 20–40 metres wide. Downward ramps are created to allow mining on a new level to begin. This new level will become progressively wider to form the new pit bottom.
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461:, and vegetation is planted to help consolidate the material. Eventually this layer will erode, but it is generally hoped that the rate of leaching or acid will be slowed by the cover such that the environment can handle the load of acid and associated heavy metals. There are no long term studies on the success of these covers due to the relatively short time in which large-scale open-pit mining has existed. It may take hundreds to thousands of years for some waste dumps to become "acid neutral" and stop leaching to the environment. The dumps are usually fenced off to prevent
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These type of pollutants cause significant damage to public health and safety in addition to damaging the air quality. The inhalation of these pollutants can cause issues to the lungs and ultimately increase mortality. Furthermore, the pollutants affect flora and fauna in the areas surrounding open-pit mines.
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110:. It causes significant effects to miners' health, as well as damage to the ecological land and water. Open-pit mining causes changes to vegetation, soil, and bedrock, which ultimately contributes to changes in surface hydrology, groundwater levels, and flow paths. Additionally, open-pit produces harmful
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Most walls of the pit are generally mined on an angle less than vertical. Waste rock is stripped when the pit becomes deeper, therefore this angle is a safety precaution to prevent and minimize damage and danger from rock falls. However, this depends on how weathered and eroded the rocks are, and the
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Open-pit mines operating in an area with heavy groundwater features may eventually face hydrology-related problems. This includes heaving and bursting of the mine floor due to excessive uplift pressure. A groundwater control system must be installed to fix problems caused by hydrology. The formation
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Open-pit mining involves the process of disrupting the ground, which leads to the creation of air pollutants. The main source of air pollutants comes from the transportation of minerals, but there are various other factors including drilling, blasting and the loading and unloading of overburden.
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Open Pit depressurization is the process of removing tensions or pressure from different areas of a mine. Depressurization helps to make open-pit mines more stable and secure. By using an integrated mine slope depressurization program the likelihood that mine plans can be achieved, and at an
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The walls are stepped. The inclined section of the wall is known as the batter, and the flat part of the step is known as the bench or berm. The steps in the walls help prevent rock falls continuing down the entire face of the wall. In some instances additional ground support is required and
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Miners typically drill a series of test holes to locate an underground ore body. From the extracted samples, they can determine the extent of the ore. This helps them determine the likely location of the veins or benches of ore and its commercial value. Open-pit mines that produce
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Open-pit mines create a significant amount of waste. Almost one million tons of ore and waste rock can move from the largest mines per day, and a couple thousand tons moved from small mines per day. There are generally four main operations in a mine that contribute to this load:
907:
G.E. Blight; A.B. Fourie; G.R. Wardle (1 January 1999). Geotechnics for
Developing Africa: Proceedings of the 12th regional conference for Africa on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Durban, South Africa, 25–27 October 1999. CRC Press. pp. 49–.
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Open-pit gold mining is one of the highest potential mining threats on the environment as it affects the air and water chemistry. The exposed dust may be toxic or radioactive, making it a health concern for the workers and the surrounding communities.
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Open-pit mining is a common method to extract minerals and samples from the Earth. Due to being cost-effective, this method is very popular and is used all over the world. Listed are the world's ten largest open-pit mines in 2015.
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for disposal of solid waste. Some form of water control is usually required to keep the mine pit from becoming a lake. Several former open-pit mines have been deliberately converted into artificial lakes, forming areas such as the
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A form of open-cast quarrying may be carried out as 'untopping'. This is done where a previous underground mine is becoming uneconomic or worked-out, but still leaves valuable rock in place, often as a result of
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found that earlier
Victorian workings could be kept profitable with the newly mechanised techniques for bulk excavation to extract their pillars, and more recently across a number of worked-out mines.
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Stephen P. White; Ashley L. Creighton; Paul F. Bixley; Warwick M. Kissling (August 2004). "Modeling the dewatering and depressurization of the Lihir open-pit gold mine, Papua New Guinea".
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Huertas, JosĂ© I.; Huertas, MarĂa E.; Izquierdo, Sebastián; González, Enrique D. (January 2012). "Air quality impact assessment of multiple open pit coal mines in northern
Colombia".
