Chandelier - Knowledge

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the sphere to allow for maximum reflection. The arms of early brass chandeliers may also have drooped lower through use over time as the brass used in the earlier period was softer due to lower zinc content. Many Dutch chandeliers were topped by a double-headed eagle by the 16th century. The features of Dutch brass chandeliers were widely copied in other countries, and this form is arguably the most successful and long-lasting of all types of chandeliers. Dutch brass chandeliers were popular across Europe, particularly in England, as well as in the United States. Variations of the Dutch brass chandelier were produced, for example there may be multiple tiers of the arms, the sphere may become elongated, or the arms may emerge from the globe itself. By the early 18th century, ornate cast

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space on the inside is left almost empty, since decorations are spread all around the central support, distanced from it by the length of the arms. Huge Murano chandeliers were often used for interior lighting in theaters and rooms in important palaces. Despite periods of decline and revival, designs of Murano glass chandeliers have stayed relatively constant through time, and modern productions of these chandelier may still be stylistically nearly identical to those made in the 18th or 19th centuries. Glass arms that were hollow were produced instead of solid glass to accommodate gas lines or electrical wiring were produced by the late 19th century.

918: 612: 1750: 1069: 1662: 1843: 1792: 962: 1119: 1030: 1780: 1807: 126:, as they usually consist of multiple lamps and hang in branched frames, whereas pendant lights hang from a single cord and only contain one or two lamps with few decorative elements. Due to their size, they are often installed in large hallways and staircases, living rooms, lounges, and dining rooms, often as focus of the room. Small chandeliers can be installed in smaller spaces such as bedrooms or small living spaces, while large chandeliers are typically installed in the grand rooms of buildings such as halls and lobbies, or in religious buildings such as 1902: 1650: 1871: 1548: 484: 627:(quartz) of Italian origin in the 16th century, a highly expensive material. The rock crystal pieces were hung from a metal frame as pendants or drops. The metal frame of French chandeliers may have a central stem onto which arms are attached, later some may form a cage or "birdcage" without a central stem. Few, however, could afford these rock crystal chandeliers as they were costly to produce. In the 17th century multi-faceted crystals that could reflect light from the candles were used to decorate chandelier and they were called 789: 1704: 874: 651: 147: 765:, and the silver-plating inside the glass stem can create the illusion that the chandelier is made entirely of glass. A glass bowl at the bottom disguises the metal disc onto which the glass arms are attached. The early glass chandeliers were molded and uncut, often with solid rope-twist arms. Later cuts to the arms were introduced to provide sparkle, and additional ornaments added. Cut glass pendant drops were hung from the frame, initially only a small number, but in increasingly large number by 587: 890: 369: 1149: 816: 321: 1735: 1855: 1103:. This chandelier has a height of 5.8 m (19 ft), width of 12 m (41 ft), length of 38 m (126 ft), and weight of 39,683 pounds (18 tonnes). It has 165,000 LED lights and 2,300 optical crystals and it is considered the biggest interactive LED chandelier in the world. In 2022, a chandelier 47.7 m (156 ft) in height, 29.2 m (96 ft) in length and 28.3 m (93 ft) in width and weighing 16 tonnes was unveiled at the 1765: 1449: 422: 670:

Glass, although not crystalline in structure, continued to be called crystal, after much clearer cut glass that resembled crystal was produced from the late 17th-century. Quartz is nevertheless still more reflective than the best glass. Although France is believed to have produced lead glass in the late-17th century, France used imported glass for its chandeliers until the late 18th century when high quality glass was produced in the country.

574:) until the mid-15th century. The metal chandeliers may have a central support with curved or S-shaped arms attached, and at the end of each arm is a drip-pan and nozzle for holding a candle; by the 15th century, candle nozzles were used instead of prickets to hold the candles since candle production techniques allowed for the production of identically sized candles. Many such brass chandeliers can be seen depicted in Dutch and 988: 979:, was coined for these, but nowadays they are most commonly still called chandeliers even though no candles are used. Glass chandeliers requires electrical wiring, large areas of metals and light bulbs, but the results were often not aesthetically pleasing. A large number of light bulbs close together can also produce too much glare. Shades for the bulbs of these electroliers were therefore often added. 882:

significant producers of chandeliers. New styles and more complex and elaborate chandeliers also appeared, and production of chandeliers reached a peak in the 19th century. France, which only started producing significant amount of high-quality glass in the late 18th century, became renown as a producer of the finest quality chandeliers. One of the best-known French manufacturers,

250:, can also be used in English to mean a chandelier hung with crystals, or the glass pendant used to decorate such chandelier. The use of words for indoor lighting devises can be confusing, and a number of terms like lustres, branches, chandeliers and candelabras were used interchangeably at various times, which can make the early appearance of these words misleading. 808:. This type of chandeliers do not have a central baluster, and their distinctive feature is the curved flat metal arms placed between sections of molded glass joined together with glass rosettes. The Bohemian style was largely successful across Europe and its biggest draw was the chance to obtain spectacular light refraction due to the facets and 1920: 1014:, few could be described properly as chandeliers. The popularity of chandeliers declined in the 20th century. A vast array of lighting choices became available, and chandeliers often did not fit the aesthetics of modern architecture and interior design. Light fittings of avant-garde form and material however started to be made 972:

began to be introduced widely in the late 19th century. For a time, some chandeliers used both gas and electricity, with gas nozzles pointing upward while the light bulbs hung downward. As distribution of electricity widened, and supplies became dependable, electric-only chandeliers became standard.

949:(a portmanteau of gas and chandelier) were produced. Many candle chandeliers were converted. Gasoliers may have only slight variations in the decorations from chandeliers, but the arms were hollow to carry the gas to the burners. Examples of gasoliers were the extravagant chandeliers installed in the 881:

The 19th century was a period of great changes and development; the industrial revolution and the growth of wealth from the industries greatly increased the market for chandeliers, new methods of lighting and better techniques of production emerged, and countries such as the United States also became

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flowers. The most sumptuous consisted of a metal frame covered with small elements in blown glass, transparent or colored, with decorations of flowers, fruits and leaves, while simpler models had arms made with unique pieces of glass. Their shape was inspired by an original architectural concept: the

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from the 15th to 17th centuries. These Dutch and Flemish chandeliers may be decorated with stylized floral embellishments as well as Gothic symbols and emblems and religious figures. Large numbers of brass chandeliers existed, but most of the early brass chandeliers did not survive destruction during

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The Dutch or Flemish brass chandeliers have distinctive features – a large brass sphere underneath a central stem and six curved low-swooping arms. The globe helps to keep the chandelier upright and reflect the light from candles, and the arms are curved downward to bring the candles to the level of

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By the late Gothic period, more complex forms of chandeliers appeared. Chandeliers with many branches radiating out from a central stem, sometimes in tiers, were made by the 15th century, and these may be adorned with statuettes and foliated decorations. Chandelier became popular decorative features

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A wide variety of materials ranging from wood and earthenware to silver and gold can be used to make chandeliers. Brass is one of the most popular with Dutch or Flemish brass chandeliers being the best-known, but glass is the material most commonly associated with chandeliers. True glass chandeliers

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In England, the imposition of the Glass Excise Act led to a new style of chandelier being created. Chandelier makers, in order to avoid paying the tax, reused broken glass pieces cut into crystal icicles and strung together, and hung from circular frames in the form of tent or canopy above a hoop,

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contains potash that gives it a clear colorless appearance, which became renown in Europe in the 18th century. Production of crystal chandeliers appeared in Bohemia and Germany in the early 18th century, with designs that followed what were popular in England and France, and many early chandeliers

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in the late 17th century. and examples of chandeliers made with rock crystal as well as Bohemian glass can be found in the Palace of Versailles. Crystal chandeliers in the early period were literally made of crystals, but what are called crystal chandeliers now are almost always made of cut glass.

