Knowledge

Chula Sakarat

Source 📝

365:, Kengtung, Lan Na, Lan Xang and Sukhothai systems refer to the months by numbers, not by names . This means reading ancient texts and inscriptions in Thailand requires constant vigilance, not just in making sure one is correctly operating for the correct region, but also for variations within regions itself when incursions cause a variation in practice. However, Cambodian (Khmer) month system, which begins with Margasirsa as the first month, demonstrated precisely by the names and numbers. 2475: 2465: 763:
The Siamese system uses three similar but not identical types of lunar years used by the Burmese system. Each calendar has the same regular year of 354 days and a leap year of 384 days. However, whereas the Burmese calendar adds the intercalary day only in a leap cycle according to its Metonic cycle,
855:
Since the Thandeikta system not only does not solve but actually increases the accumulating drift issue, Burmese calendarists have resorted to periodically modifying the intercalation schedule of the Metonic cycle, starting in 1839 CE, using apparent reckoning. The fixed Metonic cycle remained in
343:. Today, the calendar is used purely for cultural and religious festivals in Myanmar. Thailand has moved on to its own version of Buddhist calendar since 1941 although the Chula Sakarat era dates remain the most commonly used and preferred form of entry by the academia for Thai history studies. 838:
from India). Thandeikta introduced a slightly longer solar year (0.56 second a year longer than the old system) and a slightly longer lunar month that produces a smaller gap between the two. However, it has turned out that the new system is actually slightly
330:
The calendar fell out of use throughout the region in the second half of the 19th century with the advent of European colonialism. The only remaining independent state Siam too dropped the calendar on 1 April 1889 per King
304:. According to the Chiang Mai Chronicles and the Chiang Saen Chronicles, Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen and their tributary states of middle and upper Tai country (except Lamphun and Sukhothai) submitted to King 847:. At any rate, the old and the new systems are 23 minutes 50.8704 seconds and 23 minutes 51.4304 seconds respectively ahead of the actual tropical year. The error continues to mount. 568:
Cambodian and Thai systems give animal names to the years from a cycle of 12. The practice also existed in Burma but had died out by the 17th century. In March 1638, King
323:, and eastward to Laotian states in the following centuries. Subsequent Siamese kingdoms retained the Burmese calendar as the official calendar under the name of 764:
the Siamese calendar adds the intercalary day to a regular year. The Siamese calendar does add the extra day in the same place (Jyestha/Nayon), however.
2060: 1707: 361:
Various regional versions of Chula Sakarat/Burmese calendar existed across various regions of mainland Southeast Asia. Unlike Burmese systems,
2325: 268: 83: 1105: 1852: 994: 576:
of Siam to change the animal names of the calendar months because the animal naming system was no longer in use in Burma.
1265: 312:. However, scholarship says the earliest evidence of Burmese calendar in modern Thailand dates only to mid-13th century. 2143: 1207: 1170: 1151: 1094: 1802: 560:
Note: The Sukhothai and Lan Xang numbering systems and the now abandoned Burmese numbering system are the same.
2509: 2148: 2086: 1879: 340: 2499: 1986: 1314: 1120: 843:
accurate (0.56 second a year) than the old system in terms of the drift from the scientifically measured
2320: 2125: 1961: 1470: 308:
and adopted the calendar in the mid-11th century in place of Mahasakaraj, the standard calendar of the
155:
is often associated with the various versions of the calendar used in regions that make up modern-day
2090: 907: 2023: 1566: 1507: 336: 296:) with the epochal year 0 date of 22 March 638. It was largely a recalibration of then prevailing 1971: 1840: 1258: 120:
kingdoms down to the late 19th century. The calendar is largely based on an older version of the
117: 1403: 2504: 1797: 1421: 2407: 2436: 2431: 2424: 2198: 1660: 2305: 2188: 2013: 1921: 1539: 1433: 1349: 1124: 251: 66: 8: 2387: 2158: 2120: 1956: 1906: 1756: 1734: 1729: 1675: 1605: 1573: 880: 246: 176: 61: 818:
Down to the mid-19th century, the Burmese calendar and its Siamese cousin both used the
203:
king" (the meaning was thought and held to be "era" by some of those having adopted the
2478: 2295: 2193: 1916: 1894: 1859: 1830: 1635: 1615: 1334: 1329: 1293: 1251: 289: 109: 2468: 2335: 2330: 2076: 2028: 1966: 1946: 1761: 1712: 1682: 1620: 1583: 1578: 1524: 1487: 1428: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1319: 1203: 1166: 1147: 1090: 865: 320: 316: 133: 2315: 2055: 2045: 1941: 1746: 1741: 1670: 1630: 1610: 1600: 1556: 1482: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1416: 1344: 1324: 870: 823: 232: 223: 113: 47: 35: 2345: 2340: 2271: 2135: 2100: 2050: 2008: 1926: 1911: 1847: 1835: 1825: 1771: 1702: 1692: 1625: 1588: 1529: 1492: 1445: 1440: 1198:
Ohashi, Yukio (2001). Alan K. L. Chan; Gregory K. Clancey; Hui-Chieh Loy (eds.).
