Gospel - Knowledge

565: 1348: 1264:." A group of kids sits in a circle, the first tells a brief story to the one sitting next to her, who tells it to the next, and to the next, and so on, until it comes back full circle to the one who started it. Invariably, the story has changed so much in the process of retelling that everyone gets a good laugh. Imagine this same activity taking place, not in a solitary living room with ten kids on one afternoon, but over the expanse of the Roman Empire (some 2,500 miles across), with thousands of participants—from different backgrounds, with different concerns, and in different contexts—some of whom have to translate the stories into different languages. 1902:, p. 261–262): "The Gospels cannot be equated with biographies primary purpose was not to present a detailed historical picture of the life of Jesus. And the non-Christian materials provide us with no essential new knowledge beyond the accounts of the Gospels the situation in regard to sources is highly unsatisfactory; legendary and historical accounts are hopelessly intertwined. The historian must recognize that the materials available to us do not enable us to reconstruct Jesus as he really was. only the Jesus the early disciples saw, the Christ who has survived in the beliefs of the Christian community. 1062: 1959:: "John, however, is so different that it cannot be reconciled with the Synoptics except in very general ways Scholars have unanimously chosen the Synoptic Gospels’ version of Jesus’ teaching The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus. They are not, however, the equivalent of an academic biography of a recent historical figure. Instead, the Synoptic Gospels are theological documents that provide information the authors regarded as necessary for the religious development of the Christian communities in which they worked." 1908:: "John, however, is so different that it cannot be reconciled with the Synoptics except in very general ways Scholars have unanimously chosen the Synoptic Gospels’ version of Jesus’ teaching The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus. They are not, however, the equivalent of an academic biography of a recent historical figure. Instead, the Synoptic Gospels are theological documents that provide information the authors regarded as necessary for the religious development of the Christian communities in which they worked." 2126: 2762: 3145: 3133: 1715:, c. 150, had a much shorter version of the gospel of Luke, differing substantially from what has now become the standard text of the gospel and far less oriented towards the Jewish scriptures. Marcion's critics said that he had edited out the portions of Luke he did not like, though Marcion argued that his was the more genuinely original text. He is said to have rejected all other gospels, including those of Matthew, Mark and especially John, which he alleged had been forged by 9250: 8470: 508: 8459: 1778: 520: 4562: 918: 1269:

Synoptic tradition...are the memories of the first disciples-not Jesus himself, but the remembered Jesus. The idea that we can get back to an objective historical reality, which we can wholly separate and disentangle from the disciples' memories...is simply unrealistic." According to Chris Keith, a historical Jesus is "ultimately unattainable, but can be hypothesized on the basis of the interpretations of the

1914:, p. 53): "... early Christians who passed along the traditions sometimes found it legitimate and necessary to change a historical fact in order to make a historical point since the Gospels preserve traditions that have been modified over time in their retelling, it is impossible simply to take these stories at face value and uncritically assume that they represent historically accurate information." 1746:

the instructions of Jesus. The text was recovered from a cave in Egypt by a thief and thereafter sold on the black market until it was finally discovered by a collector who, with the help of academics from Yale and Princeton, was able to verify its authenticity. The document itself does not claim to have been authored by Judas (it is, rather, a gospel about Judas), and is known to date to at least 180 AD.

33: 1273:, and as part of a larger process of accounting for how and why early Christians came to view Jesus in the ways that they did." According to Keith, "these two models are methodologically and epistemologically incompatible," calling into question the methods and aim of the first model. Keith argues that criticism of the criteria of authenticity does not mean scholars cannot research the 1092:–70, Matthew and Luke around AD 85–90, and John AD 90–110. Despite the traditional ascriptions, most scholars hold that all four are anonymous and most scholars agree that none were written by eyewitnesses. A few scholars defend the traditional ascriptions or attributions, but for a variety of reasons, the majority of scholars have abandoned this view or hold it only tenuously. 1928:, pp. 371–372): "Through the main body of the Synoptic tradition, I believe, we have in most cases direct access to the teaching and ministry of Jesus as it was remembered from the beginning of the transmission process (which often predates Easter) and so fairly direct access to the ministry and teaching of Jesus through the eyes and ears of those who went about with him." 1025:

understanding of the Messiah), but in Matthew they demonstrate his divinity, and the "young man" who appears at Jesus' tomb in Mark becomes a radiant angel in Matthew. Luke, while following Mark's plot more faithfully than Matthew, has expanded on the source, corrected Mark's grammar and syntax, and eliminated some passages entirely, notably most of chapters 6 and 7.

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Jerusalem, he is at first acclaimed but then rejected, betrayed, and crucified, and when the women who have followed him come to his tomb, they find it empty. Mark never calls Jesus "God" or claims that he existed prior to his earthly life, apparently believes that he had a normal human parentage and birth, and makes no attempt to trace his ancestry back to

110: 1884:, p. 5): "The main sources for our knowledge about Jesus himself, the gospels in the New Testament, are, from the point of view of the historian, tainted by the fact that they were written by people who intended to glorify their hero Despite this we have a good idea of the external course of his life, especially his public career." 1246:

Through the main body of the Synoptic tradition we have in most cases direct access to the teaching and ministry of Jesus as it was remembered from the beginning of the transmission process and so fairly direct access to the ministry and teaching of Jesus through the eyes and ears of those who went

1001:, dies on the cross and is raised from the dead. Each has its own distinctive understanding of him and his divine role and scholars recognize that the differences of detail among the gospels are irreconcilable, and any attempt to harmonize them would only disrupt their distinct theological messages. 1745:

Purports to tell the story of the gospel from the perspective of Judas, the disciple who is usually said to have betrayed Jesus. It paints an unusual picture of the relationship between Jesus and Judas, in that it appears to interpret Judas's act not as betrayal, but rather as an act of obedience to

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The majority view among critical scholars is that the authors of Matthew and Luke based their narratives on Mark's gospel, editing him to suit their own ends, and the contradictions and discrepancies among these three versions and John make it impossible to accept both traditions as equally reliable

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to complain in the 3rd century that "the differences among manuscripts have become great either neglect to check over what they have transcribed, or, in the process of checking, they make additions or deletions as they please." Most of these are insignificant, but some are significant, an example

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says that the original may date from c. 150. Some scholars believe that it may represent a tradition independent from the canonical gospels, but that developed over a long time and was influenced by Matthew and Luke; other scholars believe it is a later text, dependent from the canonical gospels.

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because of their close similarities of content, arrangement, and language. The authors and editors of John may have known the synoptics, but did not use them in the way that Matthew and Luke used Mark. There is a near-consensus that this gospel had its origins as a "signs" source (or gospel) that

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In the immediate aftermath of Jesus' death, his followers expected him to return at any moment, certainly within their own lifetimes, and in consequence there was little motivation to write anything down for future generations, but as eyewitnesses began to die, and as the missionary needs of the

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The authors of Matthew and Luke added infancy and resurrection narratives to the story they found in Mark, although the two differ markedly. Each also makes subtle theological changes to Mark: the Markan miracle stories, for example, confirm Jesus' status as an emissary of God (which was Mark's

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While multiple quests have been undertaken to reconstruct the historical Jesus, since the late 1990s concerns have been growing about the possibility to reconstruct a historical Jesus from the Gospel-texts. According to Dunn, "What we actually have in the earliest retellings of what is now the

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because they present very similar accounts of the life of Jesus. Mark begins with the baptism of the adult Jesus and the heavenly declaration that he is the son of God; he gathers followers and begins his ministry, and tells his disciples that he must die in Jerusalem but that he will rise; in

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is often superior to that of the synoptics. Its testimony that Jesus was executed before, rather than on, Passover, might well be more accurate, and its presentation of Jesus in the garden and the prior meeting held by the Jewish authorities are possibly more historically plausible than their

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gospels are the products of Christians of Jewish origin who had not given up their Jewish identity: they regarded Jesus as the messiah of the Jewish scripture but did not agree that he was God, an idea which, although central to Christianity as it eventually developed, is contrary to Jewish

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The many apocryphal gospels arose from the 1st century onward, frequently under assumed names to enhance their credibility and authority, and often from within branches of Christianity that were eventually branded heretical. They can be broadly organised into the following categories:

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Other scholars are less sanguine about oral tradition, and Valantasis, Bleyle, and Hough argue that the early traditions were fluid and subject to alteration, sometimes transmitted by those who had known Jesus personally, but more often by wandering prophets and teachers like the

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used by Matthew and Luke. The authors of Matthew and Luke, acting independently, used Mark for their narrative of Jesus' career, supplementing it with the hypothesized collection of sayings called the Q source and additional material unique to each called the

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John, the most overtly theological, is the first to make Christological judgements outside the context of the narrative of Jesus's life. He presents a significantly different picture of Jesus's career, omitting any mention of his ancestry, birth and childhood, his

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being Matthew 1:18, altered to imply the pre-existence of Jesus. For these reasons, modern scholars are cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically, and critical study can attempt to distinguish the original ideas of Jesus from those of later authors.

2015:, p. 22) Indeed, most critical scholars view the nativity of Jesus as a theological, rather than historical, narrative.See: W. D. Davies and E. P. Sanders, "Jesus from the Jewish point of view", in William Horbury (ed.), 655:, meant to convince people that Jesus was a charismatic miracle-working holy man, providing examples for readers to emulate. As such, they present the Christian message of the second half of the first century AD, and modern 1414:

is a rather low-ranking member. Gnosticism holds that Jesus was entirely "spirit", and that his earthly life and death were therefore only an appearance, not a reality. Many Gnostic texts deal not in concepts of

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studies have flowered in recent years; Dale Allison laments, "The publication of academic books about the historical Jesus continues apace, so much so that no one can any longer keep up; we are all overwhelmed."

