759:
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19:
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706:
86:
436:
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289:
397:
687:
621:
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726:
353:, of images enveloped chambers and complexes illustrating the beliefs associated to the Buddha's teachings. Creating these temples and sculptures not only garnered merit aligned to their own personal growth, but gave devotees a reference for worship and meditative inspiration. Major rock-cut sites, with large groups of excavated caves, include the
1126:
Looking at materials from along the route of the classic "Silk Road," the techniques of stone inscriptions and stone sculpture shows signs of having diffused from the West to the East. The practice was first transmitted from Egypt and
Babylonia to Greece, and then throughout the Mediterranean islands
128:
of a unified China from 221 to 210 BC, as a grand imperial version of the figures long placed in tombs to enable the deceased to enjoy the same lifestyle in the afterlife as when alive, replacing actual sacrifices of very early periods. Smaller figures in pottery or wood were placed in tombs for many
738:
141:
sculpture. China
Buddhism is also the context of all large portrait sculpture; in total contrast to some other areas in medieval China even painted images of the emperor were regarded as private. Imperial tombs have spectacular avenues of approach lined with real and mythological animals on a scale
136:
Native
Chinese religions do not usually use cult images of deities, or even represent them, and large religious sculpture is nearly all Buddhist, dating mostly from the 4th to the 14th century. One of the earliest Buddhist sculpture in China is a gilt-bronze seated Buddha with flame shoulders from
771:
1027:
The sixteen large stone sculptures in front of the tomb of the Han general Huo Qubing 霍去病 (ca. 117 BCE), are mostly sculpted following the form of the original stone (see Figure 9). They employ techniques such as sculpting in the round, raised relief, and engraved intaglio lines to carve stone
915:
Before the appearance of the large-scale stone sculptures in front of the tomb of Huo Qubing 霍去病 (d. 117 BCE) of the middle
Western Han period (see Figure 9), no monumental works of sculptural stone art like this had ever been seen in Qin culture or in those of the other Warring States
1028:
sculptures of oxen, horses, pigs, tigers, sheep, a fantastic beast eating a sheep, a man fighting a bear, a horse trampling a
Xiongnu warrior, and other images. It is hard to find any evidence in China for this type of crude but concise lifelike rendering before these monuments.
548:
510:
173:
in color. The figures are in several poses including standing infantry and kneeling archers, as well as charioteers with horses. Each figure's head appears to be unique, showing a variety of facial features and expressions as well as hair styles.
450:
169:) in 210–209 BC. The figures were painted before being placed into the vault. The original colors were visible when the pieces were first unearthed. However, exposure to air caused the pigments to fade, so today the unearthed figures appear
419:
764:
Bodhisattva
Avalokiteshvara in water moon form (Shuiyue Guanyin); 11th century; wood (willow) with traces of pigment, multiple-woodblock construction; height: 118.1 cm, width: 95.3 cm, depth: 71.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of
142:
matching Egypt, and smaller versions decorate temples and palaces. Small
Buddhist figures and groups were produced to a very high quality in a range of media, as was relief decoration of all sorts of objects, especially in metalwork and
574:
971:
There were two stone statues of qilin . The flanks of each animal bore carved inscriptions. These once stood atop the tomb mound of the First
Emperor of Qin. Their heads stood one zhang and three chi in height
227:) has 15 more stone sculptures. These are less naturalistic than the "Horse trampling a Xiongnu", and tend to follow the natural shape of the stone, with details of the figures only emerging in high-relief.
1127:
and coastal areas. After that, from the territory of the
Persian Empire, it spread to India during the Mauryan dynasty in the time of Ashoka, to Pakistan and Afghanistan, and finally arrived in China.
