French Canadians - Knowledge

5128:"Virtually all persons who reported "Canadian" in 1996 had English or French as a mother tongue, were born in Canada and had both parents born inside Canada. This suggests that many of these respondents were people whose families have been in this country for several generations. In effect the "new Canadians" were persons that previously reported either British or French origins. Moreover in 1996 some 55% of people with both parents born in Canada reported Canadian (alone or in combination with other origins). By contrast, only 4% of people with both parents born outside Canada reported Canadian. Thus the Canadian response did not appeal widely to either immigrants or their children. Most important however was that neatly half of those persons reporting Canadian origin in 1996 were in Quebec this represented a majority of the mother tongue francophone population. ... In the 2001 Census, 11.7 million people, or 39% of the total population, reported Canadian as their ethnic origin, either alone or in combination with other origins. Some 4.9 million Quebecers out of 7.1 million individuals reported Canadian or "Canadien" thus accounting for nearly seven in ten persons (nearly eighty percent of francophones in Quebec). (Page 2) 3102: 3152: 5098:. However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage. 2445:

Canadians of British or Canadian ancestry generally cannot trace their ancestry as far back in Canada as French speakers. As a result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker: for example, only 50% of third generation "Canadians" strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average. The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported "Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities". These identities include French New World ancestries such as "Québécois" (37% of Quebec population) and

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French-Canadian heritage collectively, such as in the name and mandate of national organizations which serve francophone communities across Canada. Francophone Canadians of non-French-Canadian origin such as immigrants from francophone countries are not usually designated by the term "French Canadian"; the more general term "francophones" is used for French-speaking Canadians across all ethnic origins.

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respondents that are in the 4th+ generations, and unlike with the British Isles example, the difference between the 2nd and 3rd generations to the 4th+ generation is more pronounced. Since these ancestries are concentrated in the 4th+ generations, their high proportions of sense of belonging to ethnic or cultural group push up the 4th+ generational results."

4043:"Note that Canadian and Canadien have been separated since the two terms mean different things. In English, it usually means someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations. In French it is referring to "Les Habitants", settlers of New France during the 17th and 18th centuries who earned their living primarily from agricultural labour." 1585:, while other provinces vary in the level of French language services they offer. All three of Canada's territories include French as an official language of the territory alongside English and local indigenous languages, although in practice French-language services are normally available only in the capital cities and not across the entire territory. 4347: 3556: 4447: 4378: 2432:, used to refer to descendants of the original settlers of New France in the 17th and 18th centuries. "Canadien" was used to refer to the French-speaking residents of New France beginning in the last half of the 17th century. The English-speaking residents who arrived later from Great Britain were called "Anglais". This usage continued until 4316: 4409: 3069:

French descent, especially in Quebec. Most francophone Canadians who use the provincial labels identify with their province of origin, even if it is not the province in which they currently reside; for example, a Québécois who moved to Manitoba would not normally change their own self-identification to Franco-Manitoban.

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For respondents of French and New World ancestries the pattern is different. Where generational data is available, it is possible to see that not all respondents reporting these ancestries report a high sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group. The high proportions are focused among those

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Those reporting "French New World" ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least four generations in Canada. Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their ethno-cultural group, with 70% and 61%, respectively, reporting a strong sense of belonging.

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Increasingly, provincial labels are used to stress the linguistic and cultural, as opposed to ethnic and religious, nature of French-speaking institutions and organizations. The term "French Canadian" is still used in historical and cultural contexts, or when it is necessary to refer to Canadians of

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In English usage, the terms for provincial subgroups, if used at all, are usually defined solely by province of residence, with all of the terms being strictly interchangeable with French Canadian. Although this remains the more common usage in English, it is considered outdated to many Canadians of

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The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada. Although deeply rooted Canadians express a deep attachment to their ethnic identity, most English-speaking

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with the provincial groupings, explicitly rejecting "French Canadian" as an identity label. A population genetics ancestry study claims that for those French Canadians who trace their ancestry to the French founder population, a significant percentage, 53-78% have at least one indigenous ancestor.