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in 563: "And beneath each chain he has caused to be fitted silver discs, hanging circle-wise in the air, round the space in the center of the church. Thus these discs, pendant from their lofty courses, form a coronet above the heads of men. They have been pierced too by the weapon of the skillful

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are also used. Many antique chandeliers not designed for electrical wiring have also been adapted for electricity. Modern chandeliers produced in older styles and antique chandeliers wired for electricity usually use imitation candles, where incandescent or LED light bulbs are shaped like candle

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Wooden cross-beam chandeliers were the early form of chandelier used in a domestic setting and they were found in the households of the wealthy in the medieval period. The wooden cross beams were attached to a vertical wooden pillar, and on each of the four arms a candle may be placed. Some that

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in 1821. While popular, gas lighting was considered too bright and harsh on the eyes, and lacking the pleasing quality of candlelight. Shades that surround the gas light were then added to reduce the glare. Gas lighting was eventually replaced by electric light bulbs in the early 20th century.

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is hard and brittle, it is not suitable for cutting/faceting; however, it is lighter, softer and more malleable when heated, and Venetian glassmakers relied upon the properties of their glass to create elaborate forms of chandelier. Typical features of a Murano chandelier are the intricate

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in palaces and homes of nobility, clergy and merchants, and their high cost made chandeliers symbols of luxury and status. A diverse range of materials were also employed in the making of chandeliers. In Germany, a form of chandeliers made of deer antlers and wooden sculpted figures called

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The design of the first English true glass chandelier was influenced by Dutch and Flemish brass chandeliers. These English chandeliers were made largely of glass, with the metal parts limited to the central stem and receiver plates and bowls. The metallic part may be silvered or

785:. Neoclassical motifs in cast metal or carved and gilded wood were common elements in these chandeliers. Chandeliers made in this style also drew heavily on the aesthetic of ancient Greece and Rome, incorporating clean lines, classical proportions and mythological creatures. 886:, started making chandeliers in 1824. In England, Perry & Co. produced a large quantity of chandeliers, while F. & C. Osler was known for producing spectacular chandeliers, the great proportion of which went to India, the richest market for chandeliers at that time. 349:

or iron frame holding a varying number of globular or conical glass beakers provided with a wick and filled with oil. They may be hung between columns, over the altar or tombs of saints. Polycandela were also commonly used to furnish households up until the 8th century.

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as well as chandelier, although girandole now usually means an ornate branched candleholder that may be mounted on a wall, often with a mirror. Chandeliers may sometimes be called suspended lights, although not all suspended lights are necessarily chandeliers.

1095:, with a diameter of 10 m, height of 15.5 m, weight of nearly 12 tonnes and lit with 15,500 LED lights, became the world's largest chandelier when it was installed in 2007. In 2010, a chandelier of modern design was built in the foyer of an office building in 1310:

A small piece of glass usually cut into one of many shapes and drilled at one end so that it can be hung from the chandelier as a pendant with a brass pin. A chain drop is drilled at both ends so that a series can be hung together to form a necklace or

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with a bag below and/or tiered sheets that resembled waterfalls. A large number of crystals are used to make such chandeliers, and many may contain over 1,000 pieces of crystal. The central stem is hidden by the crystals. These forms of

476:. These large structures may be considered the first true chandeliers. These chandeliers have prickets (vertical spikes for holding candles) and cups for oil and wicks. A hammered iron corona with floral decorated was recorded in the 709:

properties of lead glass made it a popular addition to the form, and conventionally, lead glass may be the only glass that can be described as crystal. The first mention of a glass chandelier in an advertisement appeared in 1727 (as

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1940. A wide variety of chandeliers of modern design appeared, ranging from the minimalist to the highly extravagant. Towards the end of the 20th century, the popularity of chandeliers revived. A number of glass artists such as

87:) is an ornamental lighting device, typically with spreading branched supports for multiple lights, designed to be hung from the ceiling. Chandeliers are often ornate, and they were originally designed to hold candles, but now 1936: 677:

France, where a simple iron rod was encased in multi-coloured glass with glass arms attached. By the turn of the 18th century, glass chandeliers were produced in France, England, Bohemia, and Venice. In Britain,

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of leaves, flowers and fruits that would be enriched by colored glass, made possible by the specific type of glass used in Murano. Great skill and time was required to twist and shape a chandelier precisely.

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period, flat circular metallic structures suspended with chains that can hold oil lamps known as polycandela (singular polycandelon) were commonly used throughout the eastern Mediterranean. First developed in

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of England in the 16th century. In the medieval period, chandeliers may also be lighting devices that could be moved to different rooms. In later periods, wood used in chandeliers may be carved and gilded.

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Hanging lighting devices, some described as chandeliers, were known since ancient times, and circular ceramic lamps with multiple points for wicks or candles were used in the Roman period. The Roman terms

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An arrangement where the central stem supporting arms and decorations is replaced by a metal structure leaving the center clear for candles and further embellishments. Also called a "bird cage".

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of crystal prisms. Glass chandeliers became the dominant form of chandelier from about 1750 until at least 1900, and the Czech Republic remains the greatest producer of glass chandeliers today.

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At the turn of the 20th century, the chandelier still enjoyed the status it had the previous century. Of the many lighting fixtures made that conformed to the popular contemporary styles of

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chandeliers. Soda glass remains "plastic" for longer when heated, and can therefore be shaped into elegant curving leaves and flowers. Refracts light poorly and is normally fire polished.

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were found in churches. In Spain which had significant Moorish influence, hanging farol lanterns made of pierced brass and bronze as well as glass were produced. A type of Spanish silver

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Older styles of chandeliers continued to be produced in the 20th and 21st centuries, and older styles of chandeliers may also be revived, such as the Art Deco-style of chandeliers.