1021:, although Mark 16:7, in which the young man discovered in the tomb instructs the women to tell "the disciples and Peter" that Jesus will see them again in Galilee, hints that the author knew of the tradition. 1972:, the topic of the anonymity of the Gospels has received little scholarly attention and a "dissenting few" scholars have argued that the traditional attributions to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John are original. 1184:. Ancient biographies were concerned with providing examples for readers to emulate while preserving and promoting the subject's reputation and memory; the gospels were never simply biographical, they were 1041:; his chronology and arrangement of incidents is also distinctly different, clearly describing the passage of three years in Jesus's ministry in contrast to the single year of the synoptics, placing the 2131: 2129: 628:"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported. In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words and deeds of 6647: 3524: 1194:(preaching), meant to convince people that Jesus was a charismatic miracle-working holy man. As such, they present the Christian message of the second half of the first century AD, and modern 1146:

All four also use the Jewish scriptures, by quoting or referencing passages, interpreting texts, or alluding to or echoing biblical themes. Such use can be extensive: Mark's description of the

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instead of being a Passover meal. The Gospel of John is the only gospel to call Jesus God, and in contrast to Mark, where Jesus hides his identity as messiah, in John he openly proclaims it.

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were also written, all later than the four canonical gospels, and like them advocating the particular theological views of their various authors. Important examples include the gospels of

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Written proto-gospels preceding and serving as sources for the gospels – the dedicatory preface of Luke, for example, testifies to the existence of previous accounts of the life of Jesus.

3852:"The Indebtedness of the criteria Approach to Form Criticism and Recent Attempts to Rehabilitate the Search for an Authentic Jesus", in Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity 1391:

Gospel harmonies: in which the four canonical gospels are combined into a single narrative, either to present a consistent text or to produce a more accessible account of Jesus' life.

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It was originally written in Greek and is often interpreted as a Gnostic text. It is typically not considered a gospel by scholars since it does not focus on the life of Jesus.

1277:, but rather that scholarship should seek to understand the Gospels rather than trying to sift through them for nuggets of history. Regardless of the methodological challenges 1210:

Scholars usually agree that John is not without historical value: certain of its sayings are as old or older than their synoptic counterparts, and its representation of the

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in 1945–46, and three papyri, dated to c. 200, which contain fragments of a Greek text similar to but not identical with that in the Coptic language, have also been found.

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church grew, there was an increasing demand and need for written versions of the founder's life and teachings. The stages of this process can be summarized as follows:

564: 3914: 3250: 3397: 7670: 7000: 6149: 4921: 1154:, and although John uses scripture in a far less explicit manner, its influence is still pervasive. Their source was the Greek version of the scriptures, called the 1944:, p. 329): "I emphasize again that I do not envisage 'getting back to Jesus' himself. All we have are the impressions which Jesus made, the remembered Jesus." 1242:

the earliest tradents within the Christian churches preservers more than innovators seeking to transmit, retell, explain, interpret, elaborate, but not create

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are cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically as historical documents, though according to Sanders they provide a good idea of the public career of Jesus.

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community (which produced John and the three epistles associated with the name) and later expanded with a Passion narrative as well as a series of discourses.

7705: 1682:; may have been intended to replace the separate gospels as an authoritative text. It was accepted for liturgical purposes for as much as two centuries in 1302:, a fragment of John dating from the first half of the 2nd century. The creation of a Christian canon was probably a response to the career of the heretic 551: 4025: 3983: 4581: – the Greek text of the New Testament: specifically the Westcott-Hort text from 1881, combined with the NA26/27 variants (archived 19 June 2008). 1460:

Anti-gnostic dialogue between Jesus and the disciples after the resurrection, emphasising the reality of the flesh and of Jesus' fleshly resurrection

5619: 4387: 3960: 1321:, the earliest surviving list of books considered (by its own author at least) to form Christian scripture, included Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. 1379:), both of which related many miraculous incidents from the life of Mary and the childhood of Jesus that are not included in the canonical gospels. 1763:

doctrine, but has clear parallels with Islam, mentioning Muhammad as Messenger of God. Jesus identifies himself as a prophet, not the son of God.

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as his source should be taken as a guarantee of his reliability, and the Synoptic Gospels are the primary sources for Christ's ministry.

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The four canonical gospels share the same basic outline of the life of Jesus: he begins his public ministry in conjunction with that of

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The major apocryphal gospels (after Bart Ehrman, "Lost Christianities" – comments on content are by Ehrman unless otherwise noted)

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synoptic parallels. Nevertheless, it is highly unlikely that the author had direct knowledge of events, or that his mentions of the

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The debate over the composition of John is too complex to be treated adequately in a single paragraph; for a more nuanced view see

682:. They were probably written between AD 66 and 110. Most scholars hold that all four were anonymous (with the modern names of the " 544: 438: 3871:"The Narratives of the Gospels and the Historical Jesus: Current Debates, Prior Debates and the Goal of Historical Jesus Research" 6403: 5497: 1803: 1230:

involve not just the texts but studying the long oral and written transmission behind them using methods like memory studies and

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Wiegers, G. (1995). "Muhammad as the Messiah: A comparison of the polemical works of Juan Alonso with the Gospel of Barnabas".

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with regard to the historical Jesus. In addition, the gospels read today have been edited and corrupted over time, leading

671:, and the focus of research has shifted to Jesus as remembered by his followers, and understanding the Gospels themselves. 1554:

Fragmentary narrative of Jesus' trial, death and emergence from the tomb. It seems to be hostile toward Jews and includes

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Mark is generally agreed to be the first gospel; it uses a variety of sources, including conflict stories (Mark 2:1–3:6),

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Dunn, James D.G. (1995). "Messianic Ideas and Their Influence on the Jesus of History". In Charlesworth, James H. (ed.).

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The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament

3557: 3536: 3472: 3409: 3281: 3260: 2982: 433: 271: 718:. The reliability of John has been questioned and the Synoptic Gospels are the primary sources for Christ's ministry. 8190: 7289: 7086: 5175: 4513: 4441: 4376: 4280: 4212: 4088: 3903: 3733: 3712: 3691: 3670: 3495: 3365: 3239: 862: 422: 228: 8434: 6864: 6763: 6222: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5605: 5293: 5170: 5021: 4599: 2975:

The Historical Jesus and the Temple: Memory, Methodology and the Gospel of Matthew- Foreword by Dale C. Allison, Jr

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This article is about the written accounts of the life of Jesus. For the Christian message, the "good news", see

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The priority of Mark is accepted by most scholars, but there are important dissenting opinions: see the article

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Written collections of miracle stories, parables, sayings, etc., with oral tradition continuing alongside these;

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and thus the Church should have four pillars. He referred to the four collectively as the "fourfold gospel" (

902: 595:), it is the earliest manuscript title for Matthew and one of the earliest manuscript titles for any gospel. 9230: 8992: 8531: 8205: 7282: 6442: 5502: 1150:(second coming) is made up almost entirely of quotations from scripture. Matthew is full of quotations and 1100:

Oral traditions – stories and sayings passed on largely as separate self-contained units, not in any order;

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terms, it lacks the characteristic features of Gnostic doctrine. It includes two unique parables, the

1256:, who did not know him personally. Ehrman explains how the tradition developed as it was transmitted: 9284: 9007: 8910: 8429: 8419: 8381: 8136: 7946: 7914: 7868: 7845: 7236: 6719: 6183: 6073: 5222: 5201: 5195: 1326: 814: 292: 260: 2468: 9057: 8930: 8731: 8669: 8409: 8314: 8309: 8124: 8089: 8015: 7971: 7966: 7763: 7589: 7434: 7331: 7326: 7258: 7226: 7121: 6801: 6614: 6107: 6043: 5217: 5185: 5180: 4916: 4877: 3157: 1859: 1691: 1631: 1615: 1372: 1038: 471: 287: 244: 239: 6642: 8985: 8624: 8094: 7828: 7733: 7622: 7572: 7429: 7346: 7321: 6529: 6469: 6345: 6227: 6026: 5628: 5523: 5395: 5252: 5113: 4853: 1809: 1619: 1597: 1520: 1478: 1452: 1342: 1109:

Gospels formed by combining proto-gospels, written collections, and still-current oral tradition.

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are cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically as historical documents, though according to

344: 74: 4324: 3870: 3012:, p. 34: "Marcion included a Gospel in his canon, a form of what is now the Gospel of Luke" 9225: 9152: 8818: 8587: 8414: 8005: 7863: 7805: 7696: 7675: 7440: 7189: 7076: 6694: 6315: 6236: 6212: 5644: 5379: 5262: 5247: 5237: 4829: 4341: 1797: 1566:, ordered the crucifixion of Jesus. It had been lost but was rediscovered in the 19th century. 1114: 360: 339: 316: 91: 4452: 4429: 3104: 3102: 9107: 9040: 8945: 8925: 8920: 8760: 8674: 8564: 8492: 8473: 8072: 7798: 7607: 7510: 7465: 7394: 7184: 7126: 7017: 7012: 6890: 6884: 6684: 6232: 6197: 6102: 6016: 5798: 5328: 5267: 5257: 5165: 3702: 1724: 1584: 1410:

gospels uphold the idea that the universe is the product of a hierarchy of gods, of whom the

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The consensus among modern scholars is that the gospels are a subset of the ancient genre of

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discourse (4:1–35), and collections of sayings, although not the sayings gospel known as the

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The apocryphal gospels can also be seen in terms of the communities which produced them:

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Dialogue of Mary Magdalene with the apostles, and her vision of Jesus' secret teachings.

