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unenlightened and someone who made mistakes. At the same time, however, he was completely devoted to service to the Buddha. The Buddha is depicted in the early texts as both a father and a teacher to Ānanda, stern but compassionate. Ānanda was very fond of and attached to the Buddha, willing to give his life for him. He mourned the deaths of both the Buddha and Sāriputta, with whom he enjoyed a close friendship: in both cases Ānanda was very shocked. Ānanda's faith in the Buddha, however, constituted more of a faith in a person, especially the Buddha's person, as opposed to faith in the Buddha's teaching. This is a pattern which comes back in the accounts which lead to the offenses Ānanda was charged with during the First
Council. Moreover, Ānanda's weaknesses described in the texts were that he was sometimes slow-witted and lacked mindfulness, which became noticeable because of his role as attendant to the Buddha: this involved minor matters like deportment, but also more important matters, such as ordaining a man with no future as a pupil, or disturbing the Buddha at the wrong time. For example, one time Mahākassapa chastised Ānanda in strong words, criticizing the fact that Ānanda was travelling with a large following of young monks who appeared untrained and who had built up a bad reputation. In another episode described in a Sarvāstivāda text, Ānanda is the only disciple who was willing to teach
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their job very well. Initially, several of the Buddha's foremost disciples responded to his request, but the Buddha did not accept them. All the while Ānanda remained quiet. When he was asked why, he said that the Buddha would know best whom to choose, upon which the Buddha responded by choosing Ānanda. Ānanda agreed to take on the position, on the condition that he did not receive any material benefits from the Buddha. Accepting such benefits would open him up to criticism that he chose the position because of ulterior motives. He also requested that the Buddha allow him to accept invitations on his behalf, allow him to ask questions about his doctrine, and repeat any teaching that the Buddha had taught in Ānanda's absence. These requests would help people trust Ānanda and show that the Buddha was sympathetic to his attendant. Furthermore, Ānanda considered these the real advantages of being an attendant, which is why he requested them.
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1492:Ānanda felt humiliated, but was prompted to focus his efforts to reach enlightenment before the council started. The Mūlasarvāstivāda texts add that he felt motivated when he remembered the Buddha's words that he should be his own refuge, and when he was consoled and advised by Anuruddha and Vajjiputta, the latter being his attendant. On the night before the event, he tried hard to attain enlightenment. After a while, Ānanda took a break and decided to lie down for a rest. He then attained enlightenment right there, right then, halfway between standing and lying down. Thus, Ānanda was known as the disciple who attained awakening "in none of the
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2228:. In many Indian Sanskrit and East Asian texts, Ānanda is considered the second patriarch of the lineage which transmitted the teaching of the Buddha, with Mahākassapa being the first and Majjhantika or Saṇavāsī being the third. There is an account dating back from the Sarvāstivāda and Mūlasarvāstivāda textual traditions which states that before Mahākassapa died, he bestowed the Buddha's teaching on Ānanda as a formal passing on of authority, telling Ānanda to pass the teaching on to Ānanda's pupil Saṇavāsī. Later, just before Ānanda died, he did as Mahākassapa had told him to. Buddhist studies scholars
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passage on Māra obstructing the Buddha was inserted in the fourth century BCE, and that Ānanda was blamed for Māra's doing by inserting the passage of Ānanda's forgetfulness in the third century BCE. The passage in which the Buddha was ill and reminded Ānanda to be his own refuge, on the other hand, Bareau regarded as very ancient, pre-dating the passages blaming Māra and Ānanda. In conclusion, Bareau, Przyluski and Horner argued that the offenses Ānanda were charged with were a later interpolation. Findly disagrees, however, because the account in the texts of monastic discipline fits in with the
4233:, p. 80:"En outre, cet épisode très beau, touchant de noblesse et de vraisemblance psychologique tant en ce qui regarde Ânanda qu'en ce qui concerne le Buddha, paraît bien remonter très loin, à l'époque où les auteurs, comme les autres disciples, considéraient encore le Bienheureux comme un homme, un maître éminemment respectable mais nullement divinisé, auquel on prêtait un comportement et des paroles tout à fait humaines, de telle sorte qu'on est même tenté de voir là le souvenir d'une scène réelle qu'Ânanda aurait racontée à la Communauté dans les mois qui suivirent le Parinirvâna."
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banned from the council, he objected that he had not done anything that went against the teaching and discipline of the Buddha. Mahākassapa then listed seven charges to counter Ānanda's objection. The charges were similar to the five given in Pāli. Other textual traditions list slightly different charges, amounting to a combined total of eleven charges, some of which are only mentioned in one or two textual traditions. Considering that an enlightened disciple was seen to have overcome all faults, it seems more likely that the charges were laid before Ānanda's attainment than after.
2010:Ānanda was teaching till the end of his life. According to Mūlasarvāstivāda sources, Ānanda heard a young monk recite a verse incorrectly, and advised him. When the monk reported this to his teacher, the latter objected that "Ānanda has grown old and his memory is impaired ..." This prompted Ānanda to attain final Nirvana. He passed on the "custody of the doctrine" to his pupil Sāṇavāsī and left for the river Ganges. However, according to Pāli sources, when Ānanda was about to die, he decided to spend his final moments in Vesālī instead, and traveled to the river
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886:, the Buddha's foster-mother, requested to offer robes for personal use for the Buddha. She said that even though she had raised the Buddha in his youth, she never gave anything in person to the young prince; she now wished to do so. The Buddha initially insisted that she give the robe to the community as a whole rather than to be attached to his person. However, Ānanda interceded and mediated, suggesting that the Buddha had better accept the robe. Eventually the Buddha did, but not without pointing out to Ānanda that good deeds like
1304:"Moreover, this very beautiful episode, touching with nobility and psychological verisimilitude with regard to both Ānanda and the Buddha, seems to go back very far, at the time when the authors, like the other disciples, still considered the Blessed One a man, an eminently respectable and undefiled master, to whom behavior and utterly human words were lent, so that one is even tempted to see there the memory of a real scene which Ānanda reportedly told to the Community in the months following the Parinirvāṇa ."
421:) to allow her to be ordained. Ānanda also accompanied the Buddha in the last year of his life, and therefore was witness to many tenets and principles that the Buddha conveyed before his death, including the well-known principle that the Buddhist community should take his teaching and discipline as their refuge, and that he would not appoint a new leader. The final period of the Buddha's life also shows that Ānanda was very much attached to the Buddha's person, and he saw the Buddha's passing with great sorrow.
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1697:) and schools that emphasized monastic discipline. These differences have affected the scriptures of each tradition: e.g. the Pāli and Mahīśāsaka textual traditions portray a Mahākassapa that is more critical of Ānanda than that the Sarvāstivāda tradition depicts him, reflecting a preference for discipline above discourse on the part of the former traditions, and a preference for discourse for the latter. Another example is the recitations during the First Council. The Pāli texts state that
1428:), where he was met with a sad populace, who he consoled with teachings on impermanence. After that, Ānanda went to the quarters of the Buddha and went through the motions of the routine he formerly performed when the Buddha was still alive, such as preparing water and cleaning the quarters. He then saluted and talked to the quarters as though the Buddha was still there. The Pāli commentaries state that Ānanda did this out of devotion, but also because he was "not yet free from the
1666:. With regard to having women ordained, Ānanda answered that he had done this with great effort, because Mahāpajāpati was the Buddha's foster-mother who had long provided for him. With regard to not requesting the Buddha to continue to live, many textual traditions have Ānanda respond by saying he was distracted by Māra, though one early Chinese text has Ānanda reply he did not request the Buddha to prolong his life, for fear that this would interfere with the next Buddha
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1781:"He served the Buddha following him everywhere like a shadow, bringing him tooth wood and water, washing his feet, rubbing his body, cleaning his cell and fulfilling all his duties with the greatest care. By day he was at hand forestalling the slightest wish of the Buddha. At night, staff and torch in hand, he went nine times round the Buddha's cell and never put them down lest he would fall asleep and fail to answer a call to the Buddha."
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926:)'s concubines. They were so impressed by Ānanda's teaching, that they gave him five hundred robes, which Ānanda accepted. Having heard about this, King Udena criticized Ānanda for being greedy; Ānanda responded by explaining how every single robe was carefully used, reused and recycled by the monastic community, prompting the king to offer another five hundred robes. Ānanda also had a role in the Buddha's visit to
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1042:). They had walked 500 kilometres (310 mi), looked dirty, tired and depressed, and Ānanda felt pity for them. Ānanda therefore confirmed with the Buddha whether women could become enlightened as well. Although the Buddha conceded this, he did not allow the Sākiya women to be ordained yet. Ānanda then discussed with the Buddha how Mahāpajāpatī took care of him during his childhood, after the death of
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this also went hand-in-hand with a habit of not reflecting on those teachings, being afraid that reflection might distort the teachings as he heard them. At multiple occasions, Ānanda was warned by other disciples that he should spend less time on conversing to lay people, and more time on his own practice. Even though Ānanda regularly practiced meditation for long hours, he was less experienced in
1367:. Before the Buddha died, Ānanda recommended the Buddha to move to a more meaningful city instead, but the Buddha pointed out that the town was once a great capital. Ānanda then asked who will be next teacher after the Buddha would be gone, but the Buddha replied that his teaching and discipline would be the teacher instead. This meant that decisions should be made by reaching consensus within the
1382:) be shunned by his fellow monks, to humble his pride. In his final moments, the Buddha asked if anyone had any questions they wished to pose to him, as a final chance to allay any doubts. When no-one responded, Ānanda expressed joy that all of the Buddha's disciples present had attained a level beyond doubts about the Buddha's teaching. However, the Buddha pointed out that Ānanda spoke out of
1320:, the Buddhist personification of evil, had visited the Buddha, and the Buddha had decided to die in three months. When Ānanda heard this, he wept. The Buddha consoled him, however, pointing out that Ānanda had been a great attendant, being sensitive to the needs of different people. If he was earnest in his efforts, he would attain enlightenment soon. He then pointed out to Ānanda that all
633:(when Prince Siddhattha was 35 years old), and was therefore much younger than the Buddha. The latter tradition is corroborated by several instances in the Early Buddhist Texts, in which Ānanda appears younger than the Buddha, such as the passage in which the Buddha explained to Ānanda how old age was affecting him in body and mind. It is also corroborated by a verse in the Pāli text called
2380:'s translations, the magical spell of Prakṛti's mother does not work on Ānanda, and Prakṛti turns to the Buddha to explain her desires for Ānanda. The Buddha replies that a union between Prakṛti and Ānanda is possible, but Prakṛti must agree to the Buddha's conditions. Prakṛti agrees, and it is revealed that the Buddha means something else than she does: he asks Prakṛti to ordain as a
1485:. Mahākassapa therefore did not allow Ānanda to attend yet. Although he knew that Ānanda's presence in the council was required, he did not want to be biased by allowing an exception to the rule. The Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition adds that Mahākassapa initially allowed Ānanda to join as a sort of servant assisting during the council, but then was forced to remove him when the disciple
1746:, and based on that of the Second, since there were not any major problems to solve after the Buddha's death, or any other need to organize the First Council. Much material in the accounts, and even more so in the more developed later accounts, deal with Ānanda as the unsullied intermediary who passes on the legitimate teaching of the Buddha. On the other hand, archaeologist
1591:) as well. Scholar of religion Ronald Davidson notes, however, that this is not preceded by any account of Ānanda learning Abhidhamma. According to some later Mahāyāna accounts, Ānanda also assisted in reciting Mahāyāna texts, held in a different place in Rājagaha, but in the same time period. The Pāli commentaries state that after the council, when the tasks for
751:) during the Buddha's visit to Kapilavatthu, but later the Buddha met and taught Ānanda nonetheless. On a similar note, the Mahāvastu relates, however, that Mṛgī was initially opposed to Ānanda joining the holy life, because his brother Devadatta had already ordained and left the palace. Ānanda responded to his mother's resistance by moving to Videha (Sanskrit:
806:), one of the Buddha's main disciples. Sāriputta often taught Ānanda about the finer points of Buddhist doctrine; they were in the habit of sharing things with one another, and their relationship is described as a good friendship. In some Mūlasarvāstivāda texts, an attendant of Ānanda is also mentioned who helped motivate Ānanda when he was banned from the
1812:, each of the disciples is declared to be foremost in some quality. Ānanda is mentioned more often than any other disciple: he is named foremost in conduct, in attention to others, in power of memory, in erudition and in resoluteness. Ānanda was the subject of a sermon of praise delivered by the Buddha just before the Buddha's death, as described in the
855:Ānanda sometimes literally risked his life for his teacher. At one time, the rebellious monk Devadatta tried to kill the Buddha by having a drunk and wild elephant released in the Buddha's presence. Ānanda stepped in front of the Buddha to protect him. When the Buddha told him to move, he refused, although normally he always obeyed the Buddha. Through a
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death, which was not properly dressed, and during which his body was sullied by their tears; and for having failed to ask the Buddha to continue to live on. Ānanda did not acknowledge these as offenses, but he conceded to do a formal confession anyway, "... in faith of the opinion of the venerable elder monks"—Ānanda wanted to prevent disruption in the
1816:: it is a sermon about a man who is kindly, unselfish, popular, and thoughtful toward others. In the texts he is depicted as compassionate in his relations with lay people, a compassion he learnt from the Buddha. The Buddha relays that both monastics and lay people were pleased to see Ānanda, and were pleased to hear him
945:). In this passage, Ānanda stated that spiritual friendship is half of the holy life; the Buddha corrected Ānanda, stating that such friendship is the entire holy life. In summary, Ānanda worked as an assistant, intermediary and a mouthpiece, helping the Buddha in many ways, and learning his teachings in the process.
2241:. In Mahāyāna iconography, Ānanda is often depicted flanking the Buddha at the right side, together with Mahākassapa at the left. In Theravāda iconography, however, Ānanda is usually not depicted in this manner, and the motif of transmission of the Dhamma through a list of patriarchs is not found in Pāli sources.
334:, Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra) became his teacher. Twenty years in the Buddha's ministry, Ānanda became the attendant of the Buddha, when the Buddha selected him for this task. Ānanda performed his duties with great devotion and care, and acted as an intermediary between the Buddha and the laypeople, as well as the
2336:, said to have grown from a seed from the original Bodhi Tree under which the Buddha is depicted to have attained enlightenment. Many of this type of Bodhi Tree shrines in Southeast Asia were erected following this example. Presently, the Ānanda Bodhi Tree is sometimes identified with a tree at the ruins of
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to
Devadatta, who later would use these in an attempt to destroy the Buddha. According to a Mahīśāsaka text, however, when Devadatta had turned against the Buddha, Ānanda was not persuaded by him, and voted against him in a formal meeting. Ānanda's late spiritual growth is much discussed in Buddhist
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have been skeptical about many details in this account, including the number of participants on the council, and the account of Ānanda's enlightenment just before the council. Regardless, today, the story of Ānanda's struggle on the evening before the council is still told among
Buddhists as a piece
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should be reliant too much on a leader, not even himself. He then continued with the well-known statement to take his teaching as a refuge, and oneself as a refuge, without relying on any other refuge, also after he would be gone. Bareau argued that this is one of the most ancient parts of the text,
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In the first twenty years of the Buddha's ministry, the Buddha had several personal attendants. However, after these twenty years, when the Buddha was aged 55, the Buddha announced that he had need for a permanent attendant. The Buddha had been growing older, and his previous attendants had not done
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she strives for her spiritual salvation instead. Thus, the early
Buddhist account of Mahāpajāpati's ordination is replaced by that of Prakṛti. According to Wagner, by allowing Prakṛti to become ordained, the Buddha also completes his own aim in life: "e regards his existence in the world, whose aim
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to Ānanda. As
Buddhism prospered, more laypeople started to donate expensive cloth for robes, which put the monks at risk for theft. To decrease its commercial value, monks therefore cut up the cloth offered, before they sew a robe from it. The Buddha asked Ānanda to think of a model for a Buddhist
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region. During this conversation, which occurred shortly after the Buddha's death, Vassakara asked whether it was decided yet who would succeed the Buddha. Ānanda replied that no such successor had been appointed, but that the
Buddhist community took the Buddha's teaching and discipline as a refuge
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community, Ānanda asked the Buddha how such problems could be prevented after the Buddha's death. However, Findly argues that Ānanda's duty to memorize the Buddha's teachings accurately and without distortion, was "both a gift and a burden". Ānanda was able to remember many discourses verbatim, but
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once more. The Buddha had grown seriously ill in Vesālī, much to the concern of some of his disciples. Ānanda understood that the Buddha wished to leave final instructions before his death. The Buddha stated, however, that he had already taught everything needed, without withholding anything secret
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order, and the frequent discussions and differences of opinion that take place between Ānanda and Mahākassapa. Some scholars have seen merits in von Hinüber's argument with regard to the pro- and anti-factions, but as of 2017, no definitive evidence has been found for the theory of establishment of
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in many of the recorded dialogues. He tended the Buddha for a total of 25 years, a duty which entailed much work. His relationship with the Buddha is depicted as warm and trusting: when the Buddha grew ill, Ānanda had a sympathetic illness; when the Buddha grew older, Ānanda kept taking care of him
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deals with the themes of spiritual conflict, caste and social equality, and contains a strong critique of Indian society. Just like in the traditional account, Prakṛti falls in love with Ānanda, after he gives her self-esteem by accepting a gift of water from her. Prakṛti's mother casts a spell to
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in the texts, being an unenlightened disciple attending to an enlightened Buddha. Because the run-of the-mill person could identify with Ānanda, the Buddha could through Ānanda convey his teachings to the mass easily. Ānanda's character was in many ways a contradiction to that of the Buddha: being
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According to the Pāli tradition, the charges were laid after Ānanda had become enlightened and done all the recitations; but the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition has it that the charges were laid before Ānanda became enlightened and started the recitations. In this version, when Ānanda heard that he was
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for having enabled women to join the monastic order. Besides this, he was charged for having forgotten to request the Buddha to specify which offenses of monastic discipline could be disregarded; for having stepped on the Buddha's robe; for having allowed women to honor the Buddha's body after his
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the Buddha's death, and the introduction of Mahāpajāpati as the person requesting to do so is merely a literary device to connect the ordination of women with the person of the Buddha, through his foster mother. Von Hinüber concludes this based on several patterns in the early texts, including the
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and
Bibhuti Baruah have expressed skepticism about the teacher–student relationship between Mahākassapa and Ānanda, arguing that there was discord between the two, as indicated in the early texts. Regardless, it is clear from the texts that a relationship of transmission of teachings is meant, as
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The First
Council began when Ānanda was consulted to recite the discourses and to determine which were authentic and which were not. Mahākassapa asked of each discourse that Ānanda listed where, when, and to whom it was given, and at the end of this, the assembly agreed that Ānanda's memories and
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in mid-air, making his body go up in fire, with his relics landing on both banks of the river, or in some versions of the account, splitting in four parts. In this way, Ānanda had pleased all the parties involved. In some other versions of the account, including the Mūlasarvāstivāda version, his
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Tradition states that the First
Council lasted for seven months. Scholars doubt, however, whether the entire canon was really recited during the First Council, because the early texts contain different accounts on important subjects such as meditation. It may be, though, that early versions were
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has pointed out, however, that this prohibition only held for Ānanda, and only with regard to the Buddha's funeral ceremony. It has also been shown that the instructions on the funeral are quite late in origin, in both composition and insertion into the text, and are not found in parallel texts,
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order was set up five years after the Buddha's enlightenment, but, according to most textual traditions, Ānanda only became attendant twenty years after the Buddha's enlightenment. Furthermore, Mahāpajāpati was the Buddha's foster mother, and must therefore have been considerably older than him.