739: 297: 215: 1899: 998: 2310: 2168: 2033: 2018: 1976: 1951: 1889: 1884: 1807: 1792: 1766: 1719: 1697: 1687: 1593: 1561: 1546: 1514: 1497: 1465: 1339: 1298: 1288: 748: 734: 588: 237: 121: 52: 2493: 2038: 1991: 1981: 1931: 1776: 1751: 1724: 1665: 1648: 1519: 1502: 1383: 1354: 844: 752: 744: 362: 332: 301: 259: 204: 172: 129: 125: 100: 74: 27: 2419: 2375: 2350: 2225: 2153: 1643: 573: 309: 1219:
The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record
2355: 2281: 2250: 2245: 2163: 1653: 2001: 1216: 1193:. Vol. 2. Locust Valley, NY: Artibus Asiae and New York University. 2370: 2365: 2300: 2290: 2285: 2110: 1475: 1200:
Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine
1144:
Southeast Asian Ephemeris: Solar and Planetary Positions, A.D. 638–2000
2448: 2412: 2380: 2276: 2255: 2235: 1359: 755:, the calendar inserts intercalary months and days on some schedule. 305: 208: 164: 132:
of the Hindu calendar with Metonic cycle's tropical years by adding
2443: 2240: 1274: 875: 733:
Chula Sakarat, like the Burmese calendar, was largely based on the
200: 156: 137: 1996: 273: 88: 293: 168: 315:
The use of the calendar appears to have spread southward to the
1089:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 826:
switched to what it believed was a more accurate method called
569: 1228:
Siam; Or, the History of the Thais: From 1569 A.D. to 1824 A.D
124:
though unlike the Indian systems, it employs a version of the
2230: 1243: 175:
area of China. In Thailand, it is only used in academia for
2360: 160: 148: 743:. However, unlike Hindu calendar, it also uses a 19-year 899: 1087:
The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma
1217:Oriental Institute; East India Association (1900). 1163:
The Calendrical Systems of Mainland South-East Asia
214:In Thailand, this era is used in contrast with the 1221:. London and Working, England: Oriental Institute. 2491: 1048: 980: 978: 947: 945: 128:. The calendar therefore has to reconcile the 1259: 1012: 959: 957: 1180:Irwin, Sir Alfred Macdonald Bulteel (1909). 975: 187:The name Chula Sakarat is derived from Pali 1057: 1021: 942: 2464: 1266: 1252: 1113:Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand 1084: 1066: 954: 728: 147:is a generic term meaning "Lesser Era" in 1202:(illustrated ed.). World Scientifi. 1030: 1239:(5 ed.). Chulalongkorn University. 751:of Hindu calendar with Metonic cycle's 572:of Burma rejected the proposal by King 288:The calendar was launched in 640 CE in 2492: 1197: 1184:. Rangoon: Hanthawaddy Printing Works. 218:, commonly known in Southeast Asia as 1247: 1225: 1179: 1106:"Calendar and Era in use in Thailand" 1039: 966: 933: 813: 231: 116:, whose variants were in use by most 99: 46: 1234: 1188: 1160: 1141: 1182:The Burmese and Arakanese calendars 822:method. But between 1840 and 1853, 13: 356: 14: 2521: 2474: 2473: 2463: 850: 758: 339:V)'s decree. It was replaced by 2326:English and British regnal year 1165:(illustrated ed.). Brill. 1078: 910:from the original on 2023-12-11 563: 351: 1146:. Ithaca: Cornell University. 987: 921: 892: 346: 300:. It was later adopted by the 101:[t͡ɕūn.lā.sàk.kā.ràːt] 1: 1273: 1230:. Vol. 2. Decatur Press. 1226:Smith, Ronald Bishop (1966). 886: 1085:Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). 