31:
121:) or dhātu cetiya, the remains of Gautama Buddha's body, are the category commonly considered "relics" today by Western observers, and were responsible for major forms of Buddhist art and symbolism, although they only constitute one of the three categories of reminders. Most frequently preserved parts of Buddha's body are tooth and bone, because these parts would remain after the rest of the body decayed. (But note that the body of the Buddha was cremated) The
3426:
3437:
835:
822:
173:
765:
201:
812:
755:
212:
The final category, udesaka or uddesika cetiya, literally translates as "indicative reminders" or "votive objects", for example images of the Buddha. Udesaka do not have any physical connection to the Buddha but still serve as relics because they were created in his memory. Originally udesaka were
141:
after the first half. Beyond the stupa itself, sārīraka are used across the
Buddhist world, in such quantity that not all could be legitimate; in this sense the sārīraka functions mainly as a symbol, with the importance of authenticity varying between cultures.
240:. There does not seem to have been any prohibition of creating images of the Buddha. Rather, creating images of the paribhogaka was regarded as a more fulfilling and meaningful symbol by the early Buddhists, evoking the discovery of Buddhist understanding (
145:
The body parts of especially powerful monks are also called sārīraka, but these usually take on the form of bright jewels formed during the cremation of the body.
192:. Sometimes these footprints are also classed as udesaka, a representation of the Buddha's foot, or sārīraka, implying that the footprint was the foot itself.
1576:
125:
in Sri Lanka is the most notable site where a relic is visibly preserved, but hundreds of such sites were created, in the architectural form now called a
2491:
966:
723:
422:
2495:
93:
2719:
936:
588:
80:, was added later to remind monks that the true memory of Gautama Buddha can be found in his teachings. While these can be broadly called
1044:
630:
779:
801:
514:
91:
was a term for a shrine or holy place in the landscape, generally outdoors, inhabited by, or sacred to, a particular deity. In the
153:
The paribhoga cetiya, things used by the Buddha, would seem at first to be a nonexistent category today. However, temples such as
3311:
2763:
2966:
946:
679:
758:
436:
1129:
971:
728:
768:
3462:
3306:
3203:
2753:
848:
188:, which are found across the Buddhist world symbolizing the ground that Buddha walked on and the powerful size of his
169:, which was transplanted across Southeast Asia; cuttings of the original bodhi tree still survive today in Sri Lanka.
1049:
733:
3296:
482:
2981:
2726:
699:
122:
3373:
3363:
1192:
37:, one of the biggest Chedis in Thailand; in Thai, the term Chedi (cetiya) is used interchangeably with the term
3318:
2971:
2773:
2664:
2609:
1182:
684:
3288:
2986:
2669:
961:
794:
689:
2871:
2743:
2714:
2416:
507:
2562:
2471:
1941:
1586:
1099:
994:
603:
544:
2106:
3411:
2891:
2367:
1853:
976:
809:
738:
659:
2301:
161:
claim to keep his robe and begging bowl. The category also includes all places the Buddha visited, so
3301:
3114:
3104:
2976:
1959:
1539:
1300:
1275:
652:
1325:
373:
3467:
3406:
2758:
2572:
2550:
2543:
2446:
1979:
1599:
1415:
1360:
981:
787:
598:
3343:
3323:
2654:
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2391:
2121:
1365:
576:
500:
106:
84:, the emphasis tends to be on a historical connection to the Buddha and not a metaphysical one.
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2604:
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2101:
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1571:
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1315:
487:
241:
1683:
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3328:
2909:
2841:
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2589:
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2508:
2503:
2421:
951:
716:
426:
237:
1974:
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3333:
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2748:
2694:
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2518:
2486:
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2466:
2451:
2441:
2406:
2319:
2011:
1934:
1237:
1177:
926:
893:
843:
664:
554:
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1836:
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1631:
1507:
1245:
8:
3188:
3067:
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2686:
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2538:
2528:
2456:
2383:
1814:
1671:
1452:
1430:
1382:
1202:
1002:
858:
838:
613:
262:
1162:
1089:
452:
Huntington, Susan L. (1992). "Aniconism and the
Multivalence of Emblems: Another Look".
3251:
3156:
2998:
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2886:
2836:
2783:
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307:
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2411:
2138:
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1809:
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1512:
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1355:
1290:
1222:
1109:
866:
571:
549:
432:
348:
34:
2373:
1167:
1067:
333:. Promotion and Public Relations Sub-Division, Fine Arts Department. pp. 14–15.