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extensively, Bareau distinguished two layers in the text, an older and a newer one, the former belonging to the compilers that emphasized discourse, the latter to the ones that emphasized discipline; the former emphasizing the figure of Ānanda, the latter Mahākassapa. He further argued that the
1496:" (walking, standing, sitting, or lying down). The next morning, to prove his enlightenment, Ānanda performed a supernatural accomplishment by diving into the earth and appearing on his seat at the council (or, according to some sources, by flying through the air). Scholars such as Buddhologist
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clan from Kusinārā to pay their final respects. Having returned, Ānanda asked the Buddha what should be done with his body after his death, and he replied that it should be cremated, giving detailed instructions on how this should be done. Since the Buddha prohibited Ānanda from being involved
822:) had an important role in Ānanda's life. He listened to a teaching of Ānanda and realized that Ānanda was not enlightened yet. Vajjiputta encouraged Ānanda to talk less to laypeople and deepen his meditation practice by retreating in the forest, advice that very much affected Ānanda.
1557:) was considered finalized and closed. Ānanda therefore played a crucial role in this council, and texts claim he remembered 84,000 teaching topics, among which 82,000 taught by the Buddha and another 2,000 taught by disciples. Many early Buddhist discourses started with the words "
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has responded to most of von
Hinuber's arguments, writing: "Besides requiring too many assumptions, this hypothesis conflicts with nearly 'all the evidence preserved in the texts together'", arguing that it was monastic discipline that created a distance between the Buddha and the
1404:, Anuruddha was able to use his meditative powers to understand which stages the Buddha underwent before attaining final Nirvana. However, Ānanda was unable to do so, indicating his lesser spiritual maturity. After the Buddha's death, Ānanda recited several verses, expressing a
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and teach the Buddha's teaching. Moreover, Ānanda was known for his organizational skills, assisting the Buddha with secretary-like duties. In many ways, Ānanda did not only serve the personal needs of the Buddha, but also the needs of the still young, growing institute of the
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states that his father was Śuklodana—both are brothers of Suddhodana. The Mahāvastu also mentions that Ānanda's mother's name was Mṛgī (Sanskrit; lit. 'little deer'; Pāli is unknown). The Pāli tradition has it that Ānanda was born on the same day as Prince Siddhatta (Sanskrit:
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would last shorter because of this. At the time, the Buddhist monastic order consisted of wandering celibate males, without many monastic institutions. Allowing women to join the Buddhist celibate life might have led to dissension, as well as temptation between the sexes. The
1967:, during a feast held from profits of successful business. After this event, Ānanda would successfully persuade Sāṇavāsī to become ordained and be his pupil. Ānanda later persuaded Sāṇavāsī by pointing out that the latter had now made many material gifts, but had not given "
975:) fell in love with Ānanda, and persuaded her mother Mātaṅgī to use a black magic spell to enchant him. This succeeded, and Ānanda was lured into her house, but came to his senses and called upon the help of the Buddha. The Buddha then taught Prakṛti to reflect on the
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just before the council started, which was a requirement. He had a historical role during the council as the living memory of the Buddha, reciting many of the Buddha's discourses and checking them for accuracy. During the same council, however, he was chastised by
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According to the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition, Ānanda was born at the same time the Buddha became enlightened, and was therefore younger than the other leading disciples. The reason that the other disciples were not chosen may be because they were too old for the
2052:(3rd century BCE). Together with four or five other pupils of Ānanda, Sāṇavāsī and Majjhantika formed the majority of the Second Council, with Majjhantika being Ānanda's last pupil. Post-canonical Pāli sources add that Sāṇavāsī had a leading role in the
2027:), who wanted to witness his death and was interested in his remains as relics. Ānanda had once promised Ajāsattu that he would let him know when he would die, and accordingly, Ānanda had informed him. On the other side of the river, however, a group of
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texts, and the general conclusion is that Ānanda was slower than other disciples due to his worldly attachments and his attachment to the person of the Buddha, both of which were rooted in his mediating work between the Buddha and the lay communities.
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The Buddha agreed to Ānanda's conditions, and Ānanda became the Buddha's attendant, accompanying the Buddha on most of his wanderings. Ānanda took care of the Buddha's daily practical needs, by doing things such as bringing water and cleaning the
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called Majjhantika (following the prediction earlier) and five hundred of his followers, who converted to Buddhism. Some sources add that Ānanda passed the Buddha's message on to him. When Ānanda was crossing the river, he was followed by King
1848:). Ānanda was known for his exceptional memory, which is essential in helping him to remember the Buddha's teachings. He also taught other disciples to memorize Buddhist doctrine. For these reasons, Ānanda became known as the "Treasurer of the
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In the role of mediator between the Buddha and the lay communities, Ānanda sometimes made suggestions to the Buddha for amendments in the monastic discipline. Most importantly, the early texts attribute the inclusion of women in the early
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and D.P. Minayeff, thought there must have been assemblies after the Buddha's death, but considered only the main characters and some events before or after the First Council historical. Other scholars, such as Bareau and Indologist
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as well. Although little is historically certain, Cousins thought it likely at least one of the leading figures on the Second Council was a pupil of Ānanda, as nearly all the textual traditions mention a connection with Ānanda.
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602:Ānanda was born in the same time period as the Buddha (formerly Prince Siddhattha), which scholars place at 5th–4th centuries BCE. Tradition says that Ānanda was the first cousin of the Buddha, his father being the brother of
2151:, had accomplished this, because Ānanda aspired to becoming a Buddha by applying "great learning". Because of this long trajectory and great efforts, however, his enlightenment would be extraordinary and with great splendor.
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The texts say that the Buddha sometimes asked Ānanda to substitute for him as teacher, and was often praised by the Buddha for his teachings. Ānanda was often given important teaching roles, such as regularly teaching Queen
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878:Ānanda often acted as an intermediary and secretary, passing on messages from the Buddha, informing the Buddha of news, invitations, or the needs of lay people, and advising lay people who wanted to provide gifts to the
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Many scholars interpret this account to mean that the Buddha was reluctant in allowing women to be ordained, and that Ānanda successfully persuaded the Buddha to change his mind. For example, Indologist and translator
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Shortly after the council, Ānanda brought the message with regard to the Buddha's directive to Channa personally. Channa was humbled and changed his ways, attained enlightenment, and the penalty was withdrawn by the
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robe, made from small pieces of cloth. Ānanda designed a standard robe model, based on the rice fields of Magadha, which were divided in sections by banks of earth. Another tradition that is connected to Ānanda is
1363:. Ānanda then continued by asking how devotees should honor the Buddha after his death. The Buddha responded by listing four important places in his life that people could pay their respects to, which later became
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order was established, Mahāpajāpati still had many audiences with the Buddha, as reported in Pāli and Chinese Early Buddhist Texts. Because of this and other reasons, it could be inferred that establishment of the
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Scholars are skeptical about the historicity of many events in Ānanda's life, especially the First Council, and consensus about this has yet to be established. A traditional account can be drawn from early texts,
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or monks. Scholar of Asian religions Reiko Ohnuma argues that the debt the Buddha had toward his foster-mother Mahāpajāpati may have been the main reason for his concessions with regard to the establishment of a
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himself, but rather had him instruct the Mallas to perform the rituals, these instructions have by many scholars been interpreted as a prohibition that monastics should not be involved in funerals or worship of
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for allowing women to be ordained and failing to understand or respect the Buddha at several crucial moments. Ānanda continued to teach until the end of his life, passing on his spiritual heritage to his pupils
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wrote that "this is the only instance of his being over-persuaded in argument". However, some scholars interpret the Buddha's initial refusal rather as a test of resolve, following a widespread pattern in the
7246:
6970:
1889:
than other leading disciples. Thus, judgment of Ānanda's character depends on whether one judges his accomplishments as a monk or his accomplishments as an attendant, and person memorizing the discourses.
2220:
is attributed to Ānanda. Even in the texts attributed to the Buddha himself, Ānanda is sometimes depicted giving a name to a particular text, or suggesting a simile to the Buddha to use in his teachings.
7763:
2035:
clans instead. Ānanda realized that his death on either side of the river could anger one of the parties involved. Through a supernatural accomplishment, he therefore surged into the air to levitate and
1872:) referring to the doctrine of the Buddha. Being the person who had accompanied the Buddha throughout a great part of his life, Ānanda was in many ways the living memory of the Buddha, without which the
936:
to Ānanda, which Ānanda then recited in Vesālī, ridding the city from illness, drought and evil spirits in the process. Another well-known passage in which the Buddha taught Ānanda is the passage about
4850:
7190:
2134:
He explained to his ministers that he did this because "he body of the Tathāgata is the body of dharma(s), pure in nature. He was able to retain it/them all; for this reason the offerings surpass "—
7688:
7490:
7426:
7386:
6096:
6002:
4421:
3178:
1750:, Indologist E. E. Obermiller and to some extent Indologist Nalinaksha Dutt thought the account of the First Council was authentic, because of the correspondences between the Pāli texts and the
5700:(1991). "Les agissements de Devadatta selon les chapitres relatifs au schisme dans les divers Vinayapitaka" [The Actions of Devadatta According to Chapters Related to Schism in the Various
5420:
1183:
959:(nun) became enamored with Ānanda, and pretended to be ill to have Ānanda visit her. When she realized the error of her ways, she confessed her mistakes to Ānanda. Other accounts relate that a
6958:
503:, Ānanda is considered the patriarch of the Dhamma who stood in a spiritual lineage, receiving the teaching from Mahākassapa and passing them on to his own pupils. Ānanda has been honored by
2618:
The Buddha responded with a discussion of the role of a teacher, a student and the teaching, and concluded that he himself had proclaimed his teaching well. He continued that disputes about
6921:
6784:(1979), "III. La composition et les étapes de la formation progressive du Mahàparinirvânasûtra ancien" [3. The Composition and the Episodes of the Progressive Formation of the ancient
2501:
means in this context, some schools arguing it meant a full human lifespan, others that an enlightened being was capable of producing a "new life-span by the sole power of his meditation".
1034:. Initially, the Buddha refused this. Five years later, Mahāpajāpatī came to request the Buddha again, this time with a following of other Sākiya women, including the Buddha's former wife
2332:
that Ānanda planted a Bodhi tree as a symbol of the Buddha's enlightenment, to give people the chance to pay their respects to the Buddha. This tree and shrine came to be known as the
1876:
would be much worse off. Besides his memory skills, Ānanda also stood out in that, as the Buddha's cousin, he dared to ask the Buddha direct questions. For example, after the death of
1316:
to exercise. Ānanda was distracted, however, and did not take the hint. Later, Ānanda did make the request, but the Buddha replied that it was already too late, as he would die soon.
495:Ānanda is one of the most loved figures in Buddhism. He was known for his memory, erudition and compassion, and was often praised by the Buddha for these matters. He functioned as a
1247:
Despite his long association with and close proximity to the Buddha, the texts describe that Ānanda had not become enlightened yet. Because of that, a fellow monk Udāyī (Sanskrit:
1097:, and therefore is unlikely to have been depicted as changing his mind. Other scholars argue that other passages in the texts indicate the Buddha intended all along to establish a
7603:
322:, Ānanda was the first cousin of the Buddha. Although the early texts do not agree on many parts of Ānanda's early life, they do agree that Ānanda was ordained as a monk and that
1573:), had first-hand experience and did not add anything to it. Thus, the discourses Ānanda remembered later became the collection of discourses of the Canon, and according to the
7751:
7304:
1143:
in the Buddha's ministry. If this is the case, Ānanda's role in establishing the order becomes less likely. Some scholars therefore interpret the names in the account, such as
3442:
907:
7067:
6869:
6312:
5474:
1030:(monastic order) to Ānanda. Fifteen years after the Buddha's enlightenment, his foster mother Mahāpajāpatī came to see him to ask him to be ordained as the first Buddhist
6646:, pp. 34–5:"... und somit seine erlösenden, allen Wesen zugewendeten Weltlauf als volendet ansieht, da er auch dem Weibe—unmittelbar—die Erlösung zusprechen konnte."
6713:
4093:
2384:, and live the celibate life as a kind of sister to Ānanda. At first, Prakṛti weeps in dismay, but after the Buddha explains that her current situation is a result of
2167:Ānanda is depicted as an eloquent speaker, who often taught about the self and about meditation. There are numerous Buddhist texts attributed to Ānanda, including the
1733:. Nevertheless, many scholars, from the late 19th century onward, have considered the historicity of the First Council improbable. Some scholars, such as orientalists
7269:
7007:
2399:'s philosophy, Wagner contrasts desire-driven salvation and true spiritual salvation: by seeking deliverance through the person she loves, Prakṛti only affirms her
743:) relate that soothsayers predicted Ānanda would be the Buddha's attendant. In order to prevent Ānanda from leaving the palace to ordain, his father brought him to
1371:, and more generally, that now the time had come for the Buddhist monastics and devotees to take the Buddhist texts as authority, now that the Buddha was dying.
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attitude may well be the reason why there was frequent discussion between Ānanda and Mahākassapa, eventually leading Mahākasapa to charge Ānanda with several
7167:
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367:'monastic community'). He accompanied the Buddha for the rest of his life, acting not only as an assistant, but also a secretary and a mouthpiece.
8785:
6537:
6282:
2143:
In Early Buddhist Texts, Ānanda had reached final Nirvana and would no longer be reborn. But, in contrast with the early texts, according to the Mahāyāna
1471:) called upon Ānanda to recite the discourses he had heard, as a representative on this council. There was a rule issued that only enlightened disciples (
844:
2041:
death took place on a barge in the middle of the river, however, instead of in mid-air. The remains were divided in two, following the wishes of Ānanda.
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1481:
from clouding the disciples' memories. Ānanda had, however, not attained enlightenment yet, in contrast with the rest of the council, consisting of 499
10892:
9700:
8175:
7853:
5399:
The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sūtrāṅga Portion of the Pāli Saṃyutta-Nikāya and the Chinese Saṃyuktāgama
5397:
640:
2003:(337–422 CE), Ānanda went on to live 120 years. Following the later timeline, however, Ānanda may have lived to 75–85 years. Buddhist studies scholar
1412:), deeply moved by the events and their bearing: "Terrible was the quaking, men's hair stood on end, / When the all-accomplished Buddha passed away."
1093:
and in monastic procedure of repeating a request three times before final acceptance. Some also argue that the Buddha was believed by Buddhists to be
535:
tradition, however, state that since Ānanda was born on the day of the Buddha's enlightenment, there was great rejoicing in the city—hence the name.
5933:(1905). "Le Parinirvàna d'Ânanda, d'après un bas-relief gréco-bouddhique" [Ānanda's Parinirvāna, According to a Greco-Buddhist Bas-relief].