632:
1164:
2266:
680:; early 7th century; hollow dry lacquer with traces of gilt and polychrome pigment and gilding; height: 96.5 cm, width: 68.6 cm, depth: 57.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
2903:
264:
396:
529:
705:
216:
193:(baked clay) statuettes were known for a long time in China, but there are no known examples of monumental stone statuary before the stone sculptures at the Mausoleum of
3051:
2159:
475:
60:
come from a period of over a thousand years from c. 1500 BC, and have exerted a continuing influence over
Chinese art. They are cast with complex patterned and
602:
2503:
2198:
732:
Statue of a monk; 8th century; limestone with pigment; limestone with pigment; height (including the stone dowel): 175.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
3192:
2306:
380:
2231:
2117:
2122:
246:, which were probably influential. The complex technology of stone sculpture seems to have followed a process of West-East diffusion, starting from
2181:
435:
2727:
1165:"Wisdom Embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist Sculpture in The Metropolitan Museum of Art | MetPublications | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"
276:
238:, where they probably encountered cultures using stone statues. Recently, stone statues were discovered at the front of ancient tombs in the
2385:
1622:
1346:
491:
1632:
1962:
821:
1341:
2301:
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2186:
2043:
2001:
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1535:
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326:, monks and various deities. China was introduced to the teachings of Buddhism as early as the 2nd century BCE, during China's
2908:
2296:
1358:
1336:
1056:
37:, and has a history of more than 3,000 years. Chinese sculpture eventually influenced the sculpture of other nations such as
231:(−114 BCE) too, the famous traveler to the western regions, had rudimentary stone statues of lions placed at his mausoleum.
2543:
2276:
1773:
2271:
1642:
1391:
2171:
2006:
1386:
288:
107:
205:. In literary sources, there is only a single record of a possible earlier example: two alleged monumental statues of
2016:
1993:
1957:
1813:
1808:
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1937:
745:
535:
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651:
234:
These precursors of Chinese monumental stone sculpture were probably influenced by their forays deep into
3061:
2939:
2924:
2531:
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2424:
2407:
2281:
1803:
1550:
1313:
1141:"Chinese Buddhist Sculpture | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"
182:
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/china-buddhist-art
429:); 13th century BC; bronze inlaid with black pigment; height: 40 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
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1884:
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1700:
1453:
1368:
441:
1470:
1096:"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"
989:"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"
933:"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"
877:"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"
3187:
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2011:
1932:
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1418:
561:
517:
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18:
3142:
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2783:
2739:
2717:
2414:
1864:
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1575:
1318:
410:
49:
1046:
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3018:
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2519:
2241:
2078:
2066:
2056:
1825:
1458:
1258:
556:
346:
331:
76:
153:, inside the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, consists of more than 7,000 life-size tomb
64:
decoration, but avoid the human figure, unlike the huge figures only recently discovered at
2858:
2806:
2666:
2461:
2436:
2363:
2358:
2193:
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2061:
1919:
1401:
8:
3159:
3004:
2898:
2893:
2863:
2821:
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2707:
2627:
2612:
2441:
2402:
2109:
1723:
1627:
1378:
713:
585:
330:, becoming more established during the 2nd century CE. The earliest representations did
3046:
3041:
3026:
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2734:
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2644:
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2219:
2139:
2127:
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1363:
1247:, Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), LOC 70-125675
1018:
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906:
362:
311:
85:
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2030:
1967:
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1406:
1234:
1140:
1117:
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1022:
1010:
966:
954:
910:
898:
581:
315:
255:
560:; circa 300; bronze; height: 34.5 cm, length: 45 cm; width: 13.1 cm;
146:. Sculptors of all sorts were regarded as artisans and very few names are recorded.