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could hold two candles in each arm were called "double candlesticks". While simple in design compared to later chandeliers, such wooden chandeliers were still found in the court of

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in Kuwait. In Egypt, the largest and heaviest chandelier in the world, weighing 24,300 kg (53,572 lb) with a diameter of 22 m (72.2 ft) in four levels made by

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style, A notable early producer of glass chandeliers was William Parker; Parker replaced the Dutch-influenced ball and stem with a vase-shaped stem, as seen in the chandeliers in

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glass shades covering each lamp. Chandeliers produced nowadays can assume a wide variety of styles that span modernized and traditional designs or a combination of both.

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1770. By the 1800s, the decorative ornaments became so abundant that the underlying structure of the chandelier became obscured. The early chandeliers may follow a

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were also recorded in Germany, France, and the Netherlands in the 11th and 12th century. Four Romanesque wheel chandeliers survive in Germany, including to be the

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An arrangement of glass drops or beads draped and hung across or down a glass chandelier, or sometimes a piece of solid glass shaped into a swag. Also known as a

2284: 2891: 1718: 1563: 843:. This glass was typically used to make mirrors, but around 1700, Italian glass factories in Murano started creating new kinds of artistic chandeliers. Since 1893: 929:

In the 19th century, a variety of new methods for producing light that are brighter, cleaner or more convenient than candles began to be used. These included

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A tent-shaped structure on the upper part of a glass chandelier where necklaces of drops attach at the top to a canopy and at the bottom to a larger ring.

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light. Contemporary chandeliers may assume a more minimalist design, and they may illuminate a room with direct light from the lamps or are equipped with

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were copies of designs from London. Bohemia soon developed its own styles of chandeliers, the best-known of which is the Maria-Theresa, named after the

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were first developed in Italy, England, France, and Bohemia in the 18th century. Classic glass or crystal chandeliers have arrays of hanging "crystal"

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A bag of crystal drops formed by strings hanging from a circular frame and looped back into the center underneath, associated especially with early

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who produced chandeliers emerged. Chandeliers were often used as decorative focal points for rooms, although some do not necessarily illuminate.

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A tall spike of glass, round in section or flat sided, to which arms and decorative elements may be attached, made from wood, metal or glass.

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The final flourish at the very bottom of the stem. Some Venetian glass chandeliers have little finials hanging from glass rings on the arms.

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A larger chandelier with a multitude of drops. Above a hoop, rises strings of beads that diminish in size and attach at the top to form a

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workman, in order that they may receive shafts of fire-wrought glass and hold light on high for men at night." In the late 8th century,

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with a chemical content that gives it special qualities of clarity, resonance and softness, making it especially suitable for use in

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became the most common source of lighting for modern chandeliers in the 20th century, and a variety of electrical lights such as

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A circular chandelier reminiscent of a crown, usually of gilded metal or brass, and often with upstanding decorative elements.

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The origin of the glass chandelier is unclear, but some scholars believed that the first glass chandelier was made in 1673 in

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A circular metal support for arms, usually on a regency-styles or other chandelier with glass pieces. Also known as a ring.

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A turned wood or molded stem forming the axis of a chandelier, with alternating narrow and bulbous parts of varying widths.

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in London in the 13th century. The iron chandeliers may have polychrome paint as well as jewel and enamelwork decorations.

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The biggest chandeliers in the world are now found in the Islamic countries. The chandelier in the prayer hall in the

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All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World

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The early form of hanging lighting devices in religious buildings may be of considerable size. Huge hanging lamps in

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without shattering. Lead glass also rings when struck, unlike soda glass which has no resonance. The clearness and

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has been used to make chandeliers since the medieval period, and many were made with brass-type alloy from

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in Spain) were used in many European countries in religious buildings since the 9th century. The larger

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A cross made from two wooden beams with one or more cups and prickets at each end for securing candles.

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forms with long, curved arms and many candles were in the homes of many in the growing merchant class.

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with an elongated central reservoir for oil is suggestive of later forms of chandeliers with a central

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A dish fitted just below the candle nozzle, designed to catch drips of wax. Also known as a drip pan.

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chandeliers were popular all over Europe. In France, chandeliers of similar designs are described as

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flames. These light bulbs may be dimmable to adjust the brightness. Some may use bulbs containing a

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Shedding Light on an Era: The Collection of Lighting Appliances in 19th Century Ottoman Palaces

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The dish fitted just below the candle nozzle, designed to catch drips of wax. Also known as a

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in the 15th century and a double candlestick was listed in the inventory of the estate of

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rings of pointed glass, forms a waterfall beneath. The stem is usually completely hidden.

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in the 18th century. French rock crystal chandeliers found their finest expression under

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Many different metallic materials have been used to make chandeliers, including iron,

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The art of enlightenment : a history of glass chandelier manufacture and design

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cleaning a chandelier with a 'prism trap', early 20th century home museum Stockholm

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presented a golden corona decorated with jewels to the Basilica of St. Andrew.

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Another name for the light-bearing part of a chandelier, also known as an arm.

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in France. The chandeliers produced in France in the 17th century were in the

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period, circular crown-shaped hanging devices made of iron called the corona (

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The Diamond Mines of South Africa: Some Account of Their Rise and Development

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A glass chandelier featuring many delicate arms, spires and strings of ovals

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introduced to Europe were also used to make chandeliers in the 18th century.

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Venice has been a center of glass production, particularly on the island of

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in present-day Czech Republic has been producing chandeliers for centuries.

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mentioned that it was customary to have two hanging lighting devices called

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of beads are often suspended, lending a flourish to the top of the fitting.

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Hanging lamps were commonly found in mosques in Islamic countries, while

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The light-bearing part of a chandelier also sometimes known as a branch.

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still means a candleholder, and what is called chandelier in English is

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The metal or wooden block placed on the stem, into which the arms slot.

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Başkanlığı, Turkey Büyük Millet Meclisi Milli Saraylar Daire (2009).

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Concentric rings of icicle drops suspended beneath the hoop or plate.

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with a chandelier that could hold 1,370 candles, while his successor

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A Dutch brass chandelier with curved arms and a large sphere in the

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Branched ornamental light fixture designed to be mounted on ceilings

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were used, and they were often mentioned as presents of the popes.

3345:"Reflective Flow: World's Largest Chandelier Weighs 39,683 Pounds" 1321:

Also known as Flemish, a style of brass chandelier with a bulbous

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in French, a term first used in the late-17th century. The French

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An inverted shallow dish at the top of a chandelier from which

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defects of other glass. It is also relatively soft compared to

636: 600: 567: 563: 559: 555: 346: 180: 135: 2631:"Object lesson: Lights from the Dark Ages: The Lüsterweibchen" 165:

in the sense as used today in 1736, borrowed from the word in

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An advertisement for the Central Chandelier Company out of

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Tent (upper) and waterfall (lower) arrangement of crystals

1236:

The small cup into which the end of the candle is slotted.