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were Catholic. In the United States, some families of French-Canadian origin have converted to Protestantism. Until the 1960s, religion was a central component of French-Canadian national identity. The Church parish was the focal point of civic life in French-Canadian society, and religious orders

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Distinctions between French Canadian, natives of France, and other New World French identities is more blurred in the U.S. than in Canada, but those who identify as French Canadian or Franco American generally do not regard themselves as French. Rather, they identify culturally, historically, and

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French Canadian identities are influenced by historical events that inform regional cultures. For example, in New England, the relatively recent immigration (19th/20th centuries) is informed by experiences of language oppression and an identification with certain occupations, such as the mill

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The survey, based on interviews, asked the following questions: "1) I would now like to ask you about your ethnic ancestry, heritage or background. What were the ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors? 2) In addition to "Canadian", what were the other ethnic or cultural origins of your

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French Canadians outside Quebec are more likely to self-identify as "French Canadian". Identification with provincial groupings varies from province to province, with Franco-Ontarians, for example, using their provincial label far more frequently than Franco-Columbians do. Few identify

4410:"Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey" 2977:

in Eastern Canada (Québec). This subsistence agriculture slowly evolved in dairy farm during the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century while retaining the subsistence side. By 1960, agriculture changed toward an industrial agriculture. French Canadians have

3557:"Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data" 1542:. Over time, many regional accents have emerged. Canada is estimated to be home to between 32 and 36 regional French accents, 17 of which can be found in Quebec, and 7 of which are found in New Brunswick. There are also people who will naturally speak using 3587: 2436:

in 1867. Confederation united several former British colonies into the Dominion of Canada, and from that time forward, the word "Canadian" has been used to describe both English-speaking and French-speaking citizens, wherever they live in the country.

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were unified. Some of the motivations for the union was to limit French-Canadian political power and at the same time transferring a large part of the Upper Canadian debt to the debt-free Lower Canada. After many decades of British immigration, the

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During the 17th century, French settlers originating mainly from the west and north of France settled Canada. It is from them that the French Canadian ethnicity was born. During the 17th to 18th centuries, French Canadians expanded across

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French speakers usually refer to their own identities with adjectives such as québécoise, acadienne, or franco-canadienne, or by some term referring to a provincial linguistic minority such as franco-manitobaine, franco-ontarienne or

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Jantzen (2006): "The reporting of French New World ancestries (Canadien, Québécois, and French-Canadian) is concentrated in the 4th+ generations; 79% of French-Canadian, 88% of Canadien and 90% of Québécois are in the 4th+generations

4014: 4379:"Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data" 2495:), though the term "French Canadian" may by extension refer to natives of the province of Quebec or other parts of French Canada of foreign descent. Those who do have French or French-Canadian ancestry, but who support 1557:

There are about seven million French Canadians and native French speakers in Quebec. Another one million French-speaking French Canadians are distributed throughout the rest of Canada. French Canadians may also speak

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People who claim some French-Canadian ancestry or heritage number some 7 million in Canada. In the United States, 2.4 million people report French-Canadian ancestry or heritage, while an additional 8.4 million claim

4071:"According to Table 3, the 4th+ generations are highest because of a strong sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group among those respondents reporting the New World ancestries of Canadien and Québécois." 4317:"Data tables, 1996 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)" 1613:

currently remains low. Rates of religious observance among French Canadians outside Quebec tend to vary by region, and by age. In general, however, those in Quebec are the least observant, while those in the

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Academic analysis of French Canadian culture has often focused on the degree to which the Quiet Revolution, particularly the shift in the social and cultural identity of the Québécois following the

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and colonized various regions, cities, and towns. As a result, people of French Canadian descent can be found across North America. Between 1840 and 1930, many French Canadians emigrated to