747:. In order to reconcile the 182: 7: 1121:Royal Institute of Thailand 859: 766: 578: 374:Khmer, Lan Xang, Sukhothai 367: 274: 252: 222:or the Great or Major Era ( 89: 67: 16:Historic lunisolar calendar 10: 2526: 1119:(2, April–June). Bangkok: 834:and an updated version of 327:(Culasakaraj) until 1889. 283: 2459: 2400: 2264: 2218: 2207: 2177: 2134: 2069: 1872: 1818: 1785: 1379: 1368: 1307: 1281: 1235:Rong, Syamananda (1986). 1104:Busyakul, Visudh (2004). 778: 775: 772: 769: 587: 584: 581: 379: 376: 373: 370: 263: 241: 227: 78: 56: 39: 31: 1123:: 468–78. Archived from 1103: 927: 377:Kengtung, Sipsong Panna 211:, including the Thais). 140:on irregular intervals. 118:mainland Southeast Asian 1394:Assamese (Bhāshkarābda) 729:Calculation methodology 298:Mahasakaraj or Saka Era 48:[kɔ́zàθɛʔkəɹɪʔ] 2425:Dungeons & Dragons 1831:Ethiopian and Eritrean 1191:Old Burma: Early Pagan 951:Oriental 1900: 375–376 737:, an older version of 233:[məhàθɛʔkəɹɪʔ] 2437:The Lord of the Rings 2144:Hanke–Henry Permanent 1237:A History of Thailand 830:(a hybrid of the old 199:, literally meaning " 191:"small" and Sanskrit 1054:Ohashi 2001: 398–399 177:Thai history studies 2510:Culture of Thailand 2149:International Fixed 2087:Proleptic Gregorian 1708:Slavic Native Faith 1189:Luce, G.H. (1970). 1161:Eade, J.C. (1995). 1142:Eade, J.C. (1989). 939:Aung-Thwin 2005: 35 881:Thai lunar calendar 2500:Culture of Myanmar 1819:Christian variants 814:Length of the year 290:Sri Ksetra Kingdom 205:Indianised culture 143:Although the name 134:intercalary months 110:lunisolar calendar 2487: 2486: 2469:List of calendars 2396: 2395: 2095:historiographical 1962:French Republican 1868: 1867: 1626:Manipuri (Meitei) 1072:Irwin 1909: 26–27 866:Buddhist calendar 811: 810: 726: 725: 558: 557: 272: 250: 112:derived from the 87: 65: 2517: 2477: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2331:Human (Holocene) 2316:Chinese Imperial 2216: 2215: 2136:Reform proposals 2091:Proleptic Julian 1853:Eastern Orthodox 1483:Germanic heathen 1461:Earthly Branches 1377: 1376: 1268: 1261: 1254: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1231: 1222: 1213: 1194: 1185: 1176: 1157: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1110: 1100: 1073: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1037: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1018:Eade 1995: 28–29 1016: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1006: 997:. Archived from 995:"Khmer Calendar" 991: 985: 982: 973: 970: 964: 961: 952: 949: 940: 937: 931: 925: 919: 918: 916: 915: 896: 871:Burmese calendar 824:Konbaung Dynasty 776:Small leap year 767: 656:ម្សាញ់ (M'sanh) 579: 368: 341:Rattanakosin Era 279: 267: 265: 257: 245: 243: 235: 229: 138:intercalary days 114:Burmese calendar 103: 98: 94: 82: 80: 72: 60: 58: 50: 45: 41: 33: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2455: 2392: 2346:Nirayana system 2272:Ab urbe condita 2260: 2212: 2210: 2203: 2182: 2180: 2173: 2130: 2081:anthropological 2065: 1864: 1848:Liturgical year 1814: 1781: 1373: 1371: 1364: 1303: 1277: 1272: 1210: 1173: 1154: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1108: 1097: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1004: 1002: 993: 992: 988: 984:Eade 1989: 9–10 983: 976: 971: 967: 962: 955: 950: 943: 938: 934: 926: 922: 913: 911: 898: 897: 893: 889: 862: 856:place in Siam. 853: 816: 761: 749:sidereal months 740:Surya Siddhanta 731: 612:ឆ្លូវ (Chhlov) 566: 359: 357:Month numbering 354: 349: 286: 