3223:
3216:
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2346:
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2236:
1685:
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1308:
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1285:
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944:
888:
639:
467:
358:
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239:
158:
2831:
2826:
2749:
2700:
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2325:
1907:
1713:
1600:
589:
458:
150:
117:
96:
211:(Chinese unicorns) that had been set up on top of the tomb of the First Emperor
137:
the 3rd century, which displays influence from 2nd century Chinese tomb art and
3232:
3164:
3087:
2934:
2888:
2873:
2868:
2851:
2836:
2622:
1977:
1972:
1902:
1488:
1226:
1048:
A History of Un-fractured Chinese Civilization in Archaeological Interpretation
319:
3252:
3197:
2944:
2778:
2617:
2419:
1740:
1728:
1570:
1431:
1121:
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958:
902:
749:
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166:
121:
53:
34:
23:
3237:
3122:
2994:
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1565:
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1448:
1443:
1216:
778:
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235:
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130:
102:
57:
2816:
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Changxin Palace lamp; circa 172 BC; bronze and gold; height: 48 cm;
501:
482:
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327:
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1005:
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893:
677:
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1708:
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1223:, Catalogue, 1981, International Cultural Corporation of Australia Ltd.
781:; height: 18.1 cm, width: 25.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
462:, a famous collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of
409:
engravings from the late Shang, c. 12th century BC. (further reading -
387:
228:
194:
190:
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138:
65:
61:
1095:
988:
932:
876:
2999:
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643:
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figures of warriors and horses buried with the self-proclaimed first
593:
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612:
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125:
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748:; 10th–13th century; glazed terracotta; height: 123 cm;
497:
338:, an architectural form eventually inspiring the creation of
335:
247:
207:
38:
426:
844:
129:
centuries afterwards, reaching a peak of quality in the
717:, a 71 m tall stone statue, built between 713 and 803,
254:
to reach Greece, until finally reaching India with the
816:"China, Buddhist Art in ." Encyclopedia of Buddhism.
215:. The most famous of Huo Qubing's statues is that of
322:, often known as the "Enlightened One" or "Buddha",
258:(268–232 BCE) and China around the 2nd century BCE.
538:roamed the plains of ancient China; unearthed from
1243:Sickman, Laurence, in: Sickman L. & Soper A.,
3250:
1221:Chinese Paintings of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
334:, but rather an empty seat, footprint, tree or
318:. Sculptural pieces include representations of
2917:
1266:
744:Statue of the luohan Tamrabhadra, one of the
201:who went to the western regions to fight the
1084:
314:has been produced throughout the history of
1145:The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
746:group of glazed pottery luohans from Yixian
178:First monumental stone sculptures (117 BCE)
1273:
1259:
219:. The Mausoleum of Huo Qubing (located in
186:The horse statue at Huo Qubing's Mausoleum
1111:
1004:
948:
892:
332:not start as sculptures of the human form
282:Horse Ready to Leap, Huo Qubing Mausoleum
1233:, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press,
1189:"Chinese Buddhist Cave Temple Sculpture"
867:
865:
181:
17:
349:cave temples where carvings, mostly in
3251:
2208:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
1231:The British Museum Book of Chinese Art
1090:
983:
927:
871:
642:, 676 CE, during the reign of Empress
1254:
1210:
1040:
1038:
1036:
862:
299:
294:Crouching boar. Huo Qubing Mausoleum
270:Crouching tiger, Huo Qubing Mausoleum
520:(China); excavated from the tomb of
2904:Major Historical and Cultural Sites
1157:
1132:
1044:
217:a horse trampling a Xiongnu warrior
13:
2042:
1280:
1033:
777:Seated luohan; 18th–19th century;
108:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
14:
3270:
2199:Political Consultative Conference
1245:The Art and Architecture of China
1138:
1045:Liu, Qingzhu (24 February 2023).
993:Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊
937:Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊
881:Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊
444:ox-shaped vessel, 6th century BCE
2985:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
2980:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty
1051:. Springer Nature. p. 293.
