347:, 275 yards from the first one. The Warren Bridge would be turned over to the state once enough tolls had been collected to pay for the bridge's construction, or after a maximum of 6 years, after which it would be free to the public. Since it was free, and so close to the Charles River Bridge, the Warren Bridge would obviously take all of the competing bridge's traffic, and therefore its construction would leave the stock of the Charles River Bridge highly devalued and the shareholders would stand to lose a great deal of money. The owners of the Charles River Bridge appealed to the legislature, which responded by giving them another 30 years to collect tolls, extending the collection period to 100 years.
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interpreted closely and if there is ever any uncertainty in a contract, the decision made should be one to better the public. He said, "While the rights of private property are sacredly guarded, we must not forget that the community also have rights, and that the happiness and well-being of every citizen depends on their faithful preservation." In his remarks, Taney also explored what the negative effects on the country would be if the Court had sided with the
Charles River Bridge Company. He stated that had that been the decision of the Court, transportation would be affected around the whole country. Taney made the point that with the rise of technology,
560:, "A gathering gloom is cast over the future. We seem to have sunk suddenly below the horizon, to have lost the light of the sun." (2 New York Review 372, 385 (1838)) Many prominent men, including Daniel Webster and Chancellor Kent, a well-known jurist, expressed their disappointment in the Supreme Court for allegedly violating the Constitution. Kent wrote, in a letter to Justice Story, "The court has fallen from its high station and commanding dignity, and has lost its energy, and spirit of independence, and accuracy, and surrendered up to the spirit of the day, the true principles of the Constitution."
31:
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was now owned by men who had bought it at very high prices. The public started to complain about having to continue to pay tolls after the bridge's profits had far surpassed the original capital, with interest; but the new investors did not care. In their opinion, they had paid a large sum for the bridge stock, and they did not wish to stop collecting tolls until they themselves had turned a profit. These proprietors decided not to meet any of the public's demands, and they refused both to improve services and reduce tolls.
879:
473:, which enables federal and state governments to take private property for public use as long as it provides the owner with compensation. The defense argued that this was a state, not federal, issue, and should not even be heard in the United States Supreme Court. Finally, the Warren Bridge lawyers pointed out that the Charles River Bridge was not an isolated situation; other enterprises had lost money because of public improvements, such as highways, which lost tolls when
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public would then be able to urge the legislature to render other corporations' property valueless, as it had for the
Charles River Bridge Company. Dutton further claimed that since the Warren Bridge had now taken all of the traffic of the Charles River Bridge, the construction of the Warren Bridge had been an act of confiscation, and that the property of the plaintiffs had been
382:, were all in agreement that the Massachusetts legislature had indeed violated the obligation of contract clause in the constitution, but because of justice absences, and disagreements between the justices, no final decision was reached, and the case languished for six years. During that time, three new justices were appointed by President
457:"for the protection of the rights of persons and property, against all encroachments by the inadvertent legislation of the states. So long as this court shall continue to exercise this most salutary and highest of all its functions, the whole legislation of the country will be kept within its constitutional sphere of action."
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The plaintiffs discussed what effect the
Supreme Court's decision would have on the security of property rights and on the general public around the country. Dutton stated that ten million dollars of property was at stake in Massachusetts alone. He argued that if the Court sided with the defense, the
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The lawyers defending the Warren Bridge said that exclusive rights were not mentioned in the charter. The
Charles River Bridge lawyers countered that, even though competing bridges were never explicitly addressed in the charter, it was implied in the contract that the Charles River Bridge Company had
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By 1823, the value of the company was estimated to be $ 280,000, a substantial increase from its original value of $ 50,000. Between 1786 and 1827 the
Charles River Bridge had collected $ 824,798 in tolls. Very few of the shares belonged to the company's original investors at this time, and the stock
549:
The Whig Party, on the other hand, was much more disapproving of the decision. Members of the party felt that the
Massachusetts legislature had violated its contract, and that it was the federal government's responsibility to fix the state's mistake. The federal government's failure to do so led
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The
Charles River Bridge lawyers appealed to the Court by arguing that the Court's prime interest should be to protect the property interests of the nation. "I look to the law, to the administration of the law, and, above all, to the supremacy of the law, as it resides in this court," Dutton said,
363:. The case was argued before the Court in 1831, where the plaintiffs argued that it was unconstitutional for the Massachusetts legislature to charter the Warren Bridge, because creating a competing bridge violated the contract clause in Article I, Section 10, which states, "No State shall pass any
342:
There were multiple attempts to convince the state legislature to give permission to build a new bridge between Boston and
Charlestown, which would be in direct competition with the Charles River Bridge. Eventually, the legislature agreed to grant a charter for a new bridge between Charlestown and
317:
permission to run a ferry on the
Charles River between Boston and Charlestown. Harvard operated the ferry until 1785. That year, a group of men petitioned the state legislature to build a bridge across the river due to the inconvenience of the ferry. As time had passed, the two towns had grown and
468:
The Warren Bridge lawyers responded that the state legislature's power was more limited than its opponents believed, and that the legislature did not have the power to give exclusive rights to a private enterprise such as the
Charles River Bridge Company. Greenleaf argued that the legislature was