216:Shalivahana era 185: 96: 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2523: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2471: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2321:Chinese Minguo 2318: 2313: 2311:Before Present 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2279: 2274: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1808:Calendar round 1805: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1466:Heavenly Stems 1463: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1270: 1263: 1256: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1214: 1208: 1195: 1186: 1177: 1171: 1158: 1152: 1139: 1101: 1095: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1065: 1056: 1047: 1038: 1036:Luce 1970: 330 1029: 1020: 1011: 986: 974: 972:Smith 1966: 11 965: 953: 941: 932: 920: 890: 888: 885: 884: 883: 878: 873: 868: 861: 858: 852: 849: 815: 812: 809: 808: 805: 802: 799: 798:Chula Sakarat 795: 794: 791: 788: 785: 781: 780: 779:Big leap year 777: 774: 771: 760: 757: 735:Hindu calendar 730: 727: 724: 723: 720: 717: 713: 712: 709: 706: 702: 701: 698: 695: 691: 690: 687: 684: 680: 679: 676: 673: 669: 668: 665: 662: 658: 657: 654: 651: 647: 646: 643: 640: 636: 635: 632: 629: 625: 624: 621: 618: 614: 613: 610: 607: 603: 602: 599: 596: 592: 591: 586: 583: 565: 562: 556: 555: 552: 549: 546: 542: 541: 538: 535: 532: 528: 527: 524: 521: 518: 514: 513: 510: 507: 502: 498: 497: 494: 489: 486: 482: 481: 476: 473: 470: 466: 465: 462: 459: 456: 452: 451: 448: 445: 442: 438: 437: 434: 431: 428: 424: 423: 420: 417: 414: 410: 409: 406: 403: 400: 396: 395: 392: 389: 386: 382: 381: 378: 375: 372: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 285: 282: 184: 181: 130:sidereal years 122:Hindu calendar 104:, abbrv. จ.ศ. 91:Chunlasakkarat 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2522: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2505:Calendar eras 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2480: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2296:Anno Martyrum 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2211:and numbering 2206: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2126:'Pataphysical 2124: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1895:Tōnalpōhualli 1893: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649:Vikram Samvat 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1503:Vikram Samvat 1501: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1209:9789971692599 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1172:9789004104372 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1153:0-87727-704-4 1149: 1145: 1140: 1130:on 2014-01-16 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1096:9780824828868 1092: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1069: 1063:Eade 1989: 20 1060: 1051: 1045:Rong 1986: 70 1042: 1033: 1027:Eade 1995: 22 1024: 1015: 1001:on 2009-10-30 1000: 996: 990: 981: 979: 969: 963:Eade 1989: 11 960: 958: 948: 946: 936: 929: 928:Busyakul 2004 924: 909: 905: 901: 895: 891: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 863: 857: 851:Metonic cycle 848: 846: 845:tropical year 842: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 806: 803: 800: 797: 796: 792: 789: 786: 783: 782: 768: 765: 759:Intercalation 756: 754: 750: 746: 745:Metonic cycle 742: 741: 736: 721: 718: 715: 714: 710: 707: 