737:
1080:. As men entered or were conscripted into the military to fight in the war, women started replacing them. After the war ended, men returned home to find jobs in the workplace now occupied by women, which "threatened the self-esteem many men derive from their dominance over women in the family, the economy, and society at large." Consequently, male chauvinism was on the rise, according to Cynthia B. Lloyd.
1127:
ego-syntonic, parallels cultural attitudes, and because therapists often share similar bias or neurotic conflict. Chauvinism was found to represent an attempt to ward off anxiety and shame arising from one or more of four prime sources: unresolved infantile strivings and regressive wishes, hostile envy of women, oedipal anxiety, and power and dependency conflicts related to masculine
1087:
have argued that as they integrated back into the workforce, men returned to predominate, holding positions of power while women worked as their secretaries, usually typing dictations and answering telephone calls. This division of labor was understood and expected, and women typically felt unable to
926:
Chauvinism is an almost natural product of the national concept in so far as it springs directly from the old idea of the "national mission". ... nation's mission might be interpreted precisely as bringing its light to other, less fortunate peoples that, for whatever reason, have miraculously been
1416:
is "fanatical, boastful, unreasoning patriotism" and by extension "prejudiced belief or unreasoning pride in any group to which you belong." Lately, though, the compounds "male chauvinism" and "male chauvinist" have gained so much popularity that some users may no longer recall the patriotic and
1126:
therapy of 11 men. It refers to the maintenance of fixed beliefs and attitudes of male superiority, associated with overt or covert depreciation of women. Challenging chauvinist attitudes often results in anxiety or other symptoms. It is frequently not investigated in psychotherapy because it is
927:
left by history without a national mission. As long as this concept did not develop into the ideology of chauvinism and remained in the rather vague realm of national or even nationalistic pride, it frequently resulted in a high sense of responsibility for the welfare of backward people.
1151:
For the vast majority of people all over the world, the mother is a primary carer...There's an asymmetry in the development of boys and girls. Infant boys have to learn how to be masculine. Girls don't. Masculinity is not in a state of crisis. Masculinity is a crisis. I don't believe
959:
commented just prior to the outbreak of the war, "Whoever loves his
Fatherland may and should be something of a chauvinist." Lissauer's poem was exceedingly popular, to the extent that it was praised by the Kaiser himself, and Lissauer's slogan
973:
did take the opportunity of the war to demonstrate their patriotism, Lissauer was an extremist, and in contrast many other German Jews disagreed with
Lissauer and the way that mainstream opinion had shifted.
1114:
psychological personality test. Through cross-examinations, the TAT exhibits a tendency toward chauvinistic stimuli for its questions and has the "potential for unfavorable clinical evaluation" for women.
905:
includes prejudice against or hostility toward outsiders or rival groups and persists even in the face of overwhelming opposition. This French quality finds its parallel in the
English-language term
832:) is the unreasonable belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy, or inferior. The
948:) in 1915. As David Aberbach remarks, "There is nothing in modern Hebrew literature, however devoted to the cause of Jewish sovereignty, remotely comparable to the super-chauvinistic
989:
alienated Jewish soldiers. Whereas
Lissauer attempted to sign up as a soldier (but was rejected as unfit) as soon as war broke out, then penned the poem, and in the words of
2688:
672:
1705:
Mansbridge, Jane; Katherine
Flaster (2005). "Male Chauvinist, Feminist, Sexist, and Sexual Harassment: Different Trajectories in Feminist Linguistic Innovation".
1799:
Potkay, Charles R., Matthew R. Merrens. Sources of Male
Chauvinism in the TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment, 39.5 (1975): 471-479. Web. 31 January 2012.
901:
has extended from its original use to include fanatical devotion and undue partiality to any group or cause to which one belongs, especially when such
1966:
Bayerdörfer, Hans-Peter (2009). "Jewish Self-Presentation and the 'Jewish
Question' on the German Stage from 1900 to 1930". In Nahshon, Edna (ed.).
1118:
An often cited study done in 1976 by
Sherwyn Woods, "Some Dynamics of Male Chauvinism", attempts to find the underlying causes of male chauvinism.
2097:
767:
1361:
1743:
994:
1475:
895:. His single-minded devotion to his cause, despite neglect by his faction and harassment by its enemies, started the use of the term.