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The request was granted and the Charles River Bridge Company was given permission to build a bridge and collect tolls for 40 years, but during those 40 years the company would have to pay 200 pounds (or ~$ 670) to Harvard College annually in order to make up for the profits the college would lose
292:
had broken its contract with the Charles River Bridge Company, and thus the contract clause had been violated. The owners of the first bridge claimed that the charter had implied exclusive rights to the Charles River Bridge Company. The Court ultimately sided with Warren Bridge. This decision was
508:
In his opinion, Taney argued that the case was strictly about interpretation of contract, and that the charter contract should be interpreted as narrowly as possible, which meant that the Charles River Bridge did not have exclusive rights. He also stated that, in general, public grants should be
469:
entrusted with the right to "provide safe and convenient public ways," and that this right was to be used to benefit the public good; clearly, giving the Charles River Bridge Company exclusive rights would not better the public. The Warren Bridge lawyers also argued on the basis of
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As time passed, the population of Boston increased, as did the amount of business the city was doing with the rest of the world. With these increases, the Charles River Bridge collected more and more profits, and the value of the company's stock started to rise. Shares that had a
322:
from the ferry. After 40 years of collecting tolls, the company would turn the bridge over to the state, but the government would still have to make the annual payment. In 1792, the Massachusetts legislature extended this charter to seventy years from the opening of the bridge.
546:, one of the party's leading platforms at the time. One Democratic magazine wrote, in regard to Taney's opinion, "he pursues his unbroken chain of clear, logical reasoning, spreads light all around, leaving no cloud to confound or mislead those who may come after him."
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to corporations, then these sorts of transportation improvements would not be able to flourish. If this were the case then, Taney said, the country would "be thrown back to the improvements of the last century, and obliged to stand still".
390:; the Warren Bridge had been constructed, and made back the money it had cost to build, and had become a toll-free bridge. The Charles River Bridge was now closed, since it was no longer getting any traffic due to its toll.
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That the Massachusetts state legislature's decision to grant a charter to the proprietors of Warren Bridge after granting a similar charter to the Charles River Bridge Company did not constitute a violation of the Contract
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the Whigs to believe that the power of the federal government was in decline. The Whigs, who were largely businessmen, also feared that corporate property now had no legal protection. Chancellor
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companies. This was not a case that went before the Supreme Court, but many prominent lawyers and justices were asked for their opinion on the situation, and among them was Taney, who was then the
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read an opinion stating that he was in favor of the Charles River Bridge company but that it was not the Supreme Court's place to make a decision. Justice Story read a
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in 1828, that would be very close in proximity to the first bridge and would connect the same two cities, the proprietors of the Charles River Bridge claimed that the
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and given to the public. If the Court sided with Warren Bridge, Dutton argued, then "all sense of security for the rights of persons and property would be lost."
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communication between them had become more important, and technology was at a point now where a bridge appeared to be a wise economic undertaking.
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legislature of 1832 to add a condition to their charters that no other companies would be able to build a means of transportation between
359:(SJC) in an effort to stop the construction of the second bridge. The SJC was divided 2–2 on the matter, and the case was appealed to the
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for a certain amount of time. Taney's opinion on the case was that no legislature should have the power to stop the state from creating
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Before the Charles River Bridge case was argued before the Supreme Court again, there was a situation in 1833 involving the
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The Proprietors of Charles River Bridge, Plaintiffs in Error v. The Proprietors of Warren Bridge, and others
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received with mixed opinions, and had some impact on the remainder of Taney's tenure as Chief Justice.
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Newmyer, Kent. "Justice Joseph Story: The Charles River Bridge Case and the Crisis of Republicanism,"
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After the Warren Bridge charter was granted, the Charles River Bridge Company filed a lawsuit in the
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A decision was read on February 14, 1837, which was 5-2 in favor of Warren Bridge. Taney read the
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The case of Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge began again, on January 19, 1837.
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of $ 333.33 sold for $ 1,650 in 1805, and by 1814, their price had risen to $ 2,080.
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generally varied according to the political views of the critic in questions.
5089:
4844:
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4192:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
3841:
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College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
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were very much in favor of the decision because they saw it as a victory for
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285:
269:
243:
235:
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San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
1978:
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
410:
375:
142:
752:
2485:
1440:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
1207:
808:
783:
498:
387:
154:
2010:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
485:
3413:
2108:
406:
306:
4032:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
3628:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
332:
2333:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
367:, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts".
3984:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
2734:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
744:
522:
514:
474:
677:
453:
exclusivity to the bridge traffic between Charlestown and Boston.
