Military dictatorship of Chile

1478:. Leigh criticized Pinochet for having joined the coup very late and then subsequently pretending to keep all power for himself. In December 1974, Leigh opposed the proposal to name Pinochet president of Chile. Leigh recalls from that moment that, "Pinochet was furious: he hit the board, broke the glass, injured his hand a little and bled. Then, Merino and Mendoza told me I should sign, because if not the junta would split. I signed." Leigh's primary concern was Pinochet's consolidation of the legislative and executive branches of government under the new government, in particular, Pinochet's decision to enact a plebiscite without formally alerting the other junta members. Leigh, although a fervent supporter of the regime and hater of Marxist ideology, had already taken steps to separate the executive and legislative branches. Pinochet was said to have been angered by Leigh's continued founding of a structure to divide the executive and legislative branches, eventually leading to Pinochet consolidating his power and Leigh being removed from the regime. Leigh tried to fight his dismissal from the military and government junta but on July 24, 1978, his office was blocked by paratroopers. In accordance with legal rights established by the junta government, its members could not be dismissed without evidence of impairment, hence Pinochet and his ally junta members had declared Leigh to be unfit. Airforce General 1090:(CIA) to mount a major destabilization campaign. As the CIA revealed in 2000, "In the 1960s and the early 1970s, as part of the US Government policy to try to influence events in Chile, the CIA undertook specific covert action projects in Chile ... to discredit Marxist-leaning political leaders, especially Dr. Salvador Allende, and to strengthen and encourage their civilian and military opponents to prevent them from assuming power". The CIA worked with right-wing Chilean politicians, military personnel, and journalists to undermine socialism in Chile. One reason for this was financial, as many US businesses had investments in Chile, and Allende's socialist policies included the nationalization of Chile's major industries. Another reason was the propagandized fear of the spread of communism, which was particularly important in the context of the Cold War. The rationale was that US feared that Allende would promote the spreading of Soviet influence in their 'backyard'. As early as 1963, the U.S. via the CIA and U.S. multinationals such as ITT intervened in Chilean politics using a variety of tactics and millions of dollars to interfere with elections, ultimately helping plan the coup against Allende. 1703:, unsuccessfully assaulted the local Carabineros station. Subsequently, MIR conducted several operations against the Pinochet government until the late 1980s. MIR assassinated the head of the Army Intelligence school, Lieutenant Roger Vergara, with machine gun fire in the late 1970s. The MIR also executed an attack on the base of the Chilean Secret Police (Central Nacional de Informaciones, CNI), as well as several attempts on the lives of carabineros officials and a judge of the Supreme Court in Chile. Throughout the beginning years of the dictatorship the MIR was low-profile, but in August 1981 the MIR successfully killed the military leader of Santiago, General Carol Urzua Ibanez. Attacks on Chilean military official increased in the early 1980s, with the MIR killing several security forces personnel on a variety of occasions through extensive use of planted bombs in police stations or machine gun use. 3254:

good. In 2013, the newspaper El Mercurio asked Chileans if the state had done enough to compensate victims of the dictatorship for the atrocities they suffered; 30% said yes, 36% said no, and the rest were undecided. In order to keep the memories of the victims and the disappeared alive, memorial sites have been constructed throughout Chile, as a symbol of the country's past. Some notable examples include Villa Grimaldi, Londres 38, Paine Memorial and the Museum of Memory and Human Rights. These memorials were built by family members of the victims, the government and ex-prisoners of the dictatorship. These have become popular tourist destinations and have provided a visual narrative of the atrocities of the dictatorship. These memorials have aided in Chile's reconciliation process, however, there is still debate amongst Chile as to whether these memorials do enough to bring the country together.

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Kong. Due to intense U.S. pressure at the last minute (while Pinochet's plane was halfway en route over the Pacific), Marcos cancelled the visit and denied Pinochet landing rights in the country. Pinochet and the junta were further caught off guard and humiliated when they were forced to land in Fiji to refuel for the planned return to Santiago, only to be met with airport staff who refused to assist the plane in any way (the Fijian military was called in instead), invasive and prolonged customs searches, exorbitant fuel and aviation service charges, and hundreds of angry protesters who pelted his plane with eggs and tomatoes. The usually stoic and calm Pinochet became enraged, firing his Foreign Minister Hernán Cubillos, several diplomats, and expelling the Philippine Ambassador. Relations between the two countries were restored only in 1986 when

2371:, leaving approximately 50 dead and 150 wounded. According to Chilean Junta and former Air Force commander Fernando Matthei, Chilean support included military intelligence gathering, radar surveillance, British aircraft operating with Chilean colours and the safe return of British special forces, among other things. In April and May 1982, a squadron of mothballed RAF Hawker Hunter fighter bombers departed for Chile, arriving on 22 May and allowing the Chilean Air Force to reform the No. 9 "Las Panteras Negras" Squadron. A further consignment of three frontier surveillance and shipping reconnaissance Canberras left for Chile in October. Some authors suggest that Argentina might have won the war had she been allowed to employ the VIth and VIIIth Mountain Brigades, which remained guarding the Andes mountain chain. Pinochet subsequently visited 1169:

leader. As a result, reacting to demand for intervention from opponents of the government, the military began planning for a military coup which would ultimately take place on September 11, 1973. Contrary to popular belief, Pinochet was not the mastermind behind the coup. It was, in fact, naval officers who first decided that military intervention was necessary to remove President Allende from power. Army generals were unsure of Pinochet's allegiances, as he had given no prior indication of disloyalty to Allende, and thus was only informed of these plans on the evening of 8 September, just three days before the coup took place. On 11 September 1973, the military launched a coup, with troops surrounding La Moneda Palace. Allende died that day of

1369: 2264: 3223: 143: 81: 563: 1752:, Archbishop of Santiago, as an immediate response to the repression of the Pinochet regime. It was apolitical in a spirit of collaboration rather than conflict with the government. Pinochet developed suspicion of COPACHI, leading to its dissolution in late 1975. In response Silva founded the Vicariate in its place. Historian Hugo Fruhling's work highlights the multifaceted nature of Vicaria. Through developments and education programs in the shantytown area of Santiago, the Vicaria had mobilised around 44,000 people to join campaigns by 1979. The Church published a newsletter called 1781:) were days of civil demonstrations that periodically took place in Chile in the 1980s against the military junta. They were characterized by street demonstrations in the downtown avenues of the city in the mornings, strikes during the day, and barricades and clashes in the periphery of the city throughout the night. The protests were faced with increased government repression from 1984, with the biggest and last protest summoned in July 1986. The protests changed the mentality of many Chileans, strengthening opposition organizations and movements in the 1988 plebiscite. 1457:

into a house, detonating the structure and killing the two men and a woman who were in the building. The agents would later state, with help from the Chilean press, that the people in the house had fired on them previously from their cars and had escaped to the house. The official story became that the three suspects had caused the explosion themselves by trying to burn and destroy incriminating evidence. Such actions had the effect of justifying the existence of heavily armed forces in Chile and the dictatorship's conduct against such "violent" offenders.

2291:(CIA) documents reveal U.S. knowledge and alleged involvement in the coup. They provided material support to the military regime after the coup, although criticizing it in public. A document released by the CIA in 2000, titled "CIA Activities in Chile", revealed that the CIA actively supported the military junta during and after the overthrow of Allende and that it made many of Pinochet's officers into paid contacts of the CIA or U.S. military, even though some were known to be involved in human rights abuses. The U.S. continued to give the 8384: 1766: 1551:, the Gremialists and the Chicago Boys shared a long-term power strategy and were linked to each other in many ways. In Chile it has been very hard for the outside world to fully understand the role that everyday civilians played in keeping Pinochet's government afloat, partly because there has been scant research into the topic and partly because those who did help the regime from 1973 to 1990 have been unwilling to explore their own part. One of the exemptions is a Univision interview with 2649:. In a massive operation spearheaded by Chilean Army Para-Commandos, security forces involving some 2,000 troops, were forced to deploy in the Neltume mountains from June to November 1981, where they destroyed two MIR bases, seizing large caches of munitions and killing a number of MIR commandos. In 1986, Chilean security forces discovered 80 tons of munitions, including more than three thousand M-16 rifles and more than two million rounds of ammunition, at the tiny fishing harbor of 1921: 1790: 1673: 1388: 67: 3032:. He had little political experience and was relatively young and credited with Chile's good economic performance in the second half of the 1980s. The right-wing parties faced several problems in the elections: there was considerable infighting between RN and UDI, Büchi had only very reluctantly accepted to run for president and right-wing politicians struggled to define their position towards the Pinochet regime. In addition to this 917: 1846:

extremely high, above 20 percent, and a large proportion of the banking sector had become bankrupt. The following period was characterized by new reforms and economic recovery. Some economists argue that the recovery was due to an about-face turnaround of Pinochet's free market policy, since he nationalized many of the same industries that were nationalized under Allende and fired the Chicago Boys from their government posts.

521: 496: 2985:, would have two free slots of equal and uninterrupted TV time, simultaneously broadcast by all TV channels, with no political advertising outside those spots. The allotment was scheduled in two off-prime time slots: one before the afternoon news and the other before the late-night news, from 22:45 to 23:15 each night (the evening news was from 20:30 to 21:30, and primetime from 21:30 to 22:30). The opposition 2662: 1011:. The military used the breakdown of democracy and the economic crisis that took place during Allende's presidency to justify its seizure of power. The dictatorship presented its mission as a "national reconstruction". The coup was the result of multiple forces, including pressure from conservative groups, certain political parties, union strikes and other domestic unrest, as well as international factors. 931: 4201: 1528:, never assumed any official position in the military dictatorship but he remained one of the closest collaborators with Pinochet, playing an important ideological role. He participated in the design of important speeches of Pinochet and provided frequent political and doctrinal advice and consultancy. Guzmán declared to have a "negative opinion" of 2837:

history of the country and announced as such through a public decree in the Official Journal (Diario Oficial) on November 6, 1979. Cueca specialist Emilio Ignacio Santana argues that the dictatorship's appropriation and promotion of cueca harmed the genre. The dictatorship's endorsement of the genre meant according to Santana that the rich landlord

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end of the 1960s, there were 8,000 centres involving 400,000 members. Under Allende they were reorganised under the rubric National Confederation of Mothers' Centres (Confederación Nacional de Centros de Madres, COCEMA) and leadership of his wife, Hortensia Bussi, to encourage community initiatives and implement their policies directed at women.

1536:. According to him this lead him into various "inconviniencies and difficulties". From its side DINA identified Guzmán as an intelligent and manipulative actor in a secret 1976 memorandum. The same document posits Guzmán manipulated Pinochet and sought ultimately to displace him from power, to lead himself a government in collaboration with 3993: 1365:, has stated that the Marxist guerrillas lost 1,500–2,000 fighters that were either killed or had simply disappeared. Among the people that were killed or had disappeared during the military regime were at least 663 MIR guerrillas. The Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front stated that 49 FPMR guerrillas were killed, and hundreds tortured. 2653:, smuggled ashore from Cuban fishing trawlers off the coast of Chile. The operation was overseen by Cuban naval intelligence, and also involved the Soviet Union. Cuban Special Forces had also instructed the FPMR guerrillas that ambushed Augusto Pinochet's motorcade on 8 September 1986, killing five bodyguards and wounding 10. 2069:, in which the security forces of participating states would target active left-wing militants, guerrilla fighters, and their alleged sympathizers in the allied countries. Pinochet's government received tacit approval and material support from the United States. The exact nature and extent of this support is disputed. ( 4803: 6190:

The newspaper Clarín explained some years later that such caution was based, in part, on military concerns. In order to achieve a victory, certain objectives had to be reached before the seventh day after the attack. Some military leaders considered this not enough time due to the difficulty involved

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in the election. The electoral system meant that the largely Pinochet-sympathetic right was overrepresented in parliament in such a way that it could block any reform to the constitution. This over-representation was crucial for UDI in obtaining places in parliament and securing its political future.

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and Mexican music coexisted with similar levels of popularity in the Chilean countryside in the 1970s. Being distinctly Chilean the cueca was selected by the military dictatorship as a music to be promoted. The cueca was named the national dance of Chile due to its substantial presence throughout the

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After the military took over the government in 1973, a period of dramatic economic changes began. The Chilean economy was still faltering in the months following the coup. As the military junta itself was not particularly skilled in remedying the persistent economic difficulties, it appointed a group

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In 1962 under the presidency of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva, the women's section expanded pre-existing neighbourhood 'mothers' centres' (which initially helped women to purchase their own sewing machines) to help garner support for their social reforms amongst the poorer sections. By the

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was being used to hold 5,000 prisoners. Between the day of the coup and November 1973, as many as 40,000 political prisoners were held there and as late as 1975, the CIA was still reporting that up to 3,811 were imprisoned there. 1,850 of them were killed, another 1,300 are still missing to this day.

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The economic policies espoused by the Chicago Boys and implemented by the junta initially caused several economic indicators to decline for Chile's lower classes. Between 1970 and 1989, there were large cuts to incomes and social services. Wages decreased by 8%. Family allowances in 1989 were 28% of

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confirmed the figure of 3,200 deaths but reduced the estimated number of disappearances. It tells of some 28,000 arrests in which the majority of those detained were incarcerated and in a great many cases tortured. In 2011, the Chilean government officially recognized 36,948 survivors of torture and

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constitutionally required to convict the president of abuse of power, but the resolution still represented a challenge to Allende's legitimacy. The military viewed themselves as guarantors of the constitution and elements within the armed forces considered that Allende had lost legitimacy as Chile's

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According to Clarín, two consequences were feared. First, those who were dubious feared a possible regionalization of the conflict. Second, as a consequence, the conflict could acquire great power proportions. In the first case decisionmakers speculated that Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Brazil might

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Following the restoration of Chilean democracy and the successive administrations that followed Pinochet, the Chilean economy has increasingly prospered. Unemployment stands at 7% as of 2007, with poverty estimated at 18.2% for the same year, both relatively low for the region. However, in 2019 the

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while Los Prisioneros were ignored despite their popular status. This situation was because Los Prisioneros were censored by media under the influence of the military dictatorship. Los Prisioneros' marginalization by the media was further aggravated by their call to vote against the dictatorship on

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in the first post-coup edition while Pinochet was present in the public. From 1980 onward when the festival begun to be aired internationally the regime used it to promote a favourable image of Chile abroad. For that purpose in 1980 the festival spent a big budget on bringing popular foreign artist

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had invited the entire Junta (consisting at this point of Pinochet, Merino, Matthei, and Mendoza) to visit the country as part of a planned tour of Southeast Asia in an attempt to help improve their image and bolster military and economic relations with the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, and Hong

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and simplified and reduced the corporate tax. Chile went ahead with privatizations, including public utilities and the re-privatization of companies that had briefly returned to government control during the 1982–83 crisis. From 1984 to 1990, Chile's gross domestic product grew by an annual average

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One of the first measures of the dictatorship was to set up a Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud (SNJ, National Youth Office). This was done on October 28, 1973, even before the Declaration of Principles of the junta made in March 1974. This was a way of mobilizing sympathetic elements of the civil

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in 1974 could be an early case of a faked combat. The faked combats reinforced the dictatorship narrative on the existence of an "internal war" which it used to justify its existence. A particular fake combat event, lasting from September 8 to 9 1983, occurred when forces of the CNI lobbed grenades

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Starting in the late 1970s the regime began to use a tactic of faking combats, usually known by its Spanish name: "falsos enfrentamientos". This meant that dissidents who were murdered outright had their deaths reported in media as if they had occurred in a mutual exchange of gunfire. This was done

