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By the age of the
Mauryan kings there had evolved the concept of chakravartin (literally—he who turns the wheel of power)—the single ruler, whose power stretched, as it were, over enormous territories from the Western to the Eastern Ocean, from the Himalayas to the south
2154:
One hundred years after my death, this boy will become a
Chakravarti king at Pataliputra who will rule over all regions. His name will be Ashoka, and he will rule through the true Dharma. In addition, he will distribute my relics abroad, will build eighty-four thousand
1402:
1395:
1436:. The mother of a Chakravartin sees some dreams at the time of conception. A chakravartin is considered an ideal human being endowed with thirty-two major signs of excellence and many minor signs of excellence.
1388:
1618:. In most the Chakravarti Emperor uses the "Imperial Gesture" in which the emperor "clenches his left hand at his chest and reaches up with his right hand". He is surrounded by his seven attributes: the
331:
1622:
wheel, his state elephant, charger horse, "the octagonal gem which is so luminous it can light the path of his army by night", his empress, defense minister and finance minister.
618:
model of kingship over a territory of diverse people; which ended the pre-Pallavan era of territorially segmented people, each with their culture, under a tribal chieftain. The
456:
is rolling everywhere without obstruction". It can also be analysed as an 'instrumental bahuvrīhi: "through whom the wheel is moving" in the meaning of "through whom the
1415:
During the each motion of the half-cycle of the wheel of time, 63 Salakapurusa or 63 illustrious men, consisting of the 12 Chakravartin regularly appear. The
419:, a monarch who leads the people of only a part of a continent, the equivalent of a local king. Dvipa chakravarti is particularly one who rules the entire
3037:
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2427:
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beginning with
Simhavishnu (575–900 CE) was a transitional stage in southern Indian society with monument building, establishment of (bhakti) sects of
2167:
Harry Falk (2012). "Small-Scale
Buddhism". In François Voegeli; Vincent Eltschinger; Maria Piera Candotti; Bogdan Diaconescu; Malhar Kulkarni (eds.).
354:
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2142:. Internet Archive. Tokyo ; New York : Kodansha International ; New York : distributed through Harper & Row. p. 41.
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1794:
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period, which also led to the chakravartin concept. There are relatively few examples of chakravartins in both northern and southern India.
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501:, a chakravarti is a powerful ruler whose dominion extends to the entire earth. In both religions, the chakravarti is supposed to uphold
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The ultimate aim was a 'world ruler (chakravarti); who would control the whole Indian subcontinent (KA 9.1.17-21)—as Ashoka did.
1419:
or legendary history is basically a compilation of the deeds of these illustrious men. As per Jain cosmology, Chakravartins are
6087:
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642:; and states that in south India the kshatriya model did not emerge. As per Burton, South India was aware of the Indo-Aryan
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570:, was held as the ideal of worship for Kings desirous of obtaining Universal Sovereignty", a concept associated with the
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status, only few locality warrior families achieved the prestigious kin-linked organization of northern warrior groups.
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model, and likens kshatriyas to locally based warriors with ritual status sufficiently high enough to share with
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scholars deployed from India to their courts. It was first adopted by
Javanese Hindu-Buddhist empires such as
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appear in monuments from the time of the early Maurya Empire, in the 4th to 3rd century BCE, in reference to
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in next life as a result of his act of generosity in offering sand and the boy in next life born as
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489:. The term applies to temporal as well as spiritual emperorship and leadership, particularly in
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2017:
1989:
1830:. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p.
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1953:. Monographs on archaeology and fine arts. Vol. 27. New York: New York University Press.
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614:, flowering of rural Brahmanical institutions of Sanskrit learning, and the establishment of
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8:
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1922:. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. p. 84.
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2010:
1978:
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1693:"wearing a turban/hair binding", wielding the mudras for "nonviolent cakravarti rule".
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A History of
Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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cultural traditions, narrative myths and lore. There are three types of chakravarti:
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1963:Śrīrāma Goyala, (1967). A history of the Imperial Guptas, p.137. Central Book Depot.
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compound word, translating to "one whose wheels are moving", in the sense of "whose
411:, an emperor who rules over all four of the continents (i.e., a universal monarch);
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period extolled ranked relationships based on ritual purity as enjoined by the
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In
Jainism, a Chakravartin Samrat was characterised by his possession of
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1212:
1093:
1088:
1039:
959:
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supposedly told the boy Jaya that he would indeed become an
Chakravarti
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organized society in which decisive secular authority was vested in the
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2716:
2374:
2364:
2337:
1735:
1467:
1143:
1083:
875:
719:
486:
464:) is turning" (most commonly used in Buddhism). The Tibetan equivalent
5579:
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1614:
In early
Buddhist art there are more than 30 depictions, all from the
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2618:
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It was believed that once a chakravarti emerged the "Future Buddha"
1172:
512:
The Indian concept of chakravarti later evolved into the concept of
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1608:
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1531:, a miraculous diamond serrated discus that never misses its target
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587:, the son of Dushyanta and Shakuntala, was conferred the title of
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3307:
3302:
3181:
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2711:
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1951:
Viṣṇu's flaming wheel: the iconography of the Sudarśana-cakra
1662:
1544:
1433:
1326:
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1259:
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964:
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453:
228:
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2117:
474:) translates to "monarch who controls by means of a wheel".