4543:
1345:
518:
261:
4469:
4200:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
265:
239:
83:
30:
3495:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
3365:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
1613:
421:
because it was such an important aspect of the state's power.
3992:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
510:
343:
Boston. In 1828, a company was given the rights to build the
310:
4344:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
4312:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
489:
Roger B. Taney c. 1836, as the newly appointed Chief Justice
2149:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
1467:
1275:
230:, 36 U.S. (11 Pet.) 420 (1837), was a case regarding the
4000:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
3596:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
260:
In 1785, the Charles River Bridge Company was granted a
5037:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
2429:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1778:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
1711:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
505:
entirely in favor of the Charles River Bridge Company.
3463:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
2664:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
4948:
3716:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
3556:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
2632:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
1882:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
1565:
1520:
5116:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Taney Court
4296:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
3882:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
3423:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
2718:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
2517:
2357:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
2042:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
1292:
570:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 36
4208:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
4072:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
1730:
3928:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
3778:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
2460:
1938:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
1398:
640:. Vol. 7, no. 30. June 1840. p. 503
4588:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
4232:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
4168:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
3968:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
3471:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
2473:
2253:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
5087:
4741:
4604:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
4446:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
4400:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
3479:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
3024:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
2026:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
1930:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
1586:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
638:The United States Magazine and Democratic Review
5101:United States Constitution Article One case law
4990:
4901:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
4368:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
4144:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
3700:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
2173:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
4917:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
4376:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
4080:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
3866:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
3786:International News Service v. Associated Press
3311:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
3303:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
3170:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
3032:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
437:represented the Charles River Bridge Company;
4430:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
4272:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
3794:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
3636:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
2301:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1261:
768:
218:Article One of the United States Constitution
3394:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
3239:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
3109:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
4861:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
3898:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
3708:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
3580:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
3548:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
3343:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
2221:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
1986:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
782:
4216:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
2165:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
2018:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
1268:
1254:
775:
761:
405:. Both of the companies had convinced the
3976:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
3874:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
3154:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
3117:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
3101:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
3093:Straus v. American Publishers Association
3000:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
622:, Oyez (last visited July 21, 2019).
199:McLean, joined by Barbour, Baldwin, Wayne
4288:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
4008:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
3762:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
3684:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2992:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
2205:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
1914:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
1655:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
634:"The Supreme Court of the United States"
484:
284:sanctioned another company to build the
4893:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
4304:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
3620:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
3335:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
3295:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
2920:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
2050:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
1970:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
1794:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
1663:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
704:) 420 (1837) is available from:
517:had started to take away business from
296:
5088:
4256:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
4152:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
3906:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
3572:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
2213:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
666:July 1973, Vol. 17 Issue 3, pp 232–245
5061:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
4989:
4947:
4821:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
4740:
4622:
4542:
4468:
4392:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
4360:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
4160:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
3944:United States v. General Electric Co.
3724:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
3692:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
3527:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
3447:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
2516:
2459:
2237:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
2133:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
1762:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
1729:
1612:
1564:
1519:
1466:
1397:
1347:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
1344:
1291:
1249:
1230:Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837
1160:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
756:
690:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
683:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
619:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
589:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
424:
403:Attorney General of the United States
227:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
24:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
18:1837 United States Supreme Court case
4885:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
3826:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