4650:
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2229:
1493:
2276:. On a similar note, in 5th–6th-century China and 10th-century Japan, Buddhist texts were composed recommending women to uphold the semi-monastic
2203:, a conversation took place between Ānanda, the brahmin Gopaka-Mogallāna and the minister Vassakara, the latter being the highest official of the
1390:—a final reproach. The Buddha added that, of all the five hundred monks that are surrounding him now, even the "latest" or "most backward" (Pali:
9704:
1968:
9928:
7155:
2031:
from Vesālī awaited him for the same reason. In the Pāli, there were also two parties interested, but the two parties were the Sākiyan and the
1928:
798:), an attainment preceding that of enlightenment. Ānanda later expressed his debt to Puṇṇa. Another important figure in the life of Ānanda was
3901:
1951:, to bring the teaching of the Buddha there. Mahākassapa made a prediction that later would come true that another of Ānanda's future pupils,
10960:
7938:
7844:
2941:
Gyatso, Janet (2014). "Female Ordination in Buddhism: Looking into a Crystal Ball, Making a Future". In Mohr, Thea; Tsedroen, Jampa (eds.).
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and Bhikkhu Brahmali's arguments, states that "it makes good sense to believe ... that large parts of the Pali Canon do preserve for us the
10757:
8145:
2264:
for this throughout Buddhist history. The earliest traces of this can be found in the writings of Faxian and Xuan Zang, who reported that
1339:
In the final days of the Buddha's life, the Buddha traveled to Kusinārā. The Buddha had Ānanda prepare a place for lying down between two
7616:
7580:
3217:
1828:
Moreover, because of his ability to remember the many teachings of the Buddha, he is described as foremost in "having heard much" (Pali:
1231:
574:, he made his resolution known to the Padumuttara Buddha, who confirmed that his wish will come true in a future life. After having been
570:) before the present age. He met the attendant of Padumuttara Buddha and aspired to be like him in a future life. After having done many
7568:
3226:
735:—in other words, twenty years in the Buddha's ministry. Some Sanskrit sources have him ordain even later. The Mūlasarvāstivāda texts on
10799:
8253:
2300:
was an expression of their dependence on male monastic tradition, or the opposite, an expression of their legitimacy and independence.
1251:) ridiculed Ānanda. However, the Buddha reprimanded Udāyī in response, saying that Ānanda would certainly be enlightened in this life.
7988:
7281:
8010:
2994:(1988). "Les débuts de la prédication du Buddha selon l'Ekottara-Āgama" [The Beginning of the Buddha's Ministry According to the
2159:
1569:), which according to most Buddhist traditions, were Ānanda's words, indicating that he, as the person reporting the text (Sanskrit:
1630:
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6790:
6578:
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5935:
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1308:
The same text contains an account in which the Buddha, at numerous occasions, gave a hint that he could prolong his life to a full
7090:
1616:
1290:), getting out of the Vesālī area which suffered from famine. Here, the eighty-year old Buddha expressed his wish to speak to the
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based on the legend about Ānanda and the low-caste girl Prakṛti. He left only a fragmentary prose sketch of a work to be called
2296:
were used and ceremonies were held in his honor. Presently, opinion among scholars is divided as to whether Ānanda's cult among
2163:
In Mahāyāna iconography, Ānanda is often depicted flanking the Buddha at the right side, together with Mahākassapa at the left.
1512:
759:), meaning 'the silent wise one from Videha'. When Ānanda did become ordained, his father had him ordain in Kapilavatthu in the
10980:
10848:
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8155:
2212:
did not have the Buddha as a master anymore, but they would honor those monks who were virtuous and trustworthy. Besides these
1987:
Partially recovered Indian bas-relief depicting the death of Ānanda. The traditional Buddhist accounts relate that he attained
1606:
499:
to the Buddha, however, in that he still had worldly attachments and was not yet enlightened, as opposed to the Buddha. In the
6704:
3859:
Jerryson, Michael (2013). "Buddhist Traditions and Violence". In Juergensmeier, Mark; Kitts, Margo; Jerryson, Michael (eds.).
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on top of the Ānanda's relics, at the river Rohīni, or according to some sources, the Ganges; the Licchavis had also built a
723:
who had a brother follow the Buddha as a monk, or had his brother do so. Ānanda used this opportunity, and asked his brother
4078:
2292:). By the 13th century, in Japan a cult-like interest for Ānanda had developed in a number of convents, in which images and
10897:
8338:
8180:
6944:
6228:
2392:. Apart from the spiritual themes, Wagner also addresses the faults of the caste system by having the Buddha criticize it.
2252:
made of pieces. Pāli tradition has it that Ānanda designed the Buddhist monk's robe, based on the structure of rice fields.
1935:). Several pupils of Ānanda became well-known in their own right. According to post-canonical Sanskrit sources such as the
10937:
1058:
order. Ānanda had Mahāpajāpati ordained by her acceptance of a set of rules, set by the Buddha. These came to be known as
727:
to stay at home, so that he could leave for the monkhood. The later timeline from the Mūlasarvāstivāda texts and the Pāli
10515:
7374:
2418:
was to benefit all beings, as completed, since he had become able to offer deliverance—without mediation—also to woman."
2080:
dedicated to Ānanda at the river Rohīni, but also in Mathurā. Moreover, according to the Mūlasarvāstivāda version of the
1705:Ānanda does: again, monastic discipline above discourse. Analyzing six recensions of different textual traditions of the
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10412:
9962:
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5118:
1800:Ānanda was recognized as one of the most important disciples of the Buddha. In the lists of the disciples given in the
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10902:
8258:
7870:
7812:
7745:
7707:
7614:
Ohnuma, Reiko (December 2006), "Debt to the Mother: A Neglected Aspect of the Founding of the Buddhist Nuns' Order",
7597:
7509:
7445:
7405:
7298:
7263:
7141:
7084:
7040:
6830:
6824:
6527:
6331:
6115:
6021:
5493:
5414:
5373:
4844:
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4355:
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argue that the account of Ānanda being charged with offenses during the council indicate tensions between competing
1364:
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7582:
Pāli Literature: Including the Canonical Literature in Prakrit and Sanskrit of all the Hīnayāna Schools of Buddhism
4361:
10582:
10572:
8401:
5039:
3906:[Problems in Interpreting the Buddha's Words to Ven. Ānanda after Ven. Mahāpajāpati Gotamī's Ordination]
785:
610:), the Buddha's father. In the Pāli and Mūlasarvāstivāda textual traditions, his father was Amitodana (Sanskrit:
323:
173:
5354:
10853:
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10180:
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8391:
7804:
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6259:
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4347:
1343:, the same type of tree under which the mother of the Buddha gave birth. The Buddha then had Ānanda invite the
847:. He is depicted as observant and devoted, even guarding the dwelling place at night. Ānanda takes the part of
2434:
enchant Ānanda. In Tagore's play, however, Prakṛti later regrets what she has done and has the spell revoked.
10858:
10497:
10195:
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8003:
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2044:
Majjhantika later successfully carried out the mission following the Buddha's prediction. The latter's pupil
376:
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1943:, before the Buddha's death, the Buddha confided to Ānanda that the latter's student Majjhantika (Sanskrit:
1734:
10985:
10676:
10080:
9952:
9923:
9625:
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2147:, Ānanda would be born as a Buddha in the future. He would accomplish this slower than the present Buddha,
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order. Regardless, during the acceptance of women into the monastic order, the Buddha told Ānanda that the
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since early medieval times for his merits in establishing the nun's order. In recent times, the composer
259:
9315:
2280:
in honor and gratitude of Ānanda. In Japan, this was done through the format of a penance ritual called
1999:
Though no Early Buddhist Text provides a date for Ānanda's death, according to the Chinese pilgrim monk
1374:
The Buddha gave several instructions before his death, including a directive that his former charioteer
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and sprinkled water from his alms bowl. A third tradition sometimes attributed to Ānanda is the use of
1226:
997:
to counter the magic charm. The Buddha then continued by teaching Ānanda and other listeners about the
848:
89:
9510:
6739:
Ambros, Barbara R (27 June 2016), "A Rite of Their Own: Japanese Buddhist Nuns and the Anan kōshiki",
871:) the Buddha then moved Ānanda aside and subdued the elephant, by touching it and speaking to it with
10821:
10510:
10323:
10313:
10185:
9168:
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8509:
8484:
1919:
After the Buddha's death, some sources say Ānanda stayed mostly in the West of India, in the area of
8534:
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10615:
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9781:
9759:
9752:
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8569:
8190:
7996:
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6234:
1102:
755:) and lived there, taking a vow of silence. This led him to gain the epithet Videhamuni (Sanskrit:
630:
425:
350:
7934:
7822:
3600:
Charming Cadavers: Horrific Figurations of the Feminine in Indian Buddhist Hagiographic Literature
2450:
670:
in the second year of the Buddha's ministry, during the Buddha's visit to Kapilavatthu (Sanskrit:
532:
405:'female mendicant'), when he requested the Buddha on behalf of the latter's foster-mother
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9843:
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9330:
8574:
7907:
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1743:
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as a teacher with a "closed fist" would. He also impressed upon Ānanda that he did not think the
1043:
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744:
479:
31:
7498:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 3: The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism
7434:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 3: The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism
6104:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 3: The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism
4429:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 3: The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism
10562:
10402:
10070:
10040:
9813:
9764:
9605:
9553:
9548:
9310:
9131:
9028:
8780:
8775:
8524:
7670:
7660:
6143:
4120:
4118:
3723:
3304:
2808:
2511:
2494:
2237:–student relationship in a lineage of ordination: no source indicates Mahākassapa was Ānanda's
2053:
1682:
1643:
1524:
1453:
1121:
There are some chronological discrepancies in the traditional account of the setting up of the
1110:, however, were meant to fix these problems, and prevent the dispensation from being curtailed.
807:
578:
throughout many lifetimes, and doing many good deeds, he was born as Ānanda in the time of the
483:
424:
Shortly after the Buddha's death, the First Council was convened, and Ānanda managed to attain
293:
17:
8892:
7696:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 1: Early History in South and Southeast Asia
7394:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 1: Early History in South and Southeast Asia
2014:. The Mūlasarvāstivāda version expands and says that before reaching the river, he met with a
262:. Among the Buddha's many disciples, Ānanda stood out for having the best memory. Most of the
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10537:
10118:
10050:
9883:
9798:
9793:
9717:
9712:
9630:
8160:
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2911:
2818:
1971:". When asked for explanation, Ānanda replied that Sāṇavāsī would give the gift of Dhamma by
818:
confederacy. According to later texts, an enlightened monk also called Vajjiputta (Sanskrit:
9183:
4833:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 8: Buddhism in China, East Asia, and Japan
4115:
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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during the First Buddhist Council. Von Hinüber further argues that the establishment of the
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9695:
9690:
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4178:
2121:
1331:
319:
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9045:
8914:
8840:
8716:
8454:
7201:
6934:"Ananda and Vajrapāṇi: An Inexplicable Absence and a Mysterious Presence in Gandhāran Art"
6658:"Tagore's Drama Synthesis of Myths, Legends and Folklores: A Medium of Social Reformation"
6292:
2421:
The same legend of Ānanda and Prakṛti was made into a short prose play by the Indian poet
1768:, 'the Buddha's words', transmitted to us via his disciple Ānanda and the First Council".
1175:
1113:
8:
10782:
10397:
10276:
10110:
10085:
10075:
10035:
10012:
9895:
9868:
9828:
9747:
9737:
9665:
9592:
9023:
8880:
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8639:
8591:
8411:
8211:
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8047:
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6842:
4188:
2422:
2085:
1506:
1054:. In the end, the Buddha allowed the Sākiya women to be ordained, being the start of the
890:
should always be done for the sake of the action itself, not for the sake of the person.
512:
362:
57:
8371:
8298:
7957:
2081:
1983:
1701:, the person who was responsible for the recitation of the monastic discipline, recited
1340:
1117:
The early texts attribute the inclusion of women in the early monastic order to Ānanda.
695:
531:
explain that when Ānanda was born, his relatives were joyous about this. Texts from the
10762:
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10365:
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9987:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9838:
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The Characterization of Ānanda in the Pāli Canon of the Theravāda: A Hagiographic Study
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3823:
3213:
2948:
2705:
Larson, Paul. "Ananda". In Leeming, David A.; Madden, Kathryn; Marlan, Stanton (eds.).
1927:), where he taught most of his pupils. Other sources say he stayed in the monastery at
1581:
textual traditions (and implicitly, post-canonical Pāli chronicles), the collection of
1478:
10259:
7422:
1463:
According to the texts, the First Buddhist Council was held in Rājagaha. In the first
1213:, and even so, there were many places in the early texts where the Buddha did address
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10718:
10638:
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9833:
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9337:
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8865:
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7476:
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5489:
5410:
5369:
5249:
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4840:
4620:
4436:
4351:
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4192:
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3868:
3827:
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3608:
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3555:
3510:
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2783:
2714:
2098:
1902:
1849:
1739:
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1558:
1535:.) as an introduction to each of the Buddha's discourses that he recited from memory.
1532:
1398:. Meant as an encouragement, the Buddha was referring to Ānanda. During the Buddha's
1383:
1375:
1312:
through a supernatural accomplishment, but this was a power that he would have to be
1059:
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7800:
The Legend and Cult of Upagupta: Sanskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia
6753:
6463:
Buddhist Precept and Practice: Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon
6227:
Reynolds, Frank; Shirkey, Jeff (2006). Safra, Jacob E.; Aguilar-Cauz, Jorge (eds.).
2995:
2377:
1574:
983:, giving up her attachment for Ānanda. In an East Asian version of the story in the
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2314:
recitation. Theravāda Buddhists explain that the custom of sprinkling water during
2285:
2028:
1802:
1755:
1751:
1742:, considered it likely that the account of the First Council was written after the
571:
500:
132:
9365:
6167:
4149:
4147:
4145:
1595:
the texts were divided, Ānanda and his pupils were given the task to remember the
1094:
548:
According to the texts, in a previous life, Ānanda made an aspiration to become a
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10345:
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People of Virtue: Reconfiguring Religion, Power and Moral Order in Cambodia Today
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3326:
3254:
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1901:
From a literary and didactic point of view, Ānanda often functioned as a kind of
1808:
1355:
1317:
1205:
1047:
9395:
8549:
8539:
6911:"An Introduction to the Standards of Scriptural Authenticity in Indian Buddhism"
6781:
5697:
2991:
2606:
2244:
1497:
10787:
10605:
10308:
10158:
9940:
9520:
9500:
9420:
9109:
9099:
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8870:
8356:
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7935:Ānanda: Guardian of the Dhamma by Hellmuth Hecker, accounts from the Pāli Canon
6562:
4716:
4586:
4142:
2572:
2349:
2277:
1817:
1759:
1678:
1274:) before the Buddha died there. Before reaching Kusinārā, the Buddha spent the
919:
815:
784:
According to the Pāli tradition, Ānanda's first teachers were Belaṭṭhasīsa and
579:
549:
508:
255:
227:
20th (Mūlasarvāstivāda) or 2nd (other traditions) year of the Buddha's ministry
10661:
7915:
4268:
2523:
This is the most well-known version of the account. However, the texts of the
1592:
1400:
918:) and other people from the ruling class. Once Ānanda taught a number of King
552:'s attendant. He made this aspiration in the time of a previous Buddha called
10954:
10880:
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9435:
9293:
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9008:
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8474:
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2148:
2004:
1975:, which was reason enough for Sāṇavāsī to make the decision to get ordained.
1725:
1657:
During the same council, Ānanda was charged for an offense by members of the
1344:
1018:
998:
731:, however, have Ānanda ordain much later, about twenty-five years before the
691:
663:
626:
590:
273:
233:
10777:
8833:
8823:
8195:
7629:
6803:
6592:
6509:
6494:
Gutman, Pamela; Hudson, Bob (2012). "A First-Century Stele from Sriksetra".
6426:
6405:
Chinese Buddhism: A Volume of Sketches, Historical, Descriptive and Critical
5948:
5719:
3556:"Did King Ajātasattu Confess to the Buddha, and did the Buddha Forgive Him?"
3013:
2413:), which is blocking her from attaining deliverance. By being ordained as a
1090:
655:
10733:
10465:
10450:
10420:
10370:
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10202:
9997:
9490:
9325:
9203:
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8986:
8813:
8684:
8559:
8020:
7930:
Talk about Ānanda given by Singaporean Buddhist teacher Sylvia Bay, in 2008
7724:
7589:
7576:
7315:
6882:"On the Death of the Charismatic Founder: Re-viewing Some Buddhist Sources"
6532:
6323:
5930:
5485:
5406:
5365:
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2622:
were not so much a problem, but disputes about "the path and the way" were.
2524:
2401:
2396:
2373:
1893:
1764:
1578:
1546:
1309:
1236:
1166:, often encouraged women to ordain, and when he was criticized by the monk
938:
932:
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698:
tradition, King Suddhodana wanted the Buddha to have more followers of the
557:
406:
268:
229:
9248:
9233:
9193:
8890:
8554:
8130:
4745:
3399:
799:
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292:) are attributed to his recollection of the Buddha's teachings during the
10752:
10435:
10264:
9405:
9390:
9173:
8981:
8909:
8689:
8519:
8421:
8268:
8140:
7855:
Buddhist Monastic Life: According to the Texts of the Theravāda Tradition
5116:
Ch'en, Kenneth (1958). "The Mahāparinirvānasūtra and The First Council".
4937:
2567:
2144:
2020:
2011:
1992:
1988:
1940:
1936:
1622:
1167:
1085:
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for 25 years, after which he attended to the Buddha for another 25 years.