6215:
6121:
4732:
3525:
3191:
2688:
1289:
1202:
1158:
1123:
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894:
890:
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680:
485:
In
Buddhism, a chakravarti is the secular counterpart of a
384:
4390:
2926:
1565:
1284:
1148:
855:
1784:
Spread and evolution of Chakravarti concept beyond India
595:, who was the son of Rishabha, was also given the title
415:, a ruler who governs only one of those continents; and
6210:
262:
71:
36:. For the 2015 Indian historical drama TV series, see
2169:
Devadattīyam: Johannes Bronkhorst Felicitation Volume
2088:
210:
149:
2227:
Cakkavatti Sutta The Wheel-turning Emperor (excerpt)
1948:
2009:
1977:
1867:
1647:, describe the marks of the chakravarti as ruler:
708:Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks
481:14 Ratnas of Chakravartin, 17th century manuscript
2012:Peasant state and society in medieval South India
1980:Peasant state and society in medieval South India
1427:. Golden in complexion, they all belonged to the
395:) is an ideal (or idealized) universal ruler, in
6256:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
1894:
1863:
1861:
1859:
311:
291:
443:
233:
67:
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4929:
2256:
2194:
2123:
2073:
2030:
1856:
1396:
314:
294:
265:
236:
172:
111:
3038:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
2007:
1944:
1942:
1919:A world history of ancient political thought
2024:
1756:
6144:
6130:
4936:
4922:
2263:
2249:
2166:
1403:
1389:
92:
1939:
1714:
2160:
2092:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation
2065:Jaini, Jagmanderlal, F.W. Thomas (ed.),
1898:India in the Magadha and Mauryan Periods
1874:California Studies in the History of Art
1824:Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.).
1695:
1575:
679:
577:, a religious sanction traceable to the
505:, indeed being "he who turns the wheel (
476:
353:
330:
4943:
4225:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
2003:
2001:
1999:
14:
6257:
4428:List of Buddhist architecture in China
6125:
4917:
2244:
2236:A Glossary of Pali and Buddhist Terms
2215:Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (
2135:
1972:
1915:
1823:
1996:
1817:
403:of India. The concept is present in
2016:. Oxford University Press. p.
626:. Burton distinguishes between the
24:
6265:Titles and occupations in Hinduism
4215:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1876:. University of California Press.
1870:"The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans"
1846:"Chakravartin | Indian ruler"
1584:depicting "the gift of dirt" story
1560:or "nine jewels" instead, adding "
32:For people named Chakravarti, see
25:
6336:
2171:. Bern: Peter Lang. p. 495.
2064:
6238:
6106:
4944:
4896:
4886:
4885:
4443:Thai temple art and architecture
4188:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
2428:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
2294:
2281:
2271:
730:
593:Another emperor of the same name
6275:Buddhist philosophical concepts
2295:
2129:
2058:
2037:Encyclopedia of World Religions
1439:The list of 12 chakravartin of
662:line of warriors which claimed
6042:List of Digambar Jain ascetics
4433:Japanese Buddhist architecture
4235:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
3315:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
2506:Places where the Buddha stayed
2139:Buddhism, the first millennium
2089:Helmuth von Glasenapp (1999).
1966:
1957:
1909:
1888:
1838:
1673:. These were the marks of the
427:.). The first references to a
312:
263:
211:
173:
150:
112:
13:
1:
4448:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1806:
591:, according to some legends.
562:According to the traditions "
365:was addressed as Chakravarti.
6151:
4205:Buddhism and the Roman world
4181:Decline of Buddhism in India
4176:History of Buddhism in India
2276: Topics in
2229:Translated from the Pali by
1949:Wayne Edison Begley (1973).
1811:
471:khor los sgyur ba'i rgyal po
7:
5127:
3403:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
3143:
2201:. Pearson Education India.
1868:John M. Rosenfield (1967).
1708:
1687:
1661:"parasol", "horn jewel" or
1649:
1571:
547:
520:– which was adopted by the
470:
390:
72:
10:
6341:
6285:Jain religious occupations
4353:The unanswerable questions
2188:
1795:Kingdoms of Southeast Asia
673:
669:
551:
540:; and subsequently by the
526:kingdoms of Southeast Asia
466:ཁོར་ལོས་སྒྱུར་བའི་རྒྱལ་པོ་
38:Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat
31:
6234:
6159:
6103:
6055:
6019:
5902:
5841:
5805:
5735:
5653:
5646:
5598:
5522:
5486:
5436:
5363:
5278:
5224:
5169:
5160:
4984:
4956:
4881:
4833:
4748:
4663:
4438:Buddhist temples in Korea
4361:
4263:
4146:
3843:
3771:
3598:
3471:
3411:
3046:
3001:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
2912:
2904:Three planes of existence
2852:
2697:
2589:
2519:
2511:Buddha in world religions
2373:
2318:
2290:
1895:G. Bongard-Levin (2010).