3740:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
3439:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
3373:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
3162:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
3016:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
3008:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2381:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
2093:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
1922:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
1874:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
480:
357:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
313:. The legislature proceeded to give
4438:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
4384:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
3660:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
3487:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
3194:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
3137:International Copyright Act of 1891
1898:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
610:
386:, including the new Chief Justice,
370:It appears as though Chief Justice
350:
13:
4248:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
3612:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
3503:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
2341:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
2325:National League of Cities v. Usery
1890:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1842:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
1432:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
1371:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
1318:Department of Commerce v. New York
656:
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
5147:
5111:United States Supreme Court cases
4264:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
4224:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
4096:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
3936:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
3287:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
3271:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
3125:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
2229:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
2117:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
1994:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
670:
664:American Journal of Legal History
5069:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
4176:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
3952:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
3802:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
1866:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
1850:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
1826:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
1786:Swift & Co. v. United States
877:
676:
325:
276:, roughly where the present-day
29:
4682:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3810:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
3668:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
3040:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
2269:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
1818:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
301:In 1640 the legislature of the
5096:1837 in United States case law
2859:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
1802:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
1671:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
626:
582:
309:, assumed control over public
1:
4869:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
4797:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
3385:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
3178:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
3084:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
2656:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
2557:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
2034:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
1954:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
1546:United States v. Munoz-Flores
575:
282:Commonwealth of Massachusetts
4971:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
3644:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
2648:Schillinger v. United States
2285:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
1834:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
1168:United States v. The Amistad
616:
554:wrote in the Whig magazine,
529:
7:
4471:Necessary and Proper Clause
4240:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
3564:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
3048:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
2189:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
1962:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
1594:Clinton v. City of New York
563:
361:United States Supreme Court
248:United States Supreme Court
10:
5152:
4877:City of El Paso v. Simmons
4524:United States v. Kebodeaux
4016:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
2277:Henderson v. United States
1858:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
1770:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
1615:Taxing and Spending Clause
1184:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
521:, and if charters granted
399:Delaware and Raritan Canal
5013:Virginia v. West Virginia
4999:
4985:
4957:
4943:
4780:
4757:
4753:
4736:
4636:
4625:No Bills of Attainder or
4618:
4558:
4538:
4516:United States v. Comstock
4478:
4464:
4418:
3916:
3858:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
3750:
3537:
3412:
3383:
3353:
3263:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
3220:
3210:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
3135:
3082:
2877:
2752:
2674:
2612:
2567:
2530:
2526:
2512:
2469:
2455:
2413:United States v. Morrison
2365:New York v. United States
2261:North American Co. v. SEC
2197:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
2060:
1743:
1739:
1725:
1647:Springer v. United States
1625:
1608:
1574:
1560:
1532:
1515:
1479:
1462:
1410:
1393:
1357:
1340:
1304:
1287:
1235:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863
1222:
1149:
1128:
1106:
1083:
950:
902:
895:
886:
875:
791:
395:Camden and Amboy Railroad
290:Massachusetts legislature
216:
211:
207:Story, joined by Thompson
203:
195:
187:
182:
128:
123:
117:
112:
104:
96:
91:
59:
49:
45:Decided February 14, 1837
42:
28:
23:
5106:Contract Clause case law
4805:Sturges v. Crowninshield
4698:Barr v. City of Columbia
4650:Sturges v. Crowninshield
4408:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
4040:Graham v. John Deere Co.
3834:KVOS v. Associated Press
3604:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
3402:Dowling v. United States
3186:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
3146:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
3064:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
1538:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
1493:United States v. Johnson
617:
303:Massachusetts Bay Colony
250:under the leadership of
5136:Transport controversies
4909:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
4112:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
3890:Goldstein v. California
3818:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
3231:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
3202:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
2437:Taylor v. United States
1745:Dormant Commerce Clause
1679:United States v. Butler
1631:Hylton v. United States
1501:Gravel v. United States
1469:Speech or Debate Clause
43:Argued January 19, 1837
5045:New Jersey v. New York
4500:Sabri v. United States
4328:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
4128:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
4048:United States v. Adams
3327:De Sylva v. Ballentine
3247:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
3072:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
2912:Schreiber v. Sharpless
2694:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
2405:Jones v. United States
2397:United States v. Locke
2373:United States v. Lopez
1703:Sabri v. United States
1192:Dred Scott v. Sandford
490:
272:connecting Boston and
5021:Virginia v. Tennessee
4484:McCulloch v. Maryland
3539:Copyright Act of 1976
3279:Douglas v. Cunningham
3222:Copyright Act of 1909
2928:Thornton v. Schreiber
2879:Copyright Act of 1870
2754:Copyright Act of 1831
2532:Copyright Act of 1790
2494:Juilliard v. Greenman
2309:Katzenbach v. McClung
2141:Hoke v. United States
1906:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
1810:Edwards v. California
488:
419:internal improvements
305:, in accordance with
280:is located. When the
5053:Virginia v. Maryland
4950:Import-Export Clause
4837:Stone v. Mississippi
4492:Lambert v. Yellowley
4352:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
4088:Gottschalk v. Benson
4064:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
4024:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
2984:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2851:Bolles v. Outing Co.
