556:(1841). The facts of the case include that John W. Brown, in Mississippi, purchased slaves from Slaughter of Louisiana. Groves and Graham had signed as guarantors a note of purchase for seven thousand dollars for the benefit of Brown, but when the note was due Brown refused to pay it. Groves contended that the Mississippi Constitution of 1832, which prohibited the importation of slaves merchandise after May 1, 1833, voided the note. Slaughter brought the suit to federal court, and the differing citizenships as well as the amount of legal tender involved met the requirement necessary for an appeal to the United States Supreme Court. When Groves lost his case in the federal circuit, he appealed to the Supreme Court. Justice Smith Thompson held the majority of the court, and concluded that a statute was necessary before Mississippi's constitutional provision would take effect, affirming the lower court ruling. Thompson avoided the question of whether the Mississippi Constitution violated the United States Constitution by infringing on the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. After McLean and Taney gave their opinions on the subject, Baldwin came forth with his own opinion "lest it be inferred" that his opinions coincided with that of the other justices.
343:; he was reelected twice, but he resigned in May 1822 due to poor health. Before resigning from Congress in 1822, Baldwin planted the seeds of a future political alliance with General Jackson by advising that Congress drop an investigation of unsanctioned military aggression in Florida. In 1828, Jackson rewarded Baldwin's political services in Pennsylvania and advisory role in the presidential campaigns of 1824 and 1828 by nominating him to the cabinet post of Secretary of the Treasury. Jackson's first attempt at nomination was blocked in the Senate by then Vice President John Calhoun, largely because of Baldwin's strong position in favor of high-tariff policy. Baldwin served in this role until late 1829. His political popularity can be traced to his private investment in the economic growth of Pittsburgh. In the House, he was a prominent advocate of protective tariffs. He received support from Independent Republicans and Federalists for his support of the protective tariff as a national measure. He strongly supported the election of
502:(1831). The statute in question was one of the "Indian laws" passed by the state legislature of Georgia forbidding white men from residing in Cherokee territory without a license from the state. Samuel Worcester and Elizur Butler, two missionaries who had been living with the Cherokees, were arrested in March 1831 for violating that statute. The Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia, a trial court, which claimed that they were federal employees exempt from the law, subsequently released Worcester and Butler. Worcester and Butler were arrested again, convicted of violating the statute, and sentenced to four years in prison. They were offered a pardon, but refused, and appealed their case to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court received this case because the clerk of the county court responded to this Writ of Error, although the judge never signed it. The state of Georgia never appeared in court, and publicly announced that it would disregard any decree of the court overturning the conviction.
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621:, has suggested that Baldwin's lack of "any historical reputation" results not from any lack of intrinsic interestingness but from his "incoherence as a jurist." Though White is particularly unforgiving, this is the general consensus of modern scholarship for Baldwin's 15-year term on the court. The most complimentary of scholarly opinion on Baldwin praises his role as an "unyielding champion of the Constitution and the federal system," but at the same time labels him a "political maverick."
600:. Baldwin speaks on issues such as territory rights, the Articles of Confederation, State Sovereignty, Contract Cases, Definitions of A Corporation, etc. He holistically delineates his view on Constitutional issues beginning with the Founding of the nation. Further, despite his expressed affection for Marshall, Baldwin's work counters Marshall's expansive use of the Constitution to expand the prestige of the Court. Referring to McCulloch v. Maryland, Baldwin explains that "he has given no
511:
by the
Georgia court clerk, and not by the court itself. He agreed with Justice Marshall's opinion exclusively on his holding that the Cherokees were a sovereign nation "which this court is bound to judicially know as such to have and possess a jurisdiction over the lands they occupy." Continuing his dissent, Baldwin ruled that the "national existence of the Indian tribes," according to the Constitution, was subject to the power of Georgia "by her own right and the
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605:
instruments of the people, his interpretation of the original intent of the
Founders, the influence of English Common Law as a "standard rule by which to measure the different parts of the Supreme Law," and, lastly, the federal government holding a 'grant' of power that can be defined explicitly by the supreme law of the Constitution. Justice Story saw this work as imposing "severe strictures" on his work,
426:, in which Baldwin stated: "We must take it therefore as a grant by the people of the state in convention, to the citizens of all the other states of the Union, of the privileges and immunities of the citizens of this state." This eventually became the view accepted by the Supreme Court, and remains so. He also interpreted the Clause that way, in
33:
1114:
A General View of the Origin and Nature of the