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The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric

1751: 1367:, also called the Protoevangelium, which was the first to introduce the concept of the 1325:

went further, stating that there must be four gospels and only four because there were

485: 392: 6217: 3360:. Library of New Testament Studies. Vol. 315. London; New York: T & T Clark. 1528:

Aramaic version of Matthew, possibly lacking the first two chapters; Jewish-Christian

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has largely failed to distinguish the original ideas of Jesus from those of the later

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Other Early Christian Gospels: A Critical Edition of the Surviving Greek Manuscripts

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The Fourfold Gospel: A Theological Reading of the New Testament Portraits of Jesus

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demonstrates, there is no guarantee that the gospels are historically accurate. (

1622:. It had been lost but was discovered, in a Coptic version dating from c. 350, at 9198: 9161: 8748: 8726: 8581: 8328: 8234: 8025: 7723: 7204: 7106: 7044: 6786: 6737: 6283: 5938: 5340: 5318: 5272: 4819: 4779: 4754: 4684: 4659: 4644: 4533: 4408: 4366: 4270: 4246: 4200: 4179: 4156: 4048: 4004: 3779: 3723: 3681: 3660: 3639: 3568: 3547: 3483: 3462: 3441: 3420: 3376: 3313: 3229: 1844: 1759:

Contradicts the ministry of Jesus in canonical New Testament and strongly denies

1737: 1644: 1546: 1364: 1360: 1235: 1085:, the four gospels were written in Greek. The Gospel of Mark probably dates from 746: 742: 734: 730: 376: 4157:"The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story" 9253: 9193: 9052: 8953: 8813: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8324: 8224: 8020: 7909: 7855: 7788: 7768: 7527: 7368: 7208: 7194: 7169: 7164: 6955: 6929: 6859: 6674: 6576: 6571: 6554: 6494: 6388: 6335: 6164: 6084: 5933: 5576: 5558: 5492: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5101: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4872: 4848: 4809: 4759: 4739: 4709: 4689: 4674: 4669: 4649: 4615: 3743: 1839: 1657: 1563: 1504: 1473:

Events in the life of Jesus; Jewish-Christian, with possible gnostic overtones

1411: 1261: 1231: 892: 888: 884: 866: 754: 738: 707: 699: 691: 687: 633: 613: 603: 164: 159: 154: 3486:. In Kingsbury, Jack Dean; Powell, Mark Allan Powell; Bauer, David R. (eds.). 3443:

Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching

9268: 9012: 8997: 8775: 8753: 8721: 8546: 8249: 8180: 8030: 7738: 7378: 7373: 7111: 7048: 7037: 6924: 6811: 6714: 6702: 6566: 6539: 6479: 5958: 5778: 5323: 5132: 5001: 4867: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4764: 4734: 4632: 4312: 4290: 4266: 4152: 3886: 3747: 3635: 3621: 3597: 3228:

Alexander, Loveday (2006). "What is a Gospel?". In Barton, Stephen C. (ed.).

2695: 1814: 1559: 1082: 927: 675: 660: 175: 101: 4566: 3590:

The New Testament. A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings

9135: 9113: 9086: 8958: 8915: 8554: 8062: 8010: 7941: 7931: 7612: 7544: 7409: 7305: 7136: 7066: 6944: 6753: 6724: 6591: 6288: 6031: 5990: 5581: 5481: 5410: 5312: 4774: 4769: 4729: 4699: 4679: 4627: 4347: 3917:. In Levine, Amy-Jill; Allison, Dale C. Jr.; Crossan, John Dominic (eds.). 3704:

Solving the Synoptic Puzzle: Introducing the Case for the Farrer Hypothesis

1253: 944: 711: 621: 512: 5597: 2930: 9119: 8970: 8704: 8364: 8114: 8077: 7926: 7778: 7753: 7650: 6776: 6637: 6608: 6549: 6524: 6519: 6383: 6298: 6192: 6173: 5882: 5464: 5060: 4978: 4973: 4887: 4882: 4714: 4575: – covering about 1200 variants on 2000 pages (archived 8 June 2008) 2687: 1670: 1623: 1046: 954: 777: 773: 758: 5298: 706:", and additional material unique to each. There is near-consensus that 9140: 8640: 8212: 7951: 7748: 7404: 7336: 7156: 6906: 6854: 6659: 6489: 6134: 5963: 5907: 5902: 5453: 3820: 1940:

In "Jesus Remembered (2003), Dunn asesses "what 'goes back to Jesus'."

1829: 1420: 1407: 1298: 1211: 1185: 1155: 1010: 810: 625: 200: 70: 42: 9205: 8369: 8217: 8052: 8042: 8035: 7993: 7988: 7783: 7743: 7151: 7101: 7027: 7022: 6796: 6781: 6509: 6499: 6202: 6188: 5912: 4968: 4584: 1558:

elements. It is a narrative gospel and is notable for asserting that

1215: 1140: 998: 694:

was the first to be written, using a variety of sources, followed by

585: 3812: 3799:

Honoré, A.M. (1986). "A statistical study of the synoptic problem".

3422:

An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity

1499:"Salome" figures prominently; Jewish-Christian stressing asceticism 1313:–160), who established a canon of his own with just one gospel, the 663:"we have a good idea of his public career.". Critical study on the 7758: 7627: 6995: 6874: 6514: 6293: 6207: 5953: 5943: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5475: 5045: 5032: 5011: 4958: 4953: 4346:. Translated by Winston, Richard; Winston, Clara. Garden City, NY: 1854: 1716: 1424: 1151: 1147: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1050: 703: 4474:

Valantasis, Richard; Bleyle, Douglas K.; Haugh, Dennis C. (2009).

874: 9146: 9030: 8458: 8067: 8047: 7904: 7793: 7032: 6962: 6622: 6586: 5487: 5352: 4561: 4050:

A Marginal Jew. Volume 1: The roots of the problem and the person

2702: 2044: 2042: 1919: 1792: 1777: 1732:

Allegedly a longer version of Mark written for an elect audience

1611: 1555: 1303: 1227: 1190: 1065:

The Synoptic sources: the Gospel of Mark (the triple tradition),

824: 690:

and written transmission. According to the majority of scholars,

519: 196: 4026:"Salvation Today: Reading Luke's Message for a Gentile Audience" 917: 856: 850: 844: 838: 9210: 9166: 7274: 6048: 5968: 5458: 4719: 1679: 1678:

Gospel harmony (and the first such gospel harmony) composed by

1203: 2299: 2297: 2039: 1639:

Miraculous deeds of Jesus between the ages of five and twelve

8515: 8000: 7460: 7399: 7356: 6596: 4619: 3051: 2906: 2161: 2159: 1683: 828: 787: 679: 629: 607: 579: 573: 80:"Evangel" redirects here. For the authors of the Gospel, see 4573:

A detailed discussion of the textual variants in the gospels

4368:

Jesus in the Gospels and Acts: Introducing the New Testament

2329: 2327: 1260:

You are probably familiar with the old birthday party game "

1069:(the double tradition), and material unique to Matthew (the 2294: 1234:, with different scholars coming to different conclusions. 1014: 2991: 2726: 2576: 2540: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2359: 2357: 2239: 2237: 2156: 1952: 1950: 1936: 1934: 4003:

Lindars, Barnabas; Edwards, Ruth; Court, John M. (2000).

3273:

The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel: An Introduction to John

3075: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2344: 2342: 2324: 2284: 2282: 2222: 2146: 2144: 1416: 786:, meaning "good news"; this may be seen from analysis of 8484: 3193: 2894: 2858: 2636: 2314: 2312: 2071: 2069: 3742: 3461:

Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005).

3181: 3163: 3039: 2954: 2882: 2774: 2440: 2411: 2389: 2387: 2354: 2234: 2195: 2193: 1947: 1931: 1877: 1875: 997:, calls disciples, teaches and heals and confronts the 674:

The canonical gospels are the four which appear in the

7214:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

4476:

The Gospels and Christian Life in History and Practice

4070:

The New Testament: Its Background, Growth, and Content

3169: 2846: 2798: 2786: 2738: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2516: 2487: 2399: 2374: 2372: 2339: 2279: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2141: 2116: 2114: 2086: 2084: 2054: 1486:

Jewish-Christian, embodying anti-sacrificial concerns

1158:; they do not seem familiar with the original Hebrew. 109: 4473: 4110:

The Gospel of Matthew: A Commentary on the Greek Text

3830:

The Writings of the New Testament – An Interpretation

3516:

Christianity in the making Volume 1. Jesus Remembered

3087: 3015: 3003: 2936: 2918: 2870: 2810: 2750: 2714: 2648: 2588: 2528: 2504: 2475: 2428: 2309: 2101: 2099: 2066: 1336: 3063: 3027: 2942: 2384: 2269: 2267: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2190: 2007:

As Luke's attempt to link the birth of Jesus to the

1872: 1773: 4455:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). 4002: 3205: 2834: 2822: 2708: 2369: 2254: 2252: 2171: 2111: 2081: 1388:

Passion, resurrection and post-resurrection gospels

1285: 1161: 901:"Four Gospels" redirects here. For other uses, see 4161:The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation 3940:. In Bockmuehl, Markus; Hagner, Donald A. (eds.). 3337:. In Bockmuehl, Markus; Hagner, Donald A. (eds.). 2564: 2096: 1665:Fragmentary, four episodes from the life of Jesus 2552: 2264: 2205: 1699:Birth and early life of Mary, and birth of Jesus 1045:at the beginning rather than at the end, and the 805: 799: 793: 781: 9266: 4323:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from 3603:Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium 3488:Who Do You Say that I Am?: Essays on Christology 3460: 3127: 3108: 2672:"The Alleged Anonymity of the Canonical Gospels" 2249: 2048: 1541:Jesus' trial, crucifixion and descent into Hell 4224:"Language and Translation of the New Testament" 3896:Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity 3761:The New Testament Canon: Its Making and Meaning 1975: 1892: 1890: 1134:(Luke). Mark, Matthew, and Luke are called the 875:Canonical gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John 8836:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament 3894:Keith, Chris; Le Donne, Anthony, eds. (2012). 3683:The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations 3527:. In Dunn, James D.G.; McKnight, Scot (eds.). 3402:Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus 1375:(not to be confused with the unrelated Coptic 1017:; it originally ended at Mark 16:8 and had no 855:"news"). The Old English term was retained as 8500: 8174:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 7873: 7290: 5613: 4600: 4226:. In Rogerson, J.W.; Lieu, Judith M. (eds.). 3893: 3722:Fant, Clyde E.; Reddish, Mitchell E. (2008). 3464:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3294:The New Testament in its literary environment 2665: 2663: 2461:"Jesus as God in the Synoptics (For members)" 2228: 2135: 545: 4406: 3781:The Synoptic Problem: A Way Through the Maze 2912: 1887: 1579:Mystical reflections of the disciple Philip 568:Fragment of a flyleaf with the title of the 5627: 4410:The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide 3721: 3679: 3484:"The Christology of the Johannine Writings" 3057: 2997: 832: 818: 8831:New Testament places associated with Jesus 8826:Historical background of the New Testament 8507: 8493: 7297: 7283: 5620: 5606: 4607: 4593: 4181:Reading the New Testament: An Introduction 3875:Journal for the Study of the New Testament 2977:. Cambridge University Press. p. ix. 2669: 2660: 1363:: arose in the 2nd century, including the 916: 552: 538: 4201:"The Diatessaron and the Fourfold Gospel" 3854:. T&T Clark. p. 25-48 at 39-40. 3481: 3227: 2422: 2060: 2023:New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible 1607:Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 1592:Fragmentary account of Jesus' last hours 714:thought to have been circulated within a 9158:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew) 4531: 4427: 4289: 4198: 3827: 3777: 3355: 3269: 3093: 2756: 2618: 2606: 2446: 2434: 2405: 2348: 2150: 2001: 1896:The Gospels are a-historical documents: 1346: 1060: 922:The first page of the Gospel of Mark in 563: 66:Books on the life and teachings of Jesus 7038:Fostering of early experimental science 4535:Christianity: A Very Short Introduction 4522: 4450: 4407:Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998) . 4385: 4339: 4311: 4265: 4244: 4228:The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies 4177: 4151: 4107: 4067: 4023: 3981: 3958: 3754:. HarperSanFrancisco. pp. 471–532. 3634: 3620: 3545: 3529:The Historical Jesus in Recent Research 3418: 3211: 3175: 3081: 3021: 3009: 2924: 2900: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2804: 2768: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2630: 2546: 2522: 2498: 2333: 2318: 2303: 2288: 2184: 2165: 2075: 2019:, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984; 2012: 1956: 1905: 1899: 1881: 1804:The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ 1004:Matthew, Mark, and Luke are termed the 837:. In Old English, it was translated as 640:and concluding with various reports of 14: 9267: 7142:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 4614: 4501: 4492: 4434:The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels 4364: 4221: 4130: 4116: 4086: 3912: 3798: 3758: 3658: 3596: 3587: 3566: 3374: 3332: 3231:The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels 3199: 3187: 3069: 3033: 2972: 2948: 2888: 2816: 2654: 2642: 2594: 2582: 2534: 2510: 2481: 2458: 2378: 2363: 2199: 2120: 2090: 1911: 1292:Development of the New Testament canon 1226:Assessments of the reliability of the 8488: 7278: 5601: 4588: 4046: 3868: 3846: 3439: 3395: 3248: 3164:Funk, Hoover & Jesus Seminar 1993 3151: 3139: 2840: 2792: 2393: 2273: 2216: 2027:Abingdon Press, 2008. pp. 42, 269–70. 1317:, similar to the Gospel of Luke. The 1168:Historical reliability of the Gospels 3935: 3680:Ehrman, Bart; Plese, Zlatko (2011). 3522: 3513: 3504: 3311: 3290: 3045: 2960: 2828: 2780: 2570: 2258: 2243: 2105: 1995: 1988: 1941: 1925: 1121:, and probably not the hypothesized 710:had its origins as the hypothetical 118:, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9 26: 5539:Other books referenced in the Bible 5498:New Testament manuscript categories 3700: 2937:Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009 2558: 24: 9149:(traditional maternal grandfather) 9143:(traditional maternal grandmother) 5069:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs 4389:The Theology of the Gospel of Mark 2676:The Journal of Theological Studies 1337:Non-canonical (apocryphal) gospels 25: 9306: 4554: 3662:The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot 2709:Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000 1686:, but was eventually suppressed. 865:and hence remains in use also in 863:Middle English Bible translations 642:his post-resurrection appearances 9249: 9248: 8469: 8468: 8457: 7585:State church of the Roman Empire 7304: 4560: 4457:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 3832:(3rd ed.). Fortress Press. 3750:(1993). "The Gospel of Thomas". 3381:. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. 2670:Gathercole, Simon (2018-10-01). 2017:The Cambridge History of Judaism 1776: 1296:The oldest gospel text known is 1286:Textual history and canonisation 1162:Genre and historical reliability 518: 506: 108: 31: 9155:(paternal grandfather per Luke) 7568:First seven ecumenical councils 5554:Biblical and Quranic narratives 4432:. In Barton, Stephen C. (ed.). 4340:Schoeps, Hans-Joachim (1968) . 4163:. Westminster John Knox Press. 4028:. In Porter, Stanley E. (ed.). 3963:. In Porter, Stanley E. (ed.). 3919:The Historical Jesus in Context 3828:Johnson, Luke Timothy (2010a). 3490:. Westminster John Knox Press. 3318:. Westminster John Knox Press. 3297:. Westminster John Knox Press. 2966: 2459:Ehrman, Bart (April 13, 2014). 2452: 1962: 1466:Gospel According to the Hebrews 8859:Quest for the historical Jesus 8435:Relations with other religions 7841:Church of the East (Nestorian) 7836:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) 7001:Separation of church and state 6670:Formal and material principles 6655:Separation of church and state 4436:. Cambridge University Press. 4392:. Cambridge University Press. 4295:The Historical Figure of Jesus 4272:The Historical Figure of Jesus 4248:An Introduction to The Gospels 4137:. Cambridge University Press. 4134:The Living Text of the Gospels 3921:. Princeton University Press. 3552:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 3425:. Cambridge University Press. 3234:. Cambridge University Press. 1610:While it can be understood in 1172:Quest for the historical Jesus 1056: 114:Papyrus 46, one of the oldest 13: 1: 6665:Hymnody of continental Europe 5816:Apostles in the New Testament 4451:Tuckett, Christopher (2000). 4199:Petersen, William L. (2010). 2033: 1307: 1086: 1019:post-resurrection appearances 903:Four Gospels (disambiguation) 589: 9280:Books of Christian biography 4478:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4203:. In Horton, Charles (ed.). 3549:The Gospel according to Mark 3400:. In Evans, Craig A. (ed.). 3356:Bernhard, Andrew E. (2006). 3252:Reading the Synoptic Gospels 3128:Cross & Livingstone 2005 3109:Cross & Livingstone 2005 2049:Cross & Livingstone 2005 813:suffix). The Greek term was 764: 749:(the first to introduce the 580: 7: 8142:Views on poverty and wealth 6113:Eastern Orthodox opposition 4538:. Oxford University Press. 4428:Thompson, Marianne (2006). 4230:. Oxford University Press. 4222:Porter, Stanley E. (2006). 3985:Gospel According to St John 3944:. Oxford University Press. 3725:Lost Treasures of the Bible 3686:. Oxford University Press. 3665:. Oxford University Press. 3644:. Oxford University Press. 3606:. Oxford University Press. 3573:. Oxford University Press. 3482:Culpepper, R. Alan (1999). 3467:. Oxford University Press. 3341:. Oxford University Press. 3333:Beaton, Richard C. (2005). 1769: 1440: 1385:Sayings gospels and agrapha 988: 751:perpetual virginity of Mary 575:ευαγγελιον κ̣ατ̣α μαθ᾽θαιον 40:It has been suggested that 10: 9311: 8809:Five Discourses of Matthew 8387:World Evangelical Alliance 8349:Traditionalist Catholicism 6130:Art patronage of Julius II 5534:English Bible translations 4922:Song of the Three Children 4365:Scholz, Daniel J. (2009). 4245:Reddish, Mitchell (2011). 3592:. Oxford University Press. 3546:Edwards, James R. (2002). 3375:Boring, M. Eugene (2006). 3270:Anderson, Paul N. (2011). 