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to be archaic or even pejorative. This is a reflection of the strong social, cultural, and political ties that most Quebecers of French-Canadian origin, who constitute a majority of

3917: 4788: 5328: 4193:"1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 - série nationale : population. Ethnic origin" 4580:

Table 3: Percentage of Selected Ancestries Reporting that Respondents have a Strong* Sense of Belonging to the Ethnic and Cultural Groups, by Generational Status, 2002 EDS"

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found that since the French language has been so widely abandoned in the United States, the term "French Canadian" has taken on an ethnic rather than linguistic meaning.

3948: 1562:, especially if they live in overwhelmingly English-speaking environments. In Canada, not all those of French Canadian ancestry speak French, but the vast majority do. 2565:. Education, health and social services are provided by provincial institutions, so that provincial identities are often used to identify French-language institutions: 1732:

There are various urban and small centres in Canada outside Quebec that have long-standing populations of French Canadians, going back to the late 19th century, due to

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distinguishing the inhabitants of Canada from those of France. To distinguish between the English-speaking population and the French-speaking population, the terms

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The majority of the French-Canadian population in the United States is found in the New England area, although there is also a large French-Canadian presence in

6921: 4568:"As shown on Graph 3, over 30% of respondents reporting Canadian, British Isles or French ancestries are distributed across all four generational categories." 3101: 1424:. In the late 19th and 20th centuries, French Canadians' discontent grew with their place in Canada because of a series of events: including the execution of 4942: 3706: 1250:

was at first governed from Canada and then attached to Louisiana. The inhabitants of the French colony of Canada (modern-day Quebec) called themselves the

728: 5287: 3625: 4595: 4162:"1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic groups" 4131:"1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups" 3975: 3891: 1494:

has no official languages defined in law, although the provincial government provides French language services in many parts of the province under the

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Since 1968, French has been one of Canada's two official languages. It is the sole official language of Quebec and one of the official languages of

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since 1982, protecting them from provincial governments that have historically been indifferent towards their presence. At the provincial level,

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Les Canadiens français du Michigan: leur contribution dans le développement de la vallée de la Saginaw et de la péninsule de Keweenaw, 1840-1914

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Beauchemin, Jacques (2009). Collectif Liberté (ed.). "L'identité franco-québécoise d'hier à aujourd'hui : la fin des vieilles certitudes".

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culture. This group's culture and history evolved separately from the French Canadian culture, at a time when the Maritime Provinces were

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Newton, Jason L. "“These French Canadian of the Woods are Half-Wild Folk” Wilderness, Whiteness, and Work in North America, 1840–1955."

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may be identified with either the Acadians or the Québécois, or considered a distinct group in their own right, by different sources.

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Note 1: 1981 Canadian census only included partial multiple ethnic origin responses for individuals with British and French ancestry.

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Sorrell, Richard S. "The survivance of French Canadians in New England (1865–1930): History, geography and demography as destiny."

5254: 4539:"These will be called "French New World" ancestries since the majority of respondents in these ethnic categories are Francophones." 4107: 3765: 4716: 959: 6739: 5105: 7085: 5624: 1455:

region. About half of them returned home. The generations born in the United States would eventually come to see themselves as

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During the mid-18th century, French Canadian explorers and colonists colonized other parts of North America in what are today

2487:. Francophones who self-identify as Québécois and do not have French-Canadian ancestry may not identify as "French Canadian" ( 2421:. The latter three were grouped together by Jantzen (2006) as "French New World" ancestries because they originate in Canada. 1065:(Upper Countries), a vast and thinly settled territorial dependence north and west of Montreal which covered the whole of the 5147: 5011: 4817: 4981: 4637: 1376:

in Canada), the French-Canadian population remained important in the life of the colonies. The British gained Acadia by the

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The emphasis on the French language and Quebec autonomy means that French speakers across Canada may now self-identify as

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It is estimated that roughly 70–75% of Quebec's population descend from the French pioneers of the 17th and 18th century.