380:
325:
315:
305:
295:
285:
280:
266:
256:
251:
247:
237:
234:
227:
222:
204:
197:
192:
188:
184:Wheel-Turning Sacred King
180:
166:
161:
143:
136:
131:
127:
119:
105:
100:
86:
81:
68:
61:
56:
52:
47:
6305:Superlatives in religion
4220:Persecution of Buddhists
3441:Four stages of awakening
2822:Three marks of existence
2408:Physical characteristics
1757:Generic similar concepts
168:Traditional Chinese
162:Alternative Chinese name
107:Traditional Chinese
6320:Buddhism and government
6315:Hinduism and government
6006:Jain terms and concepts
5626:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
3583:Ten principal disciples
2466:(aunt, adoptive mother)
2136:Ikeda, Daisaku (1977).
1986:Oxford University Press
1850:Encyclopædia Britannica
1704:of the six chakravartis
1677:. Plastic art of early
1611:would appear on earth.
602:In Southern India, the
429:Chakravala Chakravartin
423:(as in the case of the
299:Chuyển Luân Thánh Vương
6325:Jainism and government
4293:Buddhism and democracy
3806:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3801:Chinese Buddhist canon
3033:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3028:Early Buddhist schools
2223:) by Anna Dallapiccola
2195:Upinder Singh (2008).
1916:Black, Antony (2009).
1827:India through the ages
1715:Similar Indic concepts
1705:
1585:
1552:Huge Army of Elephants
692:
536:; through them by the
482:
444:
409:chakravala chakravarti
366:
351:
292:
93:
6037:List of Jain ascetics
5842:Dynasties and empires
5631:Vishwa Jain Sangathan
4303:Eight Consciousnesses
2413:Life of Buddha in art
2008:Burton Stein (1980).
1699:
1681:Buddhism illustrates
1579:
1524:, or "Seven Jewels":
683:
650:; but apart from the
558:Bharata (Mahabharata)
480:
357:
334:
34:Chakravarti (surname)
6032:List of Jain temples
4780:East Asian religions
4210:Buddhism in the West
3781:Early Buddhist texts
3396:Four Right Exertions
2862:Ten spiritual realms
2355:Noble Eightfold Path
1778:King of the Universe
1549:Huge Army of Cavalry
686:Bharata Chakravartin
417:pradesha chakravarti
6113:Religion portal
6047:Topics List (index)
5338:Mahamastakabhisheka
4903:Religion portal
4650:Temple of the Tooth
4529:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
3568:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
3061:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
2844:Two truths doctrine
2664:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2464:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2101:Motilal Banarsidass
2067:Outlines of Jainism
1377:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
1035:Prince of the Sa'id
433:Chandragupta Maurya
421:Indian subcontinent
405:Indian subcontinent
27:Ancient Indian term
6270:Buddhist mythology
6169:Hindu architecture
6011:Sexual differences
4825:Western philosophy
4423:Dzong architecture
4245:Vipassana movement
4240:Buddhist modernism
3668:Emperor Wen of Sui
3436:Pratyekabuddhayāna
3369:Threefold Training
3171:Vipassana movement
2887:Hungry Ghost realm
2707:Avidyā (Ignorance)
2654:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
2403:Great Renunciation
2398:Eight Great Events
2280:
2231:Thanissaro Bhikkhu
2124:Upinder Singh 2008
1773:Universal monarchy
1706:
1586:
1421:Universal Monarchs
693:
589:cakravartin samrāj
483:
367:
352:
293:Chuyển Luân Vương
212:Zhuǎnlún Shèngwáng
123:Wheel-Turning King
6310:Emperors in India
6252:
6251:
6119:
6118:
5801:
5800:
5580:Hampa Nagarajaiah
5473:Auspicious dreams
5401:Bhaktamara Stotra
5274:
5273:
4911:
4910:
4549:Om mani padme hum
4255:Women in Buddhism
4171:Buddhist councils
4041:Western countries
3829:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
3590:Shaolin Monastery
3167:Samatha-vipassanā
2777:Pratītyasamutpāda
2581:Metteyya/Maitreya
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2328:Four Noble Truths
2208:978-81-317-1120-0
2149:978-0-87011-321-5
1929:978-0-19-928169-5
1685:in a form called
1640:, as well as the
1634:(1.259f) and the
1580:A 2nd century CE
1413:
1412:
771:Sultan of Sultans
566:, in the form of
554:Bharata (Jainism)
518:divinity of kings
435:and his grandson
413:dvipa chakravarti
329:
328:
276:
275:
218:
217:
199:Standard Mandarin
157:
156:
138:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
6332:
6242:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6123:
6122:
6111:
6110:
6073:Monks & nuns
5970:Statue of Ahimsa
5927:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
5651:
5650:
5565:Champat Rai Jain
5408:Tattvartha Sutra
5167:
5166:
5130:
4948:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4915:
4914:
4901:
4900:
4889:
4888:
4728:Sacred languages
4576:Maya Devi Temple
4539:Mahabodhi Temple
4343:Secular Buddhism
4308:Engaged Buddhism
3148:
2996:Tibetan Buddhism
2947:Vietnamese Thiền
2546:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
2497:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2298:
2297:
2285:
2275:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2212:
2183:
2182:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2086:
2071:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1865:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1821:
1763:Philosopher king
1692:
1656:
1556:Some lists cite
1537:Divine Jewellery
1425:World Conquerors
1405:
1398:
1391:
734:
695:
694:
690:Shravanabelagola
473:
467:
447:
393:
382:
321:
320:
318:
317:
301:
298:
297:
272:
271:
269:
268:
249:
248:
243:
242:
240:
239:
214:
213:
190:
189:
176:
175:
153:
152:
129:
128:
115:
114:
96:
77:
76:
75:
45:
44:
21:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6300:Titles in India
6295:Imperial titles
6280:Buddhist titles
6255:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6230:
6191:Gurus and sants
6155:
6150:
6120:
6115:
6105:
6099:
6051:
6015:
5964:Panch Kalyanaka
5898:
5837:
5833:Non-creationism
5797:
5731:
5642:
5594:
5575:Jeffery D. Long
5570:Padmanabh Jaini
5555:Virchand Gandhi
5535:Colette Caillat
5518:
5482:
5432:
5359:
5270:
5220:
5156:
5043:Heavenly beings
4980:
4952:
4942:
4912:
4907:
4895:
4877:
4829:
4744:
4659:
4396:Ordination hall
4357:
4259:
4230:Buddhist crisis
4142:
3839:
3791:Mahayana sutras
3767:
3763:Thích Nhất Hạnh
3594:
3467:
3407:
3357:Bodhisattva vow
3042:
2908:
2848:
2807:Taṇhā (Craving)
2742:Five hindrances
2693:
2585:
2515:
2369:
2314:
2286:
2269:
2209:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2165:
2161:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2087:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2044:. p. 550.