931:
In this sense, chauvinism is irrational, in that no one can claim their nation or ethnic group to be inherently superior to another.
1589:. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge Jewish studies series: Routledge.
2771:
1947:
Haglund, David G. (2019). "Getting Their
English Up: The Culture Wars and the Ending of American Neutrality, 1914–1917".
2130:
2077:
1602:
1567:
1311:
955:
Despite chauvinism's irrational roots, at the time, it was explicitly seen as almost obligatory for any German patriot. As
2070:
Nationalism, Chauvinism and Racism as
Reflected in European Musical Thought and in Compositions from the Interwar Period.
2046:
2019:
Madigan, Edward; Reuveni, Gideon (2018). "The First World War and the Jews". In Madigan, Edward; Reuveni, Gideon (eds.).
1199:
observed that "...the assumption that women have any moral or spiritual superiority as a class is female chauvinism."
1209:, in which she argues that many young women in the United States and beyond are replicating male chauvinism and older
2557:
2028:
2001:
1975:
1956:
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were more important than fathers in the development of male chauvinism, and resolution was sometimes associated with
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1996:. Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen des Leo Baeck Instituts. Vol. 57. Mohr Siebeck.
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National Identity, Pride, and Chauvinism—their Origins and Consequences for Globalization Attitudes
1241:
834:
291:
286:
1562:. IJS studies in Judaica. Institute of Jewish studies. Leiden Boston (Mass.): Brill. p. 161.
934:
A historical example of chauvinism from the century following Chauvin was the German-Jewish poet
2526:
1226:
490:
2098:
Nostalgic Nationalism, Welfare Chauvinism, and Migration Anxieties in Central and Eastern Europe
2623:
2357:
1714:
1205:
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considered everything published by the German newspapers and army to be "gospel truth" and
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In American English, the word has also come to be used in some quarters as shorthand for
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Female chauvinism is the belief that women are superior to men. Second-wave feminist
1105:
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592:
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552:
407:
373:
351:
259:
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is innate, but I believe it's inescapable because of the development of masculinity.
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strictly in its original sense; that is, an attitude of belligerent nationalism.
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1054:. The first documented use of the phrase "male chauvinism" is in the 1935
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2058:(eds) Gina Gustavsson, David Miller. Oxford: Oxford Academic, pp. 38–56.
1144:
1128:
986:
939:
884:
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627:
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40:
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1505:
Arendt, Hannah (October 1945). "Imperialism, Nationalism, Chauvinism".
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2055:
Liberal Nationalism and Its Critics: Normative and Empirical Questions
2054:
1992:
and Jewish Consciousness". In Benz, Wolfgang; Paucker, Arnold (eds.).
1809:
Woods, Sherwyn M. (January 1976). "Some Dynamics of Male Chauvinism".
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with "an attitude of superiority toward members of the opposite sex".
2495:
2402:
1744:"Why Trump's male chauvinism appeals to some voters more than others"
1073:
602:
2102:
1871:
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challenge their position or male superiors, argue Korda and Lloyd.
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1949:
The US "Culture Wars" and the Anglo-American Special Relationship
451:
378:
22:
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859:, which, as of 2018, began its first example of use of the term
2449:
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1266:
1166:
1132:
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466:
461:
49:
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1306:(2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 171.
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to be "the worst criminal". The last lines of the poem read:
1919:
Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture
1704:
813:
795:
2091:
The Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism
1845:"Men hating women: A look into the psychology of misogyny"
1533:
792:
1766:
1764:
1110:
Chauvinist assumptions are seen by some as a bias in the
1047:
807:
801:
1356:
1354:
1143:
Adam Jukes argues that a reason for male chauvinism is
838:
describes it as a form of "excessive and unreasonable"
2090:
1761:
1650:
977:
The Christianity-centric imagery used to document the
879:
and received a meager pension for his injuries. After
1362:"15 Words You Didn't Realize Were Named After People"
969:" was used as a daily greeting. However, whilst some
942:
included writing the "Hymn of Hate against England" (
825:
810:
804:
1907:
It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement
1351:
846:, a fervent faith in national excellence and glory.
798:
1777:
1774:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975. Print.
816:
789:
938:, whose extreme nationalism after the outbreak of
891:, despite the unpopularity of this view under the
1295:
1293:
2718:
1401:The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
2045:Huddy, Leonie; Del Ponte, Alessandro. (2019).