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A key provision of the new constitution of 1980 aimed at eliminating leftist factions, “outlawed the propagation of doctrines that attack the family or put forward a concept of society based on the class struggle”. Pinochet maintained strict command over the armed forces and could depend on them to

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quickly put down the coup attempt. In late July, 40,000 truckers, squeezed by price controls and rising costs, tied up transportation in a nationwide strike that lasted 37 days, costing the government US$ 6 million a day. Two weeks before the coup, public dissatisfaction with rising prices and food

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La fuerte posición de los militares en ellas, junto a la continuación de turbulencias emanadas de actos de rebeldía y abierto desafío a las nuevas autoridades por parte de jefes castrenses, pusieron también en el tapete los temas del control civil o poder democrático sobre dicha institución y sus

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The previous drop in foreign aid during the Allende years was immediately reversed following Pinochet's ascension; Chile received US$ 322.8 million in loans and credits in the year following the coup. There was considerable international condemnation of the military regime's human rights record, a

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opposed a preventive war and responded that "I can guarantee that the Peruvians would destroy the Chilean Air Force in the first five minutes of the war". Some analysts believe the fear of attack by Chilean and US officials as largely unjustified but logical for them to experience, considering the

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deployed at Punta Arenas, in southern Chile, gave the British task force early warning of Argentinian air attacks, which allowed British ships and troops in the war zone to take defensive action. Margaret Thatcher said that the day the radar was taken out of service for overdue maintenance was the

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The junta relied on the middle class, the oligarchy, domestic business, foreign corporations, and foreign loans to maintain itself. Under Pinochet, funding of military and internal defence spending rose 120% from 1974 to 1979. Due to the reduction in public spending, tens of thousands of employees

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Overall, the impact of neoliberal policies has reduced the total proportion of students in both public and private institutions in relation to the entire population, from 30 per cent in 1974 down to 25 per cent in 1990, and up only to 27 per cent today. If falling birth rates have made it possible

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The Catholic Church was symbolically and institutionally powerful within Chile. Domestically, it was the second most powerful institution, behind Pinochet's government. While the Church remained politically neutral, its opposition to the regime came in the form of human rights advocacy and through

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and had to seek permission before entering the country. According to a study in Latin American Perspectives, at least 200,000 Chileans (about 2% of Chile's 1973 population) were forced into exile. Additionally, hundreds of thousands left the country in the wake of the economic crises that followed

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were jailed or forced into exile. Retired military personnel were named rectors of universities and they carried out vast purges of suspected left-wing sympathisers. With such strong repression, the Catholic church became the only public voice allowed within Chile. By 1974, the Commission of Peace

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A survey published by pollster CERC on the eve of the 40th anniversary commemorations of the coup gave some idea of how Chileans perceived the dictatorship. According to the poll, 55% of Chileans regarded the 17 years of dictatorship as either bad or very bad, while 9% said they were good or very

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was also placed in private hands. One of the junta's economic moves was fixing the exchange rate in the early 1980s, leading to a boom in imports and a collapse of domestic industrial production; this together with a world recession caused a serious economic crisis in 1982, where GDP plummeted by

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and centrally planned economic programs supported by Allende. Chile was drastically transformed from an economy isolated from the rest of the world, with strong government intervention, into a liberalized, world-integrated economy, where market forces were left free to guide most of the economy's

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The indictment and arrest of Pinochet occurred on 10 October 1998 in London. He returned to Chile in March 2000 but was not charged with the crimes against him. On his 91st birthday on 25 November 2006, in a public statement to supporters, Pinochet for the first time claimed to accept "political

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After the Chilean military coup in 1973, Fidel Castro promised Chilean revolutionaries' far-reaching aid. Initially Cuban support for resistance consisted of clandestine distribution of funds to Chile, human rights campaigns at the UN to isolate the Chilean dictatorship, and efforts to undermine

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From an economic point of view, the era can be divided into two periods. The first, from 1975 to 1982, corresponds to the period when most of the reforms were implemented. The period ended with the international debt crisis and the collapse of the Chilean economy. At that point, unemployment was

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There has been a large amount of debate over the extent of US government involvement in destabilising the Allende government. Recently declassified documents show evidence of communication between the Chilean military and United States officials, suggesting covert US involvement in assisting the

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Ximena Buster, 'Watch out for the little nazi man that all of have inside: The mobilization and demobilization of women in militarized Chile', Women's Studies International Forum, 11:5, p. 490; Fabiola Bahamondes Carrasco, 'Centros de Madres en el Chile rural. Un espacio de seguridad.' Revista

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Financial conglomerates became major beneficiaries of the liberalized economy and the flood of foreign bank loans. Large foreign banks reinstated the credit cycle, as the Junta saw that the basic state obligations, such as resuming payment of principal and interest installments, were honored.

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The Constitution, which took effect on 11 March 1981, established a "transition period," during which Pinochet would continue to exercise executive power and the junta's legislative power, for the next eight years. Before that period ended, a candidate for president was to be proposed by the

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held on September 11, 1980. The constitution was approved by 67% of voters under a process which has been described as "highly irregular and undemocratic", and was neither free nor fair. Critics of the 1980 Constitution argue that the constitution was created not to build a democracy, but to

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According to the Latin American Institute on Mental Health and Human Rights, 200,000 people were affected by "extreme trauma"; this figure includes individuals executed, tortured, forcibly exiled, or having their immediate relatives put under detention. 316 women have reported to having been

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In 1996, human rights activists announced they had presented another 899 cases of people who had disappeared or been killed during the dictatorship, taking the total of known victims to 3,197, of whom 2,095 were reported killed and 1,102 missing. Following the return to democracy with the

3058:, a party that was not part of Concertación. Aylwin spoke with authority about the need to clarify human rights violations but did not confront the dictatorship for it; in contrast, Büchi, as a former regime minister, lacked any credibility when dealing with human right violations. 1132:. The newspaper was investigated for tax evasion and its director arrested and interviewed. The Allende government found it impossible to control inflation, which grew to more than 300 percent by September, further dividing Chileans over the Allende government and its policies. 2275: 2993:, produced colorful, upbeat programs, telling the Chilean people to vote against the extension of the presidential term. Lagos, in a TV interview, pointed his index finger towards the camera and directly called on Pinochet to account for all the "disappeared" persons. The 6567:

RAPPORT FAIT AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES SUR LA PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION (n° 1060), tendant à la création d'une commission d'enquête sur le rôle de la France dans le soutien aux régimes militaires d'Amérique latine entre 1973 et 1984, PAR M. ROLAND

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subjected to rape by soldiers and agents of the dictatorship, however the number is believed to be much larger due to the preference of many women to avoid talking about this. Twenty pregnant women have declared to have suffered abortion due to torture. In the words of

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US-Chilean bilateral relations. Eventually Cuba's policy changed to arming and training insurgents. Once their training was completed, Cuba helped the guerrillas return to Chile, providing false passports and false identification documents. Cuba's official newspaper,

3782:"<sc>Margaret Power</sc>. <italic>Right-Wing Women in Chile: Feminine Power and the Struggle against Allende 1964–1973</italic>. University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2002. Pp. xxii, 311. Cloth $ 65.00, paper $ 25.00". 1018:. Overall, the regime left over 3,000 dead or missing, tortured tens of thousands of prisoners, and drove an estimated 200,000 Chileans into exile. The dictatorship's effects on Chilean political and economic life continue to be felt. Two years after its ascension, 2346:

regularly condemned the junta at the United Nations for its human rights abuses, bilateral relations between the two were not affected to the same degree. Britain formally withdrew its Santiago ambassador in 1974, however reinstated the position in 1980 under the

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with support of journalists who "reported" the supposed events; in some cases, the fake combats were also staged. The faked combat tactic ameliorated criticism of the regime implicitly putting culpability on the victim. It is thought that the killing of the

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Commanders-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Carabinero Chief General for the following period of eight years. The candidate then was to be ratified by registered voters in a national plebiscite. On 30 August 1988 Pinochet was declared to be the candidate.

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help him censor the media, arrest opposition leaders and repress demonstrations. This was accompanied by a complete shutting down of civil society with curfews, prohibition of public assembly, press blackouts, draconian censorship and university purges.

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In 1982-1983 Chile witnessed a severe economic crisis with a surge in unemployment and a meltdown of the financial sector. 16 out of 50 financial institutions faced bankruptcy. In 1982 the two biggest banks were nationalized to prevent an even worse

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today to attain full coverage at primary and secondary levels, the country has fallen seriously behind at tertiary level, where coverage, although now growing, is still only 32 per cent of the age group. The figure was twice as much in neighbouring

1404:, which linked South American dictatorships together against political opponents, meant that even these exiles could be subject to violence. Some 20,000–40,000 Chilean exiles were holders of passports stamped with the letter "L" (which stood for 1655:. The policy towards the sympathetic youth contrasted with the murder, surveillance and forced disappearances the dissident youth faced from the regime. Most of the documents of the SNJ were reportedly destroyed by the dictatorship in 1988. 3054:, behaved as if he had won and refused a second television debate with Büchi. Büchi attacked Aylwin on a remark he had made concerning that inflation rate of 20% was not much and he also accused Aylwin of making secret agreements with the 2080:

and Operation Condor for more details.) It is known, however, that the American Secretary of State at the time, Henry Kissinger, practiced a policy of supporting coups in nations which the United States viewed as leaning toward Communism.

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and Pinochet his concerns about Chilean exiles in Argentina near the frontier with Chile. Perón would have conceded on moving these exiles from the frontiers to eastern Argentina, but he warned "Perón takes his time, but accomplishes"

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were fired from other state-sector jobs. The oligarchy recovered most of its lost industrial and agricultural holdings, for the junta sold to private buyers most of the industries expropriated by Allende's Popular Unity government.

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on September 10, 2003, requested a Parliamentary Commission on the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984" before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly, presided by

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The U.S. government had been interfering in Chilean politics since 1961, and it spent millions trying to prevent Allende from coming to power, and subsequently undermined his presidency through financing opposition. Declassified

2202:). Perón justified his meeting with Pinochet stating that it was important to keep good relations with Chile under all circumstances and with whoever might be in government. Perón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife, 1906:

became Minister of Finance from 1985 to 1989, introducing a return to a free market economic policy. He allowed the peso to float and reinstated restrictions on the movement of capital in and out of the country. He deleted some

2539:. According to sources, the alleged invasion scheme could be seen from the Chilean's government perspective as a plan for some kind of leftist counterattack. While acknowledging the Peruvian plans were revisionistic scholar 1951:

The pragmatic economic policy after the crises of 1982 is appreciated for bringing constant economic growth. It is questionable whether the radical reforms of the Chicago Boys contributed to post-1983 growth. According to

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dificultades . Desde esta situación se puso también a Chile en un debate comparado sobre los problemas en la implantación de la supremacía o control civil, sus contextos institucionales y sus mecanismos más efectivos...

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which was widespread in the rural areas of south-central Chile. There are testimonies of militaries calling Mexican music "communist". Militaries dislike of Mexican music may be linked to the Allende administration's

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complained against the ease with which Argentine Soda Stereo made appearances on Chilean TV or in Chilean magazines and the ease they could obtain musical equipment for concerts in Chile. Soda Stereo was invited to

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of 5.9%, the fastest on the continent. Chile developed a good export economy, including the export of fruits and vegetables to the northern hemisphere when they were out of season, and commanded high export prices.

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credited Pinochet with bringing about a thriving, free-enterprise economy, while at the same time downplaying the junta's human rights record, condemning an "organised international Left who are bent on revenge".

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PASSMORE, LEITH (August 2018). "John R. Bawden, The Pinochet Generation: The Chilean Military in the Twentieth Century (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2016), pp. x + 288, $ 49.95, $ 49.95 E-book".

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attaining a record 98 per cent coverage. Significantly, tertiary education for the upper-income fifth of the Chilean population, many of whom study in the new private universities, also reaches above 70 per

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Britain's initial reaction to the overthrowing of Allende was one of caution. The Conservative government recognised the legitimacy of the new government but didn't offer any other declarations of support.

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published in Chile and abroad and supplied the public with information through radio stations. Vicaria pursued a legal strategy of defending human rights, not a political strategy to re-democratise Chile.

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In addition to the violence experienced within Chile, many people fled from the regime, while others have been forcibly exiled, with some 30,000 Chileans being deported from the country. particularly to

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condemned the 1973 coup as a "fatality for the continent" stating that Pinochet represented interests "well known" to him. He praised Allende for his "valiant attitude" and took note of the role of the

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the social movements that it gave a platform to. It achieved this through the establishment of the Cooperative Committee for Peace in Chile (COPACHI) and Vicariate of Solidarity. COPACHI was founded by

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soon consolidated his control over the government. Since he was the commander-in-chief of the oldest branch of the military forces (the Army), he was made the titular head of the junta, and soon after

2810:. The folk music contest of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival had become increasingly politicized during the Allende years and was suspended by organizers from the time of coup until 1980. 1973:

and cuts in funding to public services coincided with falling wages and steady rises in unemployment, which averaged 26% during the worldwide economic slump of 1982–85 and eventually peaked at 30%.

3008:

was held in December 1989, at the same time as congressional elections that were due to take place. Pinochet left the presidency on March 11, 1990, and transferred power to his political opponent

2574:, but Franco's successors had a cold attitude towards Pinochet as they did not want to be linked to him. When Pinochet traveled to the funeral of Francisco Franco in 1975, the President of France 2311:

in Washington D.C., when it placed an embargo on arms sales to Chile that remained in effect until the restoration of democracy in 1989. This more aggressive stance coincided with the election of

2307:. During his visit he privately met with Pinochet and reassured the leader of internal support from the U.S. administration. The U.S. went beyond verbal condemnation in 1976, after the murder of 2193:

in Paraguay so the encounter at Argentina was technically a stopover. Pinochet and Perón are both reported to have felt uncomfortable during the meeting. Perón expressed his wishes to settle the

1589:

consolidate power within the central government while limiting the amount of sovereignty allowed to the people with little political presence. The constitution came into force on March 11, 1981.

3257:

The relative economic success of the Pinochet dictatorship has brought about some political support for the former dictatorship. In 1998, then-Brazilian congressman and retired military officer

2702:

to middle wavelengths. This together with the shutdown of radio stations sympathetic to the former Allende administration impacted music in Chile. The music catalog was censored with the aid of

2686:, proposing that the ruling class can maintain power by controlling cultural institutions, Pinochet clamped down on cultural dissidence. This brought Chilean cultural life into what sociologist 5445:

Ximena Buster, 'Watch out for the little nazi man that all of have inside: The mobilization and demobilization of women in militarized Chile', Women's Studies International Forum, 11:5, p. 490.

1236:

to the military rulers. During 1976–77, this repression even reached independent and Christian Democrat labour leaders who had supported the coup, several were exiled. Christian Democrats like

7115: 3250:

warned in 1991 that "dictatorial government presiding over a transition to capitalism seems one of the more plausible scenarios, even if it does so at a high cost in human rights violations".

2229:. A full-scale war was prevented only by the calling off of the operation by Argentina for military and political reasons. But the relations remained tense as Argentina invaded the Falklands ( 1960:, the 1982 crises as well as the success of the pragmatic economic policy after 1982 proves that the 1975–1981 radical economic policy of the Chicago Boys actually harmed the Chilean economy. 1890:. In 1983 another five banks were nationalized and two banks had to be put under government supervision. The central bank took over foreign debts. Critics ridiculed the economic policy of the 8268: 4841: 1957: 1126:

shortages led to protests like the one at the Plaza de la Constitución which had been dispersed with tear gas. Allende also clashed with Chile's largest circulation newspaper, the CIA-funded

1097:

mining camp had ceased working, demanding higher wages. The strike lasted 76 days and cost the government severely in lost revenues. One of the strikers, Luis Bravo Morales, was shot dead in

128: 7052: 3274:

Today, near the end of my days, I want to say that I harbour no rancour against anybody, that I love my fatherland above all. ... I take political responsibility for everything that was done

1417:

claimed that "Of a population of barely 11 million, more than 4,000 were executed or 'disappeared', hundreds of thousands were detained and tortured, and almost a million fled the country".