2042:Merriam-Webster
2029:
2025:
2006:
1997:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1947:
1940:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1893:
1889:
1866:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1786:
1759:
1717:
1711:
1574:
1409:
786:Maharajadhiraja
678:
672:
560:
550:
524:Hindu-Buddhist
465:
460:("Wheel of the
340:Amaravati Stupa
281:Vietnamese name
181:Literal meaning
120:Literal meaning
70:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6338:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6149:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6126:
6117:
6116:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5788:Southeast Asia
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5702:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5622:Organisations
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5590:Jinendra Varni
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5560:Hermann Jacobi
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5494:Digambara monk
5490:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5453:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5428:Uttaradhyayana
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5396:Namokar Mantra
5390:
5385:
5383:Shatkhandagama
5380:
5378:Pravachanasara
5375:
5369:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5230:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5189:Kashtha Sangha
5186:
5184:Balatkara Gana
5175:
5173:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5079:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5028:Jain cosmology
5025:
5024:
5023:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4950:Jainism topics
4941:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4918:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4893:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4460:Greco-Buddhist
4452:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4411:Burmese pagoda
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4193:Greco-Buddhism
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4126:United Kingdom
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:Czech Republic
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3945:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3835:Abhidharmadīpa
3832:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:B. R. Ambedkar
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Songtsen Gampo
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:Eight precepts
3349:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3140:
3130:
3125:
3123:Five Strengths
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:Mental factors
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Mahamoggallāna
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2529:Avalokiteśvara
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2224:
2213:
2207:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2159:
2148:
2128:
2126:, p. 332.
2116:
2109:
2072:
2057:
2050:
2034:, ed. (1999).
2023:
1995:
1965:
1956:
1938:
1928:
1908:
1901:. p. 70.
1887:
1855:
1837:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1627:early Buddhist
1573:
1570:
1562:Prime Minister
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1540:Immense Wealth
1538:
1535:
1532:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1466:, ancestor of
1461:
1447:is as follows
1417:Jain cosmology
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1315:Governmental:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
881:
880:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
796:
795:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
736:
735:
727:
726:
704:
703:
674:Main article:
671:
668:
630:model and the
604:Pallava period
549:
546:
528:through Hindu
437:Emperor Ashoka
425:Mauryan Empire
363:Kulothunga III
348:Mauryan Empire
327:
326:
323:
322:
309:
303:
302:
289:
283:
282:
278:
277:
274:
273:
260:
254:
253:
252:Transcriptions
245:
244:
231:
225:
224:
220:
219:
216:
215:
208:
202:
201:
195:
194:
193:Transcriptions
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
170:
164:
163:
159:
158:
155:
154:
147:
141:
140:
134:
133:
132:Transcriptions
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
109:
103:
102:
98:
97:
90:
84:
83:
79:
78:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6337:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6154:
6147:
6142:
6140:
6135:
6133:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6114:
6109:
6102:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6027:List of Jains
6025:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5952:Jain calendar
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5793:United States
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5727:Uttar Pradesh
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5530:Nalini Balbir
5528:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5308:Vegetarianism
5306:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5129:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4939:
4934:
4932:
4927:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4892:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4665:Miscellaneous
4662:
4656:
4655:Vegetarianism
4653:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:Buddha in art
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:United States
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Padmasambhava
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3600:Major figures
3597:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3546:Western tulku
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Five precepts
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Dhamma vicaya
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Buddhābhiṣeka
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Enlightenment
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Dhamma theory
2725:
2723:
2722:Buddha-nature
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Samantabhadra
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2221:0-500-51088-1
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2180:
2178:9783034306829
2174:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2110:81-208-1376-6
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2070:appendix III.