2018:
1970:. IJS Studies in Judaica. Vol. 8. BRILL.
1772:Sex, Discrimination, and the Division of Labor
1675:
1290:
2124:
1417:other more generalized meanings of the words.
761:
2021:The Jewish Experience of the First World War
1984:
1692:
1335:
1333:
1331:
978:
961:
943:
883:abdicated, Chauvin maintained his fanatical
1965:
1542:
2131:
2117:
768:
754:
16:Form of extreme patriotism and nationalism
1718:
1427:
1425:
1328:
1582:
1946:
1656:
1554:
1299:
2719:
1790:. New York: Random House, 1973. Print.
1742:Cooke, Lynn Prince (21 October 2016).
1631:
1504:
1422:
2112:
1808:
1741:
1586:Nationalism, War and Jewish Education
1004:We have one foe and one alone —
1823:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770010037007
1160:
911:, which has retained the meaning of
871:According to legend, French soldier
850:
1636:. Taylor and Francis. p. 107.
1122:Male chauvinism was studied in the
1067:
1046:Male chauvinism is the belief that
887:belief in the messianic mission of
13:
2064:10.1093/oso/9780198842545.003.0003
2039:
1583:Aberbach, David (4 October 2018).
1011:
14:
2783:
2558:List of nationalist organizations
2084:
1869:
866:
517:List of nationalist organizations
785:
735:
2138:
2103:Lund University Research Portal
1912:
1899:
1863:
1837:
1802:
1793:
1735:
1698:
1625:
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1548:
1002:We love as one, we hate as one,
2629:Historiography and nationalism
1811:Archives of General Psychiatry
1498:
1468:
1443:
1392:
1385:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1372:
952:('Hate Song for England')..."
608:Historiography and nationalism
58:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
1:
2772:Barriers to critical thinking
2329:Palingenetic ultranationalism
1968:Jewish Theatre: A Global View
1788:Male Chauvinism! How It Works
1560:Jewish theatre: a global view
1437:The Oxford English Dictionary
1283:
700:Seasonal or cultural festival
2068:Tuchowski, Andrzej. (2017).
922:described the concept thus:
918:In 1945, political theorist
856:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary
7:
1994:Jews in the Weimar Republic
1476:"Jingoism & Chauvinism"
1219:
543:Anti-globalization movement
10:
2788:
2689:Principle of nationalities
1939:
1909:. Harvard University Press
1676:Madigan & Reuveni 2018
1634:The Jews in Weimar Germany
1632:Niewyk, Donald L. (2018).
1203:used the term in her book
1164:
1095:
1015:
673:Principle of nationalities
20:
2579:Anarchism and nationalism
2571:
2550:
2508:List of fascist movements
2289:Constitutional patriotism
2222:
2146:
1729:10.1215/00031283-80-3-256
1519:10.1017/s0034670500001649
1091:
945:"Haßgesang gegen England"
875:was badly wounded in the
250:Constitutional patriotism
1617:: CS1 maint: location (
1300:Heywood, Andrew (2014).
1242:Great Russian chauvinism
835:Encyclopaedia Britannica
21:Not to be confused with
1770:Lloyd, Cynthia B., ed.
1455:Encyclopædia Britannica
1345:Encyclopædia Britannica
1227:American exceptionalism
853:, a trend reflected in
2624:Gender and nationalism
1905:Friedan, Betty. 1998.
1887:Cite journal requires
1872:"On gender chauvinism"
1507:The Review of Politics
1206:Female Chauvinist Pigs
1158:
1141:
1009:
979:
962:
944:
929:
598:Gender and nationalism
2654:National indifference
1595:10.4324/9780429432750
1149:
1120:
1042:Hegemonic masculinity
999:
924:
648:National indifference
2767:Anti-intellectualism
2737:Political ideologies
2599:Cultural nationalism
2491:National syndicalist
1262:Planetary chauvinism
573:Cultural nationalism
442:National syndicalist
2674:Nationalism studies
1695:, pp. 230–231.
1183:Internalized sexism
1102:Closure (sociology)
1098:In-group favoritism
1072:The balance of the
985:by authors such as
964:Gott strafe England
893:Bourbon Restoration
742:Politics portal
695:Right-wing populism
653:Nationalism studies
2747:Political theories
2742:Political spectrum
2072:Bern: Peter Lang.