6405: 1740:

The Catholic Church, which at first expressed its gratitude to the armed forces for saving the country from the horrors of a "Marxist dictatorship" became, under the leadership of Cardinal

2299:. U.S. public stance did condemn the human rights violations, however declassified documents reveal such violations were not an obstacle for members of the Nixon and Ford administrations. 2582:

by letting Spanish authorities know that Giscard would not be there if Pinochet was present. Juan Carlos I personally called Pinochet to let him know he was not welcome at his crowning.

2543:

claim more important issues were behind the "ideological incompatibility" between the regimes of Velasco Alvarado and Pinochet and that Peru would have been concerned about Pinochet's

8001: 2242: 2241:. Chile actually helped the United Kingdom during the war. The two countries (Chile and Argentina) finally agreed to papal mediation over the Beagle Channel that finally ended in the 7238: 2637:, boasted in February 1981 that the "Chilean Resistance" had successfully conducted more than 100 "armed actions" throughout Chile in 1980. By late 1980, at least 100 highly trained 1513:

and thus fitted Pinochet's self-image of being "above politics". Pinochet was impressed by their assertiveness as well as by their links to the financial world of the United States.

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campaign did not argue for the advantages of extension, but was instead negative, claiming that voting "no" was equivalent to voting for a return to the chaos of the UP government.

2760:

became first known in Chile this way. Cassettes aside, some music enthusiasts were able to supply themselves with rare or suppressed records with help of relatives in exile abroad.

5473:

Anderson, Sean, and Stephen Sloan. 2009. Historical Dictionary of Terrorism. 3Rd ed. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest, 38. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.

3020:

From the 1989 elections onwards, the military had officially left the political sphere in Chile. Pinochet did not endorse any candidate publicly. Former Pinochet economic minister

6196:

intervene. Then the great powers could take sides. In this case, the resolution of the conflict would depend not on the combatants, but on the countries that supplied the weapons.

3312:, although it was widely reported that the CIA was directly involved in orchestrating and carrying out the coup, subsequently released sources suggest a much reduced role of the 1283:" (or "political genocide"). Steve J. Stern spoke of a politicide to describe "a systematic project to destroy an entire way of doing and understanding politics and governance". 3012:, the new democratically elected president. Due to the same transitional provisions of the constitution, Pinochet remained as Commander-in-Chief of the Army, until March 1998. 129: 142: 8292: 6854: 1871:

14%, and unemployment reached 33%. At the same time, a series of massive protests were organized, trying to cause the fall of the regime, which were efficiently repressed.

3243:

broke out throughout Santiago, due to increasing prices of the metro ticket. For many Chileans this highlighted the disproportionate distribution of wealth amongst Chile.

1298:, a multipartisan effort by the Aylwin administration to discover the truth about the human-rights violations, listed a number of torture and detention centers (such as 7639: 6087: 1135:

Upper- and middle-class right-wing women also played a role in the opposition against the Allende government. They co-ordinated two prominent opposition groups called

5344: 5273: 7177: 5802:

vol. 30, no. 5, (Sep., 2003), p. 16–40; Eduardo Silva: "From Dictatorship to Democracy: The Business-State Nexus in Chile's Economic Transformation, 1975–1994." In:

1577:. For this purpose the junta selected notable civilians willing to join the draft commission. Dissidents to the dictatorship were not represented in the commission. 1509:

joined the government, and Pinochet was largely sympathetic to them. This sympathy, scholar Peter Winn explains, was indebted to the fact that the Chicago boys were

749: 6987:[Music and "clandestinidad" During the Time of the Chilean Dictatorship: Repression and the Circulation of Music of Resistance and Clandestine Cassettes]. 5385:"El "Golpe Generacional" y la Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud: purga, disciplinamiento y resocialización de las identidades juveniles bajo Pinochet (1973–1980)" 4048:

Aguilar, Mario I. (2003). "Cardinal Raul Silva Henriquez, the Catholic Church, and the Pinochet Regime, 1973-1980: Public Responses to a National Security State".

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detained women were doubly punished, first for being "leftists" and second for not conforming to their ideal of women usually being called "perra" (lit. "bitch").

1164:

passed, by a vote of 81 to 47, a resolution calling for President Allende to respect the constitution. The measure failed to obtain the two-thirds majority in the

7688: 8970: 4905: 6836:

Tanya Harmer, 'The View from Havana: Chilean Exiles in Cuba and Early Resistance to Chile's Dictatorship's, Hispanic American Historical Review 1 (2016), 109-13

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exhibiting "repression of public liberties, the elimination of political exchange, limiting freedom of speech, abolishing the right to strike, freezing wages".

8995: 6498: 8429: 6791: 4992:

Ensalaco, Mark. 2000. Chile Under Pinochet : Recovering the Truth. Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

1232:, Allende's predecessor as president, initially supported the coup along with his Christian Democratic colleagues. However, they later assumed the role of a 4512:

Vasallo, Mark (2002). "Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: General Considerations and a Critical Comparison of the Commissions of Chile and El Salvador".

5387:[The "Generational Putsch" and the National youth Office: Purge, disciplining and resocialization of youth identities under Pinochet (1973–1980)]. 4965: 4461: 2132:

both continued to maintain diplomatic relations with Chile. Pinochet nurtured the relationship with China. The government broke diplomatic relations with

8990: 8077: 7869: 2611: 1428:, Patagonian fishing communities with a reputation of lawlessness. There they were joined by delinquents who feared torture or death by the authorities. 1414: 7216: 3246:

The "Chilean Variation" has been seen as a potential model for nations that fail to achieve significant economic growth. The latest is Russia, for whom

1644:

and Jaime Guzmán. Allamand and other young right-wingers also resented the dominance of the gremialist in SNJ, considering it a closed gremialist club.

6375: 3926: 5464:

Collier, Simon, and William F Sater. 1996. A History of Chile, 1808-1994. Cambridge Latin American Studies, 82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

4324: 7057: 3285: 2794: 7506: 5681: 5671: 4833: 1014:

The regime was characterized by the systematic suppression of political parties and the persecution of dissidents to an extent unprecedented in the

7574: 7399: 2510:

and Pinochet in 1976. Velasco's military plan was to launch a massive sea, air, and land invasion against Chile. In 1999, Pinochet claimed that if

1541: 6397: 5250: 6592: 6536: 2973:

ruled that the plebiscite should be carried out as stipulated by Article 64 in the Constitution. That included a programming slot in television (

2830:. The dictatorship, however, didn’t suppress Mexican music as a whole but distinguished different strands, some of which were actually promoted. 4941: 4004: 8308: 6653: 4427: 3669: 1258: 711: 7661: 7261: 4361: 3374: 1329:) reaching several thousand. In the days immediately following the coup, the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs informed 1241:

had established a large network to provide information to numerous organisations regarding human rights abuses in Chile. As a result of this,

8479: 6178:

Corbacho, Alejandro (September 2003). "Predicting the Probability of War During Brinkmanship Crises: The Beagle and the Malvinas Conflicts".

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in the first week after the coup, the military organized a meeting with folk musicians where they announced that the traditional instruments

2092:, which had been established under the Allende government. Shortly after the junta came to power, several communist countries, including the 1714:

on the 7 September 1986 under 'Operation XX Century' but were unsuccessful. The group also assassinated the author of the 1980 Constitution,

1045:

In that plebiscite, 55% of voters rejected the proposal of extending Pinochet's presidency for another eight years. Consequently, democratic

7833: 7823: 7235: 5663: 808: 7681: 4531: 1969:

what they had been in 1970 and the budgets for education, health and housing had dropped by over 20% on average. The massive increases in

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There were also internal exiles who due to a lack of resources could not escape abroad. In the 1980s a few left-wing sympathisers hid in

6959:

Montoya Arias, Luis Omar; Díaz Güemez, Marco Aurelio (12 September 2017). "Etnografía de la música mexicana en Chile: Estudio de caso".

6346: 5168: 2873: 2764: 2295:

substantial economic support between the years 1973–79, despite concerns from more liberal Congressmen, as seen from the results of the

1263: 7935: 7902: 7656: 4387: 1154: 963: 367: 6677: 6621: 4632: 1391:

Some funeral urns of political activists executed by the Chilean military dictatorship, from 1973 to 1990, in the cemetery of Santiago

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cassettes was enabled by tape recorders, and in some cases this activity turned commercial as evidenced by the pirate cassette brand

2627: 1686: 899: 7214:

El imaginario de rebeldía y disconformidad a través de la música rock en los años ´90. Desadaptados/as chilenos/as dejan su mensaje.

8980: 4710: 2121: 1216:

On September 13, the junta dissolved the Congress and outlawed or suspended all political activities in addition to suspending the

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Chile en el umbral de los noventa: quince años que condicionan el futuro, Jaime Gazmuri & Felipe Agüero, p. 121, Planeta, 1988

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declaring them "inalienable", but new mineral deposits were open to private investment. Capitalist involvement was increased, the

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standing out as the military manufacturer that developed the most following the embargo. On the contrary, the naval manufacturer

1521: 7674: 7610:

Roberts, K.M. (1995). "From the Barricades to the Ballot Box: Redemocratization and Political Realignment in the Chilean Left",

7086: 6474: 5094:(2000). "Technocrats and politicians in an authoritarian regime. The 'ODEPLAN Boys' and the 'Gremialists' in Pinochet's Chile". 8175: 8132: 5709:

Karin Fischer: "The Influence of Neoliberals in Chile before, during, and after Pinochet." In: P. Mirowski, D. Plehwe (Hrsg.):

2058: 1585: 1568: 1279:

The military rule was characterized by systematic suppression of all political dissidence. Scholars later described this as a "

1035: 7496:

Katrien Klep: Tracing collective memory: Chilean truth commissions and memorial sites, in: Memory Studies 3 (2012), p. 259-269

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Karin Fischer: "The Influence of Neoliberals in Chile before, during, and after Pinochet" In: P. Mirowski, D. Plehwe (Hrsg.):

3135: 3036: 8975: 8484: 8300: 7549: 7028: 6730: 5430: 4819: 4271: 4033: 3979: 3356:

Jack Devine & Peter Kornbluh, 'Showdown in Santiago: What Really Happened in Chile?', Foreign Affairs 93 (2014), 168-174.

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coalition and began a systemic campaign of imprisonment, torture, harassment and/or murder against the perceived opposition.

501: 7986: 5825: 5781:

Enrique R. Carrasco: "Autocratic Transitions to Liberalism: A Comparison of Chilean and Russian Structural Adjustment." In:

4249: 3000:

Pinochet lost the 1988 referendum, where 56% of the votes rejected the extension of the presidential term, against 44% for "

1529: 1372: 1220:. All political activity was declared "in recess". The Government Junta immediately banned the socialist, Marxist and other 8836: 8674: 6006: 5358: 5291: 3235:

Chilean government faced public scrutiny for its economic policies. In particular, for the long-term effects of Pinochet's

831: 17: 6984: 5944: 4736: 4133: 3739:

de los Angeles Crummett, María (October 1977). "El Poder Feminino: the Mobilization of Women Against Socialism in Chile".

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has called a "cultural blackout". The government censored non-sympathetic individuals while taking control of mass media.

1188:. Once the junta had taken over, the United States immediately recognized the new regime and helped it consolidate power. 8122: 7711: 6225: 4563: 3948: 3424: 2638: 2459:

traveled to Chile in February 2004, he claimed that no cooperation between France and the military regimes had occurred.

2401:

Although France received many Chilean political refugees, it also secretly collaborated with Pinochet. French journalist

2258: 2178: 1692: 1449: 8102: 5760:, vol. 6, no. 2 (Apr., 1984), p. 310–326; Sebastian Edwards: "Monetarism in Chile, 1973–83: Some Economic Puzzles". In: 1707: 1368: 1321:

The worst violence occurred within the first three months of the coup, with the number of suspected leftists killed or "

8534: 8142: 8082: 7721: 4779: 4154: 3100: 3051: 3005: 2046: 1117:, the armoured cavalry soldiers hoped other units would be inspired to join them. Instead, armed units led by generals 1050: 683: 80: 7172: 6985:"Música y clandestinidad en dictadura: la represión, la circulación de músicas de resistencia y el casete clandestino" 6885:

Taffet, Jeffrey (1997). ""My Guitar is Not for the Rich": The New Chilean Song Movement and the Politics of Culture".

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Wilkinson, Michael D. (1992). "The Chile Solidarity Campaign and British Government Policy towards Chile, 1973-1990".

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in the early 1970s to undermine the Socialist government of Salvador Allende, acting as a mouthpiece for anti-Allende

2237:, were the only countries in South America to criticize the use of force by Argentina in its war with the UK over the 894: 8864: 7828: 6427: 5744: 5542: 5096: 5038: 4897: 4874: 4813: 4421: 4355: 3911: 3878: 3699: 3594: 3503: 3096: 2028: 1855: 1022:

economic reforms were implemented in sharp contrast to Allende's leftist policies. The government was advised by the

775: 7624:

Sznajder, M. (1996). "Dilemmas of economic and political modernisation in Chile: A jaguar that wants to be a puma",

6557:« Série B. Amérique 1952-1963. Sous-série : Argentine, n° 74. Cotes : 18.6.1. mars 52-août 63 ». 6520: 1180:, composed of the heads of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Carabineros (police). Once the Junta was in power, General 7930: 7803: 6495: 6317:

Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe / European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

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had enjoyed warm relations with Chile while Allende was in power. Pinochet admired and was very much influenced by

2339: 2117: 1778: 1177: 1039: 1004: 326: 277: 232: 35: 7527: 6783: 2207: 2073: 1718:

on 1 April 1991. They continued to operate throughout the 1990s, being designated as a terrorist organisation the

1361:

Leftist guerrilla groups and their sympathizers were also hit hard during the military regime. The MIR commander,

1290:

cited early figures of up to 30,000 people killed. However, these high estimates have not held to later scrutiny.

1057:. However, the military remained out of civilian control for several years after the junta itself had lost power. 8985: 8935: 8572: 8444: 8424: 8335: 8316: 8188: 8112: 5200: 2410: 2304: 2211: 2113: 2109: 2050: 2016: 1815:. Given financial and ideological support from Pinochet, the U.S., and international financial institutions, the 864: 826: 645: 514: 339: 7808: 6232:, Chile Documentation Project, National Security Archive, September 19, 2000. Accessed online November 26, 2006. 4958: 2045:

Having risen to power on an anti-Marxist agenda, Pinochet found common cause with the military dictatorships of

1453: 8637: 7895: 7864: 7731: 7427: 7019:

Jordán González, Laura (2019). "Chile: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice". In Sturman, Janet (ed.).

6922: 5798:, vol. 102, no. 414 (Sep., 1992), p. 1258–1260, p. 1259f; Jorge Nef: "The Chilean Model Fact and Fiction." In: 5517: 5492: 5318: 4450: 3240: 2732:

were banned. The curfew imposed by the dictatorship forced the remaining Nueva Canción scene, now rebranded as

2488: 2263: 2105: 1318:

political imprisonment, as well as 3,095 people killed or disappeared at the hands of the military government.