409:

in a major English church, one in the nave and one in the

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Transaction Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society

3211: 3163: 3124: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2905: 2785: 2686: 2536: 2512: 1144:, light, airy and elegant chandelier – usually English. 570:(now in Belgium, brass ware from the town was known as 3187: 3175: 3151: 3028: 2934: 2809: 2797: 2773: 2749: 2710: 2698: 2548: 1942:

One of the largest chandeliers ever produced, for the

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A chandelier with a rounded bottom, like an inverted

893:

A Regency-style chandelier with a tent and bag design

513:

were known to have been made since the 14th century.

64: 55: 2629:

Davidson, Benjamin; Biddle, Pippa (1 January 2024).

2316: 2314: 1655:

Ivory chandelier, late 18th-century, possibly Indian

207:

meaning "candle". In the earlier periods, the term "

76: 67: 2841: 2647: 1403:Gothic candelabrum chandelier hung from centers of 73: 3435:Metal Candlesticks: History, Styles and Techniques 2524: 1984:, the first company to make an electric chandelier 689:1675, which allowed for the production of cheaper 3559: 3305: 2737: 2342:"Une scénographie de la Chrétienté et de l'Islam" 2305: 521:, were depicted in a 17th century description by 4670: 615:French chandelier with glass and rock crystals, 606: 2573: 1836:Chandelier fitted with flame-shaped light bulbs 1063: 856:The ornate type of murano chandelier is called 219:, a hanging branched light, or a wall light or 3514:"The Christmas Lights at Manchester Cathedral" 2628: 839:that is clear like crystal, which they called 623:Chandeliers began to be decorated with carved 3644: 3452: 2982: 2213: 2171: 2102: 1325:and arms curving down around a low hung ball. 1264:Essentially a traditional marketing term for 3560:Papadopoulos, Costas; Moyes, Holley (2021). 2882: 2880: 2567: 2335: 2333: 945:caught on, branched ceiling fixtures called 914:, and it has 750 lamps and weighs 4.5 tons. 3563:The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology 2829:"Chandelier – A Brief History Through Time" 2339: 1373:piece is shaped by being blown into a mold. 1111:, was installed in the Grand Mosque of the 3651: 3637: 3092: 2178:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 225–226. 965:A late-19th century electrolier in Glasgow 3592: 3538: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2916: 2877: 2871: 2791: 2692: 2542: 2518: 2452: 2418: 2330: 2267:"Lamp: 1st century B.C.–4th century A.D." 2112: 792:Bohemian chandelier in the Czech Republic 517:chandeliers in the palace of the king of 3473: 3459:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 69–72. 3415: 3232: 3220: 3205: 3193: 3181: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3080: 3039: 2943: 2928: 2815: 2803: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2731: 2719: 2704: 2561: 2385: 2285:"Repaired Roman chandelier shines again" 2282: 2167: 2165: 2163: 1522:, with a Dutch brass chandelier depicted 1447: 1376: 1297: 1284:), which cut glass essentially imitates. 1252:Another term for crown-style chandelier. 1211: 1147: 1117: 1067: 1028: 986: 960: 916: 888: 872: 814: 787: 693:that resembles rock crystal without the 649: 610: 585: 541:15th-century chandelier depicted in the 536: 482: 420: 367: 341:, polycandela were used in churches and 319: 271: 145: 36: 3324: 1194:A glass drop with a hole drilled in it. 643:, as exemplified by chandeliers at the 14: 4671: 3511: 3453:Davison, Sandra; Newton, R.G. (2008). 2612: 2502: 921:Chandeliers in the Banqueting Room of 118:Although chandeliers have been called 3632: 3581: 3524: 3456:Conservation and Restoration of Glass 3289:"The Biggest Chandelier in the World" 3053:"Albrici - Antique Store in Florence" 2743: 2320: 2160: 2130:from the original on 21 February 2015 982: 665:Rock crystal began to be replaced by 215:in France, may be used to refer to a 3542:The Chandelier Through the Centuries 3431: 3306:Saleh Al-Shaibany (1 October 2022). 3233:Clarkson, Meghan (2 February 2024). 2530: 2283:Devereux, Charlie (28 August 2021). 1640:Chandelier made of porcelain in the 1129: 416: 3373: 532: 254:was also once used to refer to all 24: 3325:Gillett, Katy (19 February 2021). 2574:Ruth A Johnston (15 August 2011). 2391: 2340:Quertinmont, Arnaud (2012-12-01). 1740:Chandelier made of human bones in 1503:11th century depiction of a corona 1440:A type of glass used typically in 831:. The Venetians created a form of 276:A Roman hanging lamp or chandelier 25: 4705: 2594:from the original on 27 July 2020 2400:from the original on 7 March 2021 150:A silver chandelier c. 1690 from 3480:. Bulfinch Press, Little Brown. 2375:"Polycandelon for six oil lamps" 2066:"Chandeliers for Lower Ceilings" 1935: 1919: 1900: 1885: 1869: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1790: 1778: 1763: 1748: 1733: 1717: 1702: 1687: 1672: 1667:Baccarat Eternal Lights in Tokyo 1660: 1648: 1633: 1617: 1598: 1578: 1562: 1546: 1527: 1508: 1496: 1302:Drops and pendants in chandelier 877:A 19th century French chandelier 742: 726: 173:. It may have been derived from 51: 4168:Parabolic aluminized reflector 3391: 3355: 3337: 3318: 3299: 3281: 3270:from the original on 2019-08-15 3252: 3226: 3113:from the original on 2020-07-27 3086: 3063:from the original on 2017-06-01 3045: 2949: 2894:from the original on 2015-06-17 2835: 2821: 2675:from the original on 2022-02-07 2641: 2622: 2478: 2458: 2428: 2367: 2356:from the original on 2021-04-26 2276: 2259: 2241: 2175:Encyclopedia of Interior Design 2076:from the original on 2020-11-02 2028:from the original on 3 May 2014 1363:, the early French balloonists. 1272:. Some chandeliers, as at the 868: 720:Early English glass chandeliers 393:was said to have presented the 4113:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide 3599:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2471:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2223: 2142: 2058: 2040: 2010: 1381:Neo-classical style chandelier 91:are commonly used, as well as 13: 1: 3531:Ecclesiastical Art in Germany 2888:"A History of the Chandelier" 2306:Papadopoulos & Moyes 2021 2003: 1848:A modern chandelier in Zurich 1386:Neoclassical style chandelier 1015: 766: 686: 616: 607:Glass and crystal chandeliers 267: 3658: 3474:Hilliard, Elizebeth (2001). 