481:. To mitigate the problem of acid mine drainage mentioned above, flooding is often done with the water of nearby rivers instead of using groundwater alone. In some cases,
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Walter Geller; Helmut
Klapper; Wim Salomons (6 December 2012). Acidic Mining Lakes: Acid Mine Drainage, Limnology and Reclamation. Springer Science & Business Media.
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are used. De-watering bores may be used to relieve water pressure by drilling horizontally into the wall, which is often enough to cause failures in the wall by itself.
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is generally extracted in open-pit mines at 1 to 5 ppm (parts per million) but in certain cases, 0.75 ppm gold is economical. This was achieved by bulk
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is exhausted, or an increasing ratio of overburden to ore makes further mining uneconomic. After open-pit mines are closed, they are sometimes converted to
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S. Mohan; P.K. Sreejith; S.K. Pramada (July 1, 2007). "Optimization of Open-Pit Mine
Depressurization System Using Simulated Annealing Technique".
775:
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Vasudevan
Rajaram; Subijoy Dutta; Krishna Parameswaran (30 June 2005). Sustainable Mining Practices: A Global Perspective. CRC Press. pp. 207–.
875:
Mark A. Prelas; Galina
Popovici; Louis K. Bigelow (23 September 1997). Handbook of Industrial Diamonds and Diamond Films. CRC Press. pp. 496–.
381:. Untopping removes the overburden from above this, opens up the mine from above, and then allows the previously 'trapped' minerals to be won.
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Chen, Jianping; Li, Ke; Chang, Kuo-Jen; Sofia, Giulia; Tarolli, Paolo (2015-10-01). "Open-pit mining geomorphic feature characterisation".
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Waste rock is hauled to a waste dump. Waste dumps can be piled at the surface of the active pit, or in previously mined pits.
41:, United States. Note the size of the excavators for scale (foreground, left), and that the bottom of the mine is not visible.
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type of rocks involved. It also depends on the amount of structural weaknesses occur within the rocks, such as a
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Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the
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is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral deposits can be reached using underground mining.
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477:(virtually all of which these days is mined open-pit), the former mines are usually converted to
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or the Upper
Palatinate Lake District. A particular concern in the formation of these lakes is
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depending on the type of mineral being mined, and the type of mining process being used.
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has led to environmental degradation and pollution in developing countries such as the
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applied to open-pit mines for optimal extraction (not related to closing the mine)
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or settling pond, where the water is reused or evaporated. Tailings dams can be
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A haul road is usually situated at the side of the pit, forming a ramp up which
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1110:"How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy"
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in the German
Rhineland coal mines are among the world's biggest land vehicles.
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1074:"Indonesia's massive metals build-out is felling the forest for batteries"
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or other basic chemicals have to be added to the water to neutralize the
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workings in the 1930s and 2000s, where Martyn
Williams-Ellis, manager at
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1136:"Open Pit Slope Depressurization using Horizontal Drains – a Case Study"
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Read "Evolutionary and Revolutionary Technologies for Mining" at NAP.edu
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339:. In 2024, nickel mining and processing was one of the main causes of
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International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
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19:"Opencast" redirects here. For the open-source software project, see
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denuding them of vegetation. The open pit is then surrounded with a
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981:"The environmental impact of gold mines: pollution by heavy metals"
753:"Supplying more than 100 valves to the largest gold mine in Europe"
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After mining ends at a location, the mine area may undergo
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1211:"Quarry Proprietors – The Welsh and English Entrepreneurs"
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from the air, which can oxidize the sulfides to produce
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Open-pit mining is considered one of the most dangerous
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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The biggest, deepest and deadliest mines in the world
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Open-pit mines are typically worked until either the
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can be extracted at grades as low as 0.11% to 0.2%.
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979:Abdul-Wahab, Sabah; Marikar, Fouzul (2012-01-01).
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267:Leftover waste from processing the ore is called
143:A bucket-wheel excavator extracting lignite from
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102:is the largest primary gold producer in Europe.