225:"wheel of the dharma", falls under this category as a reminder of Buddhist insight.
3077:
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3025:
2881:
2846:
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2816:
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2111:
1767:
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1534:
1420:
1084:
956:
704:
647:
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185:
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2156:
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were produced in great numbers, followed later by paintings and other images. The
30:
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3136:
2934:
2914:
2856:
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2431:
2329:
2176:
1912:
1895:
1880:
1858:
1410:
1280:
1114:
1094:
328:
311:
73:
2186:
1340:
1330:
76:." Griswold, in contrast, states that three are traditional and the fourth, the
3396:
3099:
2949:
2731:
2311:
2291:
2211:
1900:
1890:
1824:
1661:
1147:
1010:
618:
387:
Huntington, Susan L. (1990). "Early
Buddhist Art and the Theory of Aniconism".
257:
214:
61:
19:
This article is about reminders of the Buddha. For the architectural form, see
492:
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3166:
3015:
2324:
2226:
2084:
1885:
1863:
1799:
1470:
1265:
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821:
711:
1624:
1614:
986:
608:
189:
69:
3256:
3241:
3211:
3161:
3151:
2993:
2788:
2281:
2116:
1994:
1782:
1777:
1604:
1475:
1350:
811:
564:
347:, Edited by Akira Shimada and Michael Willis, p. 25, British Museum, 2016,
229:
222:
2039:
2024:
1984:
1681:
1345:
921:
3226:
3055:
2196:
2181:
1964:
1772:
1700:
1480:
1310:
1212:
1059:
931:
583:
158:
118:
3216:
1676:
3171:
3129:
3005:
2811:
2736:
2350:
2334:
2296:
2276:
2171:
2146:
2054:
1989:
1969:
1715:
1646:
1517:
1400:
1370:
1305:
1255:
913:
903:
876:
643:
559:
527:
523:
465:
218:
166:
2191:
1187:
408:
165:
itself functions as a paribhogaka. The most common paribhogaka is the
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2286:
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1873:
1789:
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1529:
1522:
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1172:
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1104:
1079:
1034:
639:
162:
2919:
1755:
1609:
1375:
1157:
1026:
1018:
623:
172:
3436:
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3231:
3176:
3141:
3045:
2704:
2271:
2266:
2216:
2151:
2069:
2034:
2029:
1690:
1561:
1549:
1460:
1119:
816:
539:
400:
233:
205:
154:
57:
48:
2261:
2251:
2236:
2059:
1929:
1197:
200:
3181:
3124:
3109:
2256:
2246:
2221:
2096:
2091:
2049:
2019:
1951:
1917:
1804:
1745:
1740:
1594:
1497:
1335:
1285:
1072:
898:
635:
213:
secondary to paribhogaka and sārīraka, but with the influence of
24:
1868:
1636:
428:
Imaging Wisdom: Seeing and
Knowing in the Art of Indian Buddhism
3261:
3246:
3082:
2944:
2924:
2699:
2361:
2241:
2231:
2166:
1794:
1750:
1735:
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1695:
1619:
1502:
1270:
1142:
886:
881:
98:
77:
3401:
3236:
3094:
3060:
3040:
3010:
2939:
2356:
2201:
2079:
2074:
2044:
1999:
1846:
1841:
1720:
1425:
1250:
1217:
1207:
674:
669:
126:
38:
20:
23:. For the wider meaning as a shrine in Indic religions, see
3271:
2064:
1730:
1227:
345:
Amaravati: The Art of an Early
Buddhist Monument in Context
248:
for the image of Buddha himself is currently under debate.
228:
The conventional view has long been this meant that early
2929:
1465:
180:, showing the Buddhist wheel and a larger-than-life foot
16:
Objects and places used by
Buddhists to remember Buddha
374:"Asian Historical Architecture: A Photographic Survey"
204:
Buddha's departure from the lay life as depicted at
306:
297:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 19
184:Another extremely common paribhoga cetiya is the
97:, near the end of his life the Buddha remarks to
3454:
522:
293:Kalingabodhi jātaka, as quoted in John Strong,
795:
508:
363:(École française d'extrême-orient, 2003), 171
1577:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
320:
236:. However, this view has recently been the
802:
788:
515:
501:
451:
386:
133:, retaining the second half of the phrase
326:
300:
289:
287:
285:
283:
199:
171:
29:
2764:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
421:
313:A History of Buddhist Monuments in Siam
3455:
2967:List of Buddhist architecture in China
764:
68:, four kinds are distinguished in the
783:
496:
280:
72:: "Relic , Memorial , Teaching , and
754:
359:Pierre Pichard, François Lagirarde,
238:subject of debate among specialists
129:. In Thai, these stupas are called
13:
2754:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
366:
244:). Whether these scenes contained
56:), are objects and places used by
14:
3479:
734:Gautama Buddha in world religions
476:
3435:
3425:
3424:
2982:Thai temple art and architecture
2727:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
967:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
833:
820:
810:
763:
753:
316:. Siam Society. pp. 10, 21.