2848:. Bonechi. pp. 27, 39. 2842:Georges D'Hoste, J. (2006). 1415:A straight, many-sided drop. 1064:Chandeliers around the world 487:A medieval chandelier, from 141: 41:A chandelier in Genoa, Italy 7: 4358:Automotive light bulb types 4208:Intelligent street lighting 3566:. Oxford University Press. 3500:Rockport Publishers: 2001. 2466:"Polycandelon with Crosses" 2436:"1975.41.145: Polycandelon" 2172:Joanna Banham, ed. (1997). 1955: 1907:A chandelier in one of the 1785:Chandelier of modern design 1472:A glass from the island of 701:, allowing it to be cut or 489:King René's Tournament Book 32:Chandelier (disambiguation) 10: 4710: 4121:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide 3494:Katz, Cheryl and Jeffrey. 3425: 2659:Cambridge University Press 1824:Chandelier with lampshades 1694:Art Nouveau chandelier by 1489: 1081:Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque 1074:Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque 1060:that mimics candle flame. 973:Another portmanteau word, 345:, and took the shape of a 262: 107:to illuminate a room with 29: 4613: 4568: 4560:Stage lighting instrument 4509: 4432: 4348: 4273: 4143: 4083: 4031: 4003: 3881: 3783: 3755: 3746: 3666: 3539:McCaffety, Kerri (2006). 2983:Davison & Newton 2008 2580:. ABC-CLIO. p. 450. 2214:Davison & Newton 2008 2120:"Chandelier - definition" 2103:Davison & Newton 2008 1950:, shortly before delivery 1812:A chandelier in Edinburgh 1479:Waterfall or wedding cake 1276:are actually made of cut 1089:Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque 307: 299: 291: 283: 244: 232: 4621:Battlefield illumination 4378:high-intensity discharge 3810:Electrochemiluminescence 3593:Weitzmann, Kurt (1979). 2392:Dawson, Timothy George. 2350:Musée royal de Mariemont 1058:shimmering gas discharge 1041:Incandescent light bulbs 1035:Metropolitan Opera House 89:incandescent light bulbs 4481:Electroluminescent wire 3582:Smith, John P. (1994). 3438:. Schiffer Publishing. 3432:Baur, Veronika (1996). 2270:Getty Museum Collection 1709:Chandeliers in a large 1642:Salottino di porcellana 1553:Gothic chandelier from 1369:The process by which a 1352:Montgolfière chandelier 1113:Islamic Cultural Center 737:chapel, Cambridge, 1732 161:was first known in the 4163:Multifaceted reflector 3512:Hudson, Hy A. (1912). 2490:University of Michigan 2379:University of Michigan 1799:Royal Palace of Madrid 1453: 1382: 1303: 1217: 1153: 1126: 1076: 1037: 999: 966: 926: 894: 878: 824: 793: 753:, William Parker, 1771 662: 629:chandeliers de crystal 620: 595: 551: 492: 429: 377: 365:with branching arms. 329: 277: 201:, and ultimately from 154: 42: 4553:ellipsoidal reflector 4158:Ellipsoidal reflector 3842:Fluorescent induction 3820:field-induced polymer 2635:The Magazine Antiques 1914:in West Bengal, India 1451: 1380: 1301: 1215: 1151: 1121: 1071: 1032: 990: 964: 920: 892: 876: 818: 791: 653: 614: 589: 540: 486: 470:Barbarossa Chandelier 424: 371: 323: 275: 149: 40: 4390:Rear position lights 4363:Daytime running lamp 4291:Mechanically powered 4178:Aviation obstruction 2052:Cambridge Dictionary 1772:Grand Kremlin Palace 1728:, early 18th century 1724:Amber chandelier in 1361:Montgolfier brothers 1274:Palace of Versailles 1180:crystal chandeliers. 1152:Arms of a chandelier 645:Palace of Versailles 592:Portuguese Synagogue 498:Charles VI of France 466:Hildesheim Cathedral 395:St. Peter's Basilica 152:Hampton Court Palace 30:For other uses, see 3798:Electron-stimulated 3613:Parissien, Steven. 3596:Age of Spirituality 3293:Classic Chandeliers 3264:www.decofeelings.nl 3239:Best Seller Gallery 3208:, pp. 127–130. 3148:, pp. 63, 110. 3083:, pp. 109–110. 2649:Gardner F. Williams 1982:J. & L. Lobmeyr 1624:Chandeliers in the 1605:A mid-18th century 1585:Chandelier made of 1516:The Art of Painting 1033:Chandeliers at the 779:Bath Assembly Rooms 751:Bath Assembly Rooms 654:Chandeliers in the 478:St Paul's Cathedral 438:couronne de lumière 386:Paul the Silentiary 4641:Luminous gemstones 3815:Electroluminescent 3793:Cathodoluminescent 3418:, p. 199–201. 3369:. 1 December 2022. 2440:Harvard Art Museum 2295:on 28 August 2021. 2253:Collins Dictionary 2154:Collins Dictionary 2072:. 6 January 2020. 1876:Chandelier in the 1797:Chandelier in the 1770:Chandelier in the 1755:Chandelier in the 1679:A chandelier with 1626:Hôtel de la Marine 1571:Uspenski Cathedral 1569:Chandelier in the 1454: 1407:cathedrals' domes. 1383: 1359:, named after the 1304: 1218: 1154: 1142:Neoclassical style 1127: 1124:Süleymaniye Mosque 1122:The chandelier in 1077: 1072:The chandelier in 1038: 1000: 993:rotunda chandelier 983:Modern chandeliers 967: 927: 895: 879: 825: 806:Empress of Austria 794: 749:Chandelier in the 733:Chandelier in the 684:George Ravenscroft 663: 621: 596: 552: 544:Arnolfini Portrait 493: 462:Hezilo chandeliers 430: 403:The Venerable Bede 384:were described by 378: 330: 278: 155: 43: 4666: 4665: 4183:Balanced-arm lamp 4139: 4138: 4023:Yablochkov candle 3891:Acetylene/Carbide 3861:Radioluminescence 3733:Luminous efficacy 3679:Color temperature 3552:978-0-9709336-5-2 3506:978-1-56496-805-0 2931:, pp. 92–96. 2770:, pp. 46–50. 2587:978-0-313-36463-1 2455:, pp. 32–37. 1894:Gérard Jean Galle 1878:Dolmabahçe Palace 1130:Glossary of terms 1045:fluorescent light 970:Electric lighting 908:Dolmabahçe Palace 837:manganese dioxide 773:style, and later 682:was developed by 576:Flemish paintings 454:wheel chandeliers 427:Hezilo chandelier 425:The 11th century 417:Early chandeliers 93:fluorescent lamps 16:(Redirected from 4701: 4466:Christmas lights 4400:Safety reflector 4395:Reversing lights 4330:Navigation light 4281:Bicycle lighting 4171: 4124: 4116: 4090: 3849:Photoluminescent 3832:Fluorescent lamp 3805:Chemiluminescent 3753: 3752: 3721:Bi-pin lamp base 3716:Lightbulb socket 3653: 3646: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3610: 3589: 3577: 3556: 3535: 3521: 3491: 3470: 3449: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2980: 2965: 2964: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2884: 2875: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2831:. 21 April 2020. 