770:
757:
737:
725:
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685:
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287:
275:
263:
106:. These were meant to guard the
84:
75:
2975:Four Paragons of the Early Tang
2172:Political parties and movements
1536:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
1521:Northern and Southern dynasties
1181:
1065:
977:
921:
853:
835:
826:
810:
801:
792:
120:was assembled for the tomb of
1:
786:
2277:Ministry of National Defense
1616:Chinese Communist Revolution
626:Reclining Buddha, Mogao cave
7:
2940:Flowers of the Four Seasons
2925:Four Treasures of the Study
2544:Water supply and sanitation
2272:Central Military Commission
2267:Outline of military history
2017:Province-level subdivisions
456:One of the warriors of the
44:
10:
3275:
2213:Primary stage of socialism
2155:National People's Congress
1623:People's Republic of China
1194:Victoria and Albert Museum
1100:Journal of Chinese History
798:Rawson, Chapter 1, 135–136
372:
306:Chinese Buddhist sculpture
303:
100:attendant, and one of the
26:near Beijing, Ming dynasty
22:Buddhist statues from the
3210:
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3017:
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2603:
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2038:
2029:
1992:
1963:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
1918:
1852:
1761:
1699:
1671:
1662:
1591:
1469:
1417:
1377:
1301:
1292:
481:Green glazed pottery dog
3138:Catholic Church in China
2282:People's Liberation Army
2249:One country, two systems
850:Rawson, Chapters 4 and 6
832:Rawson, 135–145; 145–163
442:Spring and Autumn period
345:The practice started in
2970:Four Pillars of Destiny
2755:Regional discrimination
2177:Chinese Communist Party
562:Gansu Provincial Museum
518:Hebei Provincial Museum
197:, a general of Emperor
2723:Science and technology
2396:Special economic zones
1648:persecution of Uyghurs
1576:Century of humiliation
676:Sculpture probably of
411:Chinese ritual bronzes
187:
58:Western Zhou dynasties
50:Chinese ritual bronzes
27:
2930:Four Great Inventions
2314:People's Armed Police
557:Flying Horse of Gansu
185:
21:
2909:World Heritage Sites
2437:Foreign aid received
2145:Environmental policy
1943:Environmental policy
1938:Environmental issues
390:, 2nd millennium BCE
33:originated from the
3155:History of religion
3150:Freedom of religion
3005:Four Pests campaign
2950:Four Classic Novels
2562:Automotive industry
2442:Foreign aid program
2133:Pro-democratisation
1628:Cultural Revolution
1219:and Mae Anna Pang,
1113:10.1017/jch.2022.25
1006:10.1017/jch.2022.25
950:10.1017/jch.2022.25
894:10.1017/jch.2022.25
714:Leshan Giant Buddha
586:Eastern Wei dynasty
223:, the Mausoleum of
3062:Population history
3042:Internal migration
2657:Harmonious Society
2532:Telecommunications
2489:Standard of living
2408:Online advertising
2160:Standing Committee
1211:Additional sources
1071:For a photograph:
580:Votive stele with
485:, c.1st century CE
386:Bronze mask, from
363:Maijishan Grottoes
320:Siddhārtha Gautama
312:Buddhist sculpture
300:Buddhist sculpture
188:
28:
3259:Chinese sculpture
3246:
3245:
3206:
3205:
3013:
3012:
2590:
2589:
2577:Shipping industry
2341:
2340:
2307:Strategic Support
2182:General Secretary
2167:National security
2150:Foreign relations
2104:
2103:
2025:
2024:
1988:
1987:
1691:Natural disasters
1658:
1657:
1611:Chinese Civil War
1606:Republic of China
1581:Taiping Rebellion
1454:Spring and Autumn
1359:Foreign relations
1169:www.metmuseum.org
1058:978-981-19-3946-4
820:(July 25, 2023).
818:Encyclopedia.com.