2068:
2061:
2053:
2051:0-87779-044-2
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:Wendy Doniger
2027:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1974:Stein, Burton
1969:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1801:
1800:Indianisation
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Greater India
1788:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Solar chariot
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:Huge Army of
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1480:Sanata Kumara
1478:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Rishabhanatha
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:Royal house:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:Dewan Bahadur
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
892:
888:
885:
884:
883:
882:
877:
874:
872:
871:Amir al-umara
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
803:
800:
799:
798:
797:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:King of Kings
754:
752:
749:
747:
743:
740:
739:
738:
737:
733:
729:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
687:
682:
677:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
580:
576:
573:
569:
565:
559:
555:
545:
543:
542:Thai monarchs
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
479:
475:
472:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
445:cakra-vartin-
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
392:
386:
378:
374:
373:
364:
360:
356:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
324:
310:
308:
304:
300:
290:
288:
284:
279:
261:
259:
255:
250:
246:
232:
230:
226:
223:Japanese name
221:
209:
207:
203:
200:
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
169:
165:
160:
148:
146:
142:
139:
135:
130:
126:
122:
118:
110:
108:
104:
99:
95:
91:
89:
85:
80:
74:
66:
64:
60:
57:Sanskrit name
55:
51:
46:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
6290:Salakapurusa
5968:
5947:Samavasarana
5937:Śalākāpuruṣa
5545:John E. Cort
5456:Ashtamangala
5451:Siddhachakra
5388:Kasayapahuda
5355:Pratikramana
5263:Sthānakavāsī
5021:Anekāntavāda
5017:Jaina logic
5011:Kevala Jñāna
5006:Epistemology
4843:Bodhisattvas
4763:Christianity
4758:Baháʼí Faith
4623:Dharmachakra
4613:Prayer wheel
4603:Prayer beads
4371:Architecture
4250:969 Movement
4034:Saudi Arabia
4012:Central Asia
4005:South Africa
3827:
3810:
3743:Panchen Lama
3648:Buddhapālita
3244:Satipatthana
3239:Mindful Yoga
3152:Recollection
3066:Brahmavihara
2937:Japanese Zen
2932:Chinese Chan
2892:Animal realm
2699:Key concepts
2521:Bodhisattvas
2333:Three Jewels
2197:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2138:
2131:
2119:
2091:
2066:
2060:
2036:
2026:
2011:
1979:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1933:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1873:
1849:
1840:
1826:
1819:
1688:
1683:bodhisattvas
1651:
1645:Milindapañha
1635:
1629:
1624:
1613:
1606:
1592:chronicles,
1587:
1582:Gandhara art
1555:
1545:War-Chariots
1529:Ratna-Chakra
1521:
1519:
1498:Tirthankara
1492:Tirthankara
1486:Tirthankara
1440:
1438:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1099:Khan Bahadur
775:
724:North Africa
676:Salakapurusa
664:Chakravartin
663:
647:
643:
637:
631:
627:
623:
616:Chakravartin
615:
601:
596:
588:
583:
561:
538:Khmer Empire
511:
484:
458:Dharmachakra
441:
428:
416:
412:
408:
388:
371:
370:
368:
335:
258:Romanization
206:Hanyu Pinyin
151:Zhuǎnlúnwáng
145:Hanyu Pinyin
101:Chinese name
42:
29:
18:Chakravartin
5889:Rashtrakuta
5806:Jainism and
5705:Maharashtra
5663:Bundelkhand
5550:Paul Dundas
5423:Kalpa Sūtra
5418:Aptamimamsa
5303:Monasticism
5234:Murtipujaka
5216:Kanji Panth
5196:Taran Panth
5179:Mula Sangha
5033:Siddhashila
4966:Tirthankara
4688:Dharma talk
4517:Asalha Puja
4313:Eschatology
4116:Switzerland
4096:New Zealand
4024:Middle East
3933:Philippines
3853:Afghanistan
3658:Bodhidharma
3643:Buddhaghosa
3563:Householder
3473:Monasticism
3426:Bodhisattva
3281:Prostration
3234:Mindfulness
3162:Anapanasati
3145:Kammaṭṭhāna
2942:Korean Seon
2882:Asura realm
2877:Human realm
2817:Ten Fetters
2772:Parinirvana
2674:Uppalavanna
2639:Mahākaccana
2624:Mahākassapa
2556:Kṣitigarbha
2551:Ākāśagarbha
2448:Suddhodāna
2393:Four sights
2320:Foundations
1988:. pp.