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2626: 2620: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2432: 2426: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2337: 2328: 2318: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2291:. Archived from 2280: 2274: 2273: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2227: 2221: 2211: 2190: 2189: 2169: 2158: 2157: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2116: 2110: 2100: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2014: 1998:Wheel chandelier 1939: 1923: 1904: 1889: 1873: 1857: 1845: 1833: 1821: 1809: 1794: 1782: 1767: 1757:Festetics Palace 1752: 1737: 1726:Rosenborg Castle 1721: 1706: 1691: 1676: 1664: 1652: 1637: 1621: 1602: 1591:Las Piñas Church 1582: 1566: 1550: 1531: 1520:Johannes Vermeer 1512: 1500: 1017: 768: 746: 735:Emmanuel College 730: 707:light scattering 688: 618: 533:Brass chandelier 474:Aachen Cathedral 452:-style circular 311: 303: 295: 287: 248: 236: 163:English language 86: 85: 82: 81: 78: 75: 72: 69: 66: 63: 60: 57: 21: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4626:Bioluminescence 4609: 4578: 4564: 4521: 4505: 4444: 4428: 4344: 4269: 4193:Emergency light 4169: 4135: 4122: 4114: 4088: 4086: 4079: 4027: 3999: 3970:Magnesium torch 3877: 3779: 3748: 3742: 3699:Light pollution 3674:Accent lighting 3662: 3657: 3617:Phaidon: 1992. 3607: 3574: 3553: 3545:. Savoy House. 3488: 3467: 3446: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3387:. 4 April 2023. 3379: 3378: 3374: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3323: 3319: 3304: 3300: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3125: 3116: 3114: 3107: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3066: 3064: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2981: 2968: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2895: 2890:. 16 May 2015. 2886: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2678: 2676: 2669: 2646: 2642: 2627: 2623: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2588: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2501: 2497: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 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lamps 270: 265: 242:, from Italian 144: 54: 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4707: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4679:Light fixtures 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4614:Related topics 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4405:retroreflector 4397: 4392: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4260:Track lighting 4257: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4240: 4235: 4233:Recessed light 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4203:Gooseneck lamp 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4165: 4160: 4149: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4110: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4085:High-intensity 4081: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3854:Laser headlamp 3846: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3789: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3684:Electric light 3681: 3676: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3656: 3655: 3648: 3641: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3615:Regency Style. 3611: 3606:978-0870991790 3605: 3590: 3579: 3572: 3557: 3551: 3536: 3526:Lubke, Wilhelm 3522: 3509: 3492: 3487:978-0821227688 3486: 3471: 3465: 3450: 3444: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3408: 3390: 3372: 3354: 3336: 3317: 3298: 3280: 3251: 3225: 3223:, p. 153. 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3172:, p. 132. 3162: 3150: 3138: 3136:, p. 108. 3123: 3105: 3085: 3073: 3044: 3027: 3023:McCaffety 2006 3015: 3011:McCaffety 2006 3003: 2999:McCaffety 2006 2991: 2966: 2961:National Trust 2948: 2933: 2921: 2917:McCaffety 2006 2904: 2876: 2872:McCaffety 2006 2861: 2855:978-8847622944 2854: 2845:All Versailles 2834: 2820: 2808: 2806:, pp. 49. 2796: 2792:McCaffety 2006 2784: 2772: 2760: 2758:, pp. 48. 2748: 2736: 2724: 2709: 2697: 2693:McCaffety 2006 2685: 2667: 2661:. p. 56. 2640: 2621: 2605: 2586: 2566: 2547: 2543:McCaffety 2006 2535: 2533:, pp. 20. 2523: 2519:McCaffety 2006 2511: 2495: 2477: 2457: 2453:McCaffety 2006 2445: 2427: 2419:Weitzmann 1979 2411: 2384: 2366: 2329: 2310: 2308:, p. 460. 2298: 2275: 2258: 2240: 2222: 2191: 2184: 2159: 2141: 2111: 2086: 2057: 2039: 2022:Dictionary.com 2008: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1941: 1934: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1916: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1892:Chandelier by 1891: 1884: 1882: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1860:Chandelier in 1859: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1777: 1775: 1769: 1762: 1760: 1754: 1747: 1745: 1742:Sedlec Ossuary 1739: 1732: 1730: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1708: 1701: 1699: 1696:Hector Guimard 1693: 1686: 1684: 1681:Bohemian glass 1678: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1639: 1632: 1630: 1623: 1616: 1614: 1609:chandelier by 1604: 1597: 1595: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1568: 1561: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1543: 1533: 1526: 1524: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1446: 1445: 1442:Venetian glass 1438: 1433: 1428:. A bag, with 1422: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1405:Greek Orthodox 1401: 1398: 1387: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1364: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1331: 1326: 1319: 1316: 1308: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1181: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1131: 1128: 1109:Asfour Crystal 1065: 1062: 997:V&A Museum 984: 981: 951:Royal Pavilion 923:Royal Pavilion 870: 867: 801:Bohemian glass 748: 741: 740: 732: 725: 724: 723: 719: 718: 717: 716: 714:) in London. 