Constitution and Government of the United States Deduced from the Political History and Condition of the Colonies and States from 1774 Until 1788, and the Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Together with Opinions in the Cases Decided at
595:
Baldwin was aware that his style of jurisprudence was inconsistent, often extreme, and politically inconsistent with his appointment. He acknowledged this in his 1837 work on the origin and nature of the United States
Constitution and Government that "I am well aware of departing from the modern mode
570:
Responding to
Justice McLean's pro-abolition defense that laws abolishing slavery were "local in character" and within the rights of state sovereignty Baldwin agreed that any state could abolish slavery but transit of property including slaves, "is lawful commerce among the several states, which none
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Baldwin argues that a state can not restrict importation of slaves for sale if slavery was otherwise permitted. The state constitution could restrict importation of slaves under its police power for welfare and safety reasons but it could not restrict importation of slaves for sale when slavery was
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opinion. The court issued its decision on March 3, 1832, that the
Georgia statutes were unconstitutional as applied to the Cherokee tribes. Marshall wrote for Duvall, Story, and Thompson. Baldwin based his dissent on his conclusion that the court lacked jurisdiction, as the record had been returned
347:
in the election of 1824 and 1828. When
Bushrod Washington died after thirty-two years of service on the Supreme Court, the president turned to Baldwin to replace him. On January 6, 1830, the Senate approved Baldwin's nomination to the Supreme Court 41 to 2 despite the efforts of the Calhoun forces.
515:." Yet Baldwin never delivered his opinion to Reporter Peters. On March 3, 1832, many newspapers undertook the publishing of the opinions of the Court. As part of its anti-Worcester campaign, the principal press organ of the Jackson administration published Johnson's anti-Cherokee concurrence in
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In a concurring opinion, Baldwin opposed Taney and McLean's concurrences on questions about the commerce clause that were not needed to resolve the case. Chief
Justice Taney had written separately to state that the importation of slaves "cannot be controlled by Congress". Baldwin argues for five
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McLean looked to the
Constitution to prove that slaves were "persons," Baldwin looked to "the law of the states before the adoption of the Constitution, and from the first settlement of the colonies" to show that they were property. He also found support for this principle "in our diplomatic
604:
to the constitution; he has only declared what it says, by carrying out the general terms it uses, and making a practical application thereof, to the various cases, in which he has delivered the opinion of the Court." Baldwin's work is based on the
Constitution and the Federal Government as
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The case was decided with five concurring in the majority (including Marshall), McLean in concurrence, and Baldwin in dissent. Johnson was absent because of ill health. Story and Thompson's support for the Cherokees was on record, and Marshall's sympathetic posture paralleled his prior
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says that by seeking to protect "the rights of masters who might travel to free states" Baldwin's argument that slaves are property (not people) under the federal constitution was more "shrewd and realistic" than Taney's argument rejecting Congressional authority.
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opinion appeared on March 22. Baldwin's lone dissent, delivered by a Jackson appointee, in a significant challenge by the collective Court to the Jackson administration had not yet appeared in print. Referring to the Court Report and an article published by the
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relations...and in the most solemn international acts, from 1782 to 1815." That he might "stand alone" on the court did "not deter" him from declaring that slaves should be considered property and thus be protected while in transit.
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on March 3, 1832, one scholar concludes that the non-disclosure of his dissent is indicative of Baldwin's awareness of the tense political climate over states' rights at the time. Another case in which Baldwin dissented was
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permitted in general. He concludes that the right to collect on the defaulted note would be protected under the Federal Constitution even if it was not protected by the state constitution of Mississippi.
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ever followed the text more faithfully, or ever made a commentary more accordant with its strict intention and language." Baldwin was at Marshall's bedside when the old Chief Justice died in 1835.
786:
A General View of the Origin and Nature of the Constitution and Government of the United States: Deduced from the Political History and Condition of the Colonies and States, from 1774 Until 1788
693:
A General View Of The Origin And Nature Of The Constitution And Government Of The United States, Deduced From The Political History And Condition Of The Colonies And States, From 1774 Until 1788
437:
Even though Baldwin's opinions on the Court and his treatise were politically, jurisprudentially contrary to Marshall's overarching influence on the Court, he was a friend and admirer of Chief
434:, 37 U.S. (12 Pet.) 657, 751 (1838) (each State "by the Constitution has agreed that those of any other state shall enjoy rights, privileges, and immunities in each, as its own do").