3220: 1340: 1289: 1165: 900: 878: 806: 800: 794: 788: 782: 647:The gospels are a kind of 608: 581:Euangelion kata Maththaion 574: 79: 68: 9244: 9176: 9095: 9021: 8944: 8901: 8844: 8774: 8540: 8522: 8514: 8452: 8402: 8382:World Council of Churches 8357: 8275: 8159: 8150: 8105: 7890: 7874: 7869:Latter Day Saint movement 7854: 7814: 7714: 7695: 7641: 7598: 7543: 7449: 7428: 7387: 7355: 7312: 7222: 7057: 6976: 6905: 6840: 6762: 6693: 6633:Calvinist–Arminian debate 6607: 6374: 6257: 6093: 5984: 5866: 5764: 5653: 5635: 5572: 5516: 5434: 5388: 5286: 5131: 5094: 5059: 5030: 4992: 4937: 4844: 4828: 4626: 4159:. In Barton, John (ed.). 4030:Reading the Gospels Today 3988:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3965:Reading the Gospels Today 3913:Levine, Amy-Jill (2009). 3523:Dunn, James D.G. (2005). 3419:Burkett, Delbert (2002). 3249:Allen, O. Wesley (2013). 3166:, "The Gospel of Thomas". 2229:Keith & Le Donne 2012 2136:Keith & Le Donne 2012 1327:four corners of the Earth 978: 970: 960: 950: 940: 935: 915: 910: 472:New Testament manuscripts 9036:In comparative mythology 8410:Anti-Christian sentiment 7590:Christian biblical canon 7122:Christian existentialism 4532:Woodhead, Linda (2004). 4502:Watson, Francis (2016). 4343:The Religions of Mankind 4006:The Johannine Literature 3982:Lincoln, Andrew (2005). 3959:Lincoln, Andrew (2004). 3887:10.1177/0142064X16637777 3588:Ehrman, Bart D. (1997). 3567:Ehrman, Bart D. (1996). 3514:Dunn, James D.G (2003). 3111:, "Gospel of St. Peter". 2973:Barber, Michael (2023). 2913:Theissen & Merz 1998 1866: 1860:Jewish-Christian gospels 1692:Protoevangelium of James 1632:Infancy Gospel of Thomas 1616:parable of the empty jar 1373:Infancy Gospel of Thomas 57:Proposed since May 2024. 9189:Interactions with women 8464:Christianity portal 7623:Investiture Controversy 5629:History of Christianity 5396:Intertestamental period 4321:Encyclopædia Britannica 4178:Perkins, Pheme (2012). 4117:Pagels, Elaine (1989). 4068:Metzger, Bruce (2003). 4047:Meier, John P. (1991). 4024:Martens, Allan (2004). 3778:Goodacre, Mark (2001). 3440:Casey, Maurice (2010). 3396:Burge, Gary M. (2014). 3312:Aune, David E. (2003). 3291:Aune, David E. (1987). 3058:Ehrman & Plese 2011 2998:Fant & Reddish 2008 1810:Authorship of the Bible 1620:parable of the assassin 1598:Coptic Gospel of Thomas 1521:Gospel of the Nazareans 1492:Gospel of the Egyptians 1479:Gospel of the Ebionites 1453:Epistle of the Apostles 1343:New Testament apocrypha 1331:euangelion tetramorphon 1043:cleansing of the Temple 857: 851: 845: 839: 620:) originally meant the 525:Christianity portal 75:Gospel (disambiguation) 9199:Mary, sister of Martha 8819:Oral gospel traditions 8415:Christian universalism 7806:Western Rite Orthodoxy 7651:Protestant Reformation 7190:Fourth Great Awakening 7077:Second Great Awakening 6316:Fall of Constantinople 6108:Development of primacy 5380:Apocalyptic literature 5017:Paralipomena of Baruch 4565:Quotations related to 4493:Vermes, Geza (2013) . 4386:Telford, W.R. (1999). 4371:. Saint Mary's Press. 4108:Nolland, John (2005). 4090:New Testament Theology 3759:Gamble, Harry (1985). 3518:. William B. Eerdmans. 1798:Apocalyptic literature 1352: 1266: 1249: 1139:circulated within the 1078: 833: 827:, and translated into 819: 617: 596: 73:. For other uses, see 9290:Christian terminology 8926:Life of Christ Museum 8921:Life of Christ in art 8073:Anointing of the Sick 7185:Reformed epistemology 7127:Third Great Awakening 7097:Seventh-day Adventist 7018:First Great Awakening 6891:Book of Common Prayer 6685:Protestant work ethic 6228:Independent Catholics 6179:Monastery dissolution 5544:Additional Scriptures 5508:New Testament uncials 4525:Biblitheca Orientalis 4131:Parker, D.C. (1997). 4087:Morris, Leon (1986). 3936:Lieu, Judith (2005). 3869:Keith, Chris (2016). 3659:Ehrman, Bart (2006). 3130:, "Gospel of Thomas". 2939:, pp. 7, 10, 14. 1725:Secret Gospel of Mark 1585:Gospel of the Saviour 1350: 1258: 1240: 1081:Like the rest of the 1064: 723:non-canonical gospels 567: 9295:Greek-language books 8742:Sayings on the cross 8700:Entry into Jerusalem 8394:Nondenominationalism 8267:Role in civilization 7734:Independent Catholic 7676:Relations with Islam 7656:Catholic Reformation 7008:Edicts of toleration 6817:Three Forms of Unity 6582:Bohemian Reformation 6155:Catholic Reformation 6012:Roman state religion 5831:Council of Jerusalem 5529:Bible version debate 5503:New Testament papyri 5449:Samaritan Pentateuch 5074:Testament of Abraham 5012:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan 4495:Christian Beginnings 4205:The Earliest Gospels 3335:"How Matthew Writes" 2585:, pp. 117, 123. 2306:, pp. 108, 144. 1825:Fifth gospel (genre) 1351:The Gospel of Thomas 482:Johannine literature 183:Acts of the Apostles 116:New Testament papyri 50:into this article. ( 9231:Race and appearance 9169:(traditional uncle) 9075:Jesus the Splendour 8717:Agony in the Garden 8632:Sermon on the Mount 8440:Unlimited atonement 8425:Cultural Christians 7864:Jehovah's Witnesses 7486:Sermon on the Mount 7415:Christian tradition 7342:Lists of Christians 7180:Liberation theology 7087:Jehovah's Witnesses 6920:Radical Reformation 6648:Resistance theories 6535:Christian mysticism 6530:Early Scholasticism 6242:Ecclesial community 6140:Counter-Reformation 6005:Constantinian shift 5471:Muratorian fragment 5406:New Testament canon 5401:Old Testament canon 5294:Chapters and verses 4912:Additions to Daniel 4878:Additions to Esther 4579:Greek New Testament 4120:The Gnostic Gospels 3641:Lost Christianities 3048:, pp. 199–200. 2783:, pp. 243–245. 2735:, pp. 124–125. 2246:, pp. 371–372. 2009:census of Quirinius 1998:, "Gospel of John". 1784:Christianity portal 1534:Gospel of Nicodemus 1437: 1369:Perpetual Virginity 776:translation of the 716:Johannine community 467:New Testament canon 9216:Rejection of Jesus 8893:Christ myth theory 8710:Farewell Discourse 8285:Crusading movement 7553:Ante-Nicene period 7254:Oriental Orthodoxy 6897:King James Version 6709:Ninety-five Theses 6505:Apostolic Brethren 6279:Church of the East 6274:Oriental Orthodoxy 6120:Crusading movement 5640:Early Christianity 5084:Testament of Jacob 5079:Testament of Isaac 4964:Prayer of Manasseh 4927:Bel and the Dragon 4907:Letter of Jeremiah 4508:. Baker Academic. 4413:. Fortress Press. 4251:. Abingdon Press. 3942:The Written Gospel 3763:. Fortress Press. 3746:; Hoover, Roy W.; 3707:. Wipf and Stock. 3701:Eve, Eric (2021). 3378:Mark: A Commentary 3339:The Written Gospel 3276:. Fortress Press. 3084:, pp. xi–xii. 2963:, p. 130-131. 2688:10.1093/jts/fly113 2645:, pp. 95–147. 2549:, p. 148-149. 2336:, pp. 13, 42. 2168:, p. 261–262. 1752:Gospel of Barnabas 1652:Joys of Salvation 1444:Probable date 1435: 1353: 1130:(Matthew) and the 1079: 1049:on the day before 597: 393:Book of Revelation 9262: 9261: 9184:Language of Jesus 9131:Brothers of Jesus 9003:Session of Christ 8879:Mara bar Serapion 8680:Great Commandment 8575:Flight into Egypt 8482: 8481: 8448: 8447: 8376:Charta Oecumenica 7886: 7885: 7876:Iglesia ni Cristo 7691: 7690: 7671:French Revolution 7661:Thirty Years' War 7533:Apostolic fathers 7501:Great Commandment 7272: 7271: 7249:Eastern Orthodoxy 7117:Finnish Awakening 7072:Holiness movement 7013:Congregationalism 6972: 6971: 6832:Metrical psalters 6269:Eastern Orthodoxy 6213:Neo-Scholasticism 5920:Canon development 5821:Jewish Christians 5595: 5594: 5564:Textual criticism 5127: 5126: 5051:Psalms of Solomon 4994:Orthodox Tewahedo 4485:978-0-7425-7069-6 4453:"Gospel, Gospels" 4420:978-1-4514-0863-8 4357:978-0-385-04080-8 4184:. Paulist Press. 4170:978-0-521-48593-7 4100:978-0-310-45571-4 4060:978-0-385-26425-9 4016:978-1-84127-081-4 4009:. A&C Black. 3951:978-0-521-83285-4 3938:"How John Writes" 3898:. T&T Clark. 3801:Novum Testamentum 3784:. A&C Black. 3770:978-0-8006-0470-7 3630:. Harper Collins. 3580:978-0-19-976357-3 3453:978-0-567-64517-3 3446:. T&T Clark. 3432:978-0-521-00720-7 3388:978-0-664-22107-2 3348:978-0-521-83285-4 3325:978-0-664-25018-8 3304:978-0-664-25018-8 3255:. Chalice Press. 3202:, p. passim. 3190:, pp. 30–35. 3060:, p. passim. 2915:, pp. 36–37. 2903:, pp. 21–22. 2891:, pp. 75–76. 2867:, pp. 7, 52. 2795:, pp. 43–44. 2366:, pp. 13–14. 1850:Gospel of Marcion 1767: 1766: 1713:Marcion of Sinope 1705:Gospel of Marcion 1658:Papyrus Egerton 2 1371:of Mary, and the 1323:Irenaeus of Lyons 1315:Gospel of Marcion 1196:biblical scholars 1182:ancient biography 986: 985: 911:Canonical Gospels 881:Gospel of Matthew 778:Hellenistic Greek 669:Christian authors 657:biblical scholars 653:ancient biography 632:, culminating in 570:Gospel of Matthew 562: 561: 492:Pastoral epistles 325:Catholic epistles 64: 63: 59: 16:(Redirected from 9302: 9285:Christian genres 9252: 9251: 9127:(alleged father) 8981:Person of Christ 8854:Historical Jesus 8685:Olivet Discourse 8613:Great Commission 8509: 8502: 8495: 8486: 8485: 8472: 8471: 8462: 8461: 8305:Environmentalism 8255:Church buildings 8157: 8156: 7972:Eastern Orthodox 7967:Eastern Catholic 7879: 7878: 7846:Eastern Catholic 7824:Eastern Orthodox 7712: 7711: 7633:Age of Discovery 7618:East–West Schism 7516:Great Commission 7447: 7446: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7276: 7275: 6691: 6690: 6078:Non-Chalcedonian 6059:Constantinople I 5851:General epistles 5846:Pauline epistles 5826:Paul the Apostle 5804:Great Commission 5622: 5615: 5608: 5599: 5598: 5444:Dead Sea Scrolls 5426:Dating the Bible 5304:Historical books 4941:Eastern Orthodox 4854:Eastern Orthodox 4842: 4841: 4835: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4564: 4549: 4528: 4519: 4498: 4489: 4470: 4447: 4430:"Gospel of John" 4424: 4403: 4382: 4361: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4308: 4286: 4262: 4241: 4218: 4195: 4174: 4148: 4127: 4125: 4113: 4104: 4083: 4079:978-068-705-2639 4064: 4043: 4020: 3999: 3978: 3955: 3932: 3909: 3890: 3865: 3843: 3824: 3795: 3774: 3755: 3752:The five gospels 3739: 3718: 3697: 3676: 3655: 3631: 3627:Misquoting Jesus 3617: 3593: 3584: 3563: 3542: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3478: 3457: 3436: 3415: 3398:"Gospel of