704: 703: 699: 696: 693: 692: 688: 685: 682: 681: 677: 674: 671: 670: 666: 663: 660: 659: 655: 652: 649: 648: 644: 641: 638: 637: 633: 630: 627: 626: 622: 619: 616: 615: 611: 608: 605: 604: 600: 597: 594: 593: 590: 580: 577: 575: 571: 561: 553: 550: 547: 544: 543: 539: 536: 533: 530: 529: 525: 522: 519: 516: 515: 511: 508: 506: 503: 500: 499: 495: 493: 490: 487: 484: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 467: 463: 460: 457: 454: 453: 449: 446: 443: 440: 439: 435: 432: 429: 426: 425: 421: 418: 415: 412: 411: 407: 404: 401: 398: 397: 393: 390: 387: 384: 383: 369: 366: 364: 363:Sipsong Panna 344: 342: 338: 334: 333:Chulalongkorn 328: 326: 325:Chula Sakarat 322: 318: 313: 311: 307: 303: 302:Pagan Kingdom 299: 295: 291: 281: 278: 277: 270: 261: 256: 255: 248: 239: 234: 225: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 180: 178: 174: 173:Sipsong Panna 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 153:Chula Sakarat 150: 146: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 126:Metonic cycle 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 102: 93: 92: 85: 76: 71: 70: 63: 54: 49: 40:ကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ် 37: 29: 25: 21: 20:Chula Sakarat 2447: 2435: 2432:Middle-earth 2423: 2411: 2181:applications 2179:Displays and 2089: / 2070:By specialty 2039: 1936: 1900:Xiuhpōhualli 1798:Mesoamerican 1644:Nepal Sambat 1315:Astronomical 1236: 1227: 1218: 1199: 1190: 1181: 1162: 1143: 1132:. Retrieved 1125:the original 1116: 1112: 1086: 1079:Bibliography 1068: 1059: 1050: 1041: 1032: 1023: 1014: 1003:. Retrieved 999:the original 989: 968: 935: 923: 912:. Retrieved 903: 894: 854: 840: 835: 831: 827: 819: 817: 762: 738: 732: 678:មមែ (Momèr) 667:មមី (Momee) 645:រោង (Rorng) 642:Naga/Dragon 601:ជូត (Choot) 574:Prasat Thong 567: 564:Animal names 559: 504: 501:Margasirsha 491: 478: 360: 352:Nomenclature 329: 324: 314: 310:Khmer Empire 287: 276:Mahasakkarat 275: 253: 228:မဟာ သက္ကရာဇ် 219: 213: 196: 192: 188: 186: 152: 144: 142: 105: 90: 69:Cullasakarāj 68: 24:Chulasakarat 23: 19: 18: 2282:Anno Domini 2251:Regnal year 2246:Regnal name 2219:Terminology 2209:Year naming 2164:Symmetry454 2014:Pentecontad 1937:Culāsakaraj 1922:Cappadocian 1654:Yele Sambat 1540:Zoroastrian 1434:Bangladeshi 1372:limited use 1350:Solar Hijri 1345:Lunar Hijri 1308:In wide use 1115:(in Thai). 753:solar years 700:រកា (Roka) 634:ថោះ (Thos) 623:ខាល (Khal) 455:Bhadrapada 380:Chiang Mai 347:Differences 292:(in modern 254:Mahāsakarāj 220:Mahāsakaraj 151:, the term 145:Culāsakaraj 32:Culāsakaraj 2494:Categories 2388:Vietnamese 2301:Anno Mundi 2291:Anno Lucis 2286:Common Era 2189:Electronic 2159:Positivist 2121:Discordian 2111:Dreamspell 2046:Sexagenary 1987:Macedonian 1957:Florentine 1907:Babylonian 1873:Historical 1803:Long Count 1757:Vietnamese 1713:Macedonian 1676:Nanakshahi 1606:Lithuanian 1476:Solar term 1134:2015-02-05 1005:2017-08-28 914:2024-08-22 887:References 828:Thandeikta 722:កុរ (Kol) 689:វក (Vork) 97:pronounced 57:ចុល្លសករាជ 44:pronounced 2449:Star Trek 2413:Discworld 2408:Discworld 2401:Fictional 2277:Anka year 2256:Year zero 2236:Leap year 2194:Perpetual 1917:Byzantine 1636:Mongolian 1616:Malayalam 1360:Unix time 1335:Gregorian 1330:Ethiopian 1294:Lunisolar 1275:Calendars 904:tai12.com 770:Calendar 711:ច (Char) 545:Phalguna 485:Karttika 399:Vaisakha 321:Ayutthaya 317:Sukhothai 306:Anawrahta 