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Baldwin's time on the court was punctuated by physical and mental health problems as well as a tendency to shed the legal, social, and political norms of the court. One scholar,
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The only dissenters were the two senators from Calhoun's home state of South Carolina. On January 18, 1830, Baldwin took the judicial oath to become an associate justice.
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A case that demonstrates Baldwin's admittedly inconsistent record of writing opinions and political boldness, as well as his unique style of jurisprudence is
401:, in which Associate Justice Joseph Story delivered the Court's decision to free the 36 kidnapped African adults and children who were on board the schooner,
411:
40 U.S. (15 Pet.) 449 (1841), Justice Baldwin emphatically expressed his opinion that, as a matter of constitutional law, slaves are property, not persons.
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pages his position that slaves are property "wherever slavery exists". Mary Sarah Bilder says Baldwin's purpose in making these arguments was "oblique".
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1281:
1234:
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Finkelman compares McLean's abolitionist stand with Baldwin's arguments rejecting the proposition that slaves were "persons" under the Constitution:
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Baldwin considered resigning from the court in 1831. In a letter to President Jackson, he complained about the Court's extension of its powers. Some
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of construing our ancient charters." Strikingly, the eccentric Baldwin nearly mirrors the structure-oriented, original-intent approach of Justice
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1157:
Life and Letters of Joseph Story Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and Dane Professor of Law at Harvard University
340:
318:, of which he was elected the newly formed jurisdiction's first district attorney and served from 1799 to 1801. He was also the publisher of
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believe that Baldwin suffered from mental illness during this period. However, he continued to serve on the court until his death in
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can prohibit or regulate, which the constitution protects, and Congress may, and ought to preserve from violation."
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and established a successful law practice. He invested in iron furnaces north of the city, which prompted a move to
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Baldwin was descended from an aristocratic British family dating back to the seventeenth century. He was born in
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1387:
360:
1085:
Eastman, John C.; Jaffa, Harry V. (1996). "REVIEW Understanding Justice Sutherland As He Understood Himself".
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After the death of his first wife, Marana Norton, Baldwin married Sally Ellicott. Baldwin was elected to the
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397:
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1791:
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336:
325:
319:
226:
1578:
356:
2819:
2148:
1997:
734:
728:
3230:
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
2751:
2553:
2156:
1766:
1508:
1196:
3003:
2991:
2685:
2679:
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1786:
1718:
1498:
1317:
648:
442:
215:
1144:
A General View of the Origin and Nature of the Constitution and Government of the United States,
1131:
A General View of the Origin and Nature of the Constitution and Government of the United States,
892:
886:
819:
813:
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589:
A General View of the Origin and Nature of the Constitution and Government of the United States
465:
332:
279:
183:
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2800:
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2333:
2116:
2105:
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652:
629:
303:
251:
784:
3194:
3189:
2899:
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Baldwin issued a concurring opinion concerning the police power and interstate commerce in
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8:
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98:
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interpretation. Likewise, his views followed a middle course between the extremes of
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1027:"The Struggle Over Immigration: Indentured Servants, Slaves and Articles of Commerce"
981:
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871:
823:
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537:(1841), but as was common throughout Baldwin's career, the opinion was not released.
473:
299:
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1399:
1259:
935:
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464:. Baldwin opposed the two prevailing schools of Constitutional interpretation: the
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1312:
Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court
730:
Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court
659:
618:
512:
283:
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2301:
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1801:
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1431:"Henry Baldwin", The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
1361:
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
563:
344:
287:
282:, the son of Michael Baldwin and Theodora Walcott. He was the half-brother of
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462:: Deduced from the Political History and Condition of the Colonies and States
438:
384:
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United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
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113:
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1064:"The Constitution in the Supreme Court: Contracts and Commerce, 1836-1864"
266:(January 14, 1780 – April 21, 1844) was an American judge who was an
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2413:
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January Term, 1837, Arising on the Restraints on the Powers of the States
920:
Robertson, Lyndsay G. (1999). "Justice Henry Baldwin's 'Lost Opinion' in
844:
Robertson, Lyndsay G. (1999). "Justice Henry Baldwin's 'Lost Opinion' in
477:
1378:
Huebner, Timothy S.; Renstrom, Peter; Hall, Kermit L., coeditor. (2003)
3027:
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2353:
469:
403:
311:
2178:
1396:
Without Fear or Favor: A Biography of Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney
1198:
The People's Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-century America
2733:
2209:
980:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 266–271.