692:Wooden statue of
582:Buddha Shakyamuni
542:, 2nd century BCE
316:Buddhism in China
256:Pillars of Ashoka
31:Chinese sculpture
3266:
3226:
3219:
3116:Tibetan Buddhism
3111:Chinese Buddhism
2965:Four Holy Beasts
2915:
2914:
2767:Social relations
2696:Standard Chinese
2691:Chinese language
2601:
2600:
2386:Economic history
2352:
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2331:Maritime Militia
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2007:Border crossings
2002:Baseline islands
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1633:Tiananmen Square
1516:Sixteen Kingdoms
1324:Military history
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1094:(January 2023).
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689:
673:
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640:Longmen Grottoes
635:
623:
605:
577:
551:
532:
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504:, 1st century CE
494:
478:
468:Emperor of China
453:
438:
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383:
359:Longmen Grottoes
355:Yungang Grottoes
291:
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116:The spectacular
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79:
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3052:Life expectancy
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2793:
2713:Public holidays
2701:Written Chinese
2686:Intellectualism
2638:Sex trafficking
2586:
2548:
2508:
2337:
2253:
2100:
2091:Nationality law
2074:Law enforcement
2052:Judicial system
2021:
1984:
1958:Nature reserves
1948:Protected areas
1914:
1885:Water resources
1848:
1757:
1695:
1654:
1638:Economic reform
1601:1911 Revolution
1587:
1551:Jin (1115–1234)
1465:
1413:
1373:
1288:
1279:
1227:Rawson, Jessica
1213:
1208:
1199:
1197:
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1139:Leidy, Denise.
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1133:
1089:
1085:
1074:"张骞墓（丝绸之路申遗项目）"
1072:
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841:Rawson, 163–165
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807:Rawson, 138-138
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590:Museum Rietberg
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459:Terracotta Army
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430:
423:
414:
400:
391:
384:
375:
308:
302:
295:
292:
283:
280:
271:
268:
180:
151:Terracotta Army
118:Terracotta Army
114:
113:
112:
111:
97:Terracotta Army
91:
90:
89:
81:
80:
47:
12:
11:
5:
3272:
3262:
3261:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:Four Gentlemen
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2918:Fours of China
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2567:Civil aviation
2564:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2514:
2513:Infrastructure
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2467:Semiconductors
2464:
2459:
2449:
2447:Historical GDP
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2225:Vice President
2217:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:National parks
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:Climate policy
1930:
1928:Climate change
1924:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:Central Plains
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:Extreme points
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1489:Three Kingdoms
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1459:Warring States
1456:
1451:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1319:Historiography
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1224:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1180:
1156:
1131:
1083:
1064:
1057:
1032:
976:
920:
861:
852:
843:
834:
825:
809:
800:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
776:
769:
767:
763:
756:
754:
743:
736:
734:
731:
724:
722:
710:
703:
701:
691:
684:
682:
675:
668:
666:
656:
649:
647:
637:
630:
628:
625:
618:
616:
607:
600:
598:
596:, Switzerland)
588:); limestone;
579:
572:
570:
553:
546:
544:
534:
527:
525:
515:
508:
506:
496:
489:
487:
480:
473:
471:
455:
448:
446:
440:
433:
431:
424:
417:
415:
401:
394:
392:
385:
378:
374:
371:
304:Main article:
301:
298:
297:
296:
293:
286:
284:
281:
274:
272:
269:
262:
179:
176:
93:
92:
83:
82:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
46:
43:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3271:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3143:Protestantism
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Folk religion