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Moreau, C.; Lefebvre, J. F.; Jomphe, M.; Bhérer, C.; Ruiz-Linares, A.; Vézina, H.; Roy-Gagnon, M. H.; Labuda, D. (2013).

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between the 1840s and the 1930s in search of economic opportunities in border communities and industrialized portions of

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ran French-Canadian schools, hospitals and orphanages and were very influential in everyday life in general. During the

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of 1966 to 1969, did or did not create a "rupture" between the Québécois and other francophones elsewhere in Canada.

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historically referred only to a French-speaker, though today it is used in French to describe any Canadian citizen.

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part of what was referred to as Canada, and are consequently considered a distinct culture from French Canadians.

7428: 2694: 1725:). Most cities and villages in this province were built and settled by the French or French Canadians during the 1570: 5420:

McQuillan, D. Aidan. "Franch-Canadian Communities in the American Upper Midwest during the Nineteenth Century."

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A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland

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Quebecers, maintain within Quebec. It has given Québécois an ambiguous meaning which has often played out in

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of the 2006 Canadian census found that French-speaking Canadians identified their ethnicity most often as

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was created. The Legislative Assembly having no real power, the political situation degenerated into the

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Dictionnaire généalogique des familles canadiennes. Depuis la fondation de la colonie jusqu'à nos jours

5075:" responses. Additionally, 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the addition of the 3335: 2038: 2022: 1986: 823: 497: 386: 337: 17: 7259: 7023: 6963: 6167: 4440:"Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population" 3527: 3311: 2874:

ethnically with the culture that originated in Quebec that is differentiated from French culture. In

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throughout New England is indicative of the French immigration to the area. They came to identify as

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refer to all Quebec citizens, regardless of their language or their cultural heritage, as Québécois.

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The First Franco-Americans: New England Life Histories from the Federal Writers' Project, 1938–1939

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Below is a list of the main genealogical works retracing the origins of French Canadian families:

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Marquis, G. E.; Allen, Louis (January 1, 1923). "The French Canadians in the Province of Quebec".

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French Canadians living in Canada express their cultural identity using a number of terms. The

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Map displaying the percentage of the US population claiming French Canadian ancestry by county

5137: 7316: 7198: 7177: 7039: 6857: 6678: 6634: 6501: 6280: 6248: 6200: 6113: 6105: 5658: 5169: 5072: 5004:"Breeds of Livestock – Canadienne Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science" 4810: 2647: 2569: 2458: 2428:, meaning "someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations", and the French 2042: 2018: 2006: 1962: 1926: 1891: 1863: 1609:

of the 1960s, however, the practice of Catholicism dropped drastically. Church attendance in

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born in French Canada colonized other parts of North America in what are today the states of

1111: 906: 750: 676: 423: 37: 5543: 5397: 5209:, vol. I-III. Toronto : 1st edition, La Bibliothèque de recherche généalogique, 1992. ( 4903: 3618:"Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 1384:

for French Canadians to regain the French civil law system, and in 1791 French Canadians in

6668: 6542: 6496: 6455: 6387: 6220: 6210: 6185: 6157: 6055: 5996: 5986: 5976: 5824: 5697: 4856: 3663:, Vol. 107, Social and Economic Conditions in The Dominion of Canada (May, 1923), pp. 7–12. 3423: 2672: 2512: 2014: 1911: 1907: 1859: 1769: 1709: 1467:. The descendants of those Quebec inter-provincial migrants constitute the bulk of today's 1389: 1335: 1130: 1044: 140: 5174:

Répertoire des actes de baptême, mariage et sépulture et des recensements du Québec ancien

3129: 2902:; many also have ancestry dating to the lumber era and often a mixture of the two groups. 1721:

where they constitute the majority of the population in all regions except the far north (