392:
352:
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in Washington, D.C. His remains were later disinterred and moved to
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that although slavery's existence "is abhorrent to all our ideas of
2205:
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1488:
449:
307:
1565:. Vol. 1. Boston: American Biographical Society. p. 196.
1581:
Capitalism and Conflict, Biographies of the Robes, Henry Baldwin.
372:
658:
He was the half-brother of United States Constitution signatory
1358:
Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.).
625:
371:
Baldwin was personally involved in cases deciding the issue of
1337:
The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995
733:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
1693:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
380:
268:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
52:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
679:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
624:
Baldwin suffered from paralysis in later years and died a
1506:
1406:
3275:
United States federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson
379:, 13 F. Cas. 840 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1833), he instructed the
1620:
1237:
Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices
117:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
1452:
The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
1514:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1413:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books.
1201:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
1183:
The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies
977:
An Imperfect Union: Slavery, Federalism, and Comity
954:
3235:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1309:
359:. In 1838, Baldwin was elected as a member to the
3154:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
1590:Oyez, Official Supreme Court media, Henry Baldwin
1475:The Marshall Court & Cultural Change, 1815–35
1428:Seddig, Robert G. (1992). Hall, Kermit L. (ed.).
636:has been treated rather shabbily by historians."
414:In another federal case, Baldwin interpreted the
3181:
3225:Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
1407:Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990).
1170:The Marshall Court and Cultural Change, 1815–35
888:The Marshall Court and Cultural Change, 1815–35
815:The Marshall Court and Cultural Change, 1815–35
454:A General View of the Origin and Nature of the
1740:
628:, aged 64. Historian William J. Novak of the
488:
2164:
1726:
1271:
1159:(Boston: C.C. Little and J. Brown 1851), 273.
639:Baldwin's remains were initially interred at
540:
1616:U.S. House of Representatives
1084:
722:
720:
1380:The Taney Court, Justice Rulings and Legacy
1185:,1789–1995 (Clare Cushman, ed., 1995), 110.
1006:
273:
2171:
2157:
1733:
1719:
1622:Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district
1003:, 40 US (15 Pet.) 449 (1841), 497. (1841).
341:Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district
64:January 18, 1830 – April 21, 1844
31:
16:US Supreme Court justice from 1830 to 1844
1651:House Commerce and Manufactures Committee
1477:. Published in an abridged edition, 1991.
1455:. New York: Garland Publishing. pp.
973:
919:
843:
717:
270:from January 6, 1830, to April 21, 1844.
108:U.S. House of Representatives
1494:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
1015:, 40 US (15 Pet.) 449 (1841) 510 (1841).
387:and justice," the jury must respect the
3260:Politicians from New Haven, Connecticut
1551:
1448:
1334:
1307:
884:
811:
782:
726:
690:
665:His home is now a museum and is on the
298:in 1797, where he was also a member of
3182:
2502:
1562:The Biographical Dictionary of America
1427:
1410:The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography
1061:
1024:
519:and promised to follow with Baldwin's
2501:
2191:
2152:
1714:
1434:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1393:
1357:
1284:from the original on February 4, 2021
1215:from the original on November 9, 2021
1194:
793:from the original on November 9, 2021
1542:, Crawford County Historical Society
1168:G. Edward White and Gerald Gunther,
1087:The University of Chicago Law Review
667:National Register of Historic Places
424:16 Fed. Cas. 408 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1833)
418:of the Constitution. That case was
133:March 4, 1817 – May 8, 1822
3240:Lawyers from New Haven, Connecticut
3210:19th-century American Episcopalians
612:
13:
3215:American people of English descent
3162:
2482:
2192:
2181:Supreme Court of the United States
1343:, Congressional Quarterly Books).
1300:
1117:(Philadelphia: J.C. Clark, 1837),
940:10.1111/j.1540-5818.1999.tb00149.x
864:10.1111/j.1540-5818.1999.tb00149.x
684:
609:, and on the Constitution itself.
14:
3291:
3205:19th-century American legislators
1482:
1274:"Town names carry bit of history"
1172:(New York: Macmillan: 1988), 301.