1695:South Dakota v. Dole
1485:Kilbourn v. Thompson
297:Charles River Bridge
232:Charles River Bridge
4770:Hepburn v. Griswold
4714:Kansas v. Hendricks
4690:De Veau v. Braisted
3960:Altvater v. Freeman
2968:Belford v. Scribner
2952:Thompson v. Hubbard
2936:Banks v. Manchester
2787:Stevens v. Gladding
2686:Pennock v. Dialogue
2614:Patent infringement
2293:Boynton v. Virginia
2157:Hammer v. Dagenhart
1363:Powell v. McCormack
736:Library of Congress
557:The New York Review
5005:Florida v. Georgia
4760:Legal Tender Cases
4674:Samuels v. McCurdy
4666:Hawker v. New York
4596:Boumediene v. Bush
4184:Dickinson v. Zurko
3652:Eldred v. Ashcroft
3255:Manners v. Morosco
3056:Scribner v. Straus
2960:Higgins v. Keuffel
2944:Callaghan v. Myers
2827:Higgins v. Keuffel
2819:Callaghan v. Myers
2726:Egbert v. Lippmann
2710:Cochrane v. Deener
2569:Patent Act of 1793
2476:Legal Tender Cases
2245:Wickard v. Filburn
1687:Helvering v. Davis
1567:Presentment Clause
1522:Origination Clause
1294:Enumeration Clause
1277:U.S. Supreme Court
503:dissenting opinion
491:
443:Harvard Law School
425:Rearguing the case
278:Charlestown Bridge
139:Associate Justices
5121:Bridges in Boston
5083:
5082:
5079:
5078:
4981:
4980:
4963:Brown v. Maryland
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4829:Bronson v. Kinzie
4813:Ogden v. Saunders
4732:
4731:
4614:
4613:
4572:Ex parte Merryman
4548:Suspension Clause
4534:
4533:
4508:Gonzales v. Raich
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4056:Brenner v. Manson
3850:Buck v. Gallagher
3770:Ferris v. Frohman
3519:Iancu v. Brunetti
2888:Perris v. Hexamer
2867:Mifflin v. Dutton
2763:Wheaton v. Peters
2702:O'Reilly v. Morse
2640:Rowell v. Lindsay
2541:Wheaton v. Peters
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2421:Gonzales v. Raich
2317:Maryland v. Wirtz
2181:Gold Clause Cases
2002:Granholm v. Heald
1754:Brown v. Maryland
1721:
1720:
1604:
1603:
1556:
1555:
1511:
1510:
1458:
1457:
1389:
1388:
1336:
1335:
1326:Trump v. New York
1243:
1242:
1218:
1217:
1124:
1123:
786:(1836–1864)
681:Works related to
534:The reactions to
481:Deciding the case
365:Bill of Attainder
223:
222:
175:Philip P. Barbour
5143:
4987:
4986:
4945:
4944:
4789:Fletcher v. Peck
4755:
4754:
4738:
4737:
4658:Ex parte Garland
4620:
4619:
4564:Ex parte Bollman
4540:
4539:
4466:
4465:
4280:Bilski v. Kappos
4136:Diamond v. Diehr
4104:Dann v. Johnston
3588:Stewart v. Abend
2896:Trade-Mark Cases
2779:Stephens v. Cady
2602:Evans v. Hettich
2528:
2527:
2519:Copyright Clause
2514:
2513:
2471:
2470:
2457:
2456:
2125:Champion v. Ames
2085:Paul v. Virginia
2069:Gibbons v. Ogden
1741:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1639:Collector v. Day
1610:
1609:
1579:Pocket Veto Case
1562:
1561:
1517:
1516:
1464:
1463:
1416:Ex parte Siebold
1400:Elections Clause
1395:
1394:
1342:
1341:
1289:
1288:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1200:Ableman v. Booth
1176:Luther v. Borden
1136:Aboriginal title
900:
899:
893:
892:
881:
777:
770:
763:
754:
753:
749:
743:
740:
734:
731:
725:
722:
716:
713:
707:
680:
650:
649:
647:
645:
630:
624:
623:
621:
614:
608:
586:
495:majority opinion
351:Arguing the case
124:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5075:
5029:Wharton v. Wise
4995:
4977:
4953:
4931:
4776:
4749:
4743:Contract Clause
4728:
4632:
4610:
4554:
4530:
4474:
4473:of Section VIII
4452:
4421:trademark cases
4414:
4320:Kappos v. Hyatt
4120:Parker v. Flook
3912:
3753:copyright cases
3746:
3732:Allen v. Cooper
3676:Golan v. Holder
3533:
3408:
3379:
3349:
3216:
3131:
3078:
2904:Merrell v. Tice
2873:
2835:Holmes v. Hurst
2811:Baker v. Selden
2771:Backus v. Gould
2748:
2670:
2624:Evans v. Jordan
2608:
2563:
2522:
2521:of Section VIII
2500:
2465:
2464:of Section VIII
2443:
2349:EEOC v. Wyoming
2101:Kidd v. Pearson
2077:Passenger Cases
2056:
1946:Maine v. Taylor
1735:
1734:of Section VIII
1732:Commerce Clause
1717:
1621:
1600:
1570:
1552:
1528:
1507:
1475:
1454:
1448:Moore v. Harper
1406:
1385:
1379:Cook v. Gralike
1353:
1332:
1300:
1283:
1274:
1244:
1239:
1214:
1145:
1120:
1102:
1079:
946:
882:
873:
787:
781:
747:
741:
738:
732:
729:
723:
720:
714:
711:
705:
673:
659:
657:Further reading
654:
653:
643:
641:
632:
631:
627:
615:
611:
587:
583:
578:
566:
532:
483:
463:taken from them
445:professor, and
439:Simon Greenleaf
427:
353:
328:
315:Harvard College
299:
264:to construct a
246:, heard by the
165:
153:
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5149:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5065:
5057:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4992:Compact Clause
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4967:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4925:Sveen v. Melin
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4853:Block v. Hirsh
4849:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4801:
4793:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4765:
4763:
4751:
4750:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4706:Teague v. Lane
4702:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4642:Calder v. Bull
4637:
4634:
4633:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4600:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4442:
4434:
4425:
4423:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4336:Gunn v. Minton
4332:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3923:
3921:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3319:Mazer v. Stein
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2803:Paige v. Banks
2799:
2795:Little v. Hall
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:Voss v. Fisher
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2594:Evans v. Eaton
2590:
2586:Evans v. Eaton
2582:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2549:Paige v. Banks
2545:
2536:
2534:
2524:
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2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2481:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2462:Coinage Clause
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2389:Reno v. Condon
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
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2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
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2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
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2153:
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2137:
2129:
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2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
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1894:
1886:
1878:
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1606:
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1599:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:of Section VII
1558:
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1533:
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1513:
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1477:
1476:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1424:Smiley v. Holm
1420:
1411:
1408:
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1391:
1390:
1387:
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1375:
1367:
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1125:
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948:
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811:
806:
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795:
793:
789:
788:
780:
779:
772:
765:
757:
751:
750:
718:Google Scholar
686:
672:
671:External links
669:
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658:
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625:
609:
580:
579:
577:
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544:states' rights
531:
528:
482:
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471:eminent domain
435:Daniel Webster
426:
423:
384:Andrew Jackson
380:Smith Thompson
352:
349:
327:
324:
298:
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255:Roger B. Taney
221:
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185:
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167:James M. Wayne
151:Smith Thompson
140:
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135:Roger B. Taney
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50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
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34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5148:
5137:
5134:
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5126:Charles River
5124:
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5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
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4847:
4846:
4845:Smyth v. Ames
4842:
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4639:
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4631:of Section IX
4630:
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4627:Ex post facto
4621:
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4606:
4605:
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4590:
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4580:Ex parte Endo
4577:
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4546:Habeas corpus
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3868:
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3863:
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3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:Gibbs v. Buck
3839:
3836:
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3807:
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3355:Patent misuse
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3018:
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3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:Brady v. Daly
2973:
2970:
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2869:
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2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:Brady v. Daly
2840:
2837:
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2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:Patentability
2673:
2666:
2665:
2661:
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2657:
2653:
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2649:
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2641:
2637:
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2604:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:Tyler v. Tuel
2575:
2574:
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2570:
2566:
2559:
2558:
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2222:
2218:
2215:
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2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2159:
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2110:
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2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
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1991:
1988:
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1983:
1980:
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1967:
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1310:Utah v. Evans
1307:
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431:Warren Dutton
422:
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415:New York City
412:
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372:John Marshall
368:
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345:Warren Bridge
340:
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326:Warren Bridge
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294:
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286:Warren Bridge
283:
279:
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270:Charles River
267:
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258:
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252:Chief Justice
249:
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244:Massachusetts
241:
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236:Warren Bridge
233:
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183:Case opinions
181:
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163:Henry Baldwin
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27:
22:
16:
5067:
5059:
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5019:
5011:
5003:
4994:of Section X
4969:
4961:
4952:of Section X
4923:
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4859:
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4843:
4835:
4827:
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4811:
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4787:
4768:
4758:
4722:Smith v. Doe
4720:
4712:
4704:
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4672:
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3511:Matal v. Tam
3509:
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2638:
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2555:
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2227:
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2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
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1792:
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1752:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1619:Section VIII
1592:
1584:
1544:
1536:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1211: (1863)
1206:
1203: (1859)
1198:
1195: (1857)
1190:
1187: (1852)
1182:
1179: (1849)
1174:
1171: (1841)
1166:
1163: (1837)
1159:
1158:
1141:Criminal law
689:
663:
642:. Retrieved
637:
628:
612:
607: (1837).
588:
584:
555:
548:
535:
533:
507:
492:
477:were built.
467:
459:
455:
451:
428:
411:Philadelphia
392:
378:and Justice
376:Joseph Story
369:
354:
341:
329:
320:
300:
259:
226:
225:
224:
212:Laws applied
170:
158:
146:
143:Joseph Story
92:Case history
71:
53:
15:
4629:Laws Clause
2486:Knox v. Lee
1526:Section VII
1208:Prize Cases
784:Taney Court
499:John McLean
388:Roger Taney
274:Charlestown
196:Concurrence
155:John McLean
5131:Toll (fee)
5090:Categories
4552:Section IX
3414:Lanham Act
2109:In re Debs
1473:Section VI
1404:Section IV
1298:Section II
745:OpenJurist
576:References
552:James Kent
523:monopolies
497:. Justice
447:John Davis
407:New Jersey
374:, Justice
307:common law
105:Subsequent
4747:Section X
1280:Article I
896:By volume
888:Decisions
540:Democrats
530:Reactions
515:railroads
475:railroads
333:par value
268:over the
60:Citations
3357:case law
2678:case law
2616:case law
1282:case law
1223:Statutes
1151:Landmark
1129:By topic
849:Clifford
844:Campbell
829:Woodbury
814:McKinley
792:Justices
688:Text of
644:July 13,
564:See also
519:highways
397:and the
234:and the
188:Majority
1075:65 (24)
1070:64 (23)
1065:63 (22)
1060:62 (21)
1055:61 (20)
1050:60 (19)
1045:59 (18)
1040:58 (17)
1035:57 (16)
1030:56 (15)
1025:55 (14)
1020:54 (13)
1015:53 (12)
1010:52 (11)
1005:51 (10)
942:41 (16)
937:40 (15)
932:39 (14)
927:38 (13)
922:37 (12)
917:36 (11)
912:35 (10)
804:Barbour
709:Cornell
311:ferries
262:charter
204:Dissent
119:Clause.