633:French Baroque 608: 605: 534: 531: 511:lusterweibchen 440:in France and 418: 415: 339:late antiquity 324:A 6th century 269: 266: 264: 261: 143: 140: 124:pendant lights 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4706: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4595:Infrared lamp 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4325:Laser pointer 4323: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4228:Pendant light 4226: 4224: 4223:Neon lighting 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4098:Mercury-vapor 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4041:Deuterium arc 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4033:Gas discharge 4030: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3738:Task lighting 3736: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3694:Light fixture 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3624: 3623:0-7148-3454-8 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3580: 3575: 3573:9780198788218 3569: 3565: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3466:9781136415517 3462: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3445:9780764301568 3441: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3417: 3416:Hilliard 2001 3412: 3404: 3400: 3399:"Masjid Misr" 3394: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3312:Times of Oman 3309: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3222: 3221:Hilliard 2001 3217: 3215: 3207: 3206:Hilliard 2001 3202: 3196:, p. 64. 3195: 3194:Hilliard 2001 3190: 3184:, p. 65. 3183: 3182:Hilliard 2001 3178: 3171: 3170:Hilliard 2001 3166: 3160:, p. 63. 3159: 3158:Hilliard 2001 3154: 3147: 3146:Hilliard 2001 3142: 3135: 3134:Hilliard 2001 3130: 3128: 3112: 3108: 3106:9789756226537 3102: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3082: 3081:Hilliard 2001 3077: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3042:, p. 75. 3041: 3040:Hilliard 2001 3036: 3034: 3032: 3025:, p. 75. 3024: 3019: 3013:, p. 74. 3012: 3007: 3001:, p. 85. 3000: 2995: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2946:, p. 76. 2945: 2944:Hilliard 2001 2940: 2938: 2930: 2929:Hilliard 2001 2925: 2919:, p. 68. 2918: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2818:, p. 51. 2817: 2816:Hilliard 2001 2812: 2805: 2804:Hilliard 2001 2800: 2794:, p. 51. 2793: 2788: 2782:, p. 50. 2781: 2780:Hilliard 2001 2776: 2769: 2768:Hilliard 2001 2764: 2757: 2756:Hilliard 2001 2752: 2745: 2740: 2733: 2732:Hilliard 2001 2728: 2722:, p. 27. 2721: 2720:Hilliard 2001 2716: 2714: 2707:, p. 45. 2706: 2705:Hilliard 2001 2701: 2695:, p. 79. 2694: 2689: 2674: 2670: 2668:9781108026598 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2570: 2564:, p. 24. 2563: 2562:Hilliard 2001 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2545:, p. 11. 2544: 2539: 2532: 2527: 2521:, p. 40. 2520: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2307: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2187: 2185:9781136787584 2181: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2009: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1988:Light fixture 1986: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1949: 1948:Muscat (Oman) 1945: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1862:Seyyed Mosque 1856: 1851: 1844: 1839: 1832: 1827: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1800: 1793: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1711:billiard hall 1705: 1700: 1697: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1675: 1670: 1663: 1658: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1596: 1593:, Philippines 1592: 1588: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1506: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1419:Regency style 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1372: 1371:pressed glass 1368: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1233:Candle nozzle 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178:Regency style 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1070: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1013: 1009: 1005: 998: 994: 989: 980: 978: 977: 971: 963: 959: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 924: 919: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 891: 887: 885: 875: 866: 863: 859: 854: 851: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 822: 817: 813: 811: 807: 802: 798: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 775:neo-classical 772: 764: 763:silver-plated 752: 745: 736: 729: 715: 713: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 685: 681: 676: 671: 668: 661: 657: 652: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 613: 604: 602: 593: 588: 584: 582: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 550: 546: 545: 539: 530: 528: 524: 523:Olfert Dapper 520: 516: 512: 506: 503: 499: 490: 485: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 442:corona de luz 439: 435: 428: 423: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 391:Pope Adrian I 387: 383: 375: 370: 366: 364: 360: 356: 351: 348: 344: 340: 335: 327: 322: 318: 316: 315:pharicanthari 312: 310: 304: 302: 296: 294: 288: 286: 274: 260: 257: 253: 249: 247: 241: 237: 235: 229: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 182: 178: 177: 172: 169:that means a 168: 164: 160: 153: 148: 139: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 116: 114: 110: 106: 100: 98: 94: 90: 84: 48: 39: 33: 19: 4501:Strobe light 4496:Plasma globe 4471:Crackle tube 4461:Bubble light 4422:trafficators 4417:Turn signals 4243:Street light 4198:Gas lighting 4187: 4131:Sodium vapor 4103:Metal-halide 4005:Electric arc 3757:Incandescent 3726:Edison screw 3614: 3595: 3584: 3578:</ref> 3562: 3541: 3530: 3517: 3495: 3476: 3455: 3434: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3367:Kuwait Local 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3331:The National 3330: 3320: 3311: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3272:. Retrieved 3266:(in Dutch). 3263: 3254: 3242:. Retrieved 3238: 3228: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3115:. Retrieved 3095: 3088: 3076: 3065:. Retrieved 3056: 3047: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2960: 2957:"Chandelier" 2951: 2924: 2896:. Retrieved 2844: 2837: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2739: 2734:, p. 8. 