988: 956: 785: 7925: 7697: 3222: 2921: 2920:

were repressed. This last group had its members jailed and forced into exile after performing a parody on the

2575: 2406: 1475: 1209: 1066: 996: 803: 770: 300: 31: 8606: 8419: 7213: 2970: 2771:

in 1977. In the first years of dictatorship Pinochet was a common guest at the festival. Pinochet's advisor

2518:

forces could have penetrated deep south into Chilean territory, possibly military taking the Chilean city of

1805: 1749: 1046: 987:

for seventeen years, between 11 September 1973 and 11 March 1990. The dictatorship was established after the

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on 14 December 1983, to engage in a violent armed struggle against the junta. Most notably the organisation

8611: 8567: 8414: 8365: 8220: 7981: 3029: 2955: 2359: 2318:

The U.S. arms embargo served to kickstart the Chilean weapons industry, with the military aviation company

1859: 1581: 1217: 1161: 1031: 1027: 889: 841: 780: 313: 7144: 5794:

J. M. Albala-Bertrand: "Monetarism and Liberalization: The Chilean Experiment: With a New Afterword." In:

4486: 4384:"New Information on the Murders of U.S. Citizens Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi by the Chilean Military" 1026:, a team of free-market economists educated in the United States. Later, in 1980, the regime replaced the 8894: 8819: 8748: 8260: 8205: 8107: 7584: 7196: 6133: 5287: 3305: 3247: 2944: 2912:

were restricted by the military regime to performing only theatre classics. Some established groups like

2288: 2012: 1087: 1079: 668: 571: 148: 5678: 5668: 4400:

New Information on the Murders of U.S. Citizens Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi by the Chilean Military

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The enormous amount of weaponry purchased by Peru caused a meeting between former US Secretary of State

1636:

were skeptical to these attempts as they were moulded from above and gathered disparate figures such as

8715: 8524: 8514: 8474: 8355: 8168: 5610:

K. Remmer (1998). "Public Policy and Regime Consolidation: The First Five Years of the Chilean Junta".

5239: 2819: 2783:

on one occasion on behalf of "the Chilean youth". Supporters of the dictatorship appropriated the song

2698:

The military dictatorship sought to isolate Chilean radio listeners from the outside world by changing

2480: 2249:). Chilean sovereignty over the islands and Argentinian east of the surrounding sea is now undisputed. 2077: 2040: 1490: 884: 635: 7116:"Bajo un clima de tensión: las veces que el Festival de Viña del Mar aludió e incomodó a la Dictadura" 7053:"Censura, aplausos al dictador y propaganda de derecha: Los días oscuros del Festival de Viña del Mar" 6223:

CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile

4532:"Violencia sexual contra mujeres en dictadura: un crimen invisibilizado « Diario y Radio U Chile" 721: 9000: 8772: 8360: 8345: 7888: 7859: 6456:

Nicholas van der Bijl and David Aldea, 5th Infantry Brigade in the Falklands , p. 28, Leo Cooper 2003

6175:"Predicting the probability of war during brinkmanship crisis: The Beagle and the Malvinas conflicts" 4928: 4294:

Gómez-Barris, Macarena (2010). "Witness Citizenship: The Place of Villa Grimaldi in Chilean Memory".

4250:"Controversial victims on Chile's official list, by Eva Vergara, Omaha World-Herald, August 18, 2011" 1793: 1741: 1334: 1170: 1072: 949: 879: 869: 744: 542: 6645: 5315:"About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress" 5312:

Hudson, Rex A., ed. "Chile: A Country Study." GPO for the Library of Congress. 1995. March 20, 2005

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Wright, T.C.; Oñate, R. (2005), "Chilean Diaspora", in Ember, M.; Ember, C.R.; Skoggard, I. (eds.),

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guerrillas had reentered Chile and the MIR began building a base for future guerrilla operations in

2182: 8899: 8589: 8449: 8439: 8127: 8097: 7741: 7269: 6578: 6537:

MM. Giscard d'Estaing et Messmer pourraient être entendus sur l'aide aux dictatures sud-américaines

4937: 3366: 3055: 3025: 2594: 2160:

assumed the presidency of the Philippines after Marcos was ousted in a non-violent revolution, the

2062: 1994: 1719: 1272: 688: 6920:

Morris, Nancy. 1986. Canto Porque es Necesario Cantar: The New Song Movement in Chile, 1973-1983.

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Establishing a new constitution was a core issue for the dictatorship since it provided a mean of

1362: 1313:), and found that at least 3,200 people were killed or disappeared by the regime. Later, the 2004 8738: 8464: 8404: 8137: 2785: 2384: 2161: 1735: 420: 117: 100: 5649: 1948:

With the economic crises of 1982 the "monetarist experiment" was regarded by critics a failure.

8859: 8601: 8469: 8117: 6034: 3208: 3118: 3004:", and, following the constitutional provisions, he stayed as president for one more year. The 2827: 2749: 2708:(blacklists) but little is known on how these were composed and updated. The formerly thriving 2673: 2579: 2535:

Pinochet dictatorship had come into power with a coup against democratically elected president

1986: 1834: 1205: 1114: 607: 577: 7777: 6720: 6183: 5593: 5143: 4864: 4769: 4739:[Port of Gala and Port of Gaviota (1985-1993): A look from the triangle of violence]. 4411: 2218: 1310: 263: 8789: 8710: 8579: 8383: 8276: 8161: 4345: 4193: 4091:

Pratt, M. L. (1 January 1996). "Overwriting Pinochet: Undoing the Culture of Fear in Chile".

3545: 2468: 2456: 1953: 1812: 1695:, Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria. Immediately after the coup MIR-aligned elements in 1229: 1225: 980: 874: 706: 597: 375: 195: 86: 8804: 8705: 8700: 8627: 8596: 8584: 8350: 6674: 6618: 6290: 3269: 3227: 2905: 2586: 2375:

for tea on more than one occasion. Pinochet's controversial relationship with Thatcher led

1990: 1322: 1049:

were held the following year. The military dictatorship ended in 1990 with the election of

678: 7966: 7479: 7460: 7362: 6566: 5966: 4628: 4383: 4223: 3461:"30 años después: La ciencia política y las relaciones Fuerzas Armadas, Estado y sociedad" 3268:

responsibility" for what happened in Chile under his regime, though he still defended the

3039:

ran independently for president and made several election promises Büchi could not match.

8: 8909: 8799: 8632: 8544: 8529: 8225: 7940: 7818: 6506: 5535:

The Legacy of Human-Rights Violations in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay

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Barros, Robert. La Junta militar: Pinochet y la Constitución de 1980. Sudamericana, 2005.

4930:

Resistencia política y origen del movimiento social anti dictatorial en Chile (1973–1988)

4737:"Puerto Gala y Puerto Gaviota (1985-1993): Una mirada desde el triángulo de la violencia" 3523: 3033: 2768: 2744:". A scarcity of records and the censorship imposed on part of the music catalog made a " 2402: 1618: 1474:

and Augusto Pinochet clashed on several occasions, dating back from the beginning of the

1267:

Women of the Association of Families of the Detained-Disappeared demonstrate in front of

185: 7413: 7173:"Situación actual de la música folklórica chilena. Según el Atlas del Folklore de Chile" 4706: 4253: 2757: 8879: 8831: 8809: 8794: 8758: 8562: 8539: 8519: 8454: 8392: 8236: 7716: 7323: 7120: 6898: 6328: 6156: 6011: 5863: 5349: 5278: 5173: 5121: 5113: 4687: 4171: 4116: 4073: 3859: 3839: 3764: 3441: 3264:

Every year on the anniversary of the coup protests can be seen throughout the country.

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suffered from the exile or imprisonment of many bands and individuals. A key musician,

2634: 2472: 2217:

Chile was on the brink of being invaded by Argentina, as the Argentina junta initiated

2190: 1977: 1867: 1797: 1221: 1185: 726: 673: 354: 202: 5418: 5043:"El día en que Manuel Contreras le ofreció al Sha de Irán matar a "Carlos, El Chacal"" 5012:

El general Leigh: pensamiento y sentimiento 48 horas después de ser destituido en 1978

1633: 66: 8889: 8826: 8725: 8659: 8651: 8498: 8340: 8244: 8060: 7996: 7746: 7393: 7024: 6726: 6722:

Militarism and politics in Latin America: Peru from Sánchez Cerro to Sendero Luminoso

6466: 6398:"The Falklands Conflict Part 5 – Battles of Goose Green & Stanley HMFORCES.CO.UK" 6320: 6179: 6160: 5867: 5740: 5586: 5538: 5513: 5488: 5426: 5125: 4870: 4809: 4775: 4691: 4417: 4351: 4307: 4150: 4120: 4108: 4077: 4065: 4029: 3975: 3920: 3907: 3874: 3843: 3831: 3795: 3768: 3756: 3695: 3590: 3499: 3113: 3021: 2776: 2683: 2590: 2555:

Chileans should stop with the bullshit or tomorrow I shall eat breakfast in Santiago.

2497: 2376: 2372: 2348: 2230: 2125: 1970: 1941: 1924:

Chilean (orange) and average Latin American (blue) rates of growth of GDP (1971–2007)

1903: 1863: 1770: 1641: 1435:, Peter Winn and human rights organizations have characterized the dictatorship as a 1303: 1295: 1137: 846: 625: 177: 8054: 7666: 7001: 5403: 5384: 5240:"Complicity and Responsibility in the Aftermath of the Pinochet Regime: The Case of 4805:

Tejedores de la revolución: los trabajadores de Yarur y la vía chilena al socialismo

2935:

who was presented as a symbol of "summission to the authority" and "social order".

1980:. According to Communist Party of Chile member and economist Manuel Riesco Larraín: 8928: 8851: 8753: 8688: 8459: 8434: 8409: 8284: 8196: 8032: 7991: 7976: 7971: 7911: 7813: 7772: 7767: 7603:, & Vieux, S. (1990). "The Chilean 'Economic Miracle': An Empirical Critique", 6996: 6894: 6148: 5855: 5558: 5398: 5144:"Jaime Guzmán no fue un defensor de los Derechos Humanos en el Régimen de Pinochet" 5105: 4679: 4303: 4100: 4057: 4021: 3967: 3899: 3866: 3823: 3787: 3748: 3586: 3582: 3519: 3495: 3491: 3433: 3122: 2932: 2767:

and used it promote sympathetic artists, in particular those that were part of the

2717: 2607: 2571: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2494: 2487:

warplanes, 500,000 assault rifles, and even considered the purchase of the British

2433: 2420: 2396: 2296: 2267: 2238: 2152: 2141: 2066: 1937: 1789: 1537: 1533: 1505:

Over time the dictatorship incorporated civilians into the government. Many of the

1479: 1413:

the military coup during the 1970s and 1980s. In 2003, an article published by the

1401: 1351: 1299: 1268: 1242: 1233: 1181: 1122: 1015: 1008: 992: 836: 716: 551: 251: 221: 192: 170: 8048: 7787: 7545: 4771:

Principled Negotiation and Mediation in the International Arena: Talking with Evil

4579:

Augusto Pinochet's Chile, Diana Childress, p. 92, Twenty First century Books, 2009

4267: 3272:

against Salvador Allende. In a statement read by his wife Lucia Hiriart, he said,

2849: 2709: 1602: 1516:

Another group of civilians that collaborated extensively with the regime were the

8874: 8869: 8743: 8720: 7242: 7220: 6681: 6625: 6574: 6524: 6502: 6229: 6117: 5846:

K. Remmer (1998). "The Politics of Neoliberal Economic Reform in South America".

5829: 5820: 5685: 5675: 5654: 4567: 3673: 3091: 3062: 3047: 3009: 2886:

For Chile to become once again the land of poets, and not the land of murderers!

2868: 2853: 2699: 2687: 2679: 2567: 2507: 2471:'s main goals was to militarily reconquer the lands lost by Peru to Chile in the 2448: 2424: 2416: 2300: 2194: 1929: 1908: 1838: 1652: 1598: 1556: 1381: 1330: 1165: 1101:

city. On June 29, the Blindados No. 2 tank regiment under the command of Colonel

1083: 1054: 602: 7429:

Australian Slavonic and East European Studies: Journal of the Australian and ...

4197: 3043: 2772: 2737: 2203: 1715: 1625: 1525: 8944: 8904: 8884: 8841: 8784: 8252: 7726: 6039: 5893:; Steve Vieux (1990). "The Chilean "Economic Miracle": An Empirical Critique". 5139: 5091: 3752: 3258: 2845: 2803: 2527: 2343: 2226: 2157: 2133: 1880: 1765: 1606: 1574: 1548: 1540:. DINA spied on Guzmán and kept watch on his everyday activities. According to 1425: 1343: 1287: 1237: 1102: 935: 630: 444: 6222: 5940: 5109: 4653:"Chile since the coup: ten years of repression", Cynthia G. Brown, pp. 88–89, 4560: 4104: 4025: 3971: 3940: 3903: 3827: 2799: 2713: 1347: 8964: 8027: 8022: 7782: 6701: 6324: 5764:

vol. 34, no. 3 (April 1986), p. 535. Vgl. auch die Nachweise bei Jean Drèze,

5756:

Carlos Fortin: "The Failure of Repressive Monetarism: Chile, 1973–1983". In:

4683: 4189: 4112: 4069: 3835: 3799: 3791: 3760: 3641:"Foreign Policy Failures and Dilemmas" in Social History of the United States 2990: 2814: 2780: 2745: 2650: 2578:

pressured the Spanish government to refuse Pinochet to be at the crowning of

2308: 2137: 2097: 1887: 1830: 1821: 1486: 1471: 1314: 1000: 977: 467: 182: 72: 6347:"CHILE: DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION AND ARMS SALES (Hansard, 14 October 1980)" 6242: 3518:"The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability". 2721: 2173: 1038:. This established a series of provisions that would eventually lead to the 8949: 8730: 8669: 8664: 8554: 8087: 8017: 7838: 7736: 7600: 7594: 7290: 7145:"Pinochet: "Hemos demostrado al mundo que Chile es una nación democrática"" 6813:"Pinochet used Franco's funerals to mastermind the murder of an opponent". 5890: 5726:, Harvard University Press, Cambridge/London 2009, p. 305–346, hier S. 329. 5724:

The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective

5713:, Harvard University Press, Cambridge/London 2009, S. 305–346, hier S. 329. 5711:

The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective

2892: 2807: 2704: 2355: 2312: 2279: 2101: 2093: 2024: 1920: 1891: 1816: 1552: 1506: 1436: 1346:, a U.S. citizen who was killed during the coup itself, Chilean songwriter 1118: 1023: 921: 663: 451: 6271: 5314: 4834:"Organismos de DDHH denuncian un estado policial 'similar' al de Pinochet" 4061: 3870: 3398:

Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World

2270:, a former Chilean minister, was assassinated in Washington, D.C. in 1976. 1744:, the most outspoken critic of the regime's social and economic policies. 8229: 7617:

Schatan, J. (1990). "The Deceitful Nature of Socio-Economic Indicators".

6517: 5765: 4670:

Wright, Thomas C.; Oñate Zúñiga, Rody (2007). "Chilean political exile".