113:Holding
82:420; 9
5072:(2018)
5064:(2009)
5056:(2003)
5048:(1998)
5040:(1985)
5032:(1894)
5024:(1893)
5016:(1871)
5008:(1855)
4974:(1951)
4966:(1827)
4928:(2018)
4920:(1987)
4912:(1983)
4904:(1983)
4896:(1978)
4888:(1977)
4880:(1965)
4872:(1935)
4864:(1934)
4856:(1921)
4848:(1898)
4840:(1880)
4832:(1843)
4824:(1837)
4816:(1827)
4808:(1819)
4800:(1819)
4792:(1810)
4781:Others
4773:(1870)
4725:(2003)
4717:(1997)
4709:(1989)
4701:(1964)
4693:(1960)
4685:(1951)
4677:(1925)
4669:(1898)
4661:(1866)
4653:(1819)
4645:(1798)
4607:(2020)
4599:(2008)
4591:(2001)
4583:(1944)
4575:(1861)
4567:(1807)
4527:(2013)
4519:(2010)
4511:(2005)
4503:(2004)
4495:(1926)
4487:(1819)
4449:(2020)
4441:(1938)
4433:(1915)
4419:Other
4411:(2019)
4403:(2017)
4395:(2016)
4387:(2015)
4379:(2015)
4371:(2014)
4363:(2014)
4355:(2013)
4347:(2013)
4339:(2013)
4331:(2013)
4323:(2012)
4315:(2012)
4307:(2011)
4299:(2011)
4291:(2011)
4283:(2010)
4275:(2008)
4267:(2007)
4259:(2007)
4251:(2007)
4243:(2006)
4235:(2006)
4227:(2006)
4219:(2005)
4211:(2002)
4203:(2001)
4195:(1999)
4187:(1999)
4179:(1998)
4171:(1997)
4163:(1996)
4155:(1990)
4147:(1989)
4139:(1981)
4131:(1980)
4123:(1978)
4115:(1976)
4107:(1976)
4099:(1973)
4091:(1972)
4083:(1971)
4075:(1969)
4067:(1969)
4059:(1966)
4051:(1966)
4043:(1966)
4035:(1965)
4027:(1964)
4019:(1964)
4011:(1964)
4003:(1961)
3995:(1950)
3987:(1950)
3979:(1948)
3971:(1945)
3963:(1943)
3955:(1942)
3947:(1926)
3939:(1916)
3931:(1908)
3917:Other
3909:(1975)
3901:(1974)
3893:(1973)
3885:(1968)
3877:(1962)
3869:(1960)
3861:(1949)
3853:(1939)
3845:(1939)
3837:(1936)
3829:(1934)
3821:(1932)
3813:(1931)
3805:(1923)
3797:(1919)
3789:(1918)
3781:(1914)
3773:(1912)
3765:(1911)
3751:Other
3743:(2020)
3735:(2020)
3727:(2019)
3719:(2019)
3711:(2017)
3703:(2014)
3695:(2014)
3687:(2013)
3679:(2012)
3671:(2010)
3663:(2005)
3655:(2003)
3647:(2001)
3639:(1998)
3631:(1998)
3623:(1996)
3615:(1994)
3607:(1994)
3599:(1991)
3591:(1990)
3583:(1989)
3575:(1985)
3567:(1985)
3559:(1984)
3551:(1977)
3530:(2020)
3522:(2019)
3514:(2017)
3506:(2014)
3498:(2014)
3490:(2003)
3482:(2003)
3474:(2001)
3466:(2001)
3458:(1999)
3450:(1995)
3442:(1992)
3434:(1987)
3426:(1982)
3405:(1985)
3397:(1941)
3376:(1942)
3368:(1917)
3346:(1973)
3338:(1964)
3330:(1956)
3322:(1954)
3314:(1952)
3306:(1943)
3298:(1940)
3290:(1939)
3282:(1935)
3274:(1931)
3266:(1923)
3258:(1920)
3250:(1917)
3242:(1914)
3234:(1911)
3213:(1911)
3205:(1911)
3197:(1909)
3189:(1909)
3181:(1908)
3173:(1908)
3165:(1907)
3157:(1903)
3149:(1896)
3128:(1979)
3120:(1948)
3112:(1941)
3104:(1939)
3096:(1913)
3075:(1912)
3067:(1909)
3059:(1908)
3051:(1908)
3043:(1908)
3035:(1908)
3027:(1907)
3019:(1907)
3011:(1907)
3003:(1903)
2995:(1903)
2987:(1899)
2979:(1899)
2971:(1892)
2963:(1891)
2955:(1889)
2947:(1888)
2939:(1888)
2931:(1888)