483:
430:, when speaking for the Court in
1840:
1545:
1341:Supreme Court Historical Society
1256:Supreme Court Historical Society
927:Journal of Supreme Court History
851:Journal of Supreme Court History
607:Commentaries on the Constitution
441:. He wrote of Marshall that "no
416:Privileges and Immunities Clause
3255:Pennsylvania state court judges
1265:
1235:"Christensen, George A. (1983)
1227:
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1175:
1162:
1149:
1136:
1123:
1106:
1097:
1078:
1055:
1041:
1018:
891:. New York: Macmillan. p.
842:Dissenting opinion provided by
818:. New York: Macmillan. p.
460:Government of the United States
310:in 1798. Baldwin then moved to
1272:Ackerman, Jan (May 10, 1984).
994:
909:
878:
836:
805:
776:
751:
727:Abraham, Henry Julian (1985).
361:American Philosophical Society
1:
3220:Burials at Greendale Cemetery
1614:Member of the
1599:U.S. House of Representatives
1540:Baldwin Reynolds House Museum
1509:"Henry Baldwin (id: B000087)"
432:Rhode Island v. Massachusetts
316:Crawford County, Pennsylvania
3200:19th-century American judges
1661:House Manufactures Committee
1364:. Chelsea House Publishers.
885:Swisher, Carl Brent (1974).
812:Swisher, Carl Brent (1974).
632:has written that "Baldwin's
448:In 1837, Baldwin authored a
398:United States v. The Amistad
391:of slavery. He was the sole
7:
3265:Politicians from Pittsburgh
1585:Public Broadcasting Service
1449:Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994).
1025:Bilder, Mary Sarah (1996).
672:
337:Democratic-Republican Party
10:
3296:
1316:(3rd ed.). New York:
1308:Abraham, Henry J. (1992).
1195:Novak, William J. (1996).
1013:Groves et al. v. Slaughter
1001:Groves et al. v. Slaughter
517:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
357:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
201:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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2187:
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2058:
1996:
1923:
1865:
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1849:
1838:
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1699:
1690:
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1677:
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1639:
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1612:
1604:
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1062:Currie, David P. (1983).
257:
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137:
126:
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92:
80:
68:
57:
50:
46:
30:
23:
1507:United States Congress.
974:Finkelman, Paul (1981).
710:
651:. He is the namesake of
535:United States v. Amistad
366:
274:Early life and education
1534:Henry Baldwin biography
1522:The Political Graveyard
1499:Federal Judicial Center
1497:, a publication of the
1335:Cushman, Clare (2001).
1318:Oxford University Press
1278:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1155:William Wetmore Story,
783:Baldwin, Henry (1837).
691:Baldwin, Henry (1837).
649:Meadville, Pennsylvania
466:strict constructionists
216:Meadville, Pennsylvania
3245:Pennsylvania Democrats
3167:
2487:
1394:Lewis, Walker (1965).
581:
339:in 1816, representing
333:United States Congress
280:New Haven, Connecticut
184:New Haven, Connecticut
3166:
2486:
2334:Edward Douglass White
2117:Judiciary Act of 1802
2106:Judiciary Act of 1793
2096:Judiciary Act of 1789
1382:. City: ABC-Clio Inc.
1181:Robert D. Ilisevich,
695:. Read Books Design.
653:Baldwin, Pennsylvania
630:University of Chicago
576:
476:on the one hand, and
326:Democratic-Republican
304:Litchfield Law School
252:Litchfield Law School
227:Democratic-Republican
3250:Pennsylvania lawyers
2366:Charles Evans Hughes
1245:on September 3, 2005
922:Worcester v. Georgia
846:Worcester v. Georgia
763:search.amphilsoc.org
759:"APS Member History"
523:dissent. Marshall's
500:Worcester v. Georgia
491:Worcester v. Georgia
409:Groves v. Slaughter,
302:. He also attended
3280:Yale College alumni
2350:William Howard Taft
2138:Circuit assignments
2111:Midnight Judges Act
1050:Dred Scott decision
1031:Missouri Law Review
553:Groves v. Slaughter
543:Groves v. Slaughter
480:on the other hand.
377:Johnson v. Tompkins
335:as a member of the
321:The Tree of Liberty
99:Robert Cooper Grier
3168:
2504:Associate justices
2488:
2122:Crimes Act of 1825
2101:Crimes Act of 1790
1686:Bushrod Washington
1527:Legal Encyclopedia
1473:White, G. Edward.