123:relic of the tooth of the Buddha
834:
327:Griswold, Alexander B. (1990).
2972:Japanese Buddhist architecture
2774:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
1854:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1045:Places where the Buddha stayed
445:
415:
380:
353:
337:
208:in the early second century CE
148:
101:how beautiful are the various
94:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
47:, "reminders" or "memorials" (
1:
2987:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
273:
2744:Buddhism and the Roman world
2720:Decline of Buddhism in India
2715:History of Buddhism in India
815: Topics in
7:
1942:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
1682:
251:
112:
10:
3484:
3463:Buddhist religious objects
2892:The unanswerable questions
195:
137:; in Lao, they are called
18:
3420:
3372:
3287:
3202:
2977:Buddhist temples in Korea
2900:
2802:
2685:
2382:
2310:
2137:
2010:
1950:
1585:
1540:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1451:
1443:Three planes of existence
1391:
1236:
1128:
1058:
1050:Buddha in world religions
912:
857:
829:
749:
535:
431:. Routledge. p. 77.
2759:Persecution of Buddhists
1980:Four stages of awakening
1361:Three marks of existence
947:Physical characteristics
680:Physical characteristics
488:Jataka of Kassapa Buddha
2122:Ten principal disciples
1005:(aunt, adoptive mother)
577:ten principal disciples
330:What is a Buddha Image?
117:The sārīraka (Sanskrit
2832:Buddhism and democracy
2345:Tibetan Buddhist canon
2340:Chinese Buddhist canon
1572:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1567:Early Buddhist schools
361:The Buddhist Monastery
209:
181:
87:In pre-Buddhist India
41:
2842:Eight Consciousnesses
952:Life of Buddha in art
219:statues of the Buddha
203:
175:
33:
3319:East Asian religions
2749:Buddhism in the West
2320:Early Buddhist texts
1935:Four Right Exertions
1401:Ten spiritual realms
894:Noble Eightfold Path
555:Noble Eightfold Path
483:Kalinga-Bodhi Jataka
343:Skilling, Peter, in
295:Relics of the Buddha
3442:Religion portal
3189:Temple of the Tooth
3068:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2107:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
1600:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
1383:Two truths doctrine
1203:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1003:Mahapajapati Gotamī
614:Mahapajapati Gotami
263:Stupas in Sri Lanka
3364:Western philosophy
2962:Dzong architecture
2784:Vipassana movement
2779:Buddhist modernism
2207:Emperor Wen of Sui
1975:Pratyekabuddhayāna
1908:Threefold Training
1710:Vipassana movement
1426:Hungry Ghost realm
1246:Avidyā (Ignorance)
1193:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
942:Great Renunciation
937:Eight Great Events
819:
594:Great Renunciation
589:Eight Great Events
308:Damrongrāchānuphāp
268:Stupas in Cambodia
210:
182:
82:Buddhist symbolism
66:Damrong Rajanubhab
42:
3450:
3449:
3088:Om mani padme hum
2794:Women in Buddhism
2710:Buddhist councils
2580:Western countries
2368:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
2129:Shaolin Monastery
1706:Samatha-vipassanā
1316:Pratītyasamutpāda
1120:Metteyya/Maitreya
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
867:Four Noble Truths
777:
776:
550:Four Noble Truths
438:978-1-136-77924-4
35:Phra Pathom Chedi
3475:
3440:
3439:
3428:
3427:
3267:Sacred languages
3115:Maya Devi Temple
3078:Mahabodhi Temple
2882:Secular Buddhism
2847:Engaged Buddhism
1687:
1535:Tibetan Buddhism
1486:Vietnamese Thiền
1085:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
837:
836:
824:
814:
804:
797:
790:
781:
780:
767:
766:
757:
756:
653:pilgrimage sites
648:Mahabodhi Temple
517:
510:
503:
494:
493:
470:
469:
449:
443:
442:
423:Kinnard, Jacob N
419:
413:
412:
384:
378:
377:
370:
364:
357:
351:
341:
335:
334:
324:
318:
317:
304:
298:
291:
186:Buddha footprint
178:Buddha footprint
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3468:Buddhist relics
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3434:
3416:
3368:
3283:
3198:
2935:Ordination hall
2896:
2798:
2769:Buddhist crisis
2681:
2378:
2330:Mahayana sutras
2306:
2302:Thích Nhất Hạnh
2133:
2006:
1946:
1896:Bodhisattva vow
1581:
1447:
1387:
1346:Taṇhā (Craving)
1281:Five hindrances
1232:
1124:
1054:
908:
853:
825:
808:
778:
773:
745:
531:
521:
479:
474:
473:
450:
446:
439:
420:
416:
385:
381:
372:
371:
367:
358:
354:
342:
338:
325:
321:
305:
301:
292:
281:
276:
254:
198:
151:
115:
64:. According to
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3432:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2999:Greco-Buddhist
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2950:Burmese pagoda
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2732:Greco-Buddhism
2729:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2665:United Kingdom
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2610:Czech Republic
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2374:Abhidharmadīpa