2923:(1884)
2915:(1884)
2907:(1881)
2899:(1879)
2891:(1879)
2870:(1903)
2862:(1903)
2854:(1899)
2846:(1899)
2838:(1899)
2830:(1891)
2822:(1888)
2814:(1879)
2806:(1872)
2798:(1856)
2790:(1854)
2782:(1853)
2774:(1849)
2766:(1834)
2745:(1885)
2737:(1885)
2729:(1881)
2721:(1878)
2713:(1876)
2705:(1853)
2697:(1851)
2689:(1829)
2667:(1938)
2659:(1913)
2651:(1894)
2643:(1885)
2635:(1885)
2627:(1815)
2605:(1822)
2597:(1822)
2589:(1818)
2581:(1810)
2560:(1908)
2552:(1872)
2544:(1834)
2497:(1884)
2489:(1871)
2440:(2016)
2432:(2012)
2424:(2005)
2416:(2000)
2408:(2000)
2400:(2000)
2392:(2000)
2384:(1996)
2376:(1995)
2368:(1992)
2360:(1985)
2352:(1983)
2344:(1981)
2336:(1981)
2328:(1976)
2320:(1968)
2312:(1964)
2304:(1964)
2296:(1960)
2288:(1951)
2280:(1950)
2272:(1949)
2264:(1946)
2256:(1944)
2248:(1942)
2240:(1942)
2232:(1941)
2224:(1940)
2216:(1938)
2208:(1937)
2200:(1936)
2192:(1935)
2184:(1935)
2176:(1935)
2168:(1923)
2160:(1918)
2152:(1914)
2144:(1913)
2136:(1911)
2128:(1903)
2120:(1895)
2112:(1895)
2104:(1888)
2096:(1885)
2088:(1869)
2080:(1849)
2072:(1824)
2061:Others
2053:(2023)
2045:(2019)
2037:(2018)
2029:(2015)
2021:(2008)
2013:(2007)
2005:(2005)
1997:(1994)
1989:(1994)
1981:(1994)
1973:(1992)
1965:(1992)
1957:(1989)
1949:(1986)
1941:(1984)
1933:(1983)
1925:(1982)
1917:(1981)
1909:(1980)
1901:(1978)
1893:(1978)
1885:(1977)
1877:(1977)
1869:(1976)
1861:(1970)
1853:(1967)
1845:(1959)
1837:(1954)
1829:(1951)
1821:(1945)
1813:(1941)
1805:(1935)
1797:(1925)
1789:(1905)
1781:(1886)
1773:(1852)
1765:(1829)
1757:(1827)
1714:(2012)
1706:(2004)
1698:(1987)
1690:(1937)
1682:(1936)
1674:(1922)
1666:(1916)
1658:(1895)
1650:(1881)
1642:(1871)
1634:(1796)
1597:(1998)
1589:(1983)
1581:(1929)
1549:(1990)
1541:(1911)
1504:(1972)
1496:(1966)
1488:(1881)
1451:(2023)
1443:(2015)
1435:(1995)
1427:(1932)
1419:(1879)
1382:(2001)
1374:(1995)
1366:(1969)
1329:(2020)
1321:(2019)
1313:(2002)
1116:68 (1)
1098:67 (2)
1093:66 (1)
1000:50 (9)
995:49 (8)
990:48 (7)
985:47 (6)
980:46 (5)
975:45 (4)
970:44 (3)
965:43 (2)
960:42 (1)
859:Miller
854:Swayne
839:Curtis
824:Nelson
819:Daniel
809:Catron
748:
742:
739:
733:
730:
727:Justia
724:
721:
715:
712:
706:
603:)
591:,
536:Bridge
511:canals
266:bridge
240:Boston
173:
171:·
169:
161:
159:·
157:
149:
147:·
145:
84:L. Ed.
1108:Wall.
1085:Black
869:Field
864:Davis
834:Grier
799:Taney
696:
595:
191:Taney
97:Prior
1349:and
952:How.
904:Pet.
702:Pet.
700:(11
698:U.S.
646:2017
601:Pet.
599:(11
597:U.S.
513:and
441:, a
433:and
413:and
108:None
100:None
80:Pet.
73:more
65:U.S.
4745:of
4550:of
1617:of
1524:of
1471:of
1402:of
1351:III
1296:of
605:420
238:of
86:773
78:11
68:420
63:36
5092::
694:36
692:,
636:.
593:36
257:.
242:,
1269:e
1262:t
1255:v
776:e
769:t
762:v
648:.
76:)
70:(
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