John" 3392: 3371: 3352: 3329: 3308: 3287: 3266: 3245: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3112: 3106: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2667: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2467:. Archived from 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2382: 2376: 2367: 2361: 2352: 2346: 2337: 2331: 2322: 2316: 2307: 2301: 2292: 2286: 2277: 2271: 2262: 2256: 2247: 2241: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2203: 2197: 2188: 2182: 2169: 2163: 2154: 2148: 2139: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2088: 2079: 2073: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2028: 2005: 1999: 1992: 1986: 1983:Synoptic problem 1979: 1973: 1970:Simon Gathercole 1966: 1960: 1954: 1945: 1938: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1894: 1885: 1879: 1835:Gospel (liturgy) 1820:Dating the Bible 1786: 1781: 1780: 1572:Gospel of Philip 1438: 1434: 1401:Jewish-Christian 1382:Ministry gospels 1377:Gospel of Thomas 1319:Muratorian canon 1312: 1309: 1301: 1279:historical Jesus 1275:Historical Jesus 1271:early Christians 1221:Beloved Disciple 1136:synoptic gospels 1119:Gospel of Thomas 1091: 1088: 1006:synoptic gospels 995:John the Baptist 920: 908: 907: 897:Four Evangelists 860: 854: 848: 842: 836: 834:bona annuntiatio 822: 809: 808: 803: 802: 797: 796: 791: 790: 785: 784: 755:gospel harmonies 745:such as that of 684:Four Evangelists 665:Historical Jesus 611: 610: 594: 591: 583: 577: 576: 554: 547: 540: 523: 522: 513:Bible portal 511: 510: 509: 477:Synoptic Gospels 447:Petrine epistles 434:Pauline epistles 209:Pauline epistles 140:Four Evangelists 112: 87: 86: 82:Four Evangelists 55: 35: 34: 27: 21: 18:Canonical Gospel 9310: 9309: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9265: 9264: 9263: 9258: 9240: 9172: 9091: 9023:In other faiths 9017: 8940: 8936:Transfiguration 8897: 8840: 8770: 8670:Transfiguration 8544: 8536: 8518: 8513: 8483: 8478: 8456: 8444: 8398: 8353: 8271: 8152: 8146: 8101: 8026:One true church 7882: 7850: 7810: 7699: 7687: 7637: 7594: 7539: 7466:in Christianity 7452: 7438: 7432: 7424: 7383: 7359: 7351: 7308: 7303: 7273: 7268: 7218: 7205:Christian right 7107:Oxford Movement 7082:Restorationists 7053: 6968: 6901: 6836: 6787:Presbyterianism 6758: 6738:Book of Concord 6689: 6613: 6611: 6603: 6370: 6260: 6253: 6089: 5988: 5980: 5939:Clement of Rome 5869: 5862: 5766: 5760: 5649: 5631: 5626: 5596: 5591: 5568: 5512: 5430: 5421:Christian canon 5384: 5319:Prophetic books 5282: 5213:2 Thessalonians 5208:1 Thessalonians 5123: 5090: 5055: 5026: 4988: 4947: 4933: 4861: 4833: 4832: 4824: 4635: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4516: 4486: 4467: 4444: 4421: 4400: 4379: 4358: 4330: 4328: 4305: 4283: 4259: 4238: 4215: 4192: 4171: 4145: 4126:. Random House. 4123: 4101: 4080: 4061: 4040: 4017: 3996: 3975: 3952: 3929: 3906: 3862: 3840: 3813:10.2307/1560364 3807:(2/3): 95–147. 3792: 3771: 3744:Funk, Robert W. 3736: 3715: 3694: 3673: 3652: 3636:Ehrman, Bart D. 3622:Ehrman, Bart D. 3614: 3598:Ehrman, Bart D. 3581: 3560: 3539: 3531:. Eisenbrauns. 3525:"The Tradition" 3498: 3475: 3454: 3433: 3412: 3389: 3368: 3349: 3326: 3305: 3284: 3263: 3242: 3223: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3115: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2668: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2513:, pp. 1–3. 2509: 2505: 2497: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2385: 2377: 2370: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2340: 2332: 2325: 2317: 2310: 2302: 2295: 2287: 2280: 2272: 2265: 2257: 2250: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2206: 2198: 2191: 2183: 2172: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2142: 2134: 2127: 2119: 2112: 2104: 2097: 2089: 2082: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2006: 2002: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1948: 1939: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1895: 1888: 1880: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1845:Gospel in Islam 1782: 1775: 1772: 1738:Gospel of Judas 1645:Gospel of Truth 1547:Gospel of Peter 1365:Gospel of James 1361:Infancy gospels 1345: 1339: 1310: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1247:about with him. 1238:believed that 1236:James D.G. Dunn 1174: 1166:Main articles: 1164: 1089: 1059: 1039:transfiguration 991: 931: 906: 899: 879:Main articles: 877: 767: 743:infancy gospels 592: 558: 529: 517: 507: 505: 497: 496: 462: 461: 452: 451: 443: 427: 423:Johannine works 410: 409: 398: 397: 384: 381: 370: 349: 321: 313: 297: 281: 277:2 Thessalonians 272:1 Thessalonians 265: 249: 233: 204: 203: 188: 187: 172: 169: 135: 134: 119: 100: 85: 78: 67: 60: 36: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9308: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9196: 9194:Mary Magdalene 9186: 9180: 9178: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9164: 9159: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9122: 9117: 9116:(legal father) 9111: 9105: 9099: 9097: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9067: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9038: 9033: 9027: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8950: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8907: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8861: 8850: 8848: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8816: 8814:Gospel harmony 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8780: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8746: 8745: 8744: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8557: 8551: 8549: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8532:List of topics 8529: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8512: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8489: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8466: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8406: 8404: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8367: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8322: 8317: 8315:Fundamentalism 8312: 8310:Existentialism 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8281: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8203: 8201:God the Father 8198: 8193: 8188: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8165: 8163: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8122: 8117: 8111: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8087: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8021:Body of Christ 8018: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7986: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7896: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7871: 7866: 7860: 7858: 7856:Restorationist 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7832: 7831: 7820: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7709: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7565: 7560: 7558:Late antiquity 7555: 7549: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7528:Church fathers 7525: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7457: 7455: 7444: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7365: 7363: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7302: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7202: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7170:Pentecostalism 7167: 7165:Jesus movement 7162: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7063: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6993: 6988: 6982: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6956:Martyrs Mirror 6952: 6947: 6942: 6940:Martyrs' Synod 6937: 6932: 6930:Swiss Brethren 6927: 6922: 6917: 6911: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6846: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6734: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6699: 6697: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6675:Law and Gospel 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6619: 6617: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6356:Ottoman Empire 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6099: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6085:Biblical canon 6082: 6081: 6080: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6008: 6007: 5996: 5994: 5986:Late antiquity 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5934:Church Fathers 5927: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5874: 5872: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5625: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5559:Synod of Hippo 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5493:Masoretic Text 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5329:Minor prophets 5326: 5324:Major prophets 5316: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5102:Pseudepigrapha 5098: 5096: 5095:Classification 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5041:Psalms 152–155 5037: 5035: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4909: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4695:1–2 Chronicles 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4624: 4623: 4612: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4556: 4555:External links 4553: 4551: 4550: 4545:978-0199687749 4544: 4529: 4520: 4514: 4499: 4490: 4484: 4471: 4466:978-9053565032 4465: 4448: 4442: 4425: 4419: 4404: 4399:978-0521439770 4398: 4383: 4377: 4362: 4356: 4337: 4317:"Jesus Christ" 4313:Sanders, E. P. 4309: 4304:978-0140144994 4303: 4291:Sanders, E. P. 4287: 4281: 4267:Sanders, E. P. 4263: 4258:978-1426750083 4257: 4242: 4237:978-0199254255 4236: 4219: 4213: 4207:. Bloomsbury. 4196: 4191:978-0809147861 4190: 4175: 4169: 4153:Perkins, Pheme 4149: 4144:978-0521599511 4143: 4128: 4114: 4105: 4099: 4084: 4078: 4065: 4059: 4044: 4039:978-0802805171 4038: 4021: 4015: 4000: 3995:978-1441188229 3994: 3979: 3974:978-0802805171 3973: 3961:"Reading John" 3956: 3950: 3933: 3928:978-1400827374 3927: 3915:"Introduction" 3910: 3904: 3891: 3881:(4): 426–455. 