2371:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:B. R. Ambedkar
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:Songtsen Gampo
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:Eight precepts
1888:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1662:Five Strengths
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1301:Mental factors
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:Mahamoggallāna
1150:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1068:Avalokiteśvara
1064:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
918:
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
890:
889:
884:
879:
869:
863:
861:
855:
854:
852:
851:
846:
841:
830:
827:
826:
807:
806:
799:
792:
784:
775:
774:
772:
771:
761:
750:
747:
746:
744:
743:
742:
741:
731:
726:
721:
720:
719:
709:
708:
707:
702:
697:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
656:
655:
650:
628:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
596:
591:
586:
581:
580:
579:
569:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
545:Core teachings
542:
536:
533:
532:
528:Gautama Buddha
520:
519:
512:
505:
497:
491:
490:
485:
478:
477:External links
475:
472:
471:
454:Ars Orientalis
444:
437:
414:
401:10.2307/777142
395:(4): 401–408.
379:
365:
352:
336:
319:
299:
278:
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
258:Burmese pagoda
253:
250:
215:Greco-Buddhism
197:
194:
150:
147:
114:
111:
62:Gautama Buddha
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3480:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3204:Miscellaneous
3201:
3195:
3194:Vegetarianism
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Buddha in art
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:United States
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Padmasambhava
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2139:Major figures
2136:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2085:Western tulku
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Five precepts
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Dhamma vicaya
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:Buddhābhiṣeka
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Enlightenment
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Dhamma theory
1264:
1262:
1261:Buddha-nature
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Samantabhadra
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1001:
999:
993:
991:
985:
984:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
915:
911:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
862:
860:
856:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
832:
831:
828:
823:
818:
813:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
785:
782:
770:
762:
760:
752:
751:
748:
740:
737:
736:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
718:
715:
714:
713:
712:Buddha in art
710:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
654:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
534:
529:
525:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
498:
495:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
467:
463:
459:
455:
448:
440:
434:
430:
429:
424:
418:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
383:
375:
369:
362:
356:
350:
346:
340:
332:
331:
323:
315:
314:
309:
303:
296:
290:
288:
286:
284:
279:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
207:
202:
193:
191:
187:
179:
174:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
146:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:
90:
85:
83:
79:
78:Buddha Dhamma
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
50:
46:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
3382:Bodhisattvas
3302:Christianity
3297:Baháʼí Faith
3162:Dharmachakra
3152:Prayer wheel
3142:Prayer beads
2910:Architecture
2789:969 Movement
2573:Saudi Arabia
2551:Central Asia
2544:South Africa
2366:
2349:
2282:Panchen Lama
2187:Buddhapālita
1783:Satipatthana
1778:Mindful Yoga
1691:Recollection
1605:Brahmavihara
1476:Japanese Zen
1471:Chinese Chan
1431:Animal realm
1238:Key concepts
1060:Bodhisattvas
872:Three Jewels
694:
457:
453:
447:
427:
417:
392:
388:
382:
368:
360:
355:
344:
339:
329:
322:
312:
302:
294:
245:
230:Buddhist art
227:
223:dharmachakra
211:
183:
152:
144:
138:
135:dhātu cetiya
134:
130:
116:
102:
92:
88:
86:
60:to remember
52:
51:
44:
43:
3227:Dharma talk
3056:Asalha Puja
2852:Eschatology
2655:Switzerland
2635:New Zealand
2563:Middle East
2472:Philippines
2392:Afghanistan
2197:Bodhidharma
2182:Buddhaghosa
2102:Householder
2012:Monasticism
1965:Bodhisattva
1820:Prostration
1773:Mindfulness
1701:Anapanasati
1684:Kammaṭṭhāna
1481:Korean Seon
1421:Asura realm
1416:Human realm
1356:Ten Fetters
1311:Parinirvana
1213:Uppalavanna
1178:Mahākaccana
1163:Mahākassapa
1095:Kṣitigarbha
1090:Ākāśagarbha
987:Suddhodāna
932:Four sights
859:Foundations
724:Iconography
717:life in art
584:Four sights
460:: 111–156.