553:
430:
107:
101:
61:
10425:
8885:
5024:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4875:
1335:
East Javanese relief depicting the Buddha in his final days, and Ānanda
1259:
715:'warrior-noble, member of the ruling class'), and less from the
10812:
10728:
10696:
10692:
10380:
10338:
10214:
10020:
9945:
9559:
9543:
9505:
9485:
9380:
9355:
9263:
9198:
9178:
8924:
8855:
8726:
8609:
8579:
8514:
8464:
8122:
8112:
8085:
7839:
6995:
5772:
5770:
5755:
5625:
5139:
4612:
3903:ปัญหาการตีความพระพุทธตำรัสต่อพระอานนท์หลังการบวชของพระนางมหาปชาบดีโคตมี
3230:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 913.
2528:
2358:
2323:
2136:
2125:
2076:
on both sides of the river Rohīni. Faxian also reported having visited
1791:
1582:
1440:
1026:
675:
659:
635:
603:
528:
372:
336:
9400:
8396:
4079:"Theories on the Foundation of the Nuns' Order: A Critical Evaluation"
3621:
3477:
3475:
2388:
from her previous life, she understands and rejoices in the life of a
629:
traditions state Ānanda was born at the same time the Buddha attained
10808:
10355:
10328:
9495:
9370:
9082:
8998:
8875:
8765:
8738:
8731:
8694:
8651:
8614:
8381:
8346:
8313:
8288:
8243:
7980:
7772:
7730:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations
7699:
7501:
7437:
7397:
6708:
6467:
6409:
6107:
6013:
5845:
5245:
5094:
4872:
4836:
4432:
3731:
3506:
3334:
2588:
The Buddha mentioned to Ānanda that "minor rules" could be abolished.
2532:
2318:
chanting originates in Ānanda's visit to Vesālī, when he recited the
2069:
1952:
1907:
1486:
1467:
after the Buddha had died, the presiding monk Mahākassapa (Sanskrit:
1035:
955:
856:
724:
616:
451:
381:
213:
56:
Head of Ānanda, once part of a limestone sculpture from the northern
10792:
10128:
8964:
8818:
8584:
8227:
7639:
The Different Paths of Buddhism: A Narrative-Historical Introduction
5767:
5131:
4949:
4704:
4376:
4374:
1444:
According to Buddhist texts, the First Buddhist Council was held in
1151:, as symbols, representing groups rather than specific individuals.
1125:
order. According to the Pāli and Mahīśasaka textual traditions, the
10708:
10645:
10485:
10440:
10385:
10350:
10254:
9913:
9480:
9475:
9425:
9360:
9278:
9243:
9238:
8899:
8770:
8758:
8669:
8328:
8025:
7948:
4604:
3816:"Some Remarks on the Status of Nuns and Laywomen in Early Buddhism"
3472:
2779:
2576:
2376:. In Wagner's version of the legend, which he based on orientalist
2353:
2337:
2273:
2199:, about the practices the Buddha inspired others to follow. In the
2045:
1972:
1877:
1667:
1445:
1421:
1321:
1267:
1071:
990:
960:
953:Ānanda was attractive in appearance. A Pāli account related that a
911:
898:
700:
667:
251:
9470:
9460:
9445:
9268:
9138:
8406:
6383:
5242:
How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings
3820:
Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns
3118:
2944:
Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns
1350:
872:
488:
10804:
10390:
10333:
10318:
9465:
9455:
9430:
9305:
9300:
9258:
9228:
9160:
9126:
9013:
8954:
8949:
8803:
8706:
8544:
8494:
8281:
8107:
4371:
4181:(2017). "The Death of the Buddha: A Restorative Interpretation".
3997:"Bad Nun: Thullanandā in Pāli Canonical and Commentarial Sources"
2688:
2686:
2684:
2310:
2248:
8th–9th century Chinese painting, depicting two monks dressed in
2204:
1964:
1948:
1920:
1886:
1509:: neither to give up, nor to interpret the practice too rigidly.
1473:
1405:
1258:
related the last year-long trip the Buddha took with Ānanda from
994:
788:. It was Puṇṇa's teaching that led Ānanda to attain the stage of
716:
575:
27:
Attendant of the Buddha and main figure in First Buddhist Council
9077:
8845:
3042:
3040:
3038:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
1714:
and with Ānanda's character as generally depicted in the texts.
887:
10863:
10470:
10455:
10291:
10153:
10133:
9908:
9570:
9450:
9440:
9375:
9003:
8959:
8944:
8934:
8904:
8828:
8711:
8479:
8351:
8095:
8090:
2619:
2565:
commentators held that in some cases these were the words of a
2549:
2328:
2304:
2249:
2182:
2171:, about meditation methods to attain Nirvana; a version of the
2049:
2037:
2032:
2000:
1839:
1516:
1325:
1240:
976:
736:
679:
302:
111:
7765:
Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pāli Canon
7248:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
6198:
6196:
6194:
4103:
1527:, during which Ānanda is said to have pronounced the formula:"
254:: आनंद; 5th–4th century BCE) was the primary attendant of the
10843:
10838:
10610:
10445:
10303:
10269:
10249:
10219:
10148:
9565:
9410:
9288:
9283:
9253:
9208:
9055:
9050:
8929:
8634:
8459:
8426:
8416:
7169:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
5869:
5584:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3081:
3079:
3035:
3025:
3023:
2661:
2514:, the Buddha only left Vesālī at this point, and not earlier.
2195:, about the higher training of a disciple of the Buddha; the
2015:
1698:
1686:
1646:
began when Mahākassapa asked Ānanda to recite the discourses.
1520:
1429:
1387:
1275:
263:
7823:"Mahākaśyapa's Precedence to Ānanda in the Rājagṛha Council"
7353:
History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era
5194:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4589:(1977). ""Gandhakuṭī": The Perfumed Chamber of the Buddha".
4528:
4468:
4236:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
1300:
found in slight variation in five early textual traditions:
979:
of the human body, and eventually Prakṛti was ordained as a
830:
379:. Ānanda had an important role in establishing the order of
10480:
9273:
8939:
8436:
6191:
6076:
6037:
5838:"The 'Five Points' and the Origins of the Buddhist Schools"
5654:
5574:
5572:
5286:
4807:
4805:
3765:
3763:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
1881:
678:
by the Buddha himself, together with many other princes of
247:
7215:, Association for the Study of Indian Philosophy: 222–37,
6438:
6208:
6054:
6052:
6012:. Vol. 1: Early History in South and Southeast Asia.
5298:
4777:
4775:
4670:
4668:
4046:
Brides of the Buddha: Nuns' Stories from the Avadanasataka
4026:
4024:
3535:
3091:
3076:
3020:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
1995:, leaving relics for followers on both sides of the river.
10138:
8674:
7970:
6601:
6347:
5811:
5521:
5310:
5274:
5158:
5146:
5058:
4728:
4692:
4557:
4555:
3840:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2727:
2634:
1204:
order after the Buddha's death. Buddhist studies scholar
7348:
Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien, des origines a l'ere Saka
6625:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5678:
5666:
5569:
5557:
5334:
5182:
5070:
5012:
5000:
4988:
4961:
4802:
4792:
4790:
4762:
4760:
4567:
4516:
4480:
4312:
3976:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3792:
3790:
3760:
3698:
3696:
3683:
3681:
3633:
3460:
3284:
3282:
3280:
2548:
Other sources say he remembered 60,000 words and 15,000
527:(आनंद) means 'bliss, joy' in Pāli and in Sanskrit. Pāli
478:), among others, who later assumed leading roles in the
6371:
6179:
6049:
5967:
5601:
5599:
5322:
5262:
4978:
4976:
4916:
World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction
4891:
4860:
4772:
4665:
4456:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4021:
3748:
3578:
3064:
2776:
Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia
2303:
Pāli Vinaya texts attribute the design of the Buddhist
930:. In this story, the Buddha taught the well-known text
6131:
5726:
5642:
5545:
5533:
5509:
5454:
5430:
5206:
5170:
5082:
4552:
4257:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
4255:
Jaini, P. S. (1958). "Buddha's Prolongation of Life".
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
2965:
2007:
dated Ānanda's death twenty years after the Buddha's.
1867:
1857:
1833:
1154:
According to the texts, Ānanda's role in founding the
776:
625:), but texts from the Mūlasarvāstivāda and subsequent
565:
393:
355:
6359:
6155:
6064:
5979:
5955:
5794:
5738:
5442:
5218:
4787:
4757:
4680:
4504:
3949:
3937:
3912:
Journal of Buddhist Studies, Chulalongkorn University
3787:
3775:
3693:
3678:
3387:
3375:
3351:
3277:
3234:
3130:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
515:
were inspired by stories about Ānanda in their work.
492:(monuments) were erected at the river where he died.
7387:"The Assessment of Textual Authenticity in Buddhism"
6637:
6613:
5842:
The Buddhist Forum Volume II: Seminar Papers 1988–90
5782:
5596:
4973:
4540:
4492:
4283:
4224:
4159:
4130:
3881:
2539:) instead, as Koṇḍañña was the most senior disciple.
2224:
In East Asian Buddhism, Ānanda is considered one of
2140:
here referred to the Buddha's teachings as a whole.
1065:, and they describe the subordinate relation of the
6269:
Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research
5908:
4386:
4300:
4205:
1354:(structures with relics). Buddhist studies scholar
155:Videhamuni; Dhamma-bhaṇḍāgārika ('Treasurer of the
4398:
3523:
3363:
3052:
2835:
6886:Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies
1897:East Javanese relief of Ānanda, depicted weeping
1477:) were allowed to attend the council, to prevent
1013:8th-century Chinese limestone sculpture of Ānanda
650:Chinese statue, identified as likely being Ānanda
10952:
7206:"The Advent of the First Nuns in Early Buddhism"
6010:Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies
2256:Because Ānanda was instrumental in founding the
2068:at their side of the river. The Chinese pilgrim
1880:and the depicted subsequent conflicts among the
10691:
6941:Gandhāran Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts
6226:
1243:, India, depicting the Buddha consoling Ānanda
1004:
7136:, in Kent, Alexandra; Chandler, David (eds.),
6791:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
6497:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
6261:Shōbōgenzō : The True Dharma-Eye Treasury
6257:
5936:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
5894:. Princeton University Press. pp. 45–46.
5887:
5707:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
4184:The Buddha in Sri Lanka: Histories and Stories
3713:
3711:
3001:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
2368:. Furthermore, the draft was used by composer
2084:, King Aśoka visited and made the most lavish
719:(priest) caste. He therefore ordered that any
690:), in the mango grove called Anupiya, part of
131:King Śuklodana or King Amitodana; Queen Mrgī (
10677:
8004:
7131:"Modernism and Morality in Colonial Cambodia"
6939:, in Brancaccio, Pia; Behrendt, Kurt (eds.),
6097:"Is the Dharma-Kaya the Real "Phantom Body"?"
5362:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices
5111:
5109:
4042:
3417:
1195:apparent distance between the Buddha and the
1190:order may have well been initiated by Ānanda
1174:tried to defend him. According to Indologist
963:woman called Prakṛti (also known in China as
897:Sculpture of Ānanda from Wat Khao Rup Chang,
486:. Ānanda died 20 years after the Buddha, and
73:Patriarch of the Dharma (Sanskrit traditions)
30:"Ananda" redirects here. For other uses, see
8786:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
7689:"Review of Scholarship on Buddhist Councils"
7525:
7491:"Inspired Speech in Early Mahāyāna Buddhism"
6840:
6493:
6389:
6298:
6173:
6149:
5776:
5761:
5527:
5100:
5052:
4955:
4943:
4885:
4751:
4722:
4710:
4380:
4242:
4153:
4124:
4109:
3861:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence
3627:
3481:
3405:
3300:
3124:
2907:
2692:
2340:, Sāvatthi, based on the records of Faxian.
7893:
7851:
7617:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
6593:"Jonathan Harvey's Wagner Dream, Opera on 3
6444:
6258:Nishijima, Gudo Wafu; Cross, Shodo (2008).
6202:
6082:
5875:
5828:
5826:
4177:
4171:
3708:
3212:
3157:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations
3112:
3085:
3046:
3029:
2748:
2655:
2472:Anālayo cites von Hinüber with this phrase.
2191:), about living in the present moment; the
1365:the four main places of Buddhist pilgrimage
710:
400:
10684:
10670:
8011:
7997:
6666:A Journal Devoted to Literary Appreciation
6557:
6555:
6521:
6519:
6489:
6487:
6230:Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions
5106:
4908:
4906:
4422:"What, If Anything, Is Mahāyāna Buddhism?"
4086:Journal of the Centre for Buddhist Studies
2272:in Ānanda's honor during celebrations and
1914:
1545:recitations were correct, after which the
825:
50:
7838:
7820:
7553:"The Riddle of the First Buddhist Council
7550:
7028:Dāna: Giving and Getting in Pāli Buddhism
6931:
6752:
6702:
6152:, Atthakanāgarasutta; Bhaddekarattasutta.
5925:
5923:
5660:
5466:
5316:
5292:
5280:
5164:
5152:
5115:
4739:
4573:
4329:
4327:
3899:
3818:. In Mohr, Thea; Tsedroen, Jampa (eds.).
3195:
3193:
3191:
3149:
3147:
3145:
2362:, but the topic inspired his later opera
2326:in Buddhism. It is described in the text
1489:saw that Ānanda was not yet enlightened.
834:18th-century Burmese sculpture of Ānanda
318:) referring to the Buddha's teaching. In
7488:
7421:
7384:
7241:
7107:
7048:
6969:Findly, Ellison Banks (September 1992),
6908:
6879:
6456:
6377:
6322:. Vol. 2. Macmillan Reference USA,
6214:
6185:
6094:
5823:
5539:
5484:. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA,
5472:
5395:
5328:
5304:
5268:
5236:
5188:
5076:
5018:
5006:
4994:
4967:
4811:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4522:
3858:
3651:
3317:
3315:
3313:
2978:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2243:
2158:
2048:was described to be the teacher of King
1982:
1892:
1511:
1439:
1330:
1230:
1112:
1008:
948:
892:
829:
814:), i.e. someone who originated from the
694:territory. According to a text from the
645:
589:
147:); powers of memory; compassion to women
9973:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
7686:
7468:Hyecho's Journey: The World of Buddhism
7341:
7200:
6552:
6516:
6484:
6058:
6043:
5997:
5865:from the original on 17 September 2018.
5832:
5617:
5385:from the original on 11 September 2018.
5352:
5064:
5036:The Social Dimensions of Early Buddhism
5030:
4903:
4897:
4856:from the original on 11 September 2018.
4823:
4781:
4698:
4674:
4561:
4127:, Mahāparinibbānasuttanta; Veṇugrāmaka.
4099:from the original on 11 September 2018.
4073:
3982:
3970:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3769:
3574:from the original on 11 September 2018.
3553:
3256:Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History
3252:
3246:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2707:Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion
14:
10953:
10933:
10176:List of Buddhist architecture in China
7941:from the original on 26 September 2018
7847:from the original on 21 September 2018
7796:
7659:
7613:
7575:
7571:from the original on 17 September 2018
7165:
7128:
7062:
7024:
6968:
6809:
6780:
6738:
6561:
6525:
6432:
6401:
6365:
6353:
6310:
6161:
6137:
5985:
5973:
5961:
5920:
5817:
5805:
5788:
5749:
5732:
5696:
5684:
5672:
5648:
5590:
5578:
5563:
5551:
5515:
5460:
5448:
5436:
5340:
5224:
5212:
5200:
5176:
5088:
4982:
4912:
4866:
4686:
4639:Thorp, Charley Linden (3 April 2017).
4585:
4546:
4510:
4474:
4333:
4324:
4318:
4294:
4230:
4165:
4136:
4030:
3994:
3958:
3943:
3887:
3846:
3796:
3781:
3754:
3717:
3702:
3687:
3652:Violatti, Cristian (9 December 2013).
3639:
3596:
3584:
3541:
3466:
3393:
3381:
3357:
3288:
3240:
3188:
3153:
3142:
3136:
3070:
2990:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2807:
296:. For that reason, he is known as the
10665:
7992:
7635:
7461:
7314:
7279:
6904:from the original on 8 September 2018
6741:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
6609:from the original on 7 November 2015.
6435:, pp. 210–12, 214, 216–8, 245–6.
6070:
6003:"The Date of the Buddha Reconsidered"
5929:
5426:from the original on 23 October 2012.
5055:, Ānanda; Cāpālacaitya; Council, 1st.
4796:
4638:
4627:
4486:
4392:
4306:
4254:
4218:
3493:
3448:from the original on 15 February 2017
3321:
3310:
2854:
2796:
2769:
2698:
2105:And bears its doctrines in his heart—
1957:Śāṇakavāsī, Śāṇakavāsin or Śāṇāvasika
1771:
1220:
10961:Foremost disciples of Gautama Buddha
10923:
7761:
7283:Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies
6945:University of British Columbia Press
6655:
6581:from the original on 1 October 2018.
6301:, Damoduoluo chan jing; Madhyāntika.
5621:The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia
5605:
4826:"Buddhist Influence on Early Taoism"
4766:
4416:
4017:from the original on 1 October 2018.
3813:
3802:
3554:Attwood, Jayarava (1 January 2008).
3529:
3369:
3058:
2754:
2108:Of the great Master's treasure Ward—
1723:recited of what is now known as the
1435:
1394:) had attained the initial stage of
781:) being a certain Daśabāla Kāśyapa.