264:มหาศักราช 209:Indochina 183:Etymology 165:Kampuchea 79:จุลศักราช 2479:Category 2444:Stardate 2420:Greyhawk 2351:Seleucid 2336:Japanese 2306:Assyrian 2241:New Year 2077:Holocene 2029:Rapa Nui 2002:Tzolkʼin 1967:Germanic 1947:Egyptian 1683:Romanian 1661:Nisg̱a'a 1621:Mandaean 1611:Maithili 1584:Javanese 1579:Japanese 1534:medieval 1488:Georgian 1399:Assyrian 1389:Armenian 1320:Buddhist 908:Archived 876:Saka Era 860:See also 784:Burmese 773:Regular 441:Sravana 427:Ashadha 413:Jyestha 242:មហាសករាជ 201:Scythian 171:and the 157:Thailand 2376:Dvapara 2356:Spanish 2265:Systems 2115:New Age 2105:Martian 2061:Turkmen 2056:Swedish 1942:Coligny 1880:Arabian 1841:Revised 1747:Tripuri 1742:Tibetan 1698:Sesotho 1671:Punjabi 1631:Melanau 1601:Kurdish 1567:Tabular 1557:Islamic 1525:Iranian 1456:Chinese 1451:Burmese 1429:Bengali 1417:Pawukon 1370:In more 1325:Chinese 1282:Systems 686:Monkey 585:Animal 517:Pausha 469:Asvina 385:Caitra 294:Myanmar 284:History 271::  224:Burmese 169:Myanmar 108:) is a 86::  36:Burmese 2341:Korean 2101:Darian 2051:Soviet 2024:Qumran 2009:Muisca 1927:Celtic 1912:Bulgar 1860:Saints 1836:Julian 1826:Coptic 1772:Yoruba 1703:Slavic 1693:Somali 1640:Nepal 1589:Korean 1551:Gaelic 1530:Jalali 1493:Hebrew 1471:Minguo 1446:Borana 1441:Berber 1404:Baháʼí 1206:  1169:  1150:  1093:  930:: 473. 900:"Home" 664:Horse 653:Snake 620:Tiger 570:Thalun 531:Magha 371:Month 247:ALA-LC 62:ALA-LC 2371:Treta 2366:Satya 2361:Yugas 2231:Epoch 2169:World 2034:Roman 2019:Pisan 1997:Haabʼ 1977:Hindu 1972:Greek 1952:Enoch 1890:Aztec 1885:Attic 1793:Runic 1786:Types 1767:Xhosa 1762:Wicca 1735:solar 1730:lunar 1720:Tamil 1688:Shona 1594:Juche 1562:Fasli 1547:Irish 1515:Hmong 1498:Hindu 1413:Bali 1408:Badí‘ 1340:Hindu 1299:Solar 1289:Lunar 1128:(PDF) 1109:(PDF) 836:Surya 832:Surya 820:Surya 697:Cock 675:Goat 631:Hare 589:Khmer 582:Year 238:Khmer 106:Choso 53:Khmer 2381:Kali 2199:Wall 2040:Rumi 1992:Maya 1982:Inca 1932:Cham 1777:Zulu 1752:Tulu 1725:Thai 1666:Odia 1574:Jain 1520:Igbo 1508:Saka 1422:Saka 1384:Akan 1204:ISBN 1167:ISBN 1148:ISBN 1091:ISBN 841:less 807:384 804:355 801:354 793:385 790:384 787:354 719:Pig 708:Dog 598:Rat 337:Rama 269:RTGS 260:Thai 197:rāja 193:śaka 189:culā 161:Laos 149:Pali 136:and 84:RTGS 75:Thai 28:Pali 2226:Era 2154:Pax 1355:ISO 716:12 705:11 694:10 609:Ox 488:12 475:12 472:11 464:12 461:11 458:10 450:11 447:10 436:10 280:). 207:in 22:or 2496:: 1117:29 1111:. 977:^ 956:^ 944:^ 906:. 902:. 683:9 672:8 661:7 650:6 639:5 628:4 617:3 606:2 595:1 554:6 551:5 548:4 540:5 537:4 534:3 526:4 523:3 520:2 512:3 509:2 496:2 444:9 433:9 430:8 422:9 419:8 416:7 408:8 405:7 402:6 394:7 391:6 388:5 319:, 266:; 262:: 258:; 244:, 240:: 236:; 230:, 226:: 195:+ 179:. 167:, 163:, 159:, 95:, 81:, 77:: 73:; 59:, 55:: 51:; 42:, 38:: 34:; 30:: 2452:) 2446:( 2440:) 2434:( 2428:) 2422:( 2416:) 2410:( 2284:/ 1267:e 1260:t 1253:v 1212:. 1175:. 1156:. 1137:. 1099:. 1008:. 917:. 505:1 492:1 479:1 335:( 249:: 64:: 26:(

Index

Pali
Burmese
[kɔ́zàθɛʔkəɹɪʔ]
Khmer
ALA-LC
Thai
RTGS
[t͡ɕūn.lā.sàk.kā.ràːt]
lunisolar calendar
Burmese calendar
mainland Southeast Asian
Hindu calendar
Metonic cycle
sidereal years
intercalary months
intercalary days
Pali
Thailand
Laos
Kampuchea
Myanmar
Sipsong Panna
Thai history studies
Scythian
Indianised culture
Indochina
Shalivahana era
Burmese
[məhàθɛʔkəɹɪʔ]
Khmer

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.