389:Art Journal
246:substitutes
159:South Korea
149:Paribhogaka
3457:Categories
3344:Psychology
3324:Gnosticism
3312:Comparison
3307:Influences
3289:Comparison
3172:Bhavacakra
3130:Kushinagar
3105:Pilgrimage
3051:Māgha Pūjā
3006:Bodhi Tree
2822:Buddhology
2812:Abhidharma
2804:Philosophy
2737:Menander I
2605:Costa Rica
2556:Uzbekistan
2397:Bangladesh
2351:Dhammapada
2335:Pali Canon
2297:Ajahn Chah
2277:Dalai Lama
2177:Kumārajīva
2172:Vasubandhu
2147:The Buddha
2055:Zen master
1990:Sakadagami
1970:Buddhahood
1901:Pratimokṣa
1716:Shikantaza
1672:Meditation
1647:Deity yoga
1518:Madhyamaka
1411:Deva realm
1306:Mindstream
1256:Bodhicitta
1168:Aṅgulimāla
1035:Devadatta
1011:Yaśodharā
914:The Buddha
904:Middle Way
644:Bodhi Tree
609:Śuddhodana
560:Middle Way
524:The Buddha
274:References
190:dhammakāya
167:Bodhi Tree
70:Pāli Canon
3412:Festivals
3392:Buddhists
3354:Theosophy
3157:Symbolism
3147:Hama yumi
3120:Bodh Gaya
2887:Socialism
2862:Evolution
2837:Economics
2675:Venezuela
2590:Australia
2585:Argentina
2509:Sri Lanka
2504:Singapore
2422:Indonesia
2384:Countries
2325:Tripiṭaka
2287:Ajahn Mun
2162:Nagarjuna
2157:Aśvaghoṣa
2040:Anagārika
2035:Śrāmaṇerī
2030:Śrāmaṇera
2025:Bhikkhunī
1985:Sotāpanna
1874:Passaddhi
1815:Offerings
1790:Nekkhamma
1667:Iddhipada
1587:Practices
1557:Theravada
1530:Vajrayana
1523:Yogachara
1493:Pure Land
1406:Six Paths
1393:Cosmology
1173:Anuruddha
1148:Sāriputta
1138:Kaundinya
1130:Disciples
1105:Vajrapāṇi
957:Footprint
922:Tathāgata
769:Wikiquote
705:footprint
640:Bodh Gaya
619:Yaśodharā
572:Disciples
163:Bodh Gaya
58:Buddhists
3430:Category
3359:Violence
3329:Hinduism
3277:Sanskrit
3232:Hinayana
3217:Amitābha
3177:Swastika
3046:Uposatha
3036:Holidays
3021:Calendar
2867:Humanism
2705:Kanishka
2695:Timeline
2519:Thailand
2487:Kalmykia
2482:Buryatia
2467:Pakistan
2452:Mongolia
2447:Maldives
2442:Malaysia
2407:Cambodia
2272:Shamarpa
2267:Nichiren
2217:Xuanzang
2152:Nagasena
2070:Rinpoche
1800:Pāramitā
1642:Devotion
1562:Navayana
1550:Dzogchen
1513:Nichiren
1461:Mahayana
1453:Branches
1331:Saṅkhāra
1080:Mañjuśrī
1037:(cousin)
1029:(cousin)
997:(mother)
989:(father)
977:Miracles
927:Birthday
844:Glossary
817:Buddhism
739:Hinduism
675:Prophecy
665:Birthday
660:Miracles
540:Buddhism
425:(2013).
310:(1962).