1746:Rajamandala
1726:Chhatrapati
1721:Chakraborty
1637:Divyāvadāna
1620:Chakraratna
1516:Brahmadatta
1494:Kunthunatha
1488:Shantinatha
1456:Tirthankara
1213:Saranjamdar
1094:Rai Bahadur
1089:Rao Bahadur
960:Chhatrapati
836:Shirvanshah
776:Chakravarti
660:Vijayanagar
628:Chakravatin
597:cakravartin
397:the history
391:Cakravartin
381:चक्रवर्तिन्
372:chakravarti
336:Chakravarti
73:cakravartin
69:चक्रवर्तिन्
48:Chakravarti
6259:Categories
6068:Literature
5957:Samvatsari
5722:Tamil Nadu
5647:Jainism in
5466:Nandavarta
5413:Samayasāra
5365:Literature
5333:Kshamavani
5328:Paryushana
5291:Meditation
5286:Sallekhana
5226:Śvetāmbara
5147:Ratnatraya
5067:Gunasthana
4986:Philosophy
4805:Psychology
4785:Gnosticism
4773:Comparison
4768:Influences
4750:Comparison
4633:Bhavacakra
4591:Kushinagar
4566:Pilgrimage
4512:Māgha Pūjā
4467:Bodhi Tree
4283:Buddhology
4273:Abhidharma
4265:Philosophy
4198:Menander I
4066:Costa Rica
4017:Uzbekistan
3858:Bangladesh
3812:Dhammapada
3796:Pali Canon
3758:Ajahn Chah
3738:Dalai Lama
3638:Kumārajīva
3633:Vasubandhu
3608:The Buddha
3516:Zen master
3451:Sakadagami
3431:Buddhahood
3362:Pratimokṣa
3177:Shikantaza
3133:Meditation
3108:Deity yoga
2979:Madhyamaka
2872:Deva realm
2767:Mindstream
2717:Bodhicitta
2629:Aṅgulimāla
2496:Devadatta
2472:Yaśodharā
2375:The Buddha
2365:Middle Way
1807:References
1736:Kalachakra
1642:Theravadin
1522:Saptaratna
1507:Padmanabha
1470:as in the
1468:Bhagiratha
1441:Avasarpini
1144:Khan Sahib
1084:Sancak bey
876:Khagan Bek
751:Shahanshah
720:South Asia
684:Statue of
648:Kshatriyas
552:See also:
522:Indianised
287:Vietnamese
94:cakkavatti
6164:Hindu art
5986:Sculpture
5922:Ekendriya
5783:Singapore
5768:Hong Kong
5748:Australia
5717:Rajasthan
5688:Karnataka
5600:Community
5585:Bal Patil
5540:Chandabai
5509:Pattavali
5461:Shrivatsa
5446:Jain flag
5323:Festivals
5279:Practices
5267:Terapanth
5254:Tristutik
5244:Kharatara
5206:Terapanth
5201:Bispanthi
5171:Digambara
4994:Five Vows
4971:Ganadhara
4873:Festivals
4853:Buddhists
4815:Theosophy
4618:Symbolism
4608:Hama yumi
4581:Bodh Gaya
4348:Socialism
4323:Evolution
4298:Economics
4136:Venezuela
4051:Australia
4046:Argentina
3970:Sri Lanka
3965:Singapore
3883:Indonesia
3845:Countries
3786:Tripiṭaka
3748:Ajahn Mun
3623:Nagarjuna
3618:Aśvaghoṣa
3501:Anagārika
3496:Śrāmaṇerī
3491:Śrāmaṇera
3486:Bhikkhunī
3446:Sotāpanna
3335:Passaddhi
3276:Offerings
3251:Nekkhamma
3128:Iddhipada
3048:Practices
3018:Theravada
2991:Vajrayana
2984:Yogachara
2954:Pure Land
2867:Six Paths
2854:Cosmology
2634:Anuruddha
2609:Sāriputta
2599:Kaundinya
2591:Disciples
2566:Vajrapāṇi
2418:Footprint
2383:Tathāgata
1882:0068-5909
1812:Citations
1675:kshatriya
1631:Mahāvastu
1558:navaratna
1510:Harishena
1454:, son of
1372:Chowdhury
1357:Lambardar
1347:Hazinedar
1198:Hazinedar
970:Nawabzada
955:Sahibzada
920:Beylerbey
633:Kshatriya
572:Bhagavata
534:Majapahit
507:of dharma
450:bahuvrīhi
442:The word
270:Tenrinjōō
264:Tenrin'ō
82:Pali name
6153:Hinduism
6078:Scholars
6056:Navboxes
5915:Timeline
5864:Ikshvaku
5849:Chalukya
5818:Hinduism
5813:Buddhism
5778:Pakistan
5736:Overseas
5523:Scholars
5504:Kshullak
5487:Ascetics
5478:Swastika
5296:Sāmāyika
5211:Yapaniya
5162:Branches
4891:Category
4820:Violence
4790:Hinduism
4738:Sanskrit
4693:Hinayana
4678:Amitābha
4638:Swastika
4507:Uposatha
4497:Holidays
4482:Calendar
4328:Humanism
4166:Kanishka
4156:Timeline
3980:Thailand
3948:Kalmykia
3943:Buryatia
3928:Pakistan
3913:Mongolia
3908:Maldives
3903:Malaysia
3868:Cambodia
3733:Shamarpa
3728:Nichiren
3678:Xuanzang
3613:Nagasena
3531:Rinpoche
3261:Pāramitā
3103:Devotion
3023:Navayana
3011:Dzogchen
2974:Nichiren
2922:Mahayana
2914:Branches
2792:Saṅkhāra
2541:Mañjuśrī
2498:(cousin)
2490:(cousin)
2458:(mother)
2450:(father)
2438:Miracles
2388:Birthday
2305:Glossary
2278:Buddhism
1976:(1980).