7723:
7161:from the original on 24 August 2018
6760:
6716:from the original on 1 October 2018
6703:Chowdurie, Tapati (27 April 2017).
6643:
6631:
6619:
6540:from the original on 1 October 2018
6288:from the original on 2 August 2017.
5914:
4653:from the original on 29 August 2018
4641:"The Evolution of Buddhist Schools"
4534:
4498:
4462:
4404:
3666:from the original on 25 August 2014
3418:Bailey, Greg; Mabbett, Ian (2003).
2917:
1978:
1685:, i.e. schools that emphasized the
810:. He was a "Vajjiputta" (Sanskrit:
237:by Daśabāla Kāśyapa or Belaṭṭhasīsa
24:
9963:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
6920:, pp. 291–325, archived from
5119:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
2814:A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism
2704:
2493:There was some debate between the
2260:community, he has been honored by
639:, in which Ānanda stated he was a
143:Being an attendant of the Buddha (
25:
11002:
10903:Gautama Buddha in world religions
7923:
7196:from the original on 12 June 2018
7142:Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
6880:Clasquin, Michel (1 March 2013),
6875:from the original on 12 June 2018
6567:"Sketch of Wagner's 'Die Sieger'"
3501:. In Johnston, William M. (ed.).
3329:. In Johnston, William M. (ed.).
2060:Ajāsattu is said to have built a
543:
10932:
10922:
10644:
10634:
10633:
10191:Thai temple art and architecture
9936:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
8176:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
8042:
8029:
8019:
7666:Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism
7361:Université catholique de Louvain
6848:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
6705:"Quenching Prakriti's Thirst..."
6696:
6649:
6585:
6450:
6395:
6304:
6251:
6220:
6088:
5991:
5881:
5690:
5611:
5389:
5346:
5230:
4817:
3200:
3184:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2774:. In Jestice, Phyllis G. (ed.).
2612:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2555:
2542:
2531:traditions relate that this was
2517:
2111:An eye was he for all the world,
1959:), would make many gifts to the
1629:
1615:
1158:order made him popular with the
8043:
7609:from the original on 2022-10-09
7532:Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names
7310:from the original on 2022-10-09
7049:Freedman, Michael (June 1977),
6813:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism
6754:10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.207-250
6318:. In Buswell, Robert E. (ed.).
5480:. In Buswell, Robert E. (ed.).
5040:Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
4579:
4410:
4248:
4067:
4036:
3988:
3893:
3852:
3645:
3590:
3547:
3487:
3421:The Sociology of Early Buddhism
3411:
2984:
2504:
2487:
2475:
2466:
2456:
2443:
1162:community. Ānanda often taught
767:) with much ceremony, Ānanda's
10181:Japanese Buddhist architecture
9983:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
9063:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
8254:Places where the Buddha stayed
7805:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
7291:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
7256:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
7069:The Buddhist Path to Awakening
7033:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
7025:Findly, Ellison Banks (2003),
6526:Svasti, Pichaya (4 May 2017).
4913:Gwynne, Paul (2017). "Books".
4348:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
3154:Higham, Charles F. W. (2004).
2571:(someone striving to become a
2187:
1844:
1717:
1539:
1523:. Wall painting depicting the
971:
964:
13:
1:
10981:5th-century BC Buddhist monks
10196:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
7687:Prebish, Charles S. (2005) ,
7213:Indogaku Chibettogaku Kenkyū
6731:
4043:Muldoon-Hules, Karen (2017).
2453:tradition, the Buddha was 50.
1505:of advice in the practice of
1046:. Ānanda also mentioned that
595:
585:
9953:Buddhism and the Roman world
9929:Decline of Buddhism in India
9924:History of Buddhism in India
8024: Topics in
7902:; Weeraratne, W. G. (eds.),
6983:Journal of Indian Philosophy
6971:"Ānanda's Hindrance: Faith (
6176:, Sekhasutta; Subhasuttanta.
5714:(1): 92, 94–5, 107, 109–10.
2628:
2114:Ānanda, who is passed away."
1677:Indologists von Hinüber and
1517:Jetavana temple in Rājagṛiha
1005:Establishing the nun's order
41:Venerable, the Elder (Thera)
7:
9151:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
8891:
7973:schools of China and Japan)
7852:Wijayaratna, Mohan (1990),
7827:Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu
7694:, in Williams, Paul (ed.),
7496:, in Williams, Paul (ed.),
7473:University of Chicago Press
7432:. In Williams, Paul (ed.).
7392:, in Williams, Paul (ed.),
7385:Lamotte, Étienne (2005a) ,
6764:Richard Wagner and Buddhism
6102:. In Williams, Paul (ed.).
6008:. In Williams, Paul (ed.).
5618:Swearer, Donald K. (1995).
4831:. In Williams, Paul (ed.).
4427:. In Williams, Paul (ed.).
3900:Raksachom, Krisana (2009).
3605:University of Chicago Press
3503:Encyclopedia of Monasticism
3331:Encyclopedia of Monasticism
3214:Rhys Davids, Thomas William
2352:wrote a draft for an opera
2226:the ten principal disciples
1991:in mid-air above the river
1973:becoming ordained as a monk
1868:
1858:
1834:
857:supernatural accomplishment
777:
666:textual traditions, Ānanda
566:
538:
501:Sanskrit textual traditions
394:
356:
10:
11007:
10101:The unanswerable questions
7863:Cambridge University Press
7561:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal
7489:MacQueen, Graeme (2005) ,
7177:Cambridge University Press
7175:(2nd ed.), New York:
6918:Chinese Buddhist Apocrypha
6856:Princeton University Press
5840:. In Skorupski, T. (ed.).
5473:Pāsādika, Bhikkhu (2004).
5360:. In Riggs, Thomas (ed.).
4646:World History Encyclopedia
4156:, Mahāparinibbānasuttanta.
4004:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
3659:World History Encyclopedia
3560:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
3429:Cambridge University Press
3327:"Early Buddhist Disciples"
3261:Berkshire Publishing Group
2208:instead. Furthermore, the
2072:(602–64 CE) later visited
1947:) would travel to Udyāna,
1735:Louis de La Vallée-Poussin
1652:
1451:
1276:retreat during the monsoon
1224:
1139:order actually took place
1016:
29:
10918:
10704:
10629:
10581:
10496:
10411:
10186:Buddhist temples in Korea
10109:
10011:
9894:
9591:
9519:
9346:
9219:
9159:
8794:
8749:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
8660:
8652:Three planes of existence
8600:
8445:
8337:
8267:
8259:Buddha in world religions
8121:
8066:
8038:
7977:
7962:
7954:
7947:
7904:Encyclopaedia of Buddhism
7363:, Institut orientaliste,
5396:Mun-keat, Choong (2000).
4725:, Īryāpatha; Mahākāśyapa.
4537:, pp. 369, 392 n.80.
4269:10.1017/S0041977X0006016X
3253:Mcneill, William (2011).
2536:
2343:
2289:
2154:
2024:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1924:
1593:recitation and memorizing
1468:
1425:
1379:
1287:
1286:) in Veḷugāma (Sanskrit:
1271:
1263:
1248:
1069:community to that of the
1039:
993:to help Ānanda, who used
923:
915:
819:
811:
803:
764:
756:
752:
748:
687:
683:
671:
622:
611:
607:
471:
459:
438:
414:
386:
377:post-canonical chronicles
345:
331:
311:
285:
277:
223:
203:
195:
187:
179:
168:
163:
151:
139:
127:
119:
96:
82:
77:
69:
49:
39:
10966:Family of Gautama Buddha
10849:Physical characteristics
9968:Persecution of Buddhists
9189:Four stages of awakening
8570:Three marks of existence
8156:Physical characteristics
7894:Witanachchi, C. (1965),
7797:Strong, John S. (1994),
7644:Rutgers University Press
7321:A Dictionary of Buddhism
6932:Filigenzi, Anna (2006),
6841:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.;
6810:Baruah, Bibhuti (2000),
6390:Buswell & Lopez 2013
6320:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
6299:Buswell & Lopez 2013
6235:Encyclopaedia Britannica
6174:Buswell & Lopez 2013
6150:Buswell & Lopez 2013
6095:Harrison, Paul (2005) .
5777:Buswell & Lopez 2013
5762:Buswell & Lopez 2013
5528:Buswell & Lopez 2013
5482:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
5101:Buswell & Lopez 2013
5053:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4956:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4944:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4886:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4752:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4723:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4711:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4381:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4243:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4154:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4125:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4110:Buswell & Lopez 2013
3902:
3628:Buswell & Lopez 2013
3482:Buswell & Lopez 2013
3406:Buswell & Lopez 2013
3125:Buswell & Lopez 2013
2770:Sarao, K. T. S. (2004).
2693:Buswell & Lopez 2013
2527:, Mūlasarvāstivāda, and
2437:
1887:meditative concentration
1500:and scholar of religion
1019:Bhikkhuni § History
10746:ten principal disciples
9331:Ten principal disciples
8214:(aunt, adoptive mother)
7908:Government of Sri Lanka
7738:Oxford University Press
7326:Oxford University Press
6909:Davidson, R.M. (1990),
6804:10.3406/befeo.1979.4010
6510:10.3406/befeo.2012.6151
6402:Edkins, Joseph (2013).
6311:Welter, Albert (2004).
5949:10.3406/befeo.1905.2660
5888:John S. Strong (2007).
5720:10.3406/befeo.1991.1769
5353:Kinnard, Jacob (2006).
3918:(3): 88. Archived from
3865:Oxford University Press
3720:"Buddhas and Buddhisms"
3227:Encyclopædia Britannica
3014:10.3406/befeo.1988.1742
1915:Passing on the teaching
1328:: all people must die.
1266:) to the small town of
845:Buddha's dwelling place
826:Attending to the Buddha
518:
298:Treasurer of the Dhamma
260:ten principal disciples
199:Majjhantika or Sāṇavāsī
32:Ananda (disambiguation)
10041:Buddhism and democracy
9554:Tibetan Buddhist canon
9549:Chinese Buddhist canon
8781:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
8776:Early Buddhist schools
7821:Tsukamoto, K. (1963),
7671:Shambhala Publications
7551:Mukherjee, B. (1994),
7166:Harvey, Peter (2013),
6343:on September 12, 2015.
5593:, pp. 372, 390–1.
4824:Zurcher, Erik (2005).
4477:, pp. 67, 71, 73.
3995:Ohnuma, Reiko (2013).
2495:early Buddhist schools
2410:
2348:Between 1856 and 1858
2253:
2178:
2164:
2117:
2054:Third Buddhist Council
1996:
1969:the gift of the Dhamma
1898:
1853:
1829:
1783:
1694:
1690:
1683:early Buddhist schools
1644:First Buddhist Council
1570:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1536:
1525:First Buddhist Council
1494:four traditional poses
1458:
1454:First Buddhist Council
1449:
1409:
1391:
1336:
1306:
1283:
1279:
1256:Mahā-parinibbāna Sutta
1244:
1118:
1014:
942:
902:
868:
860:
835:
808:First Buddhist Council
795:
772:
740:
705:
651:
599:
561:
445:) and the rest of the
294:First Buddhist Council
266:of the early Buddhist
10051:Eight Consciousnesses
8161:Life of Buddha in art
7965:Chan and Zen lineages
7630:10.1093/jaarel/lfl026
7129:Hansen, Anne (2008),
7077:Oneworld Publications
6528:"The Path to Nirvana"
5505:on 12 September 2015.
5203:, pp. 70, 79–80.
4921:John Wiley & Sons
4367:on 11 September 2015.
4179:Obeyesekere, Gananath
3814:Krey, Gisela (2014).
3718:Powers, John (2015).
3408:, Mallikā; Śyāmāvatī.
2819:Oneworld Publications
2247:
2201:Gopaka-Mogallānasutta
2162:
2095:
1986:
1896:
1814:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta
1779:
1712:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta
1707:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta
1515:
1443:
1420:. Ānanda traveled to
1361:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta
1334:
1302:
1234:
1227:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta
1116:
1103:Buddha's Dispensation
1012:
949:Resisting temptations
896:
833:
763:monastery (Sanskrit:
649:
593:
580:current Buddha Gotama
419:Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī
10724:Noble Eightfold Path
10528:East Asian religions
9958:Buddhism in the West
9529:Early Buddhist texts
9144:Four Right Exertions
8610:Ten spiritual realms
8103:Noble Eightfold Path
7882:on 20 September 2018
7792:on 11 September 2018
7762:Shaw, Sarah (2006),
7757:on 17 September 2018
7636:Olson, Carl (2005),
7463:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
7457:on October 20, 2015.
7400:, pp. 188–198,
7280:Jaini, P.S. (2001),
7275:on 11 September 2015
7230:on 10 September 2018
7096:on 14 September 2018
7013:on 17 September 2018
6975:) in Early Buddhism"
6927:on 18 September 2018
6843:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
6836:on 14 September 2018
6819:, Sarup & Sons,
6786:Mahāparinirvānasūtra
6634:, pp. 33–4, 43.
6271:. p. 32 n.119.
6127:on October 20, 2015.
5931:Vogel, Jean-Philippe
5891:Relics of the Buddha
4754:, Ānanda; Īryāpatha.
4592:History of Religions
4465:, pp. 339, 359.
4189:Taylor & Francis
3654:"Siddhartha Gautama"
3597:Wilson, Liz (1996).
3544:, pp. 375, 377.
2268:made offerings to a
2122:C. A. F. Rhys Davids
1788:Ellison Banks Findly
1609:, 8th century, China
1577:, Dharmaguptaka and
1547:discourse collection
1502:Ellison Banks Findly
939:spiritual friendship
739:(Pāli and Sanskrit:
332:पूर्ण मैत्रायणीपुत्र
320:Early Buddhist Texts
64:dynasty, 550–577 CE.
10986:Buddhist patriarchs
10783:Mahapajapati Gotami
10651:Religion portal
10398:Temple of the Tooth
10277:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
9316:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
8809:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
8592:Two truths doctrine
8412:Mahapajapati Gotamī
8212:Mahapajapati Gotamī
7900:Malalasekera, G. P.
7719:on October 20, 2015
7702:, pp. 224–43,
7521:on October 20, 2015
7504:, pp. 312–43,
7417:on October 20, 2015
7380:on 15 February 2015
7204:(5 November 2007),
7057:McMaster University
6947:, pp. 270–85,
6767:, UniversityMedia,
6565:(10 August 1889) .
6046:, pp. 93, 210.
6033:on 20 October 2015.
4946:, Evaṃ mayā śrutam.
4489:, pp. 3, 88–9.
4452:on 20 October 2015.
2620:monastic discipline
2423:Rabindranath Tagore
2329:Kāliṅgabodhi Jātaka
2216:, a section of the
2174:Bhaddekaratta Sutta
2169:Atthakanāgara Sutta
1859:Dharma-bhaṇḍāgārika
1854:Dhamma-bhaṇḍāgārika
1752:Sanskrit traditions
1130:However, after the
977:repulsive qualities
737:monastic discipline
513:Rabindranath Tagore
466:) and Majjhantika (
407:Mahāpajāpati Gotamī
133:Sanskrit traditions
86:5th–4th century BCE
58:Xiangtangshan Caves
10763:Great Renunciation
10758:Eight Great Events
10573:Western philosophy
10171:Dzong architecture
9993:Vipassana movement
9988:Buddhist modernism
9416:Emperor Wen of Sui
9184:Pratyekabuddhayāna
9117:Threefold Training
8919:Vipassana movement
8635:Hungry Ghost realm
8455:Avidyā (Ignorance)
8402:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
8151:Great Renunciation
8146:Eight Great Events
8028:
7969:(According to the
7840:10.4259/ibk.11.824
7527:Malalasekera, G.P.
7144:, pp. 35–61,
6996:10.1007/BF00157758
6356:, pp. 9, 453.
6326:. pp. 462–3.
5820:, pp. 8, 453.
4321:, pp. 45, 51.
3849:, p. 865 n.9.
3824:Simon and Schuster
3728:The Buddhist World
3642:, pp. 379–80.
3607:. pp. 107–8.
3469:, pp. 389–90.
3049:, pp. 529–30.
2949:Simon and Schuster
2811:(2013). "Ānanda".
2552:, or 10,000 words.
2372:in his 2007 opera
2254:
2165:
2101:is widely versed,
2088:he ever made to a
1997:
1899:
1772:Role and character
1537:
1479:mental afflictions
1450:
1388:meditative insight
1337:
1322:conditioned things
1245:
1221:The Buddha's death
1119:
1050:had also ordained
1015:
989:, the Buddha sent
903:
836:
786:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
652:
600:
324:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
174:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
102:the Buddha's death
10976:Buddhist councils
10946:
10945:
10719:Four Noble Truths
10659:
10658:
10297:Om mani padme hum
10003:Women in Buddhism
9919:Buddhist councils
9789:Western countries
9577:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
9338:Shaolin Monastery
8915:Samatha-vipassanā
8525:Pratītyasamutpāda
8329:Metteyya/Maitreya
8247:
8239:
8231:
8223:
8215:
8207:
8199:
8076:Four Noble Truths
7987:
7986:
7978:Succeeded by
7974:
7782:978-0-415-35918-4
7680:978-1-55939-835-0
7653:978-0-8135-3778-8
7537:Pali Text Society
7482:978-0-226-51806-0
7335:978-0-19-157917-2
7186:978-0-521-85942-4
7151:978-87-7694-036-2
7122:978-0-9934770-4-1
7115:, Mud Pie Books,
7113:Buddhism and Pali
7075:(2nd. ed.),
6964:on 18 August 2018
6954:978-0-7748-1080-7
6865:978-0-691-15786-3
6774:978-3-906000-00-8
6761:App, Urs (2011),
6684:on 2 October 2018
6656:Jain, R. (2016).