252:See also
234:aniconic
206:Gandhara
155:Tongdosa
113:Sārīraka
107:Vaishali
49:Sanskrit
3407:Temples
3387:Buddhas
3349:Science
3339:Judaism
3334:Jainism
3252:Lineage
3212:Abhijñā
3182:Thangka
3125:Sarnath
3110:Lumbini
3031:Funeral
3026:Cuisine
2902:Culture
2877:Reality
2827:Creator
2817:Atomism
2687:History
2660:Ukraine
2620:Germany
2539:Senegal
2529:Vietnam
2457:Myanmar
2257:Shinran
2247:Karmapa
2222:Shandao
2192:Dignāga
2117:Śrāvaka
2097:Donchee
2092:Kappiya
2050:Sayadaw
2020:Bhikkhu
1995:Anāgāmi
1952:Nirvana
1918:Samadhi
1805:Paritta
1746:Tonglen
1741:Mandala
1696:Smarana
1677:Mantras
1625:Upekkha
1595:Bhavana
1545:Shingon
1498:Tiantai
1351:Tathātā
1341:Śūnyatā
1336:Skandha
1326:Saṃsāra
1321:Rebirth
1296:Kleshas
1286:Indriya
1188:Subhūti
1073:Guanyin
1027:Ānanda
1019:Rāhula
899:Nirvana
839:Outline
759:Commons
636:Lumbini
565:Sayings
466:4629428
196:Udesaka
25:Chaitya
3402:Sutras
3397:Suttas
3262:Siddhi
3247:Koliya
3222:Brahmā
3137:Poetry
3083:Mantra
3073:Kasaya
2945:Pagoda
2925:Kyaung
2920:Vihāra
2915:Temple
2857:Ethics
2700:Ashoka
2650:Sweden
2645:Poland
2640:Norway
2630:Mexico
2615:France
2600:Canada
2595:Brazil
2534:Africa
2514:Taiwan
2477:Russia
2402:Bhutan
2362:Vinaya
2242:Naropa
2232:Saraha
2167:Asanga
1923:Prajñā
1832:Refuge
1795:Nianfo
1756:Tertön
1751:Tantra
1736:Ganana
1726:Tukdam
1652:Dhyāna
1620:Mudita
1615:Karuṇā
1508:Risshū
1503:Huayan
1436:Naraka
1376:Anattā
1371:Dukkha
1366:Anicca
1271:Dharma
1223:Channa
1158:Ānanda
1143:Assaji
1110:Skanda
1013:(wife)
982:Family
962:Relics
887:Sangha
882:Dharma
877:Buddha
695:Cetiya
690:Relics
631:Places
624:Rāhula
599:Family
464:
435:
409:777142
407:
119:śarīra
105:round
103:caitya
99:Ananda
89:caitya
74:votive
53:caitya
45:Cetiya
3374:Lists
3242:Kalpa
3237:Iddhi
3100:Music
3095:Mudra
3061:Vassa
3041:Vesak
3011:Budai
2957:Candi
2940:Stupa
2872:Logic
2625:Italy
2524:Tibet
2462:Nepal
2432:Korea
2427:Japan
2417:India
2412:China
2357:Sutra
2312:Texts
2262:Dōgen
2252:Hōnen
2237:Atiśa
2202:Zhiyi
2112:Achar
2080:Tulku
2075:Geshe
2060:Rōshi
2045:Ajahn
2000:Arhat
1960:Bodhi
1930:Vīrya
1847:Sacca
1842:Satya
1837:Sādhu
1825:Music
1768:Merit
1761:Terma
1721:Zazen
1657:Faith
1610:Mettā
1291:Karma
1251:Bardo
1218:Asita
1208:Khema
1198:Upāli
1183:Nanda
1021:(son)
995:Māyā
972:Films
849:Index
729:Films
700:tooth
685:Death
670:Modak
462:JSTOR
405:JSTOR
242:pañña
131:chedī
127:stupa
39:Stupa
21:stupa
3272:Pāḷi
3257:Māra
3167:Flag
2568:Iran
2492:Tuva
2437:Laos
2065:Lama
1913:Śīla
1881:Śīla
1869:Pīti
1859:Sati
1810:Puja
1731:Koan
1637:Dāna
1228:Yasa
1115:Tārā
604:Maya
433:ISBN
232:was
139:that
2994:Art
2930:Wat
1466:Zen
397:doi
349:PDF
157:in
3459::
2496:ru
646:,
642:,
638:,
458:22
456:.
403:.
393:49
391:.
282:^
217:,
176:A
109:.
2498:)
2494:(
1712:)
1708:(
803:e
796:t
789:v
530:)
526:(
516:e
509:t
502:v
468:.
441:.
411:.
399::
376:.
27:.
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