1741:Maharaja
1731:Devaraja
1709:See also
1700:Tibetan
1679:Mahayana
1609:Maitreya
1590:Buddhist
1572:Buddhism
1513:Jayasena
1504:Subhauma
1500:Aranatha
1342:Hawladar
1300:al-Dawla
1256:Nobleman
1223:Tarafdar
1218:Taluqdar
1208:Jagirdar
1139:Zamindar
1135:Viscount
1119:Sparapet
1055:Baghatur
1030:Vali Ahd
1025:Shahzada
950:Rajkumar
831:Shahbanu
806:Maharaja
766:Banbishn
761:Padishah
700:a series
698:Part of
639:Brahmins
624:shastras
612:Nayanars
548:Hinduism
514:devaraja
499:Hinduism
491:Buddhism
401:religion
377:Sanskrit
63:Sanskrit
6226:Studies
6221:Worship
6088:America
6083:Temples
5932:Pratima
5910:History
5903:Related
5894:Santara
5874:Kalinga
5869:Kadamba
5859:Hoysala
5828:Sikhism
5753:Belgium
5683:Haryana
5678:Gujarat
5608:Śrāvaka
5514:Acharya
5438:Symbols
5392:Mantra
5345:Upadhan
5318:Rituals
5313:Fasting
5152:Kashaya
5142:Saṃsāra
5121:Nirjara
5116:Samvara
5087:Pudgala
4976:Arihant
4868:Temples
4848:Buddhas
4810:Science
4800:Judaism
4795:Jainism
4713:Lineage
4673:Abhijñā
4643:Thangka
4586:Sarnath
4571:Lumbini
4492:Funeral
4487:Cuisine
4363:Culture
4338:Reality
4288:Creator
4278:Atomism
4148:History
4121:Ukraine
4081:Germany
4000:Senegal
3990:Vietnam
3918:Myanmar
3718:Shinran
3708:Karmapa
3683:Shandao
3653:Dignāga
3578:Śrāvaka
3558:Donchee
3553:Kappiya
3511:Sayadaw
3481:Bhikkhu
3456:Anāgāmi
3413:Nirvana
3379:Samadhi
3266:Paritta
3207:Tonglen
3202:Mandala
3157:Smarana
3138:Mantras
3086:Upekkha
3056:Bhavana
3006:Shingon
2959:Tiantai
2812:Tathātā
2802:Śūnyatā
2797:Skandha
2787:Saṃsāra
2782:Rebirth
2757:Kleshas
2747:Indriya
2649:Subhūti
2534:Guanyin
2488:Ānanda
2480:Rāhula
2360:Nirvana
2300:Outline
2189:Sources
2155:stupas.
1751:Samraat
1702:mandala
1689:uṣṇīṣin
1671:sandals
1659:chhatra
1598:emperor
1564:" and "
1534:Empress
1476:Maghava
1472:Puranas
1452:Bharata
1445:Jainism
1443:as per
1430:Kasyapa
1352:Faujdar
1295:Begzada
1265:Mankari
1245:Gurkani
1168:Begzada
1074:Mankari
1020:Ishkhan
1005:Khedive
980:Şehzade
915:Ikhshid
821:Sultana
742:Emperor
716:Central
670:Jainism
652:Pallava
620:Pallava
585:Bharata
575:Puranas
530:Brahmin
495:Jainism
454:chariot
346:of the
338:, from
307:Hán-Nôm
6244:Portal
6206:Moksha
6201:Mantra
6186:Dharma
6181:Chakra
6093:Bengal
6001:Nigoda
5976:Temple
5942:Tirtha
5884:Pandya
5879:Maurya
5763:Europe
5758:Canada
5743:Africa
5710:Mumbai
5700:Kerala
5499:Aryika
5239:Gaccha
5111:Bandha
5106:Asrava
5101:Tattva
5092:Dharma
5072:Dravya
5060:Causes
5038:Naraka
4999:Ahimsa
4863:Sutras
4858:Suttas
4723:Siddhi
4708:Koliya
4683:Brahmā
4598:Poetry
4544:Mantra
4534:Kasaya
4406:Pagoda
4386:Kyaung
4381:Vihāra
4376:Temple
4318:Ethics
4161:Ashoka
4111:Sweden
4106:Poland
4101:Norway
4091:Mexico
4076:France
4061:Canada
4056:Brazil
3995:Africa
3975:Taiwan
3938:Russia
3863:Bhutan
3823:Vinaya
3703:Naropa
3693:Saraha
3628:Asanga
3384:Prajñā
3293:Refuge
3256:Nianfo
3217:Tertön
3212:Tantra
3197:Ganana
3187:Tukdam
3113:Dhyāna
3081:Mudita
3076:Karuṇā
2969:Risshū
2964:Huayan
2897:Naraka
2837:Anattā
2832:Dukkha
2827:Anicca
2732:Dharma
2684:Channa
2619:Ānanda
2604:Assaji
2571:Skanda
2474:(wife)
2443:Family