3126:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:Ethnic groups
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Four Beauties
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Urban society
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:Social issues
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Rural society
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Chinese Dream
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2582:Space program
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:State Council
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Civil service
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:South Central
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Jin (266–420)
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:Ethnic groups
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1239:9780714124469
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
980:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
924:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
868:
866:
856:
847:
838:
829:
823:
819:
813:
804:
795:
791:
780:
773:
768:
760:
755:
751:
750:Guimet Museum
747:
740:
735:
728:
723:
720:
716:
715:
707:
702:
699:
695:
688:
683:
679:
672:
667:
663:
659:
653:
648:
645:
641:
638:Vairocana at
634:
629:
622:
617:
614:
610:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:; dated 542 (
583:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
550:
545:
541:
537:
531:
526:
523:
519:
512:
507:
503:
499:
493:
488:
484:
477:
472:
469:
465:
464:Qin Shi Huang
461:
460:
452:
447:
443:
437:
432:
428:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
398:
393:
389:
382:
377:
376:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
307:
290:
285:
278:
273:
266:
261:
260:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:and northern
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
184:
175:
172:
168:
167:Qin Shi Huang
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
140:
134:
132:
127:
123:
122:Qin Shi Huang
119:
109:
105:
104:
99:
98:
87:
78:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
42:
40:
36:
32:
25:
24:Zhihua Temple
20:
16:
3133:Christianity
3123:Confucianism
3083:Urbanization
3019:Demographics
2995:Gang of Four
2960:Four Symbols
2859:Martial arts
2633:Prostitution
2520:Architecture
2374:Central bank
2242:Vice Premier
2194:United front
2123:Constitution
2079:Penal system
2057:Human rights
1994:Subdivisions
1832: /
1828: /
1751:Southwestern
1746:Northwestern
1449:Western Zhou
1397:Yellow River
1347:1949–present
1244:
1230:
1220:
1217:Edmund Capon
1198:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1144:
1134:
1125:
1106:(1): 48–49.
1103:
1099:
1092:Qingbo, Duan
1086:
1077:
1067:
1047:
1026:
996:
992:
985:Qingbo, Duan
979:
970:
940:
936:
929:Qingbo, Duan
923:
914:
884:
880:
873:Qingbo, Duan
855:
846:
837:
828:
817:
812:
803:
794:
779:lapis lazuli
719:Tang dynasty
712:
698:Song dynasty
662:Tang dynasty
555:
536:Rhinoceroses
466:, the first
457:
402:
344:
324:Bodhisattvas
309:
236:Central Asia
233:
213:Qin Shihuang
206:
189:
148:
135:
131:Tang dynasty
124:, the first
115:
101:
95:
48:
30:
29:
15:
2899:Variety art
2894:Tea culture
2822:Calligraphy
2807:Archaeology
2667:Food safety
2462:Gold mining
2364:Aquaculture
2359:Agriculture
2319:Coast Guard
2086:Naming laws
1920:Environment
1908:South China
1387:Paleolithic
1379:Prehistoric
1337:before 1912
859:Rawson, 135
664:, c. 700 AD
609:Mogao caves
502:Eastern Han
500:statuette,
483:Eastern Han
425:Wine vase (
367:Mogao Caves
328:Han dynasty
155:terra-cotta
3160:Irreligion
3057:Statistics
3027:Emigration
2990:Four Wangs
2879:Philosophy
2864:Mass media
2847:Literature
2745:Patriarchy
2708:Propaganda
2628:Corruption
2613:Censorship
2403:E-commerce
2110:Government
1903:East China
1875:Waterfalls
1821:Peninsulas
1789:Grasslands
1200:2017-11-19
1174:2017-11-19
1150:2017-11-19
787:References
388:Sanxingdui
342:in China.
229:Zhang Qian
195:Huo Qubing
191:Terracotta
171:terracotta
139:Khalchayan
66:Sanxingdui
62:zoomorphic
3047:Languages
3000:Four Olds
2955:Four arts
2842:Libraries
2772:Structure
2735:Sexuality
2672:incidents
2645:Education
2554:Transport
2430:Renewable
2425:Petroleum
2220:President
2187:Politburo
2140:Elections
2128:Democracy
2096:Terrorism
1844:Volcanoes
1826:Northeast
1804:Mountains
1714:Northeast
1664:Geography
1571:High Qing
1392:Neolithic
1364:Dynasties
1342:1912–1949
1333:Economic
1302:Overviews
1122:2059-1632
1023:251690411
1015:2059-1632
999:: 48–50.