6571:The Musical World
6477:978-0-7103-0444-5
6458:Gombrich, Richard
6419:978-1-136-37881-2
6412:. pp. 42–3.
6278:978-1-886439-38-2
6244:978-1-59339-491-2
6217:, pp. 10–11.
5878:, pp. 534–5.
5855:978-1-135-75237-8
5764:, Veṇuvanavihāra.
5687:, pp. 378–9.
5675:, pp. 261–3.
5663:, pp. 270–1.
5635:978-0-7914-2459-9
5581:, pp. 375–6.
5566:, pp. 232–4.
5343:, pp. 376–7.
5307:, pp. 314–5.
5295:, pp. 454–6.
5255:978-0-415-37123-0
5248:. pp. 96–7.
5238:Gombrich, Richard
5067:, pp. 235–6.
4930:978-1-118-97227-4
4701:, pp. 225–6.
4501:, pp. 363–4.
4418:Silk, Jonathan A.
4263:(3): 547–8, 550.
4198:978-1-351-59225-3
4060:978-1-4985-1146-9
4033:, pp. 253–4.
3985:, pp. 235–7.
3973:, pp. 233–4.
3925:on 1 October 2018
3874:978-0-19-975999-6
3833:978-0-86171-830-6
3772:, pp. 230–1.
3757:, pp. 872–3.
3741:978-1-317-42016-3
3630:, Śūraṅgamasūtra.
3614:978-0-226-90054-4
3587:, pp. 243–4.
3516:978-1-136-78716-4
3438:978-0-511-06296-4
3344:978-1-136-78716-4
3301:Malalasekera 1960
3270:978-1-61472-904-4
3073:, pp. 371–2.
2958:978-0-86171-830-6
2908:Malalasekera 1960
2828:978-1-78074-476-6
2720:978-0-387-71802-6
2334:Ānanda Bodhi Tree
1740:Hermann Oldenberg
1607:companion statues
1588:Abhidhamma Piṭaka
1559:Thus have I heard
1533:Thus have I heard
1436:The First Council
1176:Oskar von Hinüber
714:
704:caste (Sanskrit:
680:the Buddha's clan
415:महाप्रजापती गौतमी
404:
392:
366:
354:
241:
240:
16:(Redirected from
10998:
10936:
10935:
10926:
10925:
10822:pilgrimage sites
10817:Mahabodhi Temple
10686:
10679:
10672:
10663:
10662:
10649:
10648:
10637:
10636:
10476:Sacred languages
10324:Maya Devi Temple
10287:Mahabodhi Temple
10091:Secular Buddhism
10056:Engaged Buddhism
8896:
8744:Tibetan Buddhism
8695:Vietnamese Thiền
8294:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
8245:
8237:
8229:
8221:
8213:
8205:
8197:
8046:
8045:
8033:
8023:
8013:
8006:
7999:
7990:
7989:
7968:
7955:Preceded by
7945:
7944:
7918:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7881:
7875:, archived from
7860:
7848:
7842:
7817:
7793:
7791:
7785:, archived from
7770:
7758:
7756:
7750:, archived from
7735:
7720:
7718:
7712:, archived from
7693:
7683:
7656:
7632:
7610:
7608:
7587:
7572:
7557:A Retrospection"
7556:
7547:
7522:
7520:
7514:, archived from
7495:
7485:
7458:
7456:
7450:. Archived from
7431:
7423:Lamotte, Étienne
7418:
7416:
7410:, archived from
7391:
7381:
7379:
7373:, archived from
7358:
7343:Lamotte, Etienne
7338:
7311:
7309:
7288:
7276:
7274:
7268:, archived from
7253:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7229:
7223:, archived from
7210:
7197:
7195:
7174:
7162:
7160:
7135:
7125:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7095:
7089:, archived from
7074:
7059:
7045:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7012:
7006:, archived from
6979:
6965:
6963:
6957:, archived from
6938:
6928:
6926:
6915:
6905:
6876:
6874:
6853:
6837:
6835:
6829:, archived from
6818:
6806:
6777:
6757:
6756:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6680:. Archived from
6665:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6622:, pp. 42–3.
6617:
6611:
6610:
6596:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6559:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6523:
6514:
6513:
6491:
6482:
6481:
6454:
6448:
6445:Wijayaratna 1990
6442:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6336:. Archived from
6317:
6308:
6302:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6266:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6203:Wijayaratna 1990
6200:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6120:. Archived from
6101:
6092:
6086:
6083:Witanachchi 1965
6080:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6026:. Archived from
6007:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5977:
5976:, pp. 8–10.
5971:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5927:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5885:
5879:
5876:Witanachchi 1965
5873:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5830:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5498:. Archived from
5479:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5404:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5359:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5244:(2nd ed.).
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5113:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5032:Chakravarti, Uma
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4910:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4870:
4869:, pp. 57–8.
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4830:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4800:
4794:
4785:
4779:
4770:
4769:, pp. 17–8.
4764:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4636:
4625:
4624:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4525:, pp. 26–7.
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4445:. Archived from
4426:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4360:. Archived from
4346:(3rd ed.).
4345:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4281:
4280:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4203:
4202:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4083:
4075:Anālayo, Bhikkhu
4071:
4065:
4064:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3909:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3811:
3800:
3794:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3715:
3706:
3700:
3691:
3685:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3426:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3319:
3308:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3275:
3274:
3259:(2nd ed.).
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3162:
3151:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3113:Witanachchi 1965
3110:
3089:
3086:Witanachchi 1965
3083:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3047:Witanachchi 1965
3044:
3033:
3030:Witanachchi 1965
3027:
3018:
3017:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2938:
2915:
2905:
2858:
2852:
2833:
2832:
2805:
2794:
2793:
2767:
2752:
2749:Witanachchi 1965
2746:
2725:
2724:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2659:
2656:Witanachchi 1965
2653:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2537:Ājñāta Kauṇḍinya
2521:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:Mūlasarvāstivāda
2447:
2291:
2189:
2130:
2026:
1979:Death and relics
1958:
1946:
1934:
1926:
1871:
1861:
1846:
1837:
1803:Aṅguttara Nikāya
1796:
1756:Richard Gombrich
1633:
1619:
1567:Evaṃ mayā śrutam
1470:
1427:
1406:sense of urgency
1381:
1289:
1273:
1265:
1250:
1048:previous Buddhas
1041:
973:
968:
925:
917:
821:
813:
805:
780:
766:
758:
754:
750:
712:
709:
689:
685:
673:
624:
613:
609:
597:
569:
533:Mūlasarvāstivāda
511:and Indian poet
473:
461:
440:
416:
402:
399:
397:
391:romanized:
390:
388:
361:
359:
349:
347:
333:
313:
287:
279:
152:Other names
54:
37:
36:
21:
11006:
11005:
11001:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10996:
10995:
10951:
10950:
10947:
10942:
10914:
10700:
10690:
10660:
10655:
10643:
10625:
10577:
10492:
10407:
10144:Ordination hall
10105:
10007:
9978:Buddhist crisis
9890:
9587:
9539:Mahayana sutras
9515:
9511:Thích Nhất Hạnh
9342:
9215:
9155:
9105:Bodhisattva vow
8790:
8656:
8596:
8555:Taṇhā (Craving)
8490:Five hindrances
8441:
8333:
8263:
8117:
8062:
8034:
8017:
7983:
7967:
7960:
7949:Buddhist titles
7926:
7921:
7906:, vol. 1,
7885:
7883:
7879:
7873:
7858:
7815:
7789:
7783:
7768:
7754:
7748:
7733:
7716:
7710:
7691:
7681:
7654:
7606:
7600:
7585:
7554:
7535:, vol. 1,
7518:
7512:
7493:
7483:
7454:
7448:
7429:
7414:
7408:
7389:
7377:
7371:
7356:
7336:
7307:
7301:
7286:
7272:
7266:
7251:
7243:Hirakawa, Akira
7233:
7231:
7227:
7208:
7202:Hinüber, O. von
7193:
7187:
7172:
7158:
7152:
7133:
7123:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7072:
7043:
7016:
7014:
7010:
6977:
6961:
6955:
6936:
6924:
6913:
6872:
6866:
6851:
6833:
6827:
6816:
6775:
6734:
6729:
6719:
6717:
6701:
6697:
6687:
6685:
6663:
6654:
6650:
6642:
6638:
6630:
6626:
6618:
6614:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6560:
6553:
6543:
6541:
6524:
6517:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6470:. p. 240.
6455:
6451:
6443:
6439:
6431:
6427:
6420:
6400:
6396:
6388:
6384:
6376:
6372:
6364:
6360:
6352:
6348:
6340:
6334:
6315:
6309:
6305:
6297:
6293:
6285:
6279:
6264:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6225:
6221:
6213:
6209:
6201:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6172:
6168:
6160:
6156:
6148:
6144:
6136:
6132:
6124:
6118:
6110:. p. 133.
6099:
6093:
6089:
6081:
6077:
6069:
6065:
6057:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6030:
6024:
6005:
5996:
5992:
5984:
5980:
5972:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5928:
5921:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5886:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5862:
5856:
5831:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5804:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5775:
5768:
5760:
5756:
5748:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5695:
5691:
5683:
5679:
5671:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5636:
5628:. p. 209.
5616:
5612:
5604:
5597:
5589:
5585:
5577:
5570:
5562:
5558:
5550:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5514:
5510:
5502:
5496:
5477:
5471:
5467:
5459:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5423:
5417:
5409:. p. 142.
5402:
5394:
5390:
5382:
5376:
5357:
5351:
5347:
5339:
5335:
5327:
5323:
5315:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5291:
5287:
5283:, pp. 453.
5279:
5275:
5267:
5263:
5256:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5132:10.2307/2718621
5114:
5107:
5103:, Cāpālacaitya.
5099:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5075:
5071:
5063:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5029:
5025:
5017:
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4993:
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4966:
4962:
4954:
4950:
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4938:
4931:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4888:, Council, 1st.
4884:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4853:
4847:
4839:. p. 378.
4828:
4822:
4818:
4810:
4803:
4795:
4788:
4780:
4773:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4738:
4729:
4721:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4637:
4628:
4587:Strong, John S.
4584:
4580:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4533:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4449:
4443:
4435:. p. 398.
4424:
4415:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4379:
4372:
4364:
4358:
4343:
4340:Indian Buddhism
4332:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4293:
4284:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4217:
4206:
4199:
4176:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4081:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4051:Lexington Books
4041:
4037:
4029:
4022:
4014:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3812:
3803:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3694:
3686:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3509:. p. 394.
3492:
3488:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3337:. p. 389.
3320:
3311:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3278:
3271:
3263:. p. 270.
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3160:
3152:
3143:
3135:
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3123:
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3111:
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3021:
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2861:
2853:
2836:
2829:
2806:
2797:
2790:
2768:
2755:
2747:
2728:
2721:
2711:Springer-Verlag
2703:
2699:
2691:
2662:
2654:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2617:
2613:
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2601:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2543:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2411:Wille zum Leben
2370:Jonathan Harvey
2346:
2274:observance days
2157:
2132:
2119:
1981:
1917:
1809:Saṃyutta Nikāya
1798:
1793:Manorathapūranī
1785:
1778:
1774:
1720:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1542:
1461:
1456:
1438:
1386:and not out of
1359:apart from the
1356:Gregory Schopen
1229:
1223:
1206:Bhikkhu Anālayo
1178:, Ānanda's pro-
1044:his real mother
1021:
1007:
951:
882:. At one time,
873:loving-kindness
852:with devotion.
828:
588:
576:born and reborn
546:
541:
521:
258:and one of his
236:
228:
219:
209:
208:
115:
114:, or the Ganges
104:
100:20 years after
92:
87:
65:
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11004:
10994:
10993:
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10878:
10877:
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10866:
10856:
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10824:
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10797:
10796:
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10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10749:
10748:
10738:
10737:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10714:Core teachings
10711:
10705:
10702:
10701:
10697:Gautama Buddha
10689:
10688:
10681:
10674:
10666:
10657:
10656:
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10641:
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10311:
10306:
10301:
10300:
10299:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10273:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10211:
10210:
10208:Greco-Buddhist
10200:
10199:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10162:
10161:
10159:Burmese pagoda
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10115:
10113:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10103:
10098:
10093:
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10038:
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10023:
10017:
10015:
10009:
10008:
10006:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9949:
9948:
9941:Greco-Buddhism
9938:
9933:
9932:
9931:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9900:
9898:
9892:
9891:
9889:
9888:
9887:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9874:United Kingdom
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9819:Czech Republic
9816:
9811:
9806:
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9796:
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9648:
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9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9597:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9585:
9583:Abhidharmadīpa
9580:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9525:
9523:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9501:B. R. Ambedkar
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9421:Songtsen Gampo
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
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9223:
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9206:
9201:
9196:
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9181:
9176:
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9163:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9153:
9148:
9147:
9146:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9114:
9113:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9100:Eight precepts
9097:
9087:
9086:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8995:
8994:
8989:
8979:
8974:
8973:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8888:
8878:
8873:
8871:Five Strengths
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8837:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8811:
8806:
8800:
8798:
8792:
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8789:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8666:
8664:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8654:
8649:
8648:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8612:
8606:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8588:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8510:Mental factors
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8451:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8362:Mahamoggallāna
8359:
8354:
8349:
8343:
8341:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8277:Avalokiteśvara
8273:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8241:
8233:
8225:
8217:
8209:
8201:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8127:
8125:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8078:
8072:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8039:
8036:
8035:
8016:
8015:
8008:
8001:
7993:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7976:
7961:
7956:
7952:
7951:
7943:
7942:
7932:
7925:
7924:External links
7922:
7920:
7919:
7891:
7871:
7849:
7833:(2): 824–817,
7818:
7813:
7794:
7781:
7759:
7746:
7721:
7708:
7684:
7679:
7657:
7652:
7633:
7624:(4): 861–901,
7611:
7598:
7573:
7548:
7523:
7510:
7486:
7481:
7459:
7446:
7419:
7406:
7382:
7370:90-683-1-100-X
7369:
7339:
7334:
7312:
7299:
7277:
7264:
7239:
7198:
7185:
7163:
7150:
7126:
7121:
7105:
7085:
7064:Gethin, Rupert
7060:
7055:(PhD thesis),
7046:
7041:
7022:
6966:
6953:
6929:
6906:
6877:
6864:
6838:
6825:
6807:
6778:
6773:
6758:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6695:
6648:
6636:
6624:
6612:
6584:
6551:
6515:
6483:
6476:
6449:
6437:
6425:
6418:
6394:
6382:
6370:
6358:
6346:
6332:
6303:
6291:
6277:
6250:
6243:
6237:. p. 47.
6219:
6207:
6205:, p. 153.
6190:
6178:
6166:
6154:
6142:
6140:, p. 381.
6130:
6116:
6087:
6085:, p. 536.
6075:
6073:, p. 361.
6063:
6061:, p. 210.
6048:
6036:
6022:
6016:. p. 69.
5999:Bechert, Heinz
5990:
5978:
5966:
5954:
5919:
5917:, p. 109.
5907:
5901:978-0691117645
5900:
5880:
5868:
5854:
5848:. p. 30.
5834:Cousins, L. S.
5822:
5810:
5793:
5781:
5779:, Madhyāntika.
5766:
5754:
5737:
5735:, p. 373.
5725:
5689:
5677:
5665:
5661:Filigenzi 2006
5653:
5651:, p. 379.
5641:
5634:
5610:
5608:, p. 115.
5595:
5583:
5568:
5556:
5554:, p. 232.
5544:
5532:
5520:
5518:, p. 370.
5508:
5494:
5488:. p. 17.
5465:
5463:, p. 378.
5453:
5441:
5439:, p. 395.
5429:
5415:
5388:
5374:
5368:. p. 62.
5345:
5333:
5321:
5319:, p. 457.
5317:Mukherjee 1994
5309:
5297:
5293:Mukherjee 1994
5285:
5281:Mukherjee 1994
5273:
5261:
5254:
5229:
5217:
5215:, p. 268.
5205:
5193:
5191:, p. 487.
5181:
5179:, p. 254.
5169:
5167:, p. 821.
5165:Tsukamoto 1963
5157:
5155:, p. 820.
5153:Tsukamoto 1963
5145:
5105:
5093:
5091:, p. 867.
5081:
5079:, p. 470.
5069:
5057:
5045:
5023:
5021:, p. 308.
5011:
5009:, p. 256.
4999:
4997:, p. 305.
4987:
4972:
4970:, p. 190.
4960:
4958:, Saṃgītikāra.
4948:
4936:
4929:
4902:
4900:, p. 148.
4890:
4871:
4859:
4845:
4816:
4814:, p. 314.
4801:
4799:, p. 164.
4786:
4784:, p. 231.
4771:
4756:
4744:
4742:, p. 271.
4740:Filigenzi 2006
4727:
4715:
4713:, Mahākāśyapa.