2727: 2700: 2688: 2677:. Retrieved 2653: 2643: 2634: 2624: 2608: 2596:. Retrieved 2576: 2569: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2469: 2460: 2448: 2439: 2430: 2414: 2402:. Retrieved 2387: 2378: 2369: 2358:. Retrieved 2301: 2293:the original 2288: 2278: 2269: 2261: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2174: 2153: 2150:"Chandelier" 2144: 2132:. Retrieved 2114: 2078:. Retrieved 2069: 2060: 2051: 2048:"Chandelier" 2042: 2030:. Retrieved 2021: 2018:"Chandelier" 2012: 1967:Ceiling rose 1928:Toledo, Ohio 1607:Murano glass 1587:Capiz shells 1485: 1278:rock crystal 1176:crystal and 1078: 1039: 1025: 1021:Dale Chihuly 1001: 974: 968: 946: 943:gas lighting 928: 904:Empire style 896: 880: 869:19th century 857: 855: 845:Murano glass 826: 821:Murano glass 795: 759: 711: 691:lead crystal 672: 664: 628: 625:rock crystal 622: 597: 594:in Amsterdam 571: 553: 549:Jan van Eyck 542: 507: 494: 441: 437: 431: 406: 399:Pope Leo III 382:Hagia Sophia 379: 374:Hagia Sophia 358: 352: 331: 328:polycandelon 314: 306: 298: 290: 282: 279: 243: 239: 231: 227: 225: 212: 202: 192: 184: 183:candle", or 174: 171:candleholder 158: 156: 117: 101: 46: 44: 4694:Chandeliers 4646:Signal lamp 4600:Stroboscope 4476:DJ lighting 4412:Stop lights 4383:sealed beam 4335:Searchlight 4075:Xenon flash 4018:Klieg light 3866:Solid-state 3827:Fluorescent 3785:Luminescent 3497:Chandeliers 3477:Chandeliers 2613:Hudson 1912 2503:Hudson 1912 2249:"Girandole" 2134:21 February 1880:in Istanbul 1573:in Helsinki 1105:Assima Mall 1004:Art Nouveau 976:electrolier 935:Argand lamp 900:Regency-era 712:schandelier 635:style, and 581:Reformation 226:In France, 209:candlestick 194:candēlābrum 185:chandelabre 120:candelabras 113:translucent 18:Chandeliers 4673:Categories 4590:Grow light 4585:Germicidal 4575:Scientific 4572:Industrial 4528:Floodlight 4514:Theatrical 4456:Blacklight 4451:Aroma lamp 4440:Decorative 4350:Automotive 4340:Solar lamp 4303:Glow stick 4286:Flashlight 4218:Nightlight 4213:Light tube 4188:Chandelier 4145:Stationary 4087:discharge 4013:Carbon arc 3883:Combustion 3749:generation 3747:Methods of 3588:. Mallett. 3274:2017-05-20 3117:2017-05-20 3067:2017-05-20 2985:, p. 2898:2015-06-17 2744:Smith 1994 2679:2021-11-28 2615:, p. 2505:, p. 2421:, p. 2360:2021-04-26 2346:Morlanwelz 2323:, p. 2321:Lubke 1873 2216:, p. 2105:, p. 2080:2020-10-29 2004:References 1962:Candelabra 1909:Durga Puja 1436:Soda glass 1430:concentric 1421:chandelier 1400:Panikadilo 1266:lead glass 1227:Candlebeam 1136:Adam style 1115:in Cairo. 862:polychrome 850:arabesques 835:by adding 823:chandelier 783:James Adam 699:soda glass 695:crisseling 680:Lead glass 660:Versailles 572:dinanderie 502:Henry VIII 468:, and the 446:Romanesque 359:lampadario 343:synagogues 285:lychnuchus 268:Precursors 256:candelabra 228:chandelier 217:candelabra 213:chandelier 189:Old French 159:chandelier 132:synagogues 47:chandelier 4684:Glass art 4656:Reflected 4636:Light art 4548:Spotlight 4533:Footlight 4518:Cinematic 4486:Lava lamp 4248:in the US 4153:Reflector 4070:Xenon arc 4051:Neon lamp 3980:Rushlight 3960:Limelight 3709:Hong Kong 3349:Lightopia 2617:7–9 2531:Baur 1996 2507:6–7 2289:The Times 2070:KRM Light 1977:Ljuskrona 1972:Girandole 1557:, Germany 1536:housemaid 1486:Source: 1391:rhomboids 1270:cut glass 1163:Arm plate 1093:Abu Dhabi 1012:Modernism 947:gasoliers 931:colza oil 841:cristallo 667:cut glass 641:Louis XIV 527:Porcelain 334:Byzantine 326:Byzantine 252:Girandole 179:meaning " 176:chandelle 157:The word 142:Etymology 109:refracted 4689:Ceilings 4368:Headlamp 4308:Headlamp 4296:Tactical 4274:Portable 4255:Torchère 3936:Petromax 3931:Kerosene 3901:Campfire 3871:LED lamp 3667:Concepts 3660:Lighting 3528:(1873). 3268:Archived 3260:"Lampen" 3244:18 April 3111:Archived 3061:Archived 2892:Archived 2673:Archived 2651:(2011). 2598:23 March 2592:Archived 2404:26 April 2398:Archived 2354:Archived 2231:"Luster" 2128:Archived 2074:Archived 2026:Archived 1956:See also 1628:in Paris 1555:Dortmund 1469:Venetian 1395:octagons 1323:baluster 1287:Drip pan 1244:festoons 1184:Baluster 1174:American 1053:LED lamp 1008:Art Deco 955:Brighton 939:kerosene 912:Istanbul 884:Baccarat 434:medieval 363:baluster 128:churches 4651:Sources 4605:Tanning 4491:Marquee 4436:Display 4320:Lantern 4313:outdoor 4265:Troffer 4108:ceramic 3965:Luchina 3943:Lantern 3836:compact 3834: ( 3770:Halogen 3765:Regular 3426:Sources 3403:Behance 3057:Albrici 1930:in 1895 1912:pandals 1490:Gallery 1335:garland 1329:Festoon 1313:festoon 1292:bobèche 1280:(clear 1261:Crystal 1198:Bobèche 1049:halogen 995:at the 797:Bohemia 703:faceted 675:Orléans 472:in the 432:In the 332:In the 301:coronae 293:lychnus 263:History 204:candēla 136:mosques 4373:hidden 4238:Sconce 4063:Sulfur 4058:Plasma 3990:Tilley 3985:Safety 3948:Fanous 3911:Carcel 3906:Candle 3896:Argand 3775:Nernst 3704:Hawaii 3621: 3603: 3570: 3549: 3504: 3484: 3463: 3442: 3103: 2852: 2665: 2584: 2182: 1993:Sconce 1864:, Iran 1540:Sweden 1474:Murano 1426:canopy 1366:Molded 1340:Finial 1282:quartz 1249:Corona 1239:Canopy 1205:Branch 1085:Muscat 858:ciocca 829:Murano 810:bevels 771:rococo 637:rococo 601:ormolu 568:Dinant 564:latten 560:bronze 556:pewter 519:Mutapa 491:, 1460 458:Azelin 450:Gothic 347:bronze 246:lustro 240:lustre 234:lustre 221:sconce 181:tallow 167:French 105:prisms 4631:Laser 4543:Scoop 4170:(PAR) 4123:(HQI) 4115:(HMI) 4089:(HID) 3995:Torch 3953:Paper 3921:Flare 3689:Glare 2032:2 May 1457:Spire 1411:Prism 1318:Dutch 1255:Crown 1101:Qatar 515:Ivory 411:choir 407:phari 309:phari 199:Latin 191:and 4538:Gobo 4046:Neon 3916:Diya 3619:ISBN 3601:ISBN 3568:ISBN 3547:ISBN 3502:ISBN 3482:ISBN 3461:ISBN 3440:ISBN 3246:2024 3101:ISBN 2850:ISBN 2663:ISBN 2600:2016 2582:ISBN 2406:2021 2180:ISBN 2136:2015 2034:2014 1463:Tent 1346:Hoop 1307:Drop 1221:Cage 1191:Bead 1097:Doha 1010:and 991:The 619:1700 579:the 460:and 97:LEDs 95:and 3975:Oil 3926:Gas 3385:BBC 2423:623 2325:171 1946:in 1589:in 1518:by 1393:or 1169:Bag 1157:Arm 1091:in 1083:in 953:in 937:), 910:in 658:at 647:. 547:by 464:in 448:or 305:, 289:or 211:", 197:in 187:in 134:or 80:ɪər 4675:: 3516:. 3401:. 3383:. 3365:. 3347:. 3329:. 3310:. 3291:. 3262:. 3237:. 3213:^ 3126:^ 3109:. 3059:. 3055:. 3030:^ 2987:70 2969:^ 2959:. 2936:^ 2907:^ 2879:^ 2864:^ 2712:^ 2671:. 2657:. 2633:. 2590:. 2550:^ 2488:. 2468:. 2438:. 2396:. 2377:. 2352:. 2348:: 2332:^ 2313:^ 2287:. 2251:. 2233:. 2218:71 2194:^ 2162:^ 2152:. 2126:. 2122:. 2107:69 2089:^ 2068:. 2050:. 2024:. 2020:. 1534:A 1140:A 1099:, 1051:. 1047:, 1016:c. 1006:, 819:A 767:c. 687:c. 617:c. 583:. 558:, 525:. 313:, 138:. 130:, 99:. 45:A 3838:) 3652:e 3645:t 3638:v 3625:. 3609:. 3576:. 3555:. 3534:. 3520:. 3508:. 3490:. 3469:. 3448:. 3405:. 3351:. 3333:. 3314:. 3295:. 3277:. 3248:. 3120:. 3070:. 2989:. 2963:. 2901:. 2874:. 2858:. 2746:. 2682:. 2637:. 2619:. 2602:. 2509:. 2492:. 2474:. 2442:. 2425:. 2408:. 2381:. 2363:. 2327:. 2272:. 2255:. 2237:. 2220:. 2188:. 2156:. 2138:. 2109:. 2083:. 2054:. 2036:. 1397:. 1337:. 1315:. 1294:. 933:( 83:/ 77:l 74:ˈ 71:ə 68:d 65:n 62:æ 59:ʃ 56:ˌ 53:/ 49:( 34:. 20:)

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