3309: 2861: 2544: 2443: 2428: 2148: 2089: 2054: 1826: 1637: 1629: 1517: 1421: 1128: 1110: 1094: 592: 6332: 6152: 3692:

The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability

3626:

The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability

1811:

of Chilean economists who had been educated in the United States at the

7751: 7091: 5859: 4741: 3715:

Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Despots, and Tyrants

3445: 3333: 3236: 2925: 2790: 2380: 2008: 1672: 1510: 1432: 1280: 1019: 640: 7579:

The Pinochet Generation: The Chilean Military in the Twentieth Century

7149: 6769:

Remapping the Humanities: Identity, Community, Memory, (post)modernity

5117: 4329: 3422:

Angell, Alan; Pollack, Benny (1990). "The Chilean Elections of 1989".

3261:

praised Pinochet, saying his regime "should have killed more people".

2519: 1958:

United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

1624:

society in support for the dictatorship. SNJ was created by advice of

1387: 7236:

La histórica rivalidad de Los Prisioneros y Soda Stereo, ¿quién ganó?

7195:

Ministerio Secretaría General de Gobierno (06 de noviembre de 1979),

4561:

Cultura Verdadera Programa Completo del Lunes 14 de Diciembre de 2015

4448: 2616:

International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976

2484: 2019:

lent vast sums anew. Many foreign multinational corporations such as

1397: 1106: 3437: 2748:

culture" emmerge among the affected audiences. The proliferation of

2716:, was tortured and killed by elements of the military. According to 27:

Period of Chilean history under the rule of General Augusto Pinochet

8814: 7880: 6597: 6541: 3995:

Pinochet Forms Panel to Consider Return of Chileans Sent Into Exile

2725: 2665: 2646: 2606:

matter that the United States expressed concern over as well after

2548: 2523: 2515: 2438: 2315:

who shifted the focus of U.S. foreign policy towards human rights.

2234: 1700: 1098: 1003:

on 11 September 1973. During this time, the country was ruled by a

462: 287: 188: 160: 8002:

Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina

7507:"Jair Bolsonaro: The would-be dictator who might soon rule Brazil" 2661: 2243:

Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina

1976:

In 1990, the LOCE act on education initiated the dismantlement of

1544:

Guzmán was identified as gay within a portfolio held by the DINA.

1201: 8153: 7511: 4959:"Los Muertos en Falsos Enfrentamientos: Janequeo y Fuenteovejuna" 4629:"Lifting of Pinochet's Immunity Renews Focus on Operation Condor" 3947:. Ley Chile – Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional. 13 October 1973. 3066:

The far-left and the far-right performed poorly in the election.

3024:

ran for president as the candidate of the two right-wing parties

2775:

was also spotted on occasion at the festival. Festival presenter

2642: 2442:, newspapers remained silent about this request. However, deputy 1696: 1691:

One of the first armed groups to oppose the dictatorship was the

7352:

David Altma, “Latin America”, Referendums Around the World, 2018

6767:

Corbatta, Jorgelina. "The Pinochet Affair in London and Spain".

6291:"Business As Usual: Britain's Heath Government and Chile's 9/11" 7597:(2003). "Cuba: The Morning After", p. 26. AEI Press, 2003. 6191:

in transportation through the passes over the Andean Mountains.

5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5487:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 149. 5389: 4490: 2857: 2530:

to defend itself. Though, Pinochet's Chilean Air Force General

1729: 1648: 1494: 1493:

in 1974 and appointed ambassador at the new Chilean embassy in

7662:

Criminals of the military dictatorship : Augusto Pinochet

5588:

Fear at the Edge, State Terror and Resistance in Latin America

3540:

Winn, Peter (2010). Joseph, Gilbert M.; Grandin, Greg (eds.).

2962:, to vote on a new eight-year presidential term for Pinochet. 1706:

Representing a major shift in attitudes, the CPCh founded the

8184: 7414:"Chile protests: Unrest in Santiago over metro fare increase" 5737:

Politics, policies, and economic development in Latin America

3865:. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Latin America Bureau. 2838: 2833: 2729: 2323: 2319: 2274: 2129: 1928:

Initially the economic reforms were internationally praised.

1460: 984: 6708:. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. p. 158. 6593:

Argentine : M. de Villepin défend les firmes françaises

5874: 3894:

O’Shaugnessy, Hugh (January 2000), "3. Treason and Terror",

3729:, Thomas C. Wright, p. 139, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001 6278:(in Spanish). Comision Sudamericana de Paz. pp. 39–41. 2511: 2476: 2085: 5808:

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The legacy of human-rights violations in the Southern Cone

2303:

visited Santiago in 1976 for the annual conference of the

2065:. The six countries eventually formulated a plan known as 7080: 7078: 7076: 6372:"Speech on Pinochet at the Conservative Party Conference" 4898:"Nuevos condenados por falso enfrentamiento en dictadura" 3329: 2938: 2841:

became the icon of the cueca and not the rural labourer.

1723: 1286:

Estimates of figures for victims of state violence vary.

1191: 7197:«Decreto 23: Declara a la cueca danza nacional de Chile» 7021:

The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture

6958: 4149:. Duke University Press. pp. 32, 90, 101, 180–181. 3581:, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 258–259, 2140:

in March 1974. Pinochet attended the funeral of General

1224:

parties that had constituted former President Allende's

7293:

on a live recording of their song "Voy a hacer el amor"

6875:

Castro's Secrets, Brian Latell, p. 125, Macmillan, 2013

6114:

Soldiers in a narrow land: the Pinochet regime in Chile

5889: 4016:

Power, Jonathan (1 January 2017), "The Pinochet Case",

3738: 3717:, Paul H. Lewis, p. 204, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006 3490:, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 73–106, 2931:

The dictatorship promoted the figure of Nobel laureate

7310:

Pop culture Latin America!: media, arts, and lifestyle

7073: 6961:

Revista Electrónica de Divulgación de la Investigación

6712: 6675:"La veces que Pinochet casi Ataca al Perú de Sorpresa" 6619:"La veces que Pinochet casi Ataca al Perú de Sorpresa" 5698:

Monetarism and Liberalization: the Chilean Experiment.

5605: 5603: 5027:

25 Chilean Soldiers Arrested in Burning of US Resident

4325:"El campo de concentración de Pinochet cumple 70 años" 3857:

O’Brien, Phillip; Roddick, Jacqueline (January 1983).

2363:

day Argentinian fighter-bombers bombed the troopships

2084:

The new junta quickly broke diplomatic relations with

7696: 2585:

While in Spain Pinochet is reported to have met with

2144:, dictator of Spain from 1936 to 1975, in late 1975. 7461:"Chile still split over Gen Augusto Pinochet legacy" 7087:"Viña bizarro: 20 historias del lado B del Festival" 6718: 6243:"memorandum of conversation, Kissinger and Pinochet" 5994:

Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and Oppositions

5839: 5512:. New York: New York University Press. p. 121. 4582: 2740:, while alternative groove disseminated in juvenile 2225:

islands at the southern tip of South America on the

1632:

thought. Some right-wing student union leaders like

1196: 7640:

Body of Chile's Former President Frei May Be Exumed

7568: 5992:J. Samuel Valenzuela and Arturo Valenzuela (eds.), 5870:. Studies in Comparative International Development. 5600: 5425:(in Spanish). Editorial Alfaguara. pp. 29–30. 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 2124:, severed diplomatic relations with Chile however, 1415:

International Committee of the Fourth International

366:

756,096.3 km (291,930.4 sq mi) (

7633:Pinochet's economists: The Chicago School in Chile 7384:Deming, Michael Albertus, Mark (5 November 2019). 6954: 6952: 6211:. New York: The New Press. pp. 1–78, 280–281. 5806:vol. 28 (1996), p. 299–320; Ricardo French-Davis: 5585: 5169:"Jaime Guzmán y su repudio hacia Manuel Contreras" 4869:. United Nations University Press. pp. 233–. 4669: 3858: 3656:, Salvatore Bizzarro, p. 34, Scarecrow Press, 2005 3613:. New York: Seven Stories Press. pp. 295–299. 2526:. The Chilean Armed Forces considered launching a 2413:in Argentina and with Pinochet's regime in Chile. 2031:, all expropriated by Allende, returned to Chile. 1784: 1628:, being an example of the dictatorship adopting a 1485:Another dictatorship member critical of Pinochet, 1078:military's rise to power. Some key figures in the 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6428:"US support to UK in Falklands' war was decisive" 5983:The Kissinger Telcons: Kissinger Telcons on Chile 5507: 5014:. La Segunda, 30 de septiembre de 1999, página 8. 4704: 4514:The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 3683: 3611:Masters of War: Latin America and U.S. Aggression 3286:Negationism of the military dictatorship of Chile 2977:) during which all positions, in this case, two, 2668:, a musical instrument banned by the dictatorship 1524:. The founder of the Gremialist movement, lawyer 1109:, Chile's presidential palace. Instigated by the 8962: 7528:"40 years after coup, divisions remain in Chile" 7386:"Pinochet Still Looms Large in Chilean Politics" 7266:La enciclopedia de la música chilena en Internet 6725:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 228–229. 6646:"Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum" 6614: 6612: 6610: 6266: 6264: 5848:Studies in Comparative International Development 5537:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 106. 5485:Chile Under Pinochet : Recovering the Truth 4442: 4319: 4317: 3727:Latin America in the Era of the Cuban Revolution 3404: 3069: 2185:. On 14 May 1974 Perón received Pinochet at the 2007:International lending organizations such as the 1760: 1680: 1658: 1176:The military installed themselves in power as a 7018: 5810:University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbour, 2002. 5532: 3579:Allende's Chile and the Inter-American Cold War 3567:Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. 3558:Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. 3488:Allende's Chile and the Inter-American Cold War 3432:(1). Society for Latin American Studies: 1–23. 1726:, until supposedly ceasing to operate in 1999. 1647:From 1975 to 1980 the SNJ arranged a series of 6929: 6781: 6744: 6742: 6215: 6127: 6125: 5138: 5086: 5084: 3966:, Duke University Press, 2004, pp. 1–13, 3925:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 3856: 3577:Harmer, Tanya (10 October 2011), "Rebellion", 3486:Harmer, Tanya (10 October 2011), "Rebellion", 1601:scandal ("case of the slit throats"), General 8996:States and territories disestablished in 1990 8169: 7896: 7682: 7589:Australian Slavonic and East European studies 7255: 7253: 7251: 7113: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7014: 7012: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6607: 6261: 4926: 4822:on 25 February 2015 – via Google Books. 4774:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 235–. 4734: 4665: 4663: 4314: 3421: 2514:had attacked Chile during 1973 or even 1978, 2221:on 22 December 1978 because of the strategic 1837:policies, in stark contrast to the extensive 957: 7824:Attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton 7416:. 19 October 2019 – via www.bbc.co.uk. 7398:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7050: 6762: 6760: 5378: 5376: 5342: 5271: 5132: 5031: 4856: 4293: 4172:"Table 4: Democide Rank Ordered (1970–1979)" 4018:Ending War Crimes, Chasing the War Criminals 3893: 3046:was more united and coherent. Its candidate 2960:plebiscite was scheduled for October 5, 1988 2208:overthrown in 1976 by the Argentine military 1730:Church opposition to human rights violations 1651:rallies in Cerro Chacarillas reminiscent of 1559:held by the military of the 1970s to 1990s. 1375:'s torture center at José Domingo Cañas 1367 7230: 7228: 6782:Cedéo Alvarado, Ernesto (4 February 2008). 6739: 6122: 6007:"U.S. and Others Gave Millions To Pinochet" 5703: 5700:University of Chicago Press, 1991, S. xvii. 5592:. University of California Press. pp. 5201:"La Dina de Contreras espió a Jaime Guzmán" 5195: 5193: 5191: 5081: 5070: 5068: 5022: 5020: 4449:Centro de Estuiios Miguel Enriquez (CEME). 3941:"DL-77 13-OCT-1973 Ministerio del Interior" 3395: 2779:publicly praised the dictator and his wife 1592: 1259:Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile 989:democratically elected socialist government 8991:States and territories established in 1973 8971:Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990) 8176: 8162: 7903: 7889: 7689: 7675: 7657:Literature and Torture in Pinochet's Chile 7581:, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 7248: 7164: 7051:Vargas Rojas, Vanessa (18 February 2015). 7037: 7009: 6971: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6749:Fermandois, Joaquín. "Chile en el mundo". 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6188:about the reasons of the call off (p.45): 5918:Chile under Pinochet: recovering the truth 5696:Sebastián Edwards, Alejandra Cox Edwards: 5624: 5559:"Chile: Extremism & Counter-Extremism" 4660: 1465: 1461:Politics and power within the dictatorship 1358:) wherein at least 70 people were killed. 1252: 964: 950: 141: 7587:(1992). "Perestroika and World History", 7548:. BBC News – Americas. 25 November 2006. 7212:Torres Quezada, Rodrigo Guillermo. 2007. 7201:Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile 7170: 7114:Vega Martínez, César (21 February 2020). 7084: 7000: 6757: 6314: 6274:(1990). "Las particularidades de Chile". 5845: 5819:Helmut Wittelsbürger, Albrecht von Hoff: 5648:Riesco, Manuel (September–October 2007). 5609: 5402: 5373: 5265: 4927:Silva Hidalgo, Robinson Humberto (2014). 4761: 3898:, Latin America Bureau, pp. 49–118, 3015: 2916:were tolerated while new formations like 2899: 2409:'s government secretly collaborated with 1993:, and even higher in developed countries— 1858:, remained in government hands, with the 1500: 7635:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7525: 7480:"Chile still split over Pinochet legacy" 7307: 7225: 6206: 6177: 5926: 5924: 5822:Chiles Weg zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft. 5772:. Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 231. 5762:Economic Development and Cultural Change 5482: 5397:(512): 10.4067/S0718–04622015000200006. 5382: 5338: 5336: 5188: 5065: 5037: 5017: 4988: 4986: 4862: 4730: 4728: 3812: 3689: 3623: 3617: 3359: 3221: 2874:Viña del Mar International Song Festival 2765:Viña del Mar International Song Festival 2660: 2610:'s 1976 assassination in Washington DC.( 2273: 2262: 1919: 1806:Economic history of Chile § 1975-81 1788: 1764: 1671: 1520:, whose movement started in 1966 in the 1386: 1367: 1262: 1200: 1047:presidential and parliamentary elections 8204: 7526:Castillo, Mariano (11 September 2013). 7303: 7301: 7299: 7142: 7085:Contreras, Marcelo (26 February 2021). 7023:. SAGE Publications. pp. 509–511. 6905: 6694: 6631: 6511:Escadrons de la mort, l'école française 5834:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung -Auslandsinfo. 5785:, Bd. 5, S. 99–126, hier S. 101, Fn. 5. 5583: 5533:Roniger, Luis; Sznajder, Mario (1999). 5417: 5156:from the original on 23 September 2015. 5090: 4705:Mauricio Saavedra (17 September 2003). 4511: 4047: 2910:Pontifical Catholic University of Chile 2326:was the least impacted by the embargo. 1676:Peaceful protest against Pinochet, 1985 1562: 1522:Pontifical Catholic University of Chile 14: 8963: 8133:University of Chile Student Federation 7870:Human rights violations under Pinochet 7383: 6982: 6884: 6784:"Rey Juan Carlos abochornó a Pinochet" 6748: 6700: 6656:from the original on 24 September 2015 6131: 6085: 5973:from the original on 12 September 2007 5647: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5306: 4947:from the original on 16 February 2016. 4635:from the original on 19 September 2014 4451:"Caidos del Mir en Diferente Periodis" 4430:from the original on 15 September 2013 4409: 3576: 3535: 3533: 3485: 3458: 3205: 3194: 3183: 3172: 3161: 3150: 2939:Plebiscite and the return to democracy 2455:When then Minister of Foreign Affairs 2282:in Washington, D.C., September 6, 1977 2183:familiarity with coup-making processes 1963: 1569:1980 Chilean constitutional referendum 1192:Dictatorship's crimes against humanity 712:Colonization of the Strait of Magellan 8157: 7884: 7670: 7552:from the original on 25 February 2015 7334:from the original on 3 September 2017 6857:from the original on 29 February 2012 6438:from the original on 25 February 2015 6378:from the original on 25 February 2015 6088:"Filipino Rebuff Humiliates Pinochet" 5947:from the original on 27 February 2015 5921: 5666:from the original on 24 January 2016. 5333: 4983: 4844:from the original on 25 February 2015 4767: 4725: 4713:from the original on 26 February 2015 4364:from the original on 25 February 2015 4343: 4274:from the original on 17 February 2009 4204:from the original on 25 February 2015 4144: 4138: 4090: 4015: 3951:from the original on 29 October 2013. 3638: 3608: 2628:Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990) 2278:Pinochet meeting with U.S. President 2179:United States in instigating the coup 2021:International Telephone and Telegraph 1687:Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990) 1605:resigned and was replaced by General 8430:Fjords, channels, sounds and straits 8078:Families of the Detained-Disappeared 7910: 7477: 7324:"Gabriela Mistral: poeta y lesbiana" 7296: 7143:Ceberio, Jesús (12 September 1980). 6766: 6270: 6094:from the original on 23 October 2017 5345:"Democracia y Constitucion en Chile" 5274:"Democracia y constitucion en Chile" 5253:from the original on 1 December 2017 5166: 4908:from the original on 1 December 2017 4801: 4707:"The lessons of Chile – 30 years on" 4487:"Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez" 4390:from the original on 19 October 2011 4178:from the original on 4 October 2013. 3539: 3524:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim180020010 3377:from the original on 14 January 2010 2621: 2387:as "the party of Pinochet" in 1999. 2034: 1936:column on 25 January 1982 about the 1866:and healthcare were privatized, and 7712:United States intervention in Chile 7203:, consultado el 1 de marzo de 2011. 6751:Chile. La búsqueda de la democracia 6706:The State, War and the State of War 6467:"Pinochet death 'saddens' Thatcher" 6102:– via www.washingtonpost.com. 6086:Krause, Charles A. (2 April 1980). 5634: 5049:(in Spanish). CIPER. Archived from 4542:from the original on 8 October 2017 4020:, Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 81–94, 3530: 3425:Bulletin of Latin American Research 3037:Francisco Javier Errázuriz Talavera 2826:" and the over-all low prestige of 2259:United States intervention in Chile 1093:On 15 April 1973, workers from the 24: 8183: 8093:Committee of Cooperation for Peace 7268:. Musicapopular.cl. Archived from 6899:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1997.2002_91.x 6794:from the original on 19 April 2016 4467:from the original on 13 April 2016 4230:from the original on 22 March 2015 2949: 1956:, economist and consultant of the 1212:that installed the Pinochet regime 149:claimed but uncontrolled territory 25: 9012: 7844:Indictment and arrest of Pinochet 7829:Assassination of Orlando Letelier 7650: 7546:"Pinochet 'takes responsibility'" 7478:Long, Gideon (9 September 2013). 7259: 7245:, retrieved on December 12, 2012. 6477:from the original on 15 June 2007 6408:from the original on 6 March 2012 6288: 6247:Homeland Security Digital Library 5510:Pinochet, the politics of torture 5097:Journal of Latin American Studies 4863:Casanova, Pablo González (1993). 4802:Winn, Peter (10 September 2004). 4735:Marín Lleucún, Alejandro (2015). 3816:Journal of Latin American Studies 3667:The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream 2928:street theatre movement emerged. 2904:Experimental theatre groups from 2848:bands into Chile. These included 2793:, and this song was performed by 2645:, a mountainous forest region in 2329: 1712:attempted to assassinate Pinochet 1530:National Intelligence Directorate 1338:Some of the most famous cases of 1197:Suppression of political activity 502:Presidential Republic (1925–1973) 147:Chilean territory in dark green; 8382: 8103:Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front 7569:Bibliography and further reading 7538: 7519: 7499: 7490: 7471: 7453: 7444: 7420: 7406: 7377: 7355: 7346: 7316: 7284: 7206: 7189: 7136: 7107: 6878: 6869: 6839: 6830: 6821: 6806: 6775: 6668: 6586: 6560: 6551: 6530: 6489: 6459: 6450: 6420: 6390: 6364: 6339: 6308: 6282: 6235: 6200: 6167: 6106: 6079: 6067: 6055: 6027: 5999: 5986: 5959: 5933: 5910: 5901: 5813: 5788: 5775: 5321:from the original on 24 May 2012 4605:. 22 August 1983. Archived from 4599:"Chile: One Carrot, Many Sticks" 4308:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01155.x 4284:BBC: Finding Chile's disappeared 4006:Radomiro Tomic, político chileno 3226:Memorial to the people who were 2867:Contemporary Chilean rock group 2813:Elements of military distrusted 2763:The dictatorship controlled the 2656: 2589:in order to plan the killing of 2252: 1482:replaced Leigh as junta member. 1470:During the 1970s, junta members 1155:March of the Empty Pots and Pans 1060: 1040:1988 Chilean national plebiscite 929: 915: 561: 519: 494: 126: 79: 65: 36:Government Junta of Chile (1973) 8981:1990 disestablishments in Chile 8113:Popular Unitary Action Movement 7946:Attempted assassination in 1986 7002:10.4067/S0716-27902009000200006 5750: 5729: 5716: 5690: 5618: 5612:Journal of the Developing Areas 5577: 5551: 5526: 5501: 5476: 5467: 5458: 5448: 5439: 5411: 5404:10.4067/S0718-04622015000200006 5232: 5227:Raro, una historia gay de Chile 5219: 5167:Miño, Claudia (8 August 2015). 5160: 5004: 4995: 4971:from the original on 7 May 2006 4951: 4920: 4890: 4826: 4795: 4698: 4647: 4621: 4591: 4573: 4554: 4524: 4505: 4479: 4403: 4376: 4337: 4287: 4260: 4242: 4216: 4182: 4163: 4127: 4084: 4041: 4009: 3998: 3987: 3955: 3933: 3887: 3850: 3806: 3775: 3732: 3720: 3708: 3659: 3647: 3632: 3602: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3319: 2824:Mexican revolutionary discourse 2593:, the Secretary General of the 2547:views on Chile's need of naval 2305:Organisation of American States 2212:a new dictatorship in Argentina 2189:. Pinochet was heading to meet 2017:Inter-American Development Bank 1894:as "Chicago way to socialism". 1785:Economy and free market reforms 1612: 1489:, was removed from his post as 1442: 1153:"). The women carried out the ‘ 646:Destruction of the Seven Cities 515:Chilean transition to democracy 7865:Criticisms of Salvador Allende 7732:Presidency of Salvador Allende 6923:Latin American Research Review 6847:"The Day Pinochet Nearly Died" 5076:Victims of the Chilean miracle 4169: 4050:The Catholic Historical Review 3964:Victims of the Chilean Miracle 3784:The American Historical Review 3654:Historical Dictionary of Chile 3587:10.5149/9780807869246_harmer.8 3511: 3496:10.5149/9780807869246_harmer.8 3479: 3452: 3400:, vol. II, pp. 57–65 3389: 3350: 3298: 2954:Following the approval of the 2693: 2600: 2340:Labour government of 1974–1979 1777:The Days of National Protest ( 1151:solidarity, order, and freedom 13: 1: 7819:Assassination of Carlos Prats 7440:– via Books.google.com. 6719:Masterson, Daniel M. (1991). 5783:Law and Contemporary Problems 5350:Revista de Derecho (Valdivia) 4268:"Finding Chile's disappeared" 3643:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–381. 3343: 3070:Presidential election results 2971:Constitutional Court of Chile 2844:The 1980s saw an invasion of 2551:in the Southeastern Pacific. 2360:Westinghouse long-range radar 2354:Chile was neutral during the 1915: 1779:Jornadas de Protesta Nacional 1761:Jornadas de Protesta Nacional 1750:Cardinal Raul Silve Henriquez 1681:Attacks on military personnel 1667: 1659:Women during the dictatorship 1294:Concertacion government, the 1147:Solidaridad, Orden y Libertad 8976:1973 establishments in Chile 8612:Comptroller General of Chile 6628:. caretas.com. June 3, 2004. 6276:La industria militar chilena 6173:See Alejandro Luis Corbacho 5967:"Kissinger Telcons on Chile" 5800:Latin American Perspectives. 5508:O'Shaughnessy, Hugh (2000). 5343:Cazor Aliste, Kamal (2000). 5272:Cazor Aliste, Camel (2000). 4709:. World Socialist Web Site. 4350:. American Bar Association. 4147:Remembering Pinochet's Chile 3230:during the Pinochet's regime 3061:Büchi and Errázuriz lost to 2210:who installed themselves as 2167: 123:("National Anthem of Chile") 7: 8837:Water supply and sanitation 8123:Revolutionary Left Movement 6887:Journal of American Culture 6771:. Vol. 1. p. 125. 6518:Watch here film documentary 5625:Valenzuela, Arturo (2002). 5288:Austral University of Chile 4672:Latin American Perspectives 4192:. Sun-Sentinel (Archives). 3906:(inactive 26 August 2024), 3741:Latin American Perspectives 3694:. New York: The New Press. 3465:Revista de Ciencia Política 3279: 2945:Chilean return to democracy 2289:Central Intelligence Agency 2013:International Monetary Fund 1902:After the economic crisis, 1584:was approved in a national 1431:Several scholars including 1088:Central Intelligence Agency 1042:on October 5 of that year. 10: 9017: 8083:Christian Democratic Party 7171:Dannemann, Manuel (1975). 6853:. OhmyNews International. 6527:(French, English, Spanish) 5455:Nomadias, 22, 2016, p. 89. 4344:Tigar, Michael E. (2007). 3861:Chile: The Pinochet Decade 3753:10.1177/0094582x7700400407 3628:. New York: The New Press. 3139: 3136:Francisco Javier Errázuriz 3134: 3117: 3112: 3095: 3090: 3042:The centre-left coalition 2942: 2671: 2625: 2394: 2256: 2130:People's Republic of China 2078:U.S. intervention in Chile 2041:Foreign relations of Chile 2038: 1897: 1878: 1874: 1849: 1803: 1773:, Santiago, on May 1, 1984 1733: 1684: 1616: 1566: 1256: 1070: 1064: 29: 8922: 8850: 8780: 8771: 8696: 8687: 8650: 8620: 8553: 8510: 8506: 8497: 8400: 8391: 8380: 8328: 8213: 8195: 8070: 8041: 8010: 7959: 7931:Government Junta of Chile 7918: 7860:Death of Salvador Allende 7852: 7804:Government Junta of Chile 7796: 7760: 7704: 6827:Petras & Morley, 1974 5629:. New York: W. W. Norton. 