1986:Mendes-Flohr, Paul
1486:on 26 October 2014
1388:. Merriam-Webster.
1277:Welfare chauvinism
1061:Till the Day I Die
613:Imagined community
447:National Bolshevik
166:Self-determination
2714:
2713:
2659:National question
2619:Gastronationalism
2604:Diaspora politics
2594:Banal nationalism
2563:Nationalist Clubs
2078:978-3-631-78727-4
1851:. 7 November 2018
1693:Mendes-Flohr 1998
1604:978-0-429-43275-0
1569:978-90-04-17335-4
1313:978-1-137-34926-2
1272:Social chauvinism
1252:Identity politics
1237:Carbon chauvinism
1232:Blind nationalism
1161:Female chauvinism
1106:Infrahumanisation
1038:Toxic masculinity
778:
777:
593:Gastronationalism
578:Diaspora politics
553:Banal nationalism
2779:
2752:Ethnic supremacy
2697:
2684:Plurinationalism
2664:National revival
2634:Internationalism
2589:Anti-nationalism
2572:Related concepts
2133:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2034:
2015:
1981:
1962:
1933:
1916:
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1754:
1748:The Conversation
1739:
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1552:
1546:
1543:Bayerdörfer 2009
1540:
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1530:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1482:. Archived from
1472:
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1368:. 21 March 2024.
1358:
1349:
1348:
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1068:In the workplace
1050:are superior to
984:
968:
957:Walter Rarthenau
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828:
823:
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681:
663:Plurinationalism
623:Internationalism
563:Communitarianism
548:Anti-imperialism
538:Anti-nationalism
527:Related concepts
28:
27:
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2649:Nation-building
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2142:
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2042:
2040:Further reading
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2004:
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1720:10.1.1.103.8136
1707:American Speech
1703:
1699:
1691:
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1678:, pp. 2–3.
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1329:
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1303:Global politics
1298:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1222:
1193:
1163:
1108:
1094:
1076:changed during
1070:
1044:
1014:
1012:Male chauvinism
1008:
1005:
1003:
889:Imperial France
877:Napoleonic Wars
873:Nicolas Chauvin
869:
851:male chauvinism
826:
788:
784:
774:
734:
727:
726:
675:
568:Cosmopolitanism
528:
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53:
26:
17:
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2706:State-building
2703:
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2679:Natural border
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2666:
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2651:
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2641:
2636:
2631:
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2614:Exceptionalism
2611:
2609:Eliminationism
2606:
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2669:Nation state
2584:Anationalism
2324:Expansionist
2096:
2069:
2053:
2047:
2023:. Springer.
2020:
1993:
1989:
1967:
1951:. Springer.
1948:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1880:cite journal
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1848:
1839:
1817:(1): 63–65.
1814:
1810:
1804:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1737:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1657:Haglund 2019
1652:
1633:
1627:
1585:
1578:
1559:
1550:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:the original
1479:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:
1445:
1436:
1433:"Chauvinism"
1413:
1412:
1405:. Retrieved
1400:
1394:
1383:
1380:"Chauvinism"
1374:
1366:Grammar Girl
1365:
1344:
1341:"Chauvinism"
1302:
1257:Moral hazard
1204:
1194:
1179:Gynocentrism
1150:
1142:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1082:
1078:World War II
1071:
1059:
1045:
1001:
991:Stefan Zweig
976:
954:
949:
933:
930:
925:
917:
912:
906:
903:partisanship
898:
897:
870:
860:
854:
848:
833:
829:-vih-nih-zəm
780:
779:
705:Subsidiarity
533:Anationalism
292:Expansionist
156:Independence
18:
2692: [
2639:Irredentism
2527:Territorial
2147:Development
2140:Nationalism
1214:stereotypes
1145:masculinity
1129:self-esteem
995:Edward Grey
987:Walter Flex
971:German Jews
940:World War 1
885:Bonapartist
844:nationalism
676: [
628:Irredentism
618:Imperialism
491:Territorial
457:Legionarism
145:Core values
41:Nationalism
2762:Neo-Nazism
2732:Prejudices
2727:Chauvinism
2721:Categories
2701:Revanchism
2358:Linguistic
2304:Ecological
1923:Ariel Levy
1849:British GQ
1713:(3): 261.
1513:(4): 457.