918:March 3, 1832, in
645:Greendale Cemetery
468:and the school of
375:. In the case of
212:Greendale Cemetery
87:Bushrod Washington
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
2493:
2492:
2446:William Rehnquist
2146:
2145:
2084:
2083:
2054:
2053:
1744:(1801–1835)
1709:
1708:
1700:Succeeded by
1668:Succeeded by
1655:
1630:Succeeded by
1553:Johnson, Rossiter
1532:Ariens, Michael,
1339:(2nd ed.). (
641:Oak Hill Cemetery
598:Antonin G. Scalia
300:Brothers in Unity
290:, and received a
261:
260:
3287:
3156:
3056:
2910:
2848:
2804:
2520:
2499:
2498:
2430:Warren E. Burger
2238:Oliver Ellsworth
2189:
2188:
2179:Justices of the
2173:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2066:Aboriginal title
1863:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1844:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1683:Preceded by
1649:as Chair of the
1646:
1640:Preceded by
1624:
1605:Preceded by
1595:
1594:
1566:
1549:
1548:
1518:
1470:
1445:
1424:
1403:
1400:Houghton Mifflin
1375:
1354:
1331:
1315:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1269:
1263:
1260:Internet Archive
1254:
1252:
1250:
1241:. Archived from
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1068:Duke Law Journal
1059:
1053:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
991:
971:
952:
951:
916:Washington Globe
913:
907:
906:
882:
876:
875:
840:
834:
833:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
755:
749:
748:
724:
706:
613:Death and legacy
530:Washington Globe
197:
181:January 14, 1780
180:
178:
166:Personal details
152:
140:
131:
121:
110:
95:
83:
71:
62:
35:
21:
20:
3295:
3294:
3290:
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3284:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3169:
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3149:
3051:
2992:J. M. Harlan II
2905:
2843:
2799:
2515:
2506:
2489:
2478:
2477:
2382:Harlan F. Stone
2318:Melville Fuller
2286:Salmon P. Chase
2196:
2183:
2177:
2147:
2142:
2126:
2080:
2050:
1992:
1919:
1845:
1836:
1745:
1739:
1705:
1696:
1688:
1673:
1664:
1645:
1635:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1555:, ed. (1906). "
1546:
1485:
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1467:
1442:
1421:
1372:
1351:
1328:
1303:
1301:Further reading
1298:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1270:
1266:
1248:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1209:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1142:Henry Baldwin,
1141:
1137:
1129:Henry Baldwin,
1128:
1124:
1112:Henry Baldwin,
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1083:
1079:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1042:
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1019:
1011:
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999:
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988:
972:
955:
914:
910:
903:
883:
879:
841:
837:
830:
810:
806:
796:
794:
789:. J. C. Clark.
781:
777:
767:
765:
757:
756:
752:
745:
725:
718:
713:
703:
687:
685:Published works
675:
660:Abraham Baldwin
619:G. Edward White
615:
593:
548:
513:Compact of 1802
508:Cherokee Nation
496:
486:
420:Magill v. Brown
369:
294:at age 17 from
284:Abraham Baldwin
276:
250:
230:
223:Political party
214:
199:
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182:
176:
174:
150:
138:
132:
127:
111:
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93:
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69:
63:
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12:
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5:
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3197:
3192:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:(2022–present)
3141:
3140:(2020–present)
3135:
3134:(2018–present)
3129:
3128:(2017–present)
3123:
3122:(2010–present)
3117:
3116:(2009–present)
3111:
3110:(2006–present)
3105:
3099:
3093:
3092:(1991–present)
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3037:
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3025:
3019:
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2427:
2411:
2398:Fred M. Vinson
2395:
2379:
2363:
2347:
2331:
2315:
2302:Morrison Waite
2299:
2283:
2270:Roger B. Taney
2267:
2251:
2235:
2219:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:Chief justices
2185:
2184:
2176:
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2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
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1920:
1918:
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1907:
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1751:
1747:
1746:
1742:Marshall Court
1738:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1678:Legal offices
1675:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1656:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1633:Walter Forward
1631:
1628:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1576:
1567:
1557:Baldwin, Henry
1543:
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1484:
1483:External links
1481:
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614:
611:
592:
586:
564:Paul Finkelman
547:
539:
495:
487:
485:
484:Critical cases
482:
474:states' rights
368:
365:
345:Andrew Jackson
288:Hopkins School
286:. He attended
275:
272:
259:
258:
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240:
236:
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224:
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198:(aged 64)
194:April 21, 1844
192:
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163:
162:
159:
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156:Walter Forward
153:
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105:Member of the
102:
101:
96:
90:
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84:
78:
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75:Andrew Jackson
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3070:
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3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:* (1972–1986)
3054:
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3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
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2912:
2909:* (1925–1941)
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2880:
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2847:* (1910–1916)
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2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
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2812:
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2803:* (1894–1910)
2802:
2798:
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2777:
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2522:
2519:* (1790–1791)
2518:
2514:
2513:
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2500:
2496:
2485:
2473:
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2268:
2265:
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2259:
2255:
2254:John Marshall
2252:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2222:John Rutledge
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1659:Chair of the
1654:
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1643:Thomas Newton
1638:
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1617:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1596:
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1588:
1586:
1583:
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1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:Henry Baldwin
1568:
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1538:
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1500:
1496:
1495:
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1489:Henry Baldwin
1487:
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1476:
1472:
1468:
1466:0-8153-1176-1
1462:
1458:
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1441:0-19-505835-6
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1350:1-56802-126-7
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1327:0-19-506557-3
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1283:
1280:. p. 1.