3866: 3861:978-0567377234 3860: 3844: 3839:978-1451413281 3838: 3825: 3796: 3791:978-0567080561 3790: 3775: 3769: 3756: 3740: 3734: 3719: 3713: 3698: 3692: 3677: 3671: 3656: 3651:978-0195182491 3650: 3632: 3618: 3613:978-0199839438 3612: 3594: 3585: 3579: 3564: 3559:978-0851117782 3558: 3543: 3538:978-1575061009 3537: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3496: 3479: 3474:978-0192802903 3473: 3458: 3452: 3437: 3431: 3416: 3411:978-1317722243 3410: 3393: 3387: 3372: 3366: 3353: 3347: 3330: 3324: 3309: 3303: 3288: 3283:978-1451415551 3282: 3267: 3262:978-0827232273 3261: 3246: 3240: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3178:, p. 117. 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3113: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3002: 3000:, p. 415. 2990: 2984:978-1009210850 2983: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2855:, p. 523. 2845: 2833: 2831:, p. 175. 2821: 2819:, p. 122. 2809: 2807:, p. 403. 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2747:, p. 100. 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2682:(2): 447–476. 2659: 2657:, p. 185. 2647: 2635: 2633:, p. 214. 2623: 2611: 2599: 2597:, p. 114. 2587: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2537:, p. 125. 2527: 2525:, p. 158. 2515: 2503: 2501:, p. 217. 2486: 2484:, p. 192. 2474: 2471:on 2015-03-11. 2451: 2449:, p. 183. 2439: 2427: 2423:Culpepper 1999 2410: 2398: 2396:, p. 309. 2383: 2368: 2353: 2338: 2323: 2308: 2293: 2291:, p. 241. 2278: 2263: 2248: 2233: 2221: 2204: 2189: 2170: 2155: 2153:, p. 4-5. 2140: 2125: 2110: 2108:, p. 174. 2095: 2080: 2078:, p. 133. 2065: 2061:Alexander 2006 2053: 2051:, p. 697. 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2029: 2000: 1987: 1974: 1961: 1957:Sanders (2010) 1946: 1930: 1918: 1916: 1915: 1909: 1906:Sanders (2010) 1903: 1886: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1840:Gospel harmony 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1564:Pontius Pilate 1552: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1505:Gospel of Mary 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1433: 1432: 1405: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1341:Main article: 1338: 1335: 1290:Main article: 1287: 1284: 1232:form criticism 1163: 1160: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1058: 1055: 990: 987: 984: 983: 980: 976: 975: 972: 968: 967: 962: 958: 957: 952: 948: 947: 942: 938: 937: 933: 932: 930:, 14th century 921: 913: 912: 893:Gospel of John 889:Gospel of Luke 885:Gospel of Mark 876: 873: 867:Modern English 804:"messenger" + 766: 763: 560: 559: 557: 556: 549: 542: 534: 531: 530: 528: 527: 515: 502: 499: 498: 495: 494: 489: 479: 474: 469: 463: 460:Related topics 459: 458: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 444: 442: 441: 436: 430: 428: 426: 425: 420: 414: 411: 405: 404: 403: 400: 399: 396: 395: 389: 388: 383: 382: 380: 379: 373: 371: 369: 368: 363: 358: 352: 350: 348: 347: 342: 336: 334: 328: 327: 320: 319: 314: 312: 311: 306: 300: 298: 296: 295: 290: 284: 282: 280: 279: 274: 268: 266: 264: 263: 258: 252: 250: 248: 247: 242: 236: 234: 232: 231: 226: 220: 218: 212: 211: 205: 195: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 179: 178: 171: 170: 168: 167: 162: 157: 152: 146: 143: 142: 136: 126: 125: 124: 121: 120: 113: 105: 104: 96: 95: 65: 62: 61: 39: 37: 30: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9307: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9255: 9247: 9246: 9243: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9226:Mental health 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9175: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9046:In the Talmud 9044: 9043: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9013:Cosmic Christ 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8998:Second Coming 8996: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8986:Pre-existence 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8891: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8776:New Testament 8773: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8654: 8653:Lord's Prayer 8651: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8588:Unknown years 8586: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8570:Date of birth 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8505: 8503: 8498: 8496: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8475: 8467: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8454: 8451: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8401: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8356: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8250:Popular piety 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8031:People of God 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7877: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7698: 7697:Denominations 7694: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666:Enlightenment 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7436: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7379:New Testament 7377: 7375: 7374:Old Testament 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7293: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7259:Protestantism 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7132:Azusa Revival 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7112:Laestadianism 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7049:Old Lutherans 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6715:Diet of Worms 6713: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6615:Protestantism 6610: 6606: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6366:North America 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5976:Early African 5974: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5959:Justin Martyr 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5865: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5779:Life of Jesus 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767:Apostolic Age 5763: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5618: 5616: 5611: 5609: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5176:2 Corinthians 5174: 5172: 5171:1 Corinthians 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5133:New Testament 5130: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5114:New Testament 5112: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5029: 5023: 5022:Broader canon 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4735:Song of Songs 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4633:Old Testament 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4515:9780801095450 4511: 4507: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4443:9780521807661 4439: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4378:9780884899556 4374: 4370: 4369: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4338: 4327:on 2015-05-03 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4282:9780141928227 4278: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4214:9780567000972 4210: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4121: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093:. Zondervan. 4092: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4053:. Doubleday. 4052: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3905:9780567691200 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748:Jesus Seminar 3745: 3741: 3737: 3735:9780802828811 3731: 3727: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3714:9781725283886 3710: 3706: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3693:9780199831289 3689: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3672:9780199831289 3668: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3497:9780664257521 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404:. Routledge. 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3367:0-567-04204-9 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3241:9780521807661 3237: 3233: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3095: 3094:Bernhard 2006 3090: 3083: 3078: 3072:, p. xx. 3071: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3036:, p. 15. 3035: 3030: 3024:, p. 35. 3023: 3018: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2951:, p. 44. 2950: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2927:, p. 26. 2926: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2879:, p. 69. 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2843:, p. 45. 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2758: 2757:Goodacre 2001 2753: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2723:, p. 17. 2722: 2717: 2711:, p. 41. 2710: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2627: 2621:, p. 52. 2620: 2619:Anderson 2011 2615: 2609:, p. 48. 2608: 2607:Johnson 2010a 2603: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2573:, p. 59. 2572: 2567: 2561:, p. 29. 2560: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2483: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2447:Thompson 2006 2443: 2436: 2435:Woodhead 2004 2431: 2425:, p. 66. 2424: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2408:, p. 51. 2407: 2406:Petersen 2010 2402: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2351:, p. 56. 2350: 2349:Goodacre 2001 2345: 2343: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2321:, p. 18. 2320: 2315: 2313: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2202:, p. 53. 2201: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2152: 2151:Sanders 1995b 2147: 2145: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2123:, p. 32. 