4703:
4691:
4679:
4677:, p. 230.
4664:
4626:
4605:10.1086/462775
4578:
4576:, p. 466.
4574:Mukherjee 1994
4566:
4564:, p. 226.
4551:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4513:, p. 256.
4503:
4491:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4441:
4409:
4407:, p. 361.
4397:
4385:
4370:
4356:
4323:
4311:
4299:
4282:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4204:
4197:
4170:
4158:
4141:
4129:
4114:
4102:
4066:
4059:
4035:
4020:
3987:
3975:
3963:
3961:, p. 209.
3948:
3946:, p. 384.
3936:
3892:
3880:
3873:
3851:
3839:
3832:
3801:
3799:, p. 865.
3786:
3784:, p. 871.
3774:
3759:
3747:
3740:
3707:
3705:, p. 862.
3692:
3690:, p. 241.
3677:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3613:
3589:
3577:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3515:
3495:Bodhi, Bhikkhu
3486:
3484:, Ratanasutta.
3471:
3459:
3437:
3431:. p. 28.
3410:
3398:
3396:, p. 377.
3386:
3384:, p. 368.
3374:
3362:
3360:, p. 387.
3350:
3343:
3323:Bodhi, Bhikkhu
3309:
3293:
3291:, p. 375.
3276:
3269:
3245:
3243:, p. 376.
3233:
3222:Chisholm, Hugh
3187:
3173:
3167:. p. 10.
3141:
3139:, p. 372.
3129:
3117:
3115:, p. 532.
3090:
3088:, p. 533.
3075:
3063:
3051:
3034:
3032:, p. 530.
3019:
2996:Ekottara Āgama
2983:
2964:
2957:
2916:
2859:
2834:
2827:
2795:
2788:
2782:. p. 49.
2753:
2751:, p. 535.
2726:
2719:
2713:. p. 35.
2697:
2660:
2658:, p. 529.
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2611:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2554:
2541:
2516:
2503:
2486:
2474:
2465:
2455:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2378:Eugène Burnouf
2350:Richard Wagner
2345:
2342:
2278:eight precepts
2233:opposed to an
2230:Akira Hirakawa
2197:Subha Suttanta
2156:
2153:
2137:body of dharma
2116:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2094:
2082:Saṃyukta Āgama
1980:
1977:
1916:
1913:
1908:psychic powers
1776:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1760:Bhikkhu Sujato
1744:Second Council
1719:
1716:
1704:
1679:Jean Przyluski
1654:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1541:
1538:
1460:
1457:
1452:Main article:
1437:
1434:
1315:
1222:
1219:
1193:
1006:
1003:
986:Śūraṃgamasūtra
950:
947:
943:kalyāṇamittata
827:
824:
765:Niyagrodhārāma
733:Buddha's death
654:Following the
594:Map of India,
587:
584:
545:
544:Previous lives
542:
540:
537:
520:
517:
509:Richard Wagner
484:Third Councils
239:
238:
225:
221:
220:
218:
217:
206:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
170:
166:
165:
164:Senior posting
161:
160:
153:
149:
148:
145:aggupaṭṭhāyaka
141:
140:Known for
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
105:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
55:
47:
46:
43:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11003:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10949:
10939:
10931:
10929:
10921:
10920:
10917:
10909:
10906:
10905:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10887:
10884:
10883:
10882:
10881:Buddha in art
10879:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10861:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10814:
10810:
10806:
10803:
10802:
10801:
10798:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10770:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10747:
10744:
10743:
10742:
10739:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10716:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10703:
10698:
10694:
10687:
10682:
10680:
10675:
10673:
10668:
10667:
10664:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10640:
10632:
10631:
10628:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10588:
10586:
10584:
10580:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10513:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10503:
10501:
10499:
10495:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10478:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10418:
10416:
10414:
10413:Miscellaneous
10410:
10404:
10403:Vegetarianism
10401:
10399:
10396:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10368:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10316:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10298:
10295:
10294:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10247:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10225:Buddha in art
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10209:
10206:
10205:
10204:
10201:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10160:
10157:
10156:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10120:
10117:
10116:
10114:
10112:
10108:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10018:
10016:
10014:
10010:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9930:
9927:
9926:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9893:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9879:United States
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9791:
9790:
9787:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9774:
9773:
9770:
9766:
9763:
9762:
9761:
9758:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9745:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9706:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9596:
9594:
9590:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9578:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9561:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9518:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9436:Padmasambhava
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9348:Major figures
9345:
9339:
9336:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9295:
9294:Western tulku
9292:
9291:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9226:
9224:
9222:
9218:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9152:
9149:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9119:
9118:
9115:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9095:Five precepts
9093:
9092:
9091:
9088:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9073:Dhamma vicaya
9071:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9061:
9057:
9054:
9053:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8895:
8894:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8841:Buddhābhiṣeka
8839:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8737:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8659:
8653:
8650:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8593:
8590:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8485:Enlightenment
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8475:Dhamma theory
8473:
8471:
8470:Buddha-nature
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8444:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8336:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8309:Samantabhadra
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8248:
8242:
8240:
8234:
8232:
8226:
8224:
8218:
8216:
8210:
8208:
8202:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8014:
8009:
8007:
8002:
8000:
7995:
7994:
7991:
7982:
7975:
7972:
7966:
7959:
7953:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7892:
7878:
7874:
7872:0-521-36428-0
7868:
7864:
7857:
7856:
7850:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7819:
7816:
7814:9788120811546
7810:
7806:
7802:
7801:
7795:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7774:
7767:
7766:
7760:
7753:
7749:
7747:0-19-507202-2
7743:
7739:
7732:
7731:
7726:
7722:
7715:
7711:
7709:0-415-33227-3
7705:
7701:
7697:
7690:
7685:
7682:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7658:
7655:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7640:
7634:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7618:
7612:
7605:
7601:
7599:3-447-02285-X
7595:
7592:, p. 8,
7591:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7577:Norman, K. R.
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7549:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7524:
7517:
7513:
7511:0-415-33229-X
7507:
7503:
7499:
7492:
7487:
7484:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7460:
7453:
7449:
7447:0-415-33229-X
7443:
7439:
7435:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7413:
7409:
7407:0-415-33227-3
7403:
7399:
7395:
7388:
7383:
7376:
7372:
7366:
7362:
7359:(in French),
7354:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7316:Keown, Damien
7313:
7306:
7302:
7300:81-208-1776-1
7296:
7292:
7285:
7284:
7278:
7271:
7267:
7265:9788120809550
7261:
7257:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7240:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7178:
7171:
7170:
7164:
7157:
7153:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7132:
7127:
7124:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7092:
7088:
7086:1-85168-285-6
7082:
7078:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7054:
7053:
7047:
7044:
7042:9788120819566
7038:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7023:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6990:(3): 253–73,
6989:
6985:
6984:
6976:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6956:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6935:
6930:
6923:
6919:
6912:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6878:
6871:
6867:
6861:
6857:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6832:
6828:
6826:9788176251525
6822:
6815:
6814:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6798:(1): 45–103,
6797:
6794:(in French),
6793:
6792:
6787:
6783:
6782:Bareau, André
6779:
6776:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6759:
6755:
6750:
6747:(1): 207–50,
6746:
6742:
6737:
6736:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6699:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6640:
6633:
6628:
6621:
6616:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6539:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6522:
6520:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6490:
6488:
6479:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6447:, p. 36.
6446:
6441:
6434:
6429:
6421:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6398:
6391:
6386:
6380:, p. 86.
6379:
6378:Hirakawa 1993
6374:
6368:, p. 62.
6367:
6362:
6355:
6350:
6339:
6335:
6333:0-02-865720-9
6329:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6295:
6284:
6280:
6274:
6270:
6263:
6262:
6254:
6246:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6223:
6216:
6215:Clasquin 2013
6211:
6204:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6188:, p. 10.
6187:
6186:Clasquin 2013
6182:
6175:
6170:
6164:, p. 48.
6163:
6158:
6151:
6146:
6139:
6134:
6123:
6119:
6117:0-415-33229-X
6113:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6079:
6072:
6067:
6060:
6055:
6053:
6045:
6040:
6029:
6025:
6023:0-415-33227-3
6019:
6015:
6011:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5988:, p. 11.
5987:
5982:
5975:
5970:
5964:, p. 66.
5963:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5939:(in French).
5938:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5916:
5911:
5903:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5877:
5872:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5819:
5814:
5808:, p. 65.
5807:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5790:
5785:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5763:
5758:
5752:, p. 10.
5751:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5734:
5729:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5710:(in French).
5709:
5708:
5703:
5702:Vinayapitakas
5699:
5698:Bareau, André
5693:
5686:
5681:
5674:
5669:
5662:
5657:
5650:
5645:
5637:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5614:
5607:
5602:
5600:
5592:
5587:
5580:
5575:
5573:
5565:
5560:
5553:
5548:
5541:
5540:Clasquin 2013
5536:
5529:
5524:
5517:
5512:
5501:
5497:
5495:0-02-865719-5
5491:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5457:
5451:, p. 51.
5450:
5445:
5438:
5433:
5422:
5418:
5416:3-447-04232-X
5412:
5408:
5401:
5400:
5392:
5381:
5377:
5375:0-7876-6612-2
5371:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5337:
5331:, p. 73.
5330:
5329:Gombrich 2018
5325:
5318:
5313:
5306:
5305:MacQueen 2005
5301:
5294:
5289:
5282:
5277:
5271:, p. 69.
5270:
5269:Hirakawa 1993
5265:
5257:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5227:, p. 88.
5226:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5202:
5197:
5190:
5189:Freedman 1977
5185:
5178:
5173:
5166:
5161:
5154:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5112:
5110:
5102:
5097:
5090:
5085:
5078:
5077:Freedman 1977
5073:
5066:
5061:
5054:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5020:
5019:Davidson 1990
5015:
5008:
5007:Lamotte 2005b
5003:
4996:
4995:Davidson 1990
4991:
4984:
4979:
4977:
4969:
4968:Lamotte 2005a
4964:
4957:
4952:
4945:
4940:
4932:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4909:
4907:
4899:
4894:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4868:
4863:
4852:
4848:
4846:0-415-33234-6
4842:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4812:MacQueen 2005
4808:
4806:
4798:
4793:
4791:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4768:
4763:
4761:
4753:
4748:
4741:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4724:
4719:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4695:
4689:, p. 56.
4688:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4575:
4570:
4563:
4558:
4556:
4549:, p. 53.
4548:
4543:
4536:
4531:
4524:
4523:Freedman 1977
4519:
4512:
4507:
4500:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4459:
4448:
4444:
4442:0-415-33229-X
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4406:
4401:
4395:, p. 34.
4394:
4389:
4382:
4377:
4375:
4363:
4359:
4357:81-208-0818-5
4353:
4349:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4335:Warder, A. K.
4330:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4309:, p. 33.
4308:
4303:
4297:, p. 55.
4296:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4221:, p. 88.
4220:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4168:, p. 26.
4167:
4162:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4139:, p. 54.
4138:
4133:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4111:
4106:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4062:
4056:
4053:. p. 4.
4052:
4048:
4047:
4039:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3945:
3940:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3905:
3896:
3890:, p. 53.
3889:
3884:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3712:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3532:, p. 12.
3531:
3526:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3463:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3372:, p. 18.
3371:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3209:public domain
3196:
3194:
3192:
3180:
3176:
3174:0-8160-4640-9
3170:
3166:
3165:Facts On File
3159:
3158:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3127:, Vajraputra.
3126:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3061:, p. 35.
3060:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3004:(in French).
3003:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2992:Bareau, André
2987:
2981:, p. 85.
2980:
2979:Hirakawa 1993
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2857:, p. 12.
2856:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2789:1-85109-649-3
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2621:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2534:
2533:Añña Koṇḍañña
2530:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2510:According to
2507:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2469:
2459:
2452:
2449:According to
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2395:Drawing from
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2179:Bhadrakārātrī
2176:
2175:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2149:Gotama Buddha
2146:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2005:L. S. Cousins
2002:
1994:
1990:
1989:final Nirvana
1985:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:The attendant
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:Buddha-vacana
1761:
1757:
1754:. Indologist
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1726:Vinaya-piṭaka
1715:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1670:'s ministry.
1669:
1665:
1660:
1645:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:Evaṃ me sutaṃ
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1534:
1530:
1529:evaṃ me sutaṃ
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1466:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1401:final Nirvana
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1242:
1238:
1235:Sculpture at
1233:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1011:
1002:
1000:
999:Buddha nature
996:
992:
988:
987:
982:
978:
974:
967:
962:
958:
957:
946:
944:
940:
935:
934:
929:
921:
914:, (Sanskrit:
913:
909:
900:
895:
891:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
850:
846:
840:
832:
823:
817:
809:
801:
797:
793:
792:
787:
782:
779:
774:
770:
762:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
707:
703:
702:
697:
693:
681:
677:
669:
668:became a monk
665:
664:Dharmaguptaka
661:
657:
648:
644:
642:
638:
637:
632:
631:enlightenment
628:
619:
618:
605:
592:
583:
581:
577:
573:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
536:
534:
530:
526:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
469:
465:
457:
453:
448:
444:
436:
432:
427:
426:enlightenment
422:
420:
412:
408:
396:
384:
383:
378:
374:
368:
364:
358:
352:
343:
339:
338:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
291:
283:
275:
271:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
235:
231:
226:
222:
215:
212:Majjhantika;
211:
210:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
109:
106:On the river
103:
99:
95:
91:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
53:
48:
38:
33:
19:
10948:
10591:Bodhisattvas
10511:Christianity
10506:Baháʼí Faith
10371:Dharmachakra
10361:Prayer wheel
10351:Prayer beads
10119:Architecture
9998:969 Movement
9782:Saudi Arabia
9760:Central Asia
9753:South Africa
9575:
9558:
9491:Panchen Lama
9396:Buddhapālita
8992:Satipatthana
8987:Mindful Yoga
8900:Recollection
8814:Brahmavihara
8685:Japanese Zen
8680:Chinese Chan
8640:Animal realm
8447:Key concepts
8366:
8269:Bodhisattvas
8235:
8081:Three Jewels
7963:
7903:
7886:17 September
7884:, retrieved
7877:the original
7854:
7830:
7826:
7799:
7787:the original
7764:
7752:the original
7729:
7714:the original
7695:
7665:
7661:Powers, John
7638:
7621:
7615:
7590:Harrassowitz
7581:
7564:
7560:
7531:
7516:the original
7497:
7467:
7452:the original
7433:
7412:the original
7393:
7375:the original
7352:
7347:
7320:
7282:
7270:the original
7247:
7234:10 September
7232:, retrieved
7225:the original
7212:
7168:
7137:
7112:
7109:Gombrich, R.
7100:14 September
7098:, retrieved
7091:the original
7068:
7051:
7027:
7017:17 September
7015:, retrieved
7008:the original
6987:
6981:
6972:
6959:the original
6940:
6922:the original
6917:
6889:
6885:
6847:
6831:the original
6812:
6795:
6789:
6785:
6763:
6744:
6740:
6720:24 September
6718:. Retrieved
6707:
6698:
6686:. Retrieved
6682:the original
6669:
6661:
6651:
6639:
6627:
6615:
6605:. May 2012.
6600:
6597:BBC Radio 3"
6587:
6574:
6570:
6544:24 September
6542:. Retrieved
6533:Bangkok Post
6531:
6501:
6495:
6462:
6452:
6440:
6428:
6404:
6397:
6392:, Er xieshi.
6385:
6373:
6361:
6349:
6338:the original
6324:Thomson Gale
6319:
6306:
6294:
6260:
6253:
6229:
6222:
6210:
6181:
6169:
6157:
6145:
6133:
6122:the original
6103:
6090:
6078:
6066:
6059:Lamotte 1988
6044:Lamotte 1988
6039:
6028:the original
6009:
5993:
5981:
5969:
5957:
5940:
5934:
5910:
5890:
5883:
5871:
5841:
5813:
5791:, p. 8.
5784:
5757:
5728:
5711:
5705:
5701:
5692:
5680:
5668:
5656:
5644:
5620:
5613:
5586:
5559:
5547:
5542:, p. 7.
5535:
5523:
5511:
5500:the original
5486:Thomson Gale
5481:
5468:
5456:
5444:
5432:
5407:Harrassowitz
5398:
5391:
5366:Thomson Gale
5361:
5348:
5336:
5324:
5312:
5300:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5241:
5232:
5220:
5208:
5196:
5184:
5172:
5160:
5148:
5123:
5117:
5096:
5084:
5072:
5065:Hinüber 2007
5060:
5048:
5035:
5026:
5014:
5002:
4990:
4985:, p. 8.
4963:
4951:
4939:
4915:
4898:Lamotte 1988
4893:
4862:
4832:
4819:
4782:Prebish 2005
4747:
4718:
4706:
4699:Prebish 2005
4694:
4682:
4675:Prebish 2005
4655:. Retrieved
4644:
4599:(4): 398–9.
4596:
4590:
4581:
4569:
4562:Prebish 2005
4542:
4530:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4447:the original
4428:
4412:
4400:
4388:
4383:, Kuśingarī.