5563:Counter Extremism Project 5110:10.1017/S0022216X00005812 4105:10.1215/00267929-57-2-151 4093:Modern Language Quarterly 4026:10.1163/9789004346345_010 3972:10.1215/9780822385851-001 3904:10.3362/9781909013384.003 3828:10.1017/s0022216x18000469 3217: 3195:Registered voters/turnout 2390: 2136:in January 1974 and with 1940:. British Prime Minister 1794:Estadio Nacional de Chile 1178:Military Government Junta 473: 461: 439: 419: 415: 405: 395: 385: 381: 374: 360: 353: 349: 336: 323: 310: 297: 293: 283: 273: 269: 257: 245: 241: 231: 227: 215: 211: 201: 176: 166: 156: 140: 111: 106:("By reason or by force") 95: 61: 56: 44: 7926:1973 Chilean coup d'état 7742:Alejandrina Cox incident 7698:1973 Chilean coup d'état 7308:Richards, Keith (2005), 6995:(Julio–Diciembre): 212. 6579:French National Assembly 6207:Kornbluh, Peter (2013). 5770:Hunger and Public Action 5423:La Travesía del Desierto 5383:González, Yanko (2015). 4938:Universitat de Barcelona 4684:10.1177/0094582x07302902 4410:Wessel, Günther (2004). 4347:Thinking about Terrorism 4145:Stern, Steve J. (2004). 3690:Kornbluh, Peter (2003). 3624:Kornbluh, Peter (2013). 3367:"Country profile: Chile" 3328:received funds from the 3314:United States government 3291: 3056:Communist Party of Chile 2922:1973 Chilean coup d'état 2736:, into "semiclandestine 2595:Socialist Party of Chile 2576:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 2562: 2407:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 2247:Tratado de Paz y Amistad 2223:Picton, Lennox and Nueva 2200:Perón tarda, pero cumple 1720:U.S. Department of State 1593:Removal of César Mendoza 1476:1973 Chilean coup d'état 1273:Pinochet military regime 1160:On August 22, 1973, the 1067:1973 Chilean coup d'état 1036:controversial referendum 689:War of the Confederation 101:Por la razón o la fuerza 32:1973 Chilean coup d'état 8138:Vicariate of Solidarity 7628:, 17, pp. 725–736. 7614:, 23, pp. 495–519. 7591:, 6 (1), pp. 1–28. 7178:Revista Musical Chilena 6989:Revista Musical Chilena 6926:, Vol. 21, pp. 117–136. 5662:(47). New Left Review. 5483:Ensalaco, Mark (2000). 5357:: 27-34. Archived from 5290:: 25–34. Archived from 5225:Oscar Contardo (2011). 4768:Zwier, Paul J. (2013). 4190:"Gunmen Threaten Media" 3542:A Century of Revolution 3459:Agüero, Felipe (2003). 2820:close links with Mexico 2462: 2172:President of Argentina 2162:People Power Revolution 1854:Chile's main industry, 1736:Vicariate of Solidarity 1466:Pinochet–Leigh conflict 1408:), identifying them as 1350:, and the October 1973 1253:Human rights violations 827:Transition to democracy 722:Occupation of Araucanía 340:Transition to democracy 118:Himno Nacional de Chile 8986:Military dictatorships 8143:Workers' United Center 7621:, 3–4, pp. 69–75. 7612:Politics & Society 6983:Jordán, Laura (2009). 5739:. Hoover Press, 1984, 5584:Corradi, Juan (1992). 4936:(Ph.D.) (in Spanish). 3792:10.1086/ahr/108.4.1192 3304:According to lifelong 3231: 3016:1989 general elections 2900:Theater and literature 2888: 2828:Mexican music in Chile 2674:Book burnings in Chile 2669: 2580:Juan Carlos I of Spain 2559:—Juan Velasco Alvarado 2557: 2283: 2271: 2074:U.S. role in 1973 Coup 2000: 1925: 1864:Chilean pension system 1801: 1774: 1677: 1501:Civilian collaborators 1392: 1376: 1276: 1213: 1115:Fatherland and Liberty 1073:Chile truckers' strike 750:Parliamentary Republic 745:1891 Chilean Civil War 233:President of the Junta 8638:Investigations Police 8301:Presidential Republic 8277:Conservative Republic 8269:Republic Organization 7951:Indictment and arrest 7631:Valdes, J.G. (1995). 7626:Third World Quarterly 7607:, 17, pp. 57–72. 6545:, September 25, 2003 6249:. Gerald Ford Library 6132:Ortega, José (2014). 5758:Third World Quarterly 4062:10.1353/cat.2003.0183 3871:10.3362/9781909013599 3639:Walkowitz, Daniel J. 3609:Nieto, Clara (2003). 3546:Duke University Press 3225: 3006:presidential election 2884: 2664: 2553: 2469:Juan Velasco Alvarado 2457:Dominique de Villepin 2395:Further information: 2277: 2266: 2257:Further information: 2039:Further information: 1982: 1954:Ricardo Ffrench-Davis 1923: 1835:fiscally conservative 1813:University of Chicago 1792: 1768: 1734:Further information: 1685:Further information: 1675: 1547:According to scholar 1390: 1371: 1363:Andrés Pascal Allende 1356:Caravana de la Muerte 1266: 1206:Book burning in Chile 1204: 981:military dictatorship 809:Military dictatorship 776:Presidential Republic 707:Conservative Republic 684:Civil war (1829–1830) 598:Origin of the Mapuche 196:military dictatorship 167:Common languages 8607:Constitutional Court 8485:World Heritage Sites 8317:Democracy Transition 8088:Christian Left Party 7834:Chile under Pinochet 7363:"The World Factbook" 6851:english.ohmynews.com 6473:. 11 December 2006. 6141:Encucijada Americana 5832:(PDF; 118 kB); 5804:Comparative Politics 5796:The Economic Journal 4940:. pp. 341–349. 3680:. 24 September 1973. 3373:. 16 December 2009. 2989:campaign, headed by 2906:Universidad de Chile 2587:Stefano Delle Chiaie 2233:). Chile along with 1742:Raúl Silva Henríquez 1597:In 1985, due to the 1563:Constitution of 1980 1157:’ in December 1971. 1080:Nixon administration 995:was overthrown in a 895:Chilean coups d'état 739:Parliamentary period 18:Chile under pinochet 8675:Ministry of Defence 8108:Party for Democracy 8063:(former son-in-law) 7941:Acto de Chacarillas 7778:José Toribio Merino 7467:. 9 September 2013. 6601:, February 5, 2003 6507:Marie-Monique Robin 6153:10.53689/ea.v6i2.67 5836:1/2004, p. 97, 104. 5650:"Is Pinochet dead?" 5627:A Nation of Enemies 5207:. 10 September 2018 5074:Winn, Peter (ed.). 5053:on 9 September 2015 4866:Latin America Today 4416:. Editorial Tebar. 4270:. 10 January 2001. 3548:. pp. 239–275. 3034:right-wing populist 2769:Acto de Chacarillas 2710:Nueva canción scene 2522:located halfway to 2495:light fleet carrier 2479:Main Battle Tanks, 2403:Marie-Monique Robin 2383:to mock Thatcher's 2219:Operation Soberanía 1964:Social consequences 1619:Acto de Chacarillas 1311:Víctor Jara Stadium 1162:Chamber of Deputies 865:Agriculture history 781:Radical governments 765:Presidential period 669:War of Independence 264:José Toribio Merino 8749:Telecommunications 7717:Schneider Doctrine 7644:The Santiago Times 7605:Critical Sociology 7312:, pp. 121–122 7272:on 17 October 2012 7241:2015-11-18 at the 7219:2014-01-16 at the 6680:2008-12-02 at the 6624:2008-12-02 at the 6573:2015-04-05 at the 6523:2009-05-22 at the 6501:2016-03-03 at the 6228:2006-11-28 at the 6012:The New York Times 5941:"Operation Condor" 5895:Critical Sociology 5860:10.1007/bf02687406 5828:2013-10-14 at the 5735:Robert G. Wesson: 5684:2017-03-08 at the 5674:2017-03-08 at the 5279:Revista de Derecho 5229:. Planeta, p. 133. 4566:2017-02-02 at the 4493:on 4 November 2005 4333:. 3 December 2008. 4296:Sociological Forum 4256:on 2 October 2013. 3672:2011-11-11 at the 3232: 3052:Christian Democrat 2879:plebiscite of 1988 2670: 2473:War of the Pacific 2467:Reportedly one of 2284: 2272: 2191:Alfredo Stroessner 1926: 1868:Superior Education 1802: 1798:concentration camp 1775: 1678: 1491:minister of mining 1393: 1377: 1277: 1214: 1186:President of Chile 1051:Christian Democrat 1007:headed by General 936:History portal 900:Political scandals 786:Allende and UP era 727:War of the Pacific 50:República de Chile 8958: 8957: 8918: 8917: 8767: 8766: 8683: 8682: 8646: 8645: 8535:Political parties 8525:Foreign relations 8515:National Congress 8493: 8492: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8293:Parliamentary Era 8237:Spanish Discovery 8151: 8150: 8061:Julio Ponce Lerou 7997:Operation Colombo 7982:1980 Constitution 7967:Charaña agreement 7919:Life and politics 7878: 7877: 7747:Carlos Altamirano 7515:. 8 October 2018. 7262:"Los Prisioneros" 7030:978-1-4833-1775-5 6817:. 16 August 2019. 6732:978-0-313-27213-4 6702:Holsti, Kalevi J. 6351:api.parliament.uk 6209:The Pinochet File 6064:, 20 January 1974 6043:. 19 October 1998 6015:. 7 December 2004 5766:Amartya Kumar Sen 5432:978-956-239-078-1 5149:. Archivo Chile. 5041:(6 August 2009). 5010:Carmen Gardeweg: 4840:. 6 August 2008. 4808:. Lom Ediciones. 4609:on 28 August 2013 4035:978-90-04-34634-5 3981:978-0-8223-3309-8 3215: 3214: 3211: 3209:Tricel via Servel 2956:1980 Constitution 2924:. In the 1980s a 2777:Antonio Vodanovic 2700:radio frequencies 2684:cultural hegemony 2622:Cuban involvement 2612:Kennedy Amendment 2591:Carlos Altamirano 2373:Margaret Thatcher 2349:Margaret Thatcher 2231:Operation Rosario 2181:by recalling his 2035:Foreign relations 1971:military spending 1942:Margaret Thatcher 1860:1980 Constitution 1642:Antonio Vodanovic 1553:Osvaldo Romo Mena 1410:persona non grata 1296:Rettig Commission 1218:1925 constitution 1171:suspected suicide 1138:El Poder Feminino 1028:1925 Constitution 974: 973: 847:Politics of Chile 701:Republican period 636:Captaincy General 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 507: 506: 306:11 September 1973 259:• 1981–1990 247:• 1973–1981 217:• 1974–1990 134: 46:Republic of Chile 16:(Redirected from 9008: 9001:Authoritarianism 8938: 8931: 8778: 8777: 8734: 8694: 8693: 8508: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8398: 8397: 8386: 8321: 8313: 8305: 8297: 8289: 8285:Liberal Republic 8281: 8273: 8265: 8257: 8249: 8245:Spanish Conquest 8241: 8233: 8211: 8210: 8202: 8201: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8155: 8154: 8033:Caravan of Death 7992:Operation Condor 7972:Miracle of Chile 7912:Augusto Pinochet 7905: 7898: 7891: 7882: 7881: 7814:Operation Condor 7773:Augusto Pinochet 7768:Salvador Allende 7691: 7684: 7677: 7668: 7667: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7503: 7497: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7457: 7451: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7397: 7389: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7359: 7353: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7305: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7257: 7246: 7234:Fuentes, Jorge. 7232: 7223: 7210: 7204: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7082: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7048: 7035: 7034: 7016: 7007: 7006: 7004: 6980: 6969: 6968: 6956: 6927: 6918: 6903: 6902: 6882: 6876: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6843: 6837: 6834: 6828: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6764: 6755: 6754: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6642: 6629: 6616: 6605: 6604: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6564: 6558: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6534: 6528: 6515: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6463: 6457: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6268: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6239: 6233: 6221:Peter Kornbluh, 6219: 6213: 6212: 6204: 6198: 6193:and in cite 46: 6187: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6138: 6129: 6120: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6003: 5997: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5919: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5887: 5872: 5871: 5843: 5837: 5817: 5811: 5792: 5786: 5779: 5773: 5754: 5748: 5733: 5727: 5720: 5714: 5707: 5701: 5694: 5688: 5667: 5645: 5632: 5630: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5607: 5598: 5597: 5591: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5248: 5236: 5230: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5197: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5148: 5142:(3 April 2001). 5136: 5130: 5129: 5088: 5079: 5072: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5039:González, Mónica 5035: 5029: 5024: 5015: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4935: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4818:. Archived from 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4667: 4658: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4489:. Archived from 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4466: 4458:archivochile.com 4455: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4252:. Archived from 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4142: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4013: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3962:"Introduction", 3959: 3953: 3952: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3924: 3916: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3864: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3786:. October 2003. 3779: 3773: 3772: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3687: 3681: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3537: 3528: 3527: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3419: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3337: 3323: 3317: 3302: 3206: 3080:Party/coalition 3074: 3073: 2975:franja electoral 2933:Gabriela Mistral 2895: 2758:Silvio Rodríguez 2718:Eduardo Carrasco 2608:Orlando Letelier 2572:Francisco Franco 2541:Kalevi J. Holsti 2537:Salvador Allende 2532:Fernando Matthei 2434:Edouard Balladur 2397:Operation Condor 2309:Orlando Letelier 2297:Church Committee 2268:Orlando Letelier 2239:Falkland Islands 2153:Ferdinand Marcos 2142:Francisco Franco 2067:Operation Condor 1978:public education 1938:Miracle of Chile 1909:bank regulations 1538:Jorge Alessandri 1534:Manuel Contreras 1532:(DINA) director 1480:Fernando Matthei 1402:Operation Condor 1352:Caravan of Death 1335:National Stadium 1300:Colonia Dignidad 1269:La Moneda Palace 1243:Manuel Contreras 1234:loyal opposition 1182:Augusto Pinochet 1123:Augusto Pinochet 1032:new constitution 1016:history of Chile 1009:Augusto Pinochet 993:Salvador Allende 966: 959: 952: 934: 933: 932: 922:Chile portal 920: 919: 918: 880:Maritime history 870:Economic history 837:Mapuche conflict 832:Student protests 804:1973 coup d'état 771:1925 coup d'état 754:1924 coup d'état 717:Liberal Republic 626:Spanish conquest 565: 555: 537: 536: 523: 522: 511: 510: 498: 497: 491: 490: 475: 474: 457: 456: 449: 435: 434: 426: 278:Government Junta 252:Augusto Pinochet 222:Augusto Pinochet 145: 136: 135: 124: 107: 83: 69: 42: 41: 21: 9016: 9015: 9011: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9006: 9005: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8914: 8900:Public holidays 8865:Beauty pageants 8846: 8763: 8732: 8679: 8642: 8616: 8597:Law enforcement 8549: 8489: 8450:Natural regions 8387: 8370: 8324: 8319: 8311: 8309:Pinochet Regime 8303: 8295: 8287: 8279: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8247: 8239: 8223: 8191: 8182: 8152: 8147: 8128:Socialist Party 8098:Communist Party 8066: 8037: 8006: 7977:Economic policy 7955: 7936:Rule over Chile 7914: 7909: 7879: 7874: 7848: 7809:Miguel Enriquez 7792: 7756: 7700: 7695: 7653: 7646:, April 5, 2005 7638:Steve Anderson 7571: 7566: 7565: 7555: 7553: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7524: 7520: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7476: 7472: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7450:Christian, 1992 7449: 7445: 7435: 7433: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7391: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7337: 7335: 7330:. 7 June 2003. 7322: 7321: 7317: 7306: 7297: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7258: 7249: 7243:Wayback Machine 7233: 7226: 7221:Wayback Machine 7211: 7207: 7194: 7190: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7083: 7074: 7064: 7062: 7058:El Desconcierto 7049: 7038: 7031: 7017: 7010: 6981: 6972: 6957: 6930: 6919: 6906: 6883: 6879: 6874: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6835: 6831: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6780: 6776: 6765: 6758: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6688:, June 3, 2004 6682:Wayback Machine 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6650:ford.utexas.edu 6644: 6643: 6632: 6626:Wayback Machine 6617: 6608: 6602: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6575:Wayback Machine 6565: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6535: 6531: 6525:Wayback Machine 6513: 6503:Wayback Machine 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6345: 6344: 6340: 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5220: 5210: 5208: 5199: 5198: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5146: 5137: 5133: 5092:Huneeus, Carlos 5089: 5082: 5073: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4733: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4703: 4699: 4668: 4661: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4568:Wayback Machine 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4536:radio.uchile.cl 4530: 4529: 4525: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4424: 4408: 4404: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4358: 4342: 4338: 4323: 4322: 4315: 4292: 4288: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4224:"Valech Report" 4222: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4128: 4089: 4085: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3855: 3851: 3811: 3807: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3688: 3684: 3674:Wayback Machine 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3637: 3633: 3622: 3618: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3538: 3531: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3484: 3480: 3457: 3453: 3438:10.2307/3338214 3420: 3405: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3340: 3324: 3320: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3282: 3248:David Christian 3220: 3092:Patricio Aylwin 3072: 3063:Patricio Aylwin 3048:Patricio Aylwin 3018: 3010:Patricio Aylwin 2952: 2950:1988 plebiscite 2947: 2941: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2869:Los Prisioneros 2854:Enanitos Verdes 2795:Edmundo Arrocet 2756:. The music of 2754:Cumbre y Cuatro 2696: 2688:Soledad Bianchi 2680:Antonio Gramsci 2676: 2659: 2630: 2624: 2603: 2568:Francoist Spain 2565: 2560: 2508:Henry Kissinger 2465: 2425:Martine Billard 2399: 2393: 2379:Prime Minister 2332: 2301:Henry Kissinger 2261: 2255: 2195:Beagle conflict 2170: 2043: 2037: 1966: 1930:Milton Friedman 1918: 1900: 1883: 1877: 1852: 1839:nationalization 1808: 1787: 1763: 1738: 1732: 1689: 1683: 1670: 1661: 1653:Francoist Spain 1634:Andrés Allamand 1621: 1615: 1599:Caso Degollados 1595: 1571: 1565: 1557:code of silence 1503: 1468: 1463: 1454:Miguel Enríquez 1445: 1382:Alejandra Matus 1331:Henry Kissinger 1261: 1255: 1199: 1194: 1084:Henry Kissinger 1075: 1069: 1063: 1055:Patricio Aylwin 970: 941: 930: 928: 916: 914: 905: 904: 860: 852: 851: 842:Social Outburst 822: 814: 813: 799: 798:Pinochet regime 791: 790: 766: 758: 757: 740: 732: 731: 702: 694: 693: 659: 658:Nation-building 651: 650: 621: 613: 612: 588: 553: 546: 520: 495: 454: 450: 447: 443: 432: 431: 430: 424: 408: 398: 388: 363: 342: 329: 316: 303: 260: 248: 218: 152: 127: 125: 122: 121: 105: 104: 91: 90: 89: 84: 76: 75: 70: 52: 47: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9014: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8952: 8947: 8940: 8939: 8932: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8856: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8739:Stock Exchange 8736: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8587: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8565: 8559: 8557: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8511: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8445:National parks 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8425:Extreme points 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8388: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8320:(1990–Present) 8314: 8306: 8298: 8290: 8282: 8274: 8266: 8258: 8250: 8242: 8234: 8217: 8215: 8208: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8181: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8158: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8058: 8055:Lucía Pinochet 8052: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7908: 7907: 7900: 7893: 7885: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7727:Project FUBELT 7724: 7719: 7714: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7694: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7652: 7651:External links 7649: 7648: 7647: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7598: 7592: 7582: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7537: 7518: 7498: 7489: 7470: 7452: 7443: 7419: 7405: 7376: 7354: 7345: 7315: 7295: 7283: 7260:Leiva, Jorge. 