1038:"Indonesia and China killed the nickel market"
402:Land rehabilitation § mine rehabilitation
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1280:Major metallic mines, deposits & projects
1092:"EU faces green dilemma in Indonesian nickel"
695:"The Argentinian fight against 'mega mining'"
1294:"Top 10 Largest Open Pit Mines in the World"
931:(17 November 2011) accessed 19 December 2011
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126:Note the angled and stepped sides of the
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526:at the Peak Hill mine in western
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1282:(2010) accessed 19 December 2011
898:(2000) accessed 19 December 2011
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160:are commonly referred to as
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76:technique that extracts
16:Surface mining technique
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893:"Open Pit Surface Mine"
854:Encyclopedia Britannica
515:Typical open cut grades
412:North Antelope Rochelle
298:which is used to treat
145:Garzweiler surface mine
68:and in larger contexts
51:bucket-wheel excavators
1316:Deepest open-pit mines
662:List of open-pit mines
552:Largest open-pit mines
441:to prevent ingress of
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379:room and pillar mining
275:. This is pumped to a
229:Lusatian Lake District
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147:in Germany during 2008
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33:at the large open-pit
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1262:"MINE REHABILITATION"
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304:cyanide leach process
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128:Sunrise Dam Gold Mine
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98:Kittilä Gold Mine in
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35:Twin Creeks gold mine
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206:can drive, carrying
1399:Mountaintop removal
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997:2012CEJE....2..304A
755:. AVK International
592:Diavik Diamond Mine
578:Super Pit Gold Mine
564:Bingham Canyon Mine
431:land rehabilitation
359:Hydrology in mining
21:Opencast (software)
1217:. 17 October 2002.
1118:. 1 February 2023.
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154:building materials
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778:. Mining.com
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702:. Retrieved
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613:Chuquicamata
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471:ground water
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294:, and often
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1526:Prospecting
1408:Sub-surface
1158:Geothermics
782:11 December
759:11 December
608:- Indonesia
580:- Australia
386:Welsh slate
347:has led to
343:. Open-pit
333:Philippines
70:mega-mining
1546:Categories
1436:Directions
1354:techniques
1060:Al Jazeera
1042:MINING.COM
991:(2): 304.
859:2019-04-01
704:2021-04-22
680:References
507:Tarnobrzeg
310:Pollutants
193:rock bolts
185:foliations
118:Extraction
112:pollutants
89:overburden
49:The giant
1516:Automated
1511:Abandoned
1427:Soft rock
1422:Hard rock
1374:Quarrying
1215:Slatesite
1015:2391-5439
829:0303-2434
805:: 76–86.
673:Tunneling
627:Escondida
536:Australia
463:livestock
418:mine, in
414:open-pit
390:Llechwedd
372:Untopping
337:Indonesia
327:Open-pit
224:landfills
197:shotcrete
62:open-cast
1486:Longwall
1463:Borehole
1458:Bell pit
1389:Dredging
1369:Open-pit
966:22054578
850:"Mining"
723:. 2002.
635:See also
622:- Russia
594:- Canada
585:Big Hole
573:- Russia
571:Mir Mine
489:-value.
435:sulfides
288:minerals
269:tailings
255:drilling
162:quarries
82:minerals
1491:Retreat
1473:Stoping
1415:Classes
1361:Surface
1166:Bibcode
1078:AP News
1023:3916088
993:Bibcode
629:- Chile
615:- Chile
530:, near
475:lignite
420:Wyoming
296:cyanide
285:sulfide
259:hauling
243:Impacts
169:benches
72:, is a
1384:Placer
1352:Mining
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667:Trench
546:Copper
542:Nickel
447:oxygen
292:gangue
273:slurry
231:, the
204:trucks
181:shears
177:faults
39:Nevada
1504:Other
1453:Shaft
1448:Slope
1443:Drift
1379:Strip
1139:(PDF)
1019:S2CID
532:Dubbo
467:fence
281:toxic
248:Waste
1246:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1199:(7).
1011:ISSN
962:PMID
910:ISBN
877:ISBN
825:ISSN
784:2023
761:2023
733:ISBN
625:10.
520:Gold
459:soil
445:and
443:rain
439:clay
416:coal
335:and
300:gold
156:and
78:rock
1197:133
1174:doi
1115:NPR
1001:doi
954:doi
815:hdl
807:doi
725:doi
618:9.
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