1279:
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1208:0-8078-4611-2
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1703:Robert Grier
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243:Yale College
196:(1844-04-21)
151:Succeeded by
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114:Pennsylvania
94:Succeeded by
70:Nominated by
59:
39:Thomas Sully
37:Portrait by
18:
3195:1844 deaths
3190:1780 births
3104:(1994–2022)
3098:(1993–2020)
3086:(1990–2009)
3080:(1988–2018)
3074:(1986–2016)
3068:(1981–2006)
3062:(1975–2010)
3048:(1972–1987)
3042:(1970–1994)
3036:(1967–1991)
3034:T. Marshall
3030:(1965–1969)
3024:(1962–1965)
3018:(1962–1993)
3012:(1958–1981)
3006:(1957–1962)
3000:(1956–1990)
2994:(1955–1971)
2988:(1949–1956)
2982:(1949–1967)
2976:(1945–1958)
2970:(1943–1949)
2968:W. Rutledge
2964:(1941–1954)
2958:(1941–1942)
2952:(1940–1949)
2946:(1939–1975)
2940:(1939–1962)
2938:Frankfurter
2934:(1938–1957)
2928:(1937–1971)
2922:(1932–1938)
2916:(1930–1945)
2902:(1923–1930)
2896:(1923–1939)
2890:(1922–1938)
2884:(1916–1922)
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2872:(1914–1941)
2866:(1912–1922)
2860:(1911–1916)
2854:(1911–1937)
2840:(1910–1914)
2834:(1906–1910)
2828:(1903–1922)
2822:(1902–1932)
2816:(1898–1925)
2810:(1896–1909)
2796:(1893–1895)
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2784:(1891–1906)
2778:(1890–1910)
2772:(1888–1893)
2766:(1882–1893)
2760:(1882–1902)
2754:(1881–1889)
2748:(1881–1887)
2742:(1877–1911)
2736:(1873–1882)
2730:(1870–1892)
2724:(1870–1880)
2718:(1863–1897)
2712:(1862–1877)
2706:(1862–1890)
2700:(1862–1881)
2694:(1858–1881)
2688:(1853–1861)
2682:(1851–1857)
2676:(1846–1870)
2670:(1845–1851)
2664:(1845–1872)
2658:(1842–1860)
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2646:(1837–1865)
2640:(1836–1841)
2634:(1835–1867)
2628:(1830–1844)
2622:(1829–1861)
2616:(1826–1828)
2610:(1823–1843)
2604:(1812–1845)
2598:(1811–1835)
2592:(1807–1826)
2586:(1807–1823)
2580:(1804–1834)
2574:(1800–1804)
2568:(1798–1829)
2562:(1796–1811)
2556:(1793–1806)
2550:(1792–1793)
2544:(1790–1799)
2538:(1790–1795)
2532:(1789–1798)
2526:(1790–1810)
2517:J. Rutledge
2414:Earl Warren
1579:Fox, John,
1288:October 31,
1239:, Yearbook"
478:nationalism
443:commentator
328:newspaper.