8: 7090: 6481: 6433: 6428: 6397: 6351: 6238: 6195: 6175: 6140: 6090: 6085: 6068: 5991: 5971: 5961: 5956: 5915: 5905: 5727: 3196: 2811: 2034: 1946: 1934: 1887: 1753: 1726: 1531: 1373: 1361: 1291: 1231: 1219: 1085: 1024: 996: 803: 543: 457: 251: 4860: 4099: 3755: 7306: 7280: 6955: 6761: 6660: 6602: 6516: 6506: 6486: 6471: 6445: 6336: 6321: 6275: 6270: 6243: 6180: 6135: 6075: 5981: 5930: 5920: 5884: 5845: 5840: 5803: 5780: 5768: 5763: 5753: 5722: 5675: 5643: 5449: 5187: 5076: 4879: 4844: 3839: 3831: 2991: 2979: 2919: 2863: 2859: 2815: 2727: 2496: 2395: 1855: 1765: 1698: 1601: 1406: 1331: 1299: 1180: 740: 578: 362: 33: 5636: 2057:. Smaller groups of French Canadians settled in the Midwest, notably in the states of 7357: 7337: 7332: 7216: 7078: 6911: 6833: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6570: 6547: 6537: 6532: 6511: 6476: 6450: 6438: 6423: 6392: 6366: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6285: 6190: 6145: 6095: 6063: 5966: 5925: 5889: 5670: 5665: 5569: 5506: 5453: 5367: 5349: 5293: 5260: 5228: 5210: 5195: 5177: 5143: 5112: 4971: 4884: 4724: 3843: 3796: 3682: 3432: 2983: 2963: 2383: 1781: 1749: 1582: 1566: 1377: 1343: 1274: 1212: 1098: 1061: 888: 848: 841: 788: 776: 723: 703: 698: 507: 467: 4663: 3453: 3447: 3438: 3223: 2883: 1722: 1596:

is the chief denomination. The kingdom of France forbade non-Catholic settlement in

1052: 7352: 7347: 7287: 7273: 7266: 7246: 7184: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 6987: 6629: 6552: 6418: 6361: 6356: 6346: 6263: 6258: 6080: 6030: 6025: 5855: 5775: 5758: 5748: 5732: 5441: 5227:, vol. I-VII, 1871–1890. Nouvelle édition, Montréal : Éditions Élysée, 1975. ( 4874: 4864: 3823: 3512: 3402: 3387: 3371: 3326: 3274: 3259: 3244: 2933: 2862:, especially during the winter months. The wealth of Catholic churches named after 2795: 2731: 2633: 2623: 2619: 2589: 2046: 1777: 1741: 1606: 1559: 1456: 1247: 1195:, parts of Ontario, Acadia, and select areas of Western Canada, all in Canada (see 1156: 1107: 878: 798: 718: 713: 662: 655: 634: 627: 613: 585: 571: 564: 537: 247: 223: 186: 161: 128: 7410:) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality). 7170: 5003: 4551: 3588:"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country]" 3379: 3356: 2643: 766:) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality). 669: 7231: 7221: 7163: 7156: 6980: 6938: 6773: 6720: 6614: 6607: 6491: 6371: 6341: 6253: 6233: 6128: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6010: 5910: 5707: 5692: 5680: 5550: 5484: 5404: 5332: 5220: 4965: 4869: 4792: 4599: 4100:"Historical statistics of Canada, section A: Population and migration - Archived" 3654: 3517: 3341: 2943: 2929: 2867: 2744: 2653: 2609: 2579: 2050: 1847: 1757: 1737: 1593: 1539: 1509: 1468: 1451:

Between the 1840s and the 1930s, some 900,000 French Canadians immigrated to the

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French America: Mobility, Identity, and Minority Experience across the Continent