1451:"Jingoism"
1414:Chauvinism
1407:4 December
1284:References
1211:misogynist
1201:Ariel Levy
1191:Matriarchy
1187:Marianismo
1165:See also:
1096:See also:
1083:Lloyd and
1034:Patriarchy
1016:See also:
950:Hassgesang
913:chauvinism
899:Chauvinism
861:chauvinism
840:patriotism
781:Chauvinism
722:Xenophobia
690:Revanchism
643:Militarism
302:Indigenism
297:Homosexual
265:Ecological
171:Solidarity
161:Patriotism
151:Allegiance
2757:Extremism
2532:Terrorism
2496:Falangism
2435:Christian
2430:Religious
2351:Communist
2346:Left-wing
2294:Corporate
2284:Communist
2245:Bourgeois
2235:Anarchist
2012:0459-097X
1715:CiteSeerX
1613:cite book
1527:145337568
1322:865491628
1139:in wives.
1074:workforce
1006:ENGLAND!
603:Globalism
588:Francoism
391:Christian
386:Religious
312:Left-wing
255:Corporate
245:Communist
206:Bourgeois
196:Anarchist
2644:Jingoism
2517:Romantic
2476:Resource
2467:Hindutva
2445:Clerico-
2440:Catholic
2383:Populist
2341:Integral
2319:European
2309:Economic
2267:American
2250:Business
2214:Treasure
2189:Language
2184:Identity
1925:, 2006,
1558:(2009).
1220:See also
1175:Feminism
1171:Misandry
1154:misogyny
1030:Machismo
1022:Misogyny
908:jingoism
881:Napoleon
717:Trumpism
658:Nativism
638:Localism
633:Jingoism
481:Romantic
432:Resource
413:Hindutva
401:Clerical
396:Catholic
357:Japanese
316:populism
307:Integral
287:European
270:Economic
228:American
211:Business
133:Treasure
108:Language
103:Identity
33:a series
31:Part of
2503:Fascism
2457:Islamic
2423:Zionism
2255:Welfare
2230:African
2223:By type
2159:Colours
2101:at the
1940:Sources
1831:1247365
1490:22 June
1460:22 June
1147:itself:
1133:Mothers
452:Fascism
379:Zionism
322:Musical
216:Welfare
191:African
73:Colours
52:forming
23:Chavism
2542:Ultra-
2537:Trans-
2450:Mormon
2413:Korean
2403:Berber
2393:Racial
2363:Mystic
2314:Ethnic
2299:Cyber-
2272:French
2209:Symbol
2169:Flower
2154:Anthem
2093:(ASEN)
2076:
2027:
2010:
2000:
1974:
1955:
1929:
1855:22 May
1829:
1753:22 May
1717:
1640:
1601:
1566:
1525:
1320:
1310:
1267:Sexism
1189:, and
1167:Sexism
1104:, and
1092:Causes
1040:, and
1018:Sexism
685:Racism
501:Ultra-
496:Trans-
467:Rexism
462:Nazism
420:Muslim
369:Korean
342:Racial
327:Mystic
275:Ethnic
260:Cyber-
233:French
128:Symbol
83:Father
78:Emblem
68:Church
63:Anthem
50:Nation
2696:]
2462:Hindu
2418:White
2408:Black
2388:Queer
2336:Homo-
2277:Irish
2262:Civic
2240:Blind
2204:Sport
2194:Music
1523:S2CID
1058:play
1052:women
680:]
668:Post-
408:Hindu
374:White
362:Shōwa
352:Black
238:Irish
223:Civic
201:Blind
184:Types
123:State
118:Sport
2398:Arab
2378:Neo-
2373:Pan-
2199:Myth
2174:Epic
2164:Flag
2074:ISBN
2025:ISBN
2008:ISSN
1998:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1893:help
1857:2020
1827:PMID
1755:2020
1638:ISBN
1619:link
1599:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1492:2015
1462:2015
1409:2008
1318:OCLC
1308:ISBN
842:and
827:SHOH
425:Sikh
347:Arab
337:Pan-
332:Neo-
113:Myth
93:Epic
88:Flag
2368:New
2179:God
2060:doi
2052:In
1819:doi
1725:doi
1591:doi
1515:doi
1112:TAT
1048:men
98:God
2723::
2694:fr
2006:.
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1878:{{
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