967:251690411
959:2059-1632
943:: 48–50.
916:polities.
911:251690411
903:2059-1632
887:: 48–50.
644:Wu Zetian
252:Babylonia
110:, 210 BCE
52:from the
3253:Category
3233:Category
3106:Buddhism
3098:Religion
3075:Post-90s
3068:Post-80s
2812:Archives
2679:HIV/AIDS
2650:Literacy
2608:Abortion
2537:Internet
2494:Taxation
2477:Textiles
2457:Chemical
2452:Industry
2381:Currency
2259:Military
2067:in Tibet
2031:Politics
1968:Wildlife
1880:Wetlands
1643:COVID-19
1471:Imperial
1369:Monarchs
1329:Language
1314:Timeline
1286:articles
987:(2022).
931:(2022).
875:(2022).
678:Amitābha
613:Dunhuang
568:, China)
347:rock-cut
310:Chinese
244:Xinjiang
225:Han Wudi
199:Han Wudi
103:Acrobats
45:Overview
3217:Outline
3180:Symbols
3037:Eunuchs
2884:Smoking
2832:Cuisine
2799:Culture
2789:Welfare
2760:Suicide
2728:history
2596:Society
2525:Housing
2499:Tourism
2484:Poverty
2369:Banking
2347:Economy
2326:Militia
2237:Premier
1839:Valleys
1799:Islands
1784:Deserts
1774:Canyons
1762:Terrain
1741:Western
1729:Central
1701:Regions
1686:Geology
1676:Borders
1419:Ancient
1402:Yangtze
1309:History
1294:History
1080:. 中国考古.
752:(Paris)
694:Guanyin
660:horse,
566:Lanzhou
540:Shaanxi
522:Dou Wan
373:Gallery
340:pagodas
221:Maoling
203:Xiongnu
159:Emperor
126:emperor
3238:Portal
3193:Emblem
3188:Anthem
3170:Taoism
2852:Poetry
2827:Cinema
2750:Racism
2662:Health
2415:Energy
2391:Reform
2302:Rocket
2287:Ground
2012:Cities
1898:Yellow
1870:Rivers
1860:Canals
1814:passes
1809:ranges
1593:Modern
1284:
1237:
1229:(ed).
1120:
1055:
1021:
1013:
965:
957:
909:
901:
658:Sancai
594:Zürich
407:Taotie
365:, and
351:relief
3224:Index
3165:Islam
3088:Women
2889:Sport
2874:Names
2869:Music
2837:Dance
2623:Crime
2504:Trade
2472:Steel
1978:Flora
1973:Fauna
1893:Bohai
1889:Seas
1865:Lakes
1853:Water
1830:North
1794:Hills
1779:Caves
1734:South
1719:North
1432:Shang
1282:China
1019:S2CID
963:S2CID
907:S2CID
498:Qilin
405:with
336:stupa
248:Egypt
240:Altay
208:qilin
54:Shang
39:Japan
35:Shang
3198:Flag
2779:Time
2572:Rail
2420:Coal
2292:Navy
2062:LGBT
1769:Bays
1709:East
1566:Qing
1561:Ming
1556:Yuan
1546:Song
1541:Liao
1531:Tang
1444:Zhou
1437:Late
1407:Liao
1235:ISBN
1118:ISSN
1078:中国考古
1053:ISBN
1011:ISSN
955:ISSN
899:ISSN
711:The
554:The
403:Ding
250:and
149:The
144:jade
56:and
2817:Art
2297:Air
2044:Law
1526:Sui
1499:Han
1494:Wei
1484:Han
1479:Qin
1427:Xia
1108:doi
1001:doi
945:doi
889:doi
765:Art
427:zun
163:Qin
161:of
3255::
1504:Wu
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1167:.
1143:.
1124:.
1116:.
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1009:.
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