4362:the original
4339:
4314:
4302:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4183:
4173:
4161:
4132:
4105:
4089:
4085:
4069:
4045:
4038:
4007:
4003:
3990:
3983:Hinüber 2007
3978:
3971:Hinüber 2007
3966:
3939:
3929:22 September
3927:. Retrieved
3920:the original
3915:
3911:
3895:
3883:
3860:
3854:
3842:
3819:
3777:
3770:Hinüber 2007
3750:
3727:
3724:Powers, John
3668:. Retrieved
3657:
3647:
3635:
3623:
3599:
3592:
3580:
3559:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3502:
3499:"Discourses"
3489:
3462:
3452:12 September
3450:. Retrieved
3420:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3377:
3365:
3353:
3330:
3296:
3255:
3248:
3236:
3225:
3156:
3132:
3120:
3066:
3054:
3005:
2999:
2986:
2943:
2813:
2809:Powers, John
2775:
2706:
2700:
2614:
2602:
2597:Page i. xiv.
2593:
2584:
2566:
2557:
2544:
2525:Sarvāstivāda
2519:
2506:
2498:
2489:
2477:
2468:
2458:
2445:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2402:will to live
2400:
2397:Schopenhauer
2394:
2389:
2381:
2374:Wagner Dream
2363:
2357:
2347:
2327:
2320:Ratana Sutta
2319:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2238:
2234:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2097:"Who in the
2096:
2089:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2043:
2009:
1998:
1960:
1918:
1900:
1873:
1863:
1856:, Sanskrit:
1843:
1832:, Sanskrit:
1827:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1763:
1758:, following
1731:Sutta-piṭaka
1730:
1724:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1693:, Sanskrit:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1597:Dīgha Nikāya
1586:
1579:Sarvāstivāda
1565:, Sanskrit:
1555:Sūtra Piṭaka
1553:, Sanskrit:
1551:Sutta Piṭaka
1543:
1528:
1498:André Bareau
1491:
1482:
1472:
1464:
1462:
1417:
1414:
1399:
1395:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1349:
1338:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1282:, Sanskrit:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1237:Vulture Peak
1214:
1210:
1201:
1196:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:Mahāpajāpati
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1107:
1098:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1031:
1025:
1022:
984:
980:
970:
954:
952:
933:Ratana Sutta
931:
904:
884:Mahāpajāpatī
879:
877:
854:
849:interlocutor
841:
837:
789:
783:
775:; Sanskrit:
761:Nigrodhārāma
728:
720:
699:
696:Mahāsaṅghika
686:, Sanskrit:
653:
634:
615:
601:
564:, Sanskrit:
547:
529:commentaries
524:
522:
504:
494:
487:
475:
463:
446:
442:
423:
418:
380:
373:commentaries
369:
335:
315:
301:
297:
290:Sūtra-Piṭaka
289:
269:Sutta-Piṭaka
267:
243:
242:
232:or Anupiya,
230:Nigrodhārāma
180:Consecration
172:The Buddha;
144:
90:Kapilavatthu
10893:Iconography
10886:life in art
10753:Four sights
10436:Dharma talk
10265:Asalha Puja
10061:Eschatology
9864:Switzerland
9844:New Zealand
9772:Middle East
9681:Philippines
9601:Afghanistan
9406:Bodhidharma
9391:Buddhaghosa
9311:Householder
9221:Monasticism
9174:Bodhisattva
9029:Prostration
8982:Mindfulness
8910:Anapanasati
8893:Kammaṭṭhāna
8690:Korean Seon
8630:Asura realm
8625:Human realm
8565:Ten Fetters
8520:Parinirvana
8422:Uppalavanna
8387:Mahākaccana
8372:Mahākassapa
8304:Kṣitigarbha
8299:Ākāśagarbha
8196:Suddhodāna
8141:Four sights
8068:Foundations
7958:Mahākāśyapa
6577:(32): 531.
6433:Ambros 2016
6366:Strong 1994
6354:Baruah 2000
6162:Norman 1983
6138:Findly 2003
5986:Baruah 2000
5974:Baruah 2000
5962:Strong 1994
5818:Baruah 2000
5806:Strong 1994
5789:Baruah 2000
5750:Baruah 2000
5733:Findly 2003
5685:Findly 2003
5673:Findly 1992
5649:Findly 2003
5591:Findly 2003
5579:Findly 2003
5564:Gethin 2001
5552:Gethin 2001
5516:Findly 2003
5461:Findly 2003
5449:Hansen 2008
5437:Findly 2003
5341:Findly 2003
5225:Harvey 2013
5213:Findly 1992
5201:Bareau 1979
5177:Findly 1992
5089:Ohnuma 2006
4983:Norman 1983
4867:Powers 2007
4687:Powers 2007
4547:Hansen 2008
4511:Findly 1992
4475:Bareau 1979
4319:Hansen 2008
4295:Powers 2007
4231:Bareau 1979
4166:Harvey 2013
4137:Powers 2007
4031:Findly 1992
3959:Ambros 2016
3944:Findly 2003
3914:(in Thai).
3888:Powers 2007
3847:Ohnuma 2006
3797:Ohnuma 2006
3782:Ohnuma 2006
3755:Ohnuma 2006
3703:Ohnuma 2006
3688:Ambros 2016
3640:Findly 2003
3585:Ambros 2016
3542:Findly 2003
3467:Findly 2003
3394:Findly 2003
3382:Findly 2003
3358:Findly 2003
3289:Findly 2003
3241:Findly 2003
3137:Findly 2003
3071:Findly 2003
2568:bodhisattva
2535:(Sanskrit:
2512:John Powers
2497:as to what
2324:Bodhi trees
2305:monk's robe
2193:Sekha Sutta
2177:(Sanskrit:
2145:Lotus Sūtra
2120:transl. by
2023:(Sanskrit:
1955:(Sanskrit:
1945:Madhyāntika
1941:Aśokavadāna
1937:Divyavadāna
1931:(Sanskrit:
1923:(Sanskrit:
1866:(Sanskrit:
1845:Duowen Diyi
1786:transl. by
1748:Louis Finot
1718:Historicity
1623:Mahākassapa
1571:saṃgītikāra
1540:Recitations
1469:Mahākāśyapa
1424:(Sanskrit:
1378:(Sanskrit:
1326:impermanent
1288:Veṇugrāmaka
1270:(Sanskrit:
1262:(Sanskrit:
1168:Mahākassapa
1086:I.B. Horner
1038:(Sanskrit:
972:Módēngqiénǚ
922:(Sanskrit:
901:, Thailand
802:(Sanskrit:
794:(Sanskrit:
757:Vaidehamuni
747:(Sanskrit:
672:Kapilavastu
614:), but the
606:(Sanskrit:
554:Padumuttara
476:Madhyāntika
443:Mahākāśyapa
431:Mahākassapa
385:(Sanskrit:
191:Mahākassapa
188:Predecessor
183:Mahākassapa
62:Northern Qi
10955:Categories
10813:Bodhi Tree
10778:Śuddhodana
10729:Middle Way
10693:The Buddha
10553:Psychology
10533:Gnosticism
10521:Comparison
10516:Influences
10498:Comparison
10381:Bhavacakra
10339:Kushinagar
10314:Pilgrimage
10260:Māgha Pūjā
10215:Bodhi Tree
10031:Buddhology
10021:Abhidharma
10013:Philosophy
9946:Menander I
9814:Costa Rica
9765:Uzbekistan
9606:Bangladesh
9560:Dhammapada
9544:Pali Canon
9506:Ajahn Chah
9486:Dalai Lama
9386:Kumārajīva
9381:Vasubandhu
9356:The Buddha
9264:Zen master
9199:Sakadagami
9179:Buddhahood
9110:Pratimokṣa
8925:Shikantaza
8881:Meditation
8856:Deity yoga
8727:Madhyamaka
8620:Deva realm
8515:Mindstream
8465:Bodhicitta
8377:Aṅgulimāla
8244:Devadatta
8220:Yaśodharā
8123:The Buddha
8113:Middle Way
7916:2863845613
7567:: 452–73,
7427:"Mañjuśrī"
7425:(2005b) .
6732:References
6563:Wagner, R.
6071:Jaini 2001
5943:(1): 418.
5626:SUNY Press
5355:"Buddhism"
4797:Keown 2004
4487:Lopez 2017
4393:Olson 2005
4307:Olson 2005
4219:Lopez 2017
2855:Keown 2004
2529:Mahīśāsaka
2431:Chandalika
2427:Chandalika
2359:Die Sieger
2298:bhikkhunīs
2266:bhikkhunīs
2262:bhikkhunīs
2218:Theragāthā
2127:Theragāthā
2025:Ajātaśatrū
2021:Ajātasattu
1687:discourses
1583:Abhidhamma
1507:meditation
1392:pacchimaka
1272:Kuśinagara
1225:See also:
1217:directly.
1215:bhikkhunīs
1211:bhikkhunīs
1172:bhikkhunīs
1170:, several
1164:bhikkhunīs
1108:garudhamma
1095:omniscient
1091:Pāli Canon
1062:garudhamma
1052:bhikkhunīs
1017:See also:
995:recitation
820:Vajraputra
812:Vṛjjiputra
796:śrotāpanna
729:Theragāthā
674:). He was
660:Mahīśasaka
636:Theragāthā
623:Siddhārtha
608:Śuddhodana
604:Suddhodana
586:Early life
572:good deeds
505:bhikkhunīs
472:मध्यान्तिक
464:Śāṇakavāsī
382:bhikkhunīs
286:सूत्र-पिटक
278:सुत्त पिटक
224:Initiation
10938:Wikiquote
10874:footprint
10809:Bodh Gaya
10788:Yaśodharā
10741:Disciples
10621:Festivals
10601:Buddhists
10563:Theosophy
10366:Symbolism
10356:Hama yumi
10329:Bodh Gaya
10096:Socialism
10071:Evolution
10046:Economics
9884:Venezuela
9799:Australia
9794:Argentina
9718:Sri Lanka
9713:Singapore
9631:Indonesia
9593:Countries
9534:Tripiṭaka
9496:Ajahn Mun
9371:Nagarjuna
9366:Aśvaghoṣa
9249:Anagārika
9244:Śrāmaṇerī
9239:Śrāmaṇera
9234:Bhikkhunī
9194:Sotāpanna
9083:Passaddhi
9024:Offerings
8999:Nekkhamma
8876:Iddhipada
8796:Practices
8766:Theravada
8739:Vajrayana
8732:Yogachara
8702:Pure Land
8615:Six Paths
8602:Cosmology
8382:Anuruddha
8357:Sāriputta
8347:Kaundinya
8339:Disciples
8314:Vajrapāṇi
8166:Footprint
8131:Tathāgata
7981:Shanavasa
7773:Routledge
7725:Ray, R.A.
7700:Routledge
7545:793535195
7502:Routledge
7438:Routledge
7398:Routledge
7345:(1988) ,
7221:1342-7377
7004:169332149
6898:1583-0039
6709:The Hindu
6688:1 October
6678:0974-5556
6672:(1): 71.
6504:(1): 29.
6468:Routledge
6410:Routledge
6313:"Lineage"
6108:Routledge
6014:Routledge
6001:(2005) .
5846:Routledge
5606:Shaw 2006
5246:Routledge
4837:Routledge
4767:Shaw 2006
4657:29 August
4621:161597822
4433:Routledge
4420:(2005) .
4277:170582903
4112:, Udāyin.
3732:Routledge
3670:29 August
3568:1076-9005
3530:Shaw 2006
3507:Routledge
3370:Shaw 2006
3335:Routledge
3216:(1911). "
3059:Shaw 2006
3008:(1): 94.
2695:, Ānanda.
2629:Citations
2425:, called
2415:bhikkhunī
2390:bhikkhunī
2382:bhikkhunī
2258:bhikkhunī
2239:upajjhāya
2235:upajjhāya
2086:offerings
2070:Xuan Zang
2029:Licchavis
1852:" (Pali:
1835:bahuśruta
1830:bahussuta
1575:Haimavāta
1561:" (Pali:
1487:Anuruddha
1396:sotapanna
1341:sal trees
1254:The Pāli
1202:bhikkhuni
1197:bhikkhunī
1188:bhikkhunī
1180:bhikkhunī
1160:bhikkhunī
1156:bhikkhunī
1137:bhikkhunī
1132:bhikkhunī
1127:bhikkhunī
1123:bhikkhunī
1099:bhikkhunī
1078:bhikkhunī
1067:bhikkhunī
1056:bhikkhunī
1036:Yasodharā
1032:bhikkhunī
981:bhikkhunī
961:low-caste
956:bhikkhunī
916:Śyāmāvatī
804:Śāriputra
800:Sāriputta
791:sotāpanna
778:upādhyāya
773:upajjhāya
769:preceptor
725:Devadatta
706:kṣatriyaḥ
641:"learner"
617:Mahāvastu
612:Amṛtodana
523:The word
439:महाकाश्यप
351:romanized
196:Successor
128:Parent(s)
10908:Hinduism
10844:Prophecy
10834:Birthday
10829:Miracles
10709:Buddhism
10639:Category
10568:Violence
10538:Hinduism
10486:Sanskrit
10441:Hinayana
10426:Amitābha
10386:Swastika
10255:Uposatha
10245:Holidays
10230:Calendar
10076:Humanism
9914:Kanishka
9904:Timeline
9728:Thailand
9696:Kalmykia
9691:Buryatia
9676:Pakistan
9661:Mongolia
9656:Maldives
9651:Malaysia
9616:Cambodia
9481:Shamarpa
9476:Nichiren
9426:Xuanzang
9361:Nagasena
9279:Rinpoche
9009:Pāramitā
8851:Devotion
8771:Navayana
8759:Dzogchen
8722:Nichiren
8670:Mahayana
8662:Branches
8540:Saṅkhāra
8289:Mañjuśrī
8246:(cousin)
8238:(cousin)
8206:(mother)
8198:(father)
8186:Miracles
8136:Birthday
8053:Glossary
8026:Buddhism
7939:archived
7896:"Ānanda"
7845:archived
7727:(1994),
7663:(2007),
7604:archived
7579:(1983),
7569:archived
7529:(1960),
7465:(2017),
7318:(2004),
7305:archived
7245:(1993),
7191:archived
7156:archived
7111:(2018),
7066:(2001),
6902:archived
6892:: 3–18,
6870:archived
6845:(2013),
6714:Archived
6662:Dialogue
6644:App 2011
6632:App 2011
6620:App 2011
6607:Archived
6579:Archived
6538:Archived
6460:(1995).
6283:Archived
5915:Ray 1994
5860:Archived
5836:(2005).
5475:"Ānanda"
5421:Archived
5380:Archived
5240:(2006).
4851:Archived
4651:Archived
4535:Ray 1994
4499:Ray 1994
4463:Ray 1994
4405:Ray 1994
4337:(2000).
4094:Archived
4077:(2008).
4012:Archived
3664:Archived
3572:Archived
3497:(2013).
3443:Archived
3325:(2013).
3305:Nālāgiri
3179:Archived
2780:ABC-CLIO
2772:"Ananda"
2577:Mañjuśrī
2563:Mahāyāna
2365:Parsifal
2354:libretto
2338:Jetavana
2046:Upagupta
2038:meditate
1953:Sāṇavāsī
1939:and the
1933:Veṇuvana
1929:Veḷuvana
1925:Kausambī
1878:Mahāvira
1668:Maitreya
1483:arahants
1474:arahants
1446:Rājagaha
1430:passions
1426:Śrāvastī
1422:Sāvatthī
1380:Chandaka
1268:Kusinārā
1264:Rājagṛha
1260:Rājagaha
1184:offenses
1072:bhikkhus
1040:Yaśodarā
991:Mañjuśrī
912:Sāmāvatī
910:, Queen
899:Songkhla
865:Sanskrit
721:khattiya
701:khattiya
676:ordained
627:Mahāyāna
598:500 BCE
539:Accounts
468:Sanskrit
460:शाणकवासी
456:Sanskrit
452:Sāṇavāsī
435:Sanskrit
411:Sanskrit
395:bhikṣuṇī
387:भिक्षुणी
342:Sanskrit
328:Sanskrit
308:Sanskrit
282:Sanskrit
252:Sanskrit
214:Sāṇavāsī
207:Students
123:Buddhism
120:Religion
78:Personal
10991:Shakyas
10928:Commons
10805:Lumbini
10734:Sayings
10616:Temples
10596:Buddhas
10558:Science
10548:Judaism
10543:Jainism
10461:Lineage
10421:Abhijñā
10391:Thangka
10334:Sarnath
10319:Lumbini
10240:Funeral
10235:Cuisine
10111:Culture
10086:Reality
10036:Creator
10026:Atomism
9896:History
9869:Ukraine
9829:Germany
9748:Senegal
9738:Vietnam
9666:Myanmar
9466:Shinran
9456:Karmapa
9431:Shandao
9401:Dignāga
9326:Śrāvaka
9306:Donchee
9301:Kappiya
9259:Sayadaw
9229:Bhikkhu
9204:Anāgāmi
9161:Nirvana
9127:Samadhi
9014:Paritta
8955:Tonglen
8950:Mandala
8905:Smarana
8886:Mantras
8834:Upekkha
8804:Bhavana
8754:Shingon
8707:Tiantai
8560:Tathātā
8550:Śūnyatā
8545:Skandha
8535:Saṃsāra
8530:Rebirth
8505:Kleshas
8495:Indriya
8397:Subhūti
8282:Guanyin
8236:Ānanda
8228:Rāhula
8108:Nirvana
8048:Outline
6788:],
5704:].
5140:2718621
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