2122: 2117: 2115: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2093:, p. 52. 2092: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2063:, p. 16. 2062: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2026: 2024: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1991: 1984: 1978: 1971: 1968:According to 1965: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1927: 1922: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1900:Schoeps (1968 1898: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1883: 1882:Sanders (1995 1878: 1876: 1871: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1815:Bodmer Papyri 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1774: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1429:enlightenment 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1349: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1305: 1300: 1293: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1265: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1132:L source 1129: 1128:M source 1124: 1123:Q source 1120: 1116: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1084: 1083:New Testament 1076: 1075:L source 1073:), Luke (the 1072: 1071:M source 1068: 1063: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 981: 977: 973: 969: 966: 965:Apostolic Age 963: 959: 956: 953: 949: 946: 943: 939: 934: 929: 928:Sargis Pitsak 925: 919: 914: 909: 904: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 872: 870: 868: 864: 859: 853: 847: 841: 835: 830: 826: 821: 816: 812: 779: 775: 771: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676:New Testament 672: 670: 666: 662: 661:E. P. 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Eerdmans. 4456: 4433: 4409: 4388: 4367: 4348:Anchor Books 4342: 4329:. Retrieved 4325:the original 4320: 4294: 4271: 4247: 4227: 4204: 4180: 4160: 4133: 4119: 4109: 4089: 4072:. Abingdon. 4069: 4049: 4032:. Eerdmans. 4029: 4005: 3984: 3967:. Eerdmans. 3964: 3941: 3918: 3895: 3878: 3874: 3851: 3848:Keith, Chris 3829: 3804: 3800: 3780: 3760: 3751: 3728:. Eerdmans. 3724: 3703: 3682: 3661: 3640: 3626: 3602: 3589: 3569: 3548: 3528: 3515: 3506: 3487: 3463: 3442: 3421: 3401: 3377: 3357: 3338: 3314: 3293: 3272: 3251: 3230: 3212:Wiegers 1995 3207: 3195: 3183: 3176:Metzger 2003 3171: 3159: 3147: 3135: 3096:, p. 2. 3089: 3082:Ehrman 2005b 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3022:Ehrman 2005a 3017: 3010:Ehrman 2005a 3005: 2993: 2974: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2925:Lincoln 2005 2920: 2908: 2901:Reddish 2011 2896: 2884: 2877:Ehrman 2005a 2872: 2865:Ehrman 2005a 2860: 2853:Tuckett 2000 2848: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2805:Edwards 2002 2800: 2788: 2776: 2769:Perkins 2012 2764: 2759:, p. 1. 2752: 2745:Martens 2004 2740: 2733:Burkett 2002 2728: 2721:Reddish 2011 2716: 2704: 2679: 2675: 2650: 2638: 2631:Burkett 2002 2626: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2547:Telford 1999 2542: 2530: 2523:Burkett 2002 2518: 2506: 2499:Burkett 2002 2477: 2469:the original 2464: 2454: 2442: 2437:, p. 4. 2430: 2401: 2381:, p. 6. 2334:Reddish 2011 2319:Lincoln 2005 2304:Reddish 2011 2289:Perkins 1998 2224: 2185:Sanders 2010 2166:Schoeps 1968 2076:Lincoln 2004 2056: 2020: 2016: 2013:Reddish 2011 2003: 1990: 1977: 1964: 1921: 1912:Ehrman (1999 1802: 1756:14th–16th c. 1662:Early 2nd c. 1636:Early 2nd c. 1606: 1602:Early 2nd c. 1551:Early 2nd c. 1525:Early 2nd c. 1513: 1496:Early 2nd c. 1483:Early 2nd c. 1470:Early 2nd c. 1394: 1354: 1330: 1295: 1267: 1259: 1254:Apostle Paul 1250: 1243: 1241: 1225: 1209: 1200: 1189: 1177: 1175: 1145: 1112: 1094: 1090: AD 66 1080: 1027: 1023: 1003: 992: 945:Christianity 871: 769: 768: 757:such as the 720: 712:Signs Gospel 673: 648: 646: 599: 598: 127: 99:Books of the 56: 41: 9162:Descendants 9120:Holy Family 9103:Genealogies 9070:Manichaeism 8976:Incarnation 8971:Christology 8964:1st century 8846:Historicity 8737:Crucifixion 8705:Last Supper 8430:Persecution 8365:Christendom 8358:Cooperation 8295:Charismatic 8206:Holy Spirit 8115:Natural law 8078:Holy orders 7927:Christology 7920:Holy Spirit 7789:Pentecostal 7769:Evangelical 7764:Charismatic 7608:Monasticism 7600:Middle Ages 7563:Constantine 7506:Crucifixion 7388:Foundations 7264:Catholicism 7201:Protestants 7195:Evangelical 6870:39 Articles 6865:Elizabethan 6842:Anglicanism 6822:Westminster 6732:Melanchthon 6695:Lutheranism 6660:Nicodemites 6638:Arminianism 6609:Reformation 6550:Bonaventure 6525:Inquisition 6520:Waldensians 6470:Investiture 6448:Kievan Rus' 6404:Anglo-Saxon 6384:Pelagianism 6376:Middle Ages 6299:Iconodulism 6174:Thomas More 6095:Catholicism 6017:Monasticism 6000:Constantine 5925:Persecution 5883:Adoptionism 5868:Ante-Nicene 5811:Holy Spirit 5794:Crucifixion 5765:Origins and 5666:2nd and 3rd 5587:WikiProject 5465:Diatessaron 5436:Manuscripts 5389:Development 5191:Philippians 5061:Beta Israel 4979:4 Maccabees 4974:3 Maccabees 4888:2 Maccabees 4883:1 Maccabees 4665:Deuteronomy 4331:27 November 4297:. Penguin. 4275:. Penguin. 4112:. Eerdmans. 3507:The Messiah 3200:Ehrman 2006 3188:Gamble 1985 3154:, p. . 3142:, p. . 3070:Pagels 1989 3034:Watson 2016 2949:Ehrman 1997 2889:Ehrman 1996 2817:Beaton 2005 2771:, p. . 2655:Porter 2006 2643:Honoré 1986 2595:Morris 1986 2583:Beaton 2005 2535:Parker 1997 2511:Boring 2006 2482:Scholz 2009 2465:Ehrman Blog 2379:Levine 2009 2364:Boring 2006 2200:Ehrman 1999 2138:, p. . 2121:Vermes 2013 2091:Ehrman 1999 1996:Aune (1987) 1742:Late 2nd c. 1675:Late 2nd c. 1671:Diatessaron 1624:Nag Hammadi 1589:Late 2nd c. 1423:, but with 1115:apocalyptic 1077:), and Mark 1057:Composition 1047:Last Supper 955:Koine Greek 936:Information 774:Old English 759:Diatessaron 256:Philippians 9269:Categories 9008:Son of God 8903:Depictions 8641:Beatitudes 8598:Temptation 8542:Chronology 8344:Prosperity 8320:Liberation 8260:Cathedrals 8245:Pilgrimage 8230:Literature 8107:Philosophy 8043:Sacraments 8016:Four marks 7977:Protestant 7952:Born again 7749:Anabaptist 7739:Protestant 7681:Influences 7643:Modern era 7347:By country 6986:Revivalism 6907:Anabaptism 6855:Henry VIII 6680:Literature 6304:Iconoclasm 6284:Chrysostom 6237:Vatican II 6203:Jansenists 6189:Mass rocks 6125:Lateran IV 6044:Athanasius 5964:Tertullian 5908:Marcionism 5903:Gnosticism 5856:Revelation 5774:Background 5524:Authorship 5454:Septuagint 5299:Pentateuch 5278:Revelation 5202:Laodiceans 5196:Colossians 4685:1–2 Samuel 4527:: 245–291. 4497:. Penguin. 3152:Meier 1991 3140:Casey 2010 2841:Allen 2013 2793:Allen 2013 2394:Burge 2014 2274:Keith 2012 2217:Keith 2016 2034:References 2025:: Volume 3 1942:Dunn (2003 1926:Dunn (1995 1830:The gospel 1709:Mid 2nd c. 1696:Mid 2nd c. 1649:Mid 2nd c. 1457:Mid 2nd c. 1421:repentance 1412:Jewish god 1212:topography 1186:propaganda 1156:Septuagint 1035:temptation 1011:King David 820:evangelium 811:diminutive 789:ευαγγέλιον 783:εὐαγγέλιον 626:the gospel 624:message (" 618:evangelium 609:εὐαγγέλιον 407:Authorship 387:Apocalypse 261:Colossians 201:Apocalypse 176:Lukan Acts 71:The gospel 43:The gospel 9236:Sexuality 9221:Criticism 9206:Christmas 9082:Mandaeism 9058:Ahmadiyya 8766:Ascension 8690:Anointing 8625:Disciples 8608:Selecting 8420:Criticism 8370:Ecumenism 8334:Mysticism 8300:Democracy 8290:Anarchism 8277:Movements 8240:Mythology 8218:Catechism 8213:Education 8130:Evolution 8053:Eucharist 8036:Canon law 7994:Theotokos 7989:Mariology 7947:Salvation 7937:Tradition 7784:Methodist 7744:Adventist 7578:Chalcedon 7152:Ecumenism 7102:Adventism 7092:Mormonism 7028:Millerism 7023:Methodism 6978:1640–1789 6880:Civil War 6827:Orthodoxy 6782:Huguenots 6764:Calvinism 6749:Eucharist 6744:Orthodoxy 6628:Eucharist 6560:Five Ways 6510:Dulcinian 6463:Pomerania 6389:Gregory I 6233:Vatican I 6223:Modernism 6208:Molinists 6198:Guadalupe 6069:Chalcedon 6064:Ephesus I 6054:Augustine 5930:Apostolic 5913:Montanism 5878:Diversity 5654:Centuries 5363:Johannine 5223:2 Timothy 5218:1 Timothy 5186:Ephesians 5181:Galatians 4969:Psalm 151 4837:apocrypha 4815:Zechariah 4805:Zephaniah 4690:1–2 Kings 4655:Leviticus 4293:(1995b). 3638:(2005b). 3624:(2005a). 3046:Aune 2003 2961:Dunn 2003 2829:Lieu 2005 2781:Aune 1987 2696:0022-5185 2571:Aune 1987 2259:Dunn 2003 2244:Dunn 1995 2106:Dunn 2005 1729:Uncertain 1311: 85 1262:telephone 1216:Jerusalem 1152:allusions 1141:Johannine 999:Pharisees 849:"good" + 815:Latinized 798:"good" + 765:Etymology 634:his trial 622:Christian 586:Papyrus 4 418:Luke-Acts 293:2 Timothy 288:1 Timothy 245:Ephesians 240:Galatians 9254:Category 9125:Panthera 9110:(mother) 8869:Josephus 8722:Betrayal 8665:Miracles 8660:Parables 8620:Ministry 8603:Apostles 8560:Nativity 8474:Category 8339:Pacifism 8153:features 8137:Politics 8090:Ablution 8058:Marriage 7962:Catholic 7892:Theology 7799:Reformed 7779:Lutheran 7774:Holiness 7754:Anglican 7724:Catholic 7628:Crusades 7573:Nicaea I 7523:Apostles 7496:Miracles 7491:Parables 7481:Ministry 7471:Nativity 7435:timeline 7332:Prophets 7327:Glossary 7244:Theology 7232:Missions 7227:Timeline 7199:Mainline 7147:Pacifism 6996:Baptists 6915:Theology 6875:Puritans 6850:Timeline 6792:Scotland 6720:Theology 6567:Wycliffe 6515:Crusades 6490:Bogomils 6443:Bulgaria 6399:Germanic 6351:Ethiopia 6249:Timeline 6027:Nicaea I 6022:Councils 5954:Irenaeus 5949:Ignatius 5944:Polycarp 5898:Donatism 5893:Docetism 5888:Arianism 5789:Ministry 5577:Category 5476:Peshitta 5373:Catholic 5368:Pastoral 5353:Epistles 5346:Synoptic 5233:Philemon 5046:2 Baruch 5033:Peshitta 5007:Jubilees 4959:2 Esdras 4954:1 Esdras 4849:Catholic 4800:Habakkuk 4745:Jeremiah 4725:Proverbs 4705:Nehemiah 4315:(2010). 4269:(1995). 4155:(1998). 3850:(2012). 3600:(1999). 2559:Eve 2021 1855:Jesusism 1770:See also 1717:Irenaeus 1618:and the 1447:Content 1425:illusion 1404:beliefs. 1148:Parousia 1051:Passover 989:Contents 971:Chapters 951:Language 941:Religion 924:Armenian 704:Q source 584:). 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