7247: 7224: 7205: 7188: 7181:(in Spanish). 7163: 7135: 7106: 7072: 7036: 7029: 7008: 6991:(in Spanish). 6970: 6963:(in Spanish). 6928: 6904: 6889:(in Spanish). 6877: 6868: 6838: 6829: 6820: 6805: 6788:Panamá América 6774: 6756: 6753:. Vol. 5. 6738: 6731: 6711: 6693: 6667: 6630: 6606: 6585: 6559: 6550: 6529: 6488: 6458: 6449: 6419: 6402:hmforces.co.uk 6389: 6363: 6338: 6307: 6281: 6260: 6234: 6214: 6199: 6166: 6121: 6105: 6078: 6076:, 6 April 1975 6066: 6054: 6040:The New Yorker 6035:"The Dictator" 6026: 5998: 5985: 5958: 5932: 5920: 5909: 5907:Sznajder, 1996 5900: 5873: 5838: 5812: 5787: 5774: 5749: 5728: 5715: 5702: 5689: 5633: 5617: 5599: 5576: 5550: 5543: 5525: 5518: 5500: 5493: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5447: 5438: 5431: 5410: 5393:(in Spanish). 5372: 5361:on 18 May 2015 5353:(in Spanish). 5332: 5305: 5294:on 18 May 2015 5264: 5231: 5218: 5187: 5159: 5140:Carlos Huneeus 5131: 5104:(2): 461–501. 5080: 5064: 5030: 5016: 5003: 4994: 4982: 4950: 4919: 4889: 4875: 4855: 4825: 4814: 4794: 4781:978-1107026872 4780: 4760: 4745:(in Spanish). 4724: 4697: 4659: 4655:Americas Watch 4646: 4620: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4570:, minute 3:20. 4553: 4523: 4504: 4478: 4441: 4422: 4402: 4375: 4356: 4336: 4313: 4286: 4259: 4241: 4215: 4181: 4162: 4156:978-0822333548 4155: 4137: 4126: 4099:(2): 151–163. 4083: 4056:(4): 712–731. 4040: 4034: 4008: 3997: 3986: 3980: 3954: 3932: 3912: 3886: 3879: 3849: 3822:(3): 746–747. 3805: 3774: 3747:(4): 103–113. 3731: 3719: 3707: 3700: 3682: 3658: 3646: 3631: 3616: 3601: 3595: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3529: 3510: 3504: 3478: 3471:(2): 251–272. 3467:(in Spanish). 3451: 3403: 3388: 3358: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3318: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3259:Jair Bolsonaro 3219: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3017: 3014: 2951: 2948: 2943:Main article: 2940: 2937: 2901: 2898: 2883: 2864:among others. 2846:Argentine rock 2804:Julio Iglesias 2695: 2692: 2678:Influenced by 2658: 2655: 2647:southern Chile 2623: 2620: 2602: 2599: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2528:preventive war 2464: 2461: 2411:Videla's junta 2405:has shown how 2392: 2389: 2331: 2330:United Kingdom 2328: 2254: 2251: 2227:Beagle Channel 2169: 2166: 2158:Corazon Aquino 2110:Czechoslovakia 2036: 2033: 1965: 1962: 1917: 1914: 1899: 1896: 1881:Crisis of 1982 1879:Main article: 1876: 1873: 1851: 1848: 1804:Main article: 1800:after the coup 1786: 1783: 1771:O'Higgins Park 1769:Protesters in 1762: 1759: 1731: 1728: 1701:southern Chile 1682: 1679: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1614: 1611: 1607:Rodolfo Stange 1594: 1591: 1575:legitimization 1567:Main article: 1564: 1561: 1549:Carlos Huneeus 1542:Oscar Contardo 1502: 1499: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1444: 1441: 1426:Puerto Gaviota 1406:lista nacional 1344:Charles Horman 1288:Rudolph Rummel 1257:Main article: 1254: 1251: 1238:Radomiro Tomic 1208:following the 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1103:Roberto Souper 1065:Main article: 1062: 1059: 1005:military junta 999:backed by the 972: 971: 969: 968: 961: 954: 946: 943: 942: 940: 939: 925: 910: 907: 906: 903: 902: 897: 892: 887: 885:Mining history 882: 877: 872: 867: 861: 859:Related topics 858: 857: 854: 853: 850: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 806: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 783: 778: 773: 767: 764: 763: 760: 759: 756: 755: 752: 747: 741: 738: 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 703: 700: 699: 696: 695: 692: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 631:Colonial Chile 628: 622: 620:Colonial times 619: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 608:Incas in Chile 605: 603:Early Mapuches 600: 595: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 578:Years in Chile 567: 566: 558: 557: 548: 547: 540: 533: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 517: 508: 505: 504: 499: 487: 486: 481: 471: 470: 465: 459: 458: 445:Chilean escudo 441: 437: 436: 427: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 406: 403: 402: 399: 396: 393: 392: 389: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 372: 371: 364: 361: 358: 357: 351: 350: 347: 346: 343: 337: 334: 333: 332:5 October 1988 330: 324: 321: 320: 317: 311: 308: 307: 304: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 285: 284:Historical era 281: 280: 275: 271: 270: 267: 266: 261: 258: 255: 254: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 238: 235: 229: 228: 225: 224: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 205: 199: 198: 180: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 151:in light green 146: 138: 137: 109: 108: 93: 92: 85: 78: 77: 71: 64: 63: 62: 59: 58: 54: 53: 48: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9013: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8925: 8921: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8770: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8621:Public safety 8619: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8602:Supreme Court 8600: 8598: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8318: 8315: 8310: 8307: 8302: 8299: 8294: 8291: 8286: 8283: 8278: 8275: 8270: 8267: 8262: 8259: 8254: 8251: 8246: 8243: 8238: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8179: 8174: 8172: 8167: 8165: 8160: 8159: 8156: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8118:Radical Party 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8049:Lucía Hiriart 8047: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8028:Valech Report 8026: 8024: 8023:Rettig Report 8021: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7906: 7901: 7899: 7894: 7892: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7853:Controversies 7851: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7788:César Mendoza 7786: 7784: 7783:Gustavo Leigh 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7722:1970 election 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7692: 7687: 7685: 7680: 7678: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7585:Christian, D. 7583: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7493: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7447: 7432:23 April 2008 7431: 7430: 7423: 7415: 7409: 7401: 7395: 7387: 7380: 7364: 7358: 7349: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7311: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7292: 7287: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7209: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7185:(131): 38–86. 7184: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7139: 7123: 7122: 7121:Radio Bío-Bío 7117: 7110: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7045: 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6146: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6126: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6002: 5995: 5989: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5927: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5784: 5778: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5746: 5745:0-8179-8062-8 5742: 5738: 5732: 5725: 5719: 5712: 5706: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5606: 5604: 5595: 5590: 5589: 5580: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5546: 5544:9780198296157 5540: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5470: 5461: 5451: 5442: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5379: 5377: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5337: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5268: 5252: 5245: 5243: 5235: 5228: 5222: 5206: 5205:El Periodista 5202: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5176: 5175: 5174:Radio Bío-Bío 5170: 5163: 5152: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5052: 5048: 5047:ciperchile.cl 5044: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5023: 5021: 5013: 5007: 4998: 4989: 4987: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4931: 4923: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4878: 4876:9789280808193 4872: 4868: 4867: 4859: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4815:9789562826204 4811: 4807: 4806: 4798: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4764: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4729: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4429: 4425: 4423:9788473602020 4419: 4415: 4414: 4406: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4357:9781590318423 4353: 4349: 4348: 4340: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3928: 3922: 3915: 3913:9781899365418 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3882: 3880:9780906156186 3876: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3703: 3701:1-56584-936-1 3697: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3678:Time Magazine 3675: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3596:9780807834954 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3505:9780807834954 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3353: 3349: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3241:Mass protests 3238: 3229: 3224: 3210: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2991:Ricardo Lagos 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2896: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2850:Charly García 2847: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2815:Mexican music 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2781:Lucia Hiriart 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Apart from 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2385:Conservatives 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2253:United States 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187:Morón Airbase 2184: 2180: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2138:South Vietnam 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098:North Vietnam 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061:, and later, 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1932:wrote in his 1931: 1922: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1888:credit crunch 1882: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1856:copper mining 1847: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1822:laissez-faire 1818: 1814: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1772: 1767: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1743: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1674: 1665: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1603:César Mendoza 1600: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1570: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487:Arturo Yovane 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1472:Gustavo Leigh 1458: 1455: 1451: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340:desaparecidos 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327:desaparecidos 1324: 1319: 1316: 1315:Valech Report 1312: 1308: 1307: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226:Popular Unity 1223: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1113:organization 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1074: 1068: 1061:Rise to power 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:United States 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 979: 978:authoritarian 967: 962: 960: 955: 953: 948: 947: 945: 944: 938: 937: 926: 924: 923: 912: 911: 909: 908: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 856: 855: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 818: 817: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 795: 794: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 768: 762: 761: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 742: 736: 735: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 698: 697: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 655: 654: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 617: 616: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 587:Early history 584: 583: 580: 579: 574: 573: 569: 568: 564: 560: 559: 556: 550: 549: 544: 539: 538: 518: 516: 513: 512: 509: 503: 500: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 472: 469: 466: 464: 463:ISO 3166 code 460: 453: 446: 442: 438: 428: 422: 418: 414: 410: 404: 400: 394: 390: 384: 380: 377: 373: 369: 365: 359: 356: 352: 348: 345:11 March 1990 344: 341: 335: 331: 328: 322: 319:11 March 1981 318: 315: 309: 305: 302: 296: 292: 289: 286: 282: 279: 276: 272: 268: 265: 262: 256: 253: 250: 244: 240: 236: 234: 230: 226: 223: 220: 214: 210: 206: 204: 200: 197: 194: 193:authoritarian 190: 187: 184: 181: 179: 175: 172: 169: 165: 162: 159: 155: 150: 144: 139: 120: 119: 114: 110: 103: 102: 98: 94: 88: 82: 74: 68: 60: 55: 51: 43: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8790:Demographics 8711:Central Bank 8580:Human rights 8568:Constitution 8351:Expansionism 8261:Independence 8018:Chicago Boys 7839:Chicago Boys 7761:Participants 7737:Carlos Prats 7643: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7588: 7578: 7554:. 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Cia.gov 7328:El Tiempo 6893:(2): 92. 6325:0924-0608 6161:211276031 6147:(2): 67. 5868:153907843 5242:El Mocito 5211:5 October 5126:143983675 5057:11 August 4692:145443917 4678:(4): 31. 4639:26 August 4520:(1): 163. 4302:(1): 34. 4278:5 January 4234:26 August 4198:388555201 4121:145390588 4113:0026-7929 4078:143826273 4070:1534-0708 3844:150034889 3836:0022-216X 3800:1937-5239 3769:220912625 3761:0094-582X 3270:1973 coup 3198:7,557,537 3187:7,158,727 3154:6,979,859 3143:1,077,172 3127:2,052,116 3105:3,850,571 2498:HMS 2485:Sukhoi 22 2419:deputies 2168:Argentina 2147:In 1980, 2063:Argentina 2029:Firestone 1987:Argentina 1398:Argentina 1333:that the 1306:Esmeralda 1304:the ship 1210:1973 coup 1107:La Moneda 455:(1975–90) 448:(1973–75) 203:President 191:under an 57:1973–1990 8945:Category 8827:Religion 8726:Forestry 8652:Military 8590:Intersex 8499:Politics 8361:Maritime 8346:Economic 8341:Banditry 8329:By topic 8253:Colonial 8206:Timeline 8189:articles 8051:(spouse) 7960:Policies 7577:(2016). 7550:Archived 7484:BBC News 7465:BBC News 7394:cite web 7332:Archived 7239:Archived 7217:Archived 6855:Archived 6792:Archived 6704:(1996). 6678:Archived 6654:Archived 6622:Archived 6598:Le Monde 6571:Archived 6542:Le Monde 6521:Archived 6499:Archived 6481:28 April 6475:Archived 6471:BBC News 6436:Archived 6406:Archived 6376:Archived 6356:21 March 6333:25675537 6300:21 March 6295:Alborada 6253:11 March 6226:Archived 6092:Archived 5996:, p. 317 5971:Archived 5945:Archived 5897:: 57–72. 5826:Archived 5682:Archived 5672:Archived 5664:Archived 5631:p. 197-8 5569:11 March 5421:(1999). 5319:Archived 5298:30 April 5251:Archived 5151:Archived 4966:Archived 4942:Archived 4906:Archived 4882:22 March 4842:Archived 4787:22 March 4711:Archived 4633:Archived 4603:Time.com 4564:Archived 4540:Archived 4462:Archived 4428:Archived 4388:Archived 4362:Archived 4272:Archived 4228:Archived 4202:Archived 4194:ProQuest 4176:Archived 3949:Archived 3921:citation 3896:Pinochet 3670:Archived 3375:Archived 3371:BBC News 3280:See also 3207:Source: 2746:cassette 2726:charango 2666:Charango 2614:, later 2549:hegemony 2524:Santiago 2516:Peruvian 2439:Le Monde 2342:, while 2235:Colombia 2134:Cambodia 2128:and the 2118:Bulgaria 2055:Paraguay 1934:Newsweek 1145:"), and 1099:Rancagua 572:Timeline 543:a series 541:Part of 440:Currency 288:Cold War 189:republic 161:Santiago 8929:Outline 8875:Cuisine 8852:Culture 8773:Society 8754:Tourism 8689:Economy 8573:History 8460:Regions 8440:Islands 8435:Geology 8410:Climate 8214:Periods 8197:History 7512:Newshub 7338:23 June 7150:El País 7128:11 June 7099:10 June 7065:12 June 6967:: 1–20. 6798:4 April 6686:Caretas 6184:1016843 6047:11 July 6019:11 July 5747:, S. 8. 5614:: 5–55. 5594:121–141 4657:, 1983. 4330:El País 3446:3338214 3190:100.00 3165:103,631 3157:100.00 3123:D&P 2822:, the " 2742:fiestas 2643:Neltume 2520:Copiapó 2500:Bulwark 2490:Centaur 2344:Britain 2126:Romania 2114:Hungary 2059:Uruguay 2047:Bolivia 2023:(ITT), 1991:Uruguay 1898:1984–90 1875:1982–83 1850:1975–81 1697:Neltume 1452:leader 1222:leftist 1030:with a 338:• 325:• 312:• 299:• 183:Unitary 171:Spanish 157:Capital 113:Anthem: 8950:Portal 8905:Sports 8870:Cinema 8815:People 8744:Mining 8721:Energy 8465:Rivers 8405:Cities 8356:Mining 8228:–1536 8187: 8042:Family 7027: 6729: 6331: 6323: 6182: 6159: 5866: 5743: 5541: 5516: 5491: 5429: 5390:Atenea 5365:3 July 5325:24 May 5124: 5118:158572 5116: 4873: 4812: 4778: 4690: 4420: 4354: 4196: 4153: 4119: 4111: 4076: 4068: 4032: 3978: 3910: 3877: 3842: 3834: 3798: 3767: 3759: 3698: 3593: 3502: 3444: 3218:Legacy 3201:94.72 3176:75,237 3146:15.43 3130:29.40 3108:55.17 3083:Votes 2858:G.I.T. 2852:, the 2750:pirate 2635:Granma 2492:-class 2391:France 2377:Labour 2120:, and 2106:Poland 2051:Brazil 2027:, and 2011:, the 1833:, and 1495:Tehran 1166:Senate 983:ruled 545:on the 433:medium 425:(1980) 423: 237: 207: 115: 8936:Index 8885:Music 8842:Women 8785:Crime 8731:Peso 8470:Lakes 8185:Chile 6861:1 May 6660:1 May 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