2423:Relics
2348:Sangha
2343:Dharma
2338:Buddha
2219:
2205:
2175:
2146:
2107:
2048:
1926:
1880:
1652:uṣṇīṣa
1616:Deccan
1602:Ashoka
1594:Buddha
1464:Sagara
1362:Mridha
1337:Haldar
1322:Vizier
1228:Sikdar
1173:Uç bey
1104:Atabeg
1050:Khanum
1015:Yabghu
995:Murzin
975:Yuvraj
940:Mandal
935:Sardar
900:Sheikh
887:Prince
846:Khatun
816:Sultan
791:Khagan
781:Samrat
746:Caliph
608:Alvars
568:Chakra
564:Vishnu
516:– the
503:dharma
487:buddha
462:Dharma
399:, and
361:ruler
344:Ashoka
6196:Karma
6174:Music
6020:Lists
5981:Stupa
5854:Ganga
5823:Islam
5773:Japan
5693:North
5668:Delhi
5655:India
5636:JAINA
5618:Tamil
5613:Sarak
5373:Agama
5350:Tapas
5137:Death
5128:Mokṣa
5082:Ajiva
5055:Types
5050:Karma
4835:Lists
4703:Kalpa
4698:Iddhi
4561:Music
4556:Mudra
4522:Vassa
4502:Vesak
4472:Budai
4418:Candi
4401:Stupa
4333:Logic
4086:Italy
3985:Tibet
3923:Nepal
3893:Korea
3888:Japan
3878:India
3873:China
3818:Sutra
3773:Texts
3723:Dōgen
3713:Hōnen
3698:Atiśa
3663:Zhiyi
3573:Achar
3541:Tulku
3536:Geshe
3521:Rōshi
3506:Ajahn
3461:Arhat
3421:Bodhi
3391:Vīrya
3308:Sacca
3303:Satya
3298:Sādhu
3286:Music
3229:Merit
3222:Terma
3182:Zazen
3118:Faith
3071:Mettā
2752:Karma
2712:Bardo
2679:Asita
2669:Khema
2659:Upāli
2644:Nanda
2482:(son)
2456:Māyā
2433:Films
2310:Index
2097:Delhi
1990:63–64
1904:seas.
1667:whisk
1663:vajra
1434:gotra
1367:Nayak
1327:Dewan
1280:Pasha
1275:Mirza
1260:Jenmi
1240:Damat
1184:Baron
1163:Begum
1109:Boila
1070:Count
1010:Nizam
1000:Tegin
990:Morza
985:Mirza
965:Nawab
945:Patil
925:Pasha
866:Nawab
861:Nizam
851:Hatun
811:Malik
656:Chola
644:Varna
579:Gupta
497:. In
448:is a
359:Chola
229:Kanji
6216:Yoga
6063:Gods
5249:Tapa
5077:Jīva
4958:Gods
4733:Pāḷi
4718:Māra
4628:Flag
4029:Iran
3953:Tuva
3898:Laos
3526:Lama
3374:Śīla
3342:Śīla
3330:Pīti
3320:Sati
3271:Puja
3192:Koan
3098:Dāna
2689:Yasa
2576:Tārā
2217:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2105:ISBN
2046:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1878:ISSN
1669:and
1625:The
1332:Agha
1317:Lala
1305:Bibi
1290:Baig
1270:Mian
1203:Rais
1193:Agha
1188:Lala
1159:Baig
1154:Kadi
1124:Azat
1114:Wāli
1066:Earl
1045:Shad
930:Babu
910:Rana
905:Raja
895:Emir
891:Duke
841:Khan
826:Shah
802:King
722:and
712:West
658:and
610:and
556:and
509:)".
493:and
385:IAST
319:転輪聖王
313:転輪王
241:転輪聖王
235:転輪王
174:轉輪聖王
88:Pali
5996:Law
5991:Art
5673:Goa
4455:Art
4391:Wat
2927:Zen
1604:.
1588:In
1568:".
1566:Son
1423:or
1285:Bey
1161:or
1149:Bey
1068:or
1040:Mir
889:or
856:Dey
710:in
688:at
113:轉輪王
6261::
6211:Om
3957:ru
2152:.
2103:.
2099::
2095:.
2075:^
2040:.
2018:70
1998:^
1984:.
1941:^
1932:.
1872:.
1858:^
1848:.
1832:81
1665:,
1657:,
1258::
1186::
1137::
1072::
893::
804::
744::
718:,
714:,
702:on
654:,
599:.
544:.
439:.
387::
383:,
379::
369:A
316:or
296:or
267:or
238:or
6145:e
6138:t
6131:v
4937:e
4930:t
4923:v
3959:)
3955:(
3173:)
3169:(
2264:e
2257:t
2250:v
2211:.
2181:.
2113:.
2054:.
2020:.
1992:.
1884:.
1852:.
1834:.
1404:e
1397:t
1390:v
468:(
375:(
350:.
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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