234:(1828–1844)
139:Preceded by
82:Preceded by
3184:Categories
3144:K. Jackson
2962:R. Jackson
2914:O. Roberts
2888:Sutherland
2870:McReynolds
2794:H. Jackson
2764:Blatchford
2584:Livingston
2578:W. Johnson
2566:Washington
2548:T. Johnson
1792:Livingston
1777:Washington
1697:1830–1844
1665:1819–1822
1627:1817–1822
1608:John Woods
1398:. Boston:
1388:1576073688
1093:(3): 1369.
404:La Amistad
353:historians
312:Pittsburgh
232:Democratic
177:1780-01-14
144:John Woods
3132:Kavanaugh
3114:Sotomayor
3053:Rehnquist
3004:Whittaker
2450:1986–2005
2434:1969–1986
2418:1953–1969
2402:1946–1953
2386:1941–1946
2370:1930–1941
2354:1921–1930
2338:1910–1921
2322:1888–1910
2306:1874–1888
2290:1864–1873
2274:1836–1864
2258:1801–1835
2242:1796–1800
2210:1789–1795
1859:By volume
1851:Decisions
1103:40 US 517
1074:(3): 498.
1047:See also
1037:(4): 811.
948:145491176
872:145491176
525:Worcester
521:Worcester
393:dissenter
239:Education
129:In office
60:In office
3096:Ginsburg
3066:O'Connor
3040:Blackmun
3022:Goldberg
3016:B. White
2876:Brandeis
2858:J. Lamar
2801:E. White
2770:L. Lamar
2752:Matthews
2692:Clifford
2686:Campbell
2668:Woodbury
2650:McKinley
2608:Thompson
2560:S. Chase
2554:Paterson
2206:John Jay
2089:Statutes
2059:By topic
1812:Thompson
1767:Paterson
1757:Marshall
1750:Justices
1671:John Tod
1282:Archived
1213:Archived
791:Archived
768:April 9,
673:See also
450:treatise
308:read law
122:district
3138:Barrett
3126:Gorsuch
3078:Kennedy
3060:Stevens
3010:Stewart
2998:Brennan
2944:Douglas
2920:Cardozo
2900:Sanford
2814:McKenna
2808:Peckham
2728:Bradley
2638:Barbour
2626:Baldwin
2614:Trimble
2542:Iredell
2524:Cushing
1988:25 (12)
1983:24 (11)
1978:23 (10)
1827:Baldwin
1817:Trimble
1787:Johnson
1762:Cushing
1491:at the
470:liberal
452:titled
373:slavery
3102:Breyer
3090:Thomas
3084:Souter
3072:Scalia
3046:Powell
3028:Fortas
2986:Minton
2974:Burton
2956:Byrnes
2950:Murphy
2894:Butler
2882:Clarke
2864:Pitney
2845:Hughes
2838:Lurton
2820:Holmes
2788:Shiras
2776:Brewer
2722:Strong
2704:Miller
2698:Swayne
2680:Curtis
2662:Nelson
2656:Daniel
2644:Catron
2620:McLean
2596:Duvall
2530:Wilson
2131:Topics
2113:(1801)
2046:34 (9)
2041:33 (8)
2036:32 (7)
2031:31 (6)
2026:30 (5)
2021:29 (4)
2016:28 (3)
2011:27 (2)
2006:26 (1)
1973:22 (9)
1968:21 (8)
1963:20 (7)
1958:19 (6)
1953:18 (5)
1948:17 (4)
1943:16 (3)
1938:15 (2)
1933:14 (1)
1925:Wheat.
1915:13 (9)
1910:12 (8)
1905:11 (7)
1900:10 (6)
1867:Cranch
1822:McLean
1802:Duvall
1619:from
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203:, U.S.
186:, U.S.
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3120:Kagan
3108:Alito
2980:Clark
2926:Black
2907:Stone
2832:Moody
2782:Brown
2746:Woods
2716:Field
2710:Davis
2674:Grier
2632:Wayne
2602:Story
2572:Moore
2536:Blair
2471:cases
2455:cases
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2423:cases
2407:cases
2391:cases
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1895:9 (5)
1890:8 (4)
1885:7 (3)
1880:6 (2)
1875:5 (1)
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1782:Moore
1772:Chase
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868:S2CID
735:98–99
711:Notes
407:. In
367:Views
112:from
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2590:Todd
2226:1795
2075:list
1998:Pet.
1797:Todd
1461:ISBN
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