5176:, vol. I-XLVII. Montréal : Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1980. ( 2101: 1527: 1254:, and came mostly from northwestern France. The early inhabitants of Acadia, or 7342: 6872: 6809: 6749: 6641: 6228: 6205: 6118: 5850: 5687: 5445: 5037: 3827: 3202: 3187: 2987: 2913: 2879: 2680: 1930: 1797: 1523: 1307: 1160: 1148: 813: 708: 1831: 7422: 6882: 6828: 6804: 3800: 3504: 3490: 3297: 3157: 3108: 2855: 2843: 2839: 2819: 2748: 2698: 2668: 2410: 2131: 2010: 1990: 1871: 1793: 1694: 1615: 1578: 1535: 1519: 1475: 1437: 1136: 1004: 992: 783: 303: 271: 207: 124: 4811:"Language Education, Canadian Civic Identity, and the Identity of Canadians" 6904: 6845: 6785: 4888: 2847: 2603: 1998: 1397: 1385: 1303: 988: 1353: 7191: 6821: 6797: 6734: 5429: 3289: 2851: 2823: 2807: 2771: 2676: 2599: 2504: 2026: 1903: 1879: 1565:

Francophones living in Canadian provinces other than Quebec have enjoyed

1538:, and New England can trace their roots back to Quebec French because of 1452: 1417: 1319: 1239: 1223: 1066: 1048: 1008: 641: 211: 157: 136: 2479:(feminine) to express their cultural and national identity, rather than 6968: 6926: 3835: 3760: 2818:. French Canadians later emigrated in large numbers from Canada to the 1899: 1843: 1842:

In the United States, many cities were founded as colonial outposts of

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The French-speaking population have massively chosen the "Canadian" ("

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Dictionnaire généalogique des familles du Québec. Des origines à 1730

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workers. In the Great Lakes, many French Canadians also identify as

2826:. French-Canadian communities in the United States remain along the 2530: 2069:. French Canadians also settled in central North Dakota, largely in 1631: 7383: 7311: 7114: 6624: 5653: 5094:

All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by

5068: 3393: 2779: 2775: 2664: 2593: 2446: 2110:

Top four reported "French" ethnic or cultural identities in Canada

2058: 1347: 1327: 1323: 1298:) of this era. A few also are the descendants of mixed French and 1255: 1164: 1152: 1140: 1093: 1056: 926: 745: 599: 231: 165: 144: 6689: 5540:

Franco-Americans in Massachusetts: "No French no mo' 'round here"

5440:(Social and Economic Conditions in The Dominion of Canada): 7–12. 5194:, Montréal : Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1983. ( 4721:

Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language

3816:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

3660:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

2891: 1203:(also commonly called Canada) stretched across what today are the 1110:

of the 1960s to 1980s, inhabitants of Quebec began to identify as

239: 7407: 7378: 7373: 6862: 5106:"Our 'Cense' of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million 'Canadian'" 2835: 2803: 2787: 2657: 2613: 2583: 2463: 2418: 2151: 2030: 1937:. Quebec and Acadian emigrants settled in industrial cities like 1883: 1789: 1773: 1761: 1618:

and other places away from Quebec tend to be the most observant.

1491: 1487: 1464: 1459:. During the same period of time, numerous French Canadians also 1208: 1184: 1122: 921: 916: 763: 279: 4550:

Lacoursière, Jacques; Bouchard, Claude; Howard, Richard (1972).

2471:

Since the 1960s, French Canadians in Quebec have generally used

1713:

Distribution of the proportion of French Canadian across Canada.

7403: 7252: 7121: 3408: 3380:

Of other groups originating from the colonisation of New France

3215: 2951: 2854:. There is also a significant community of French Canadians in 2827: 2690: 2085: 1745: 1718: 1610: 1235: 1192: 1168: 1144: 1080:

the French had encountered in the St. Lawrence River valley at

1040: 759: 606: 550: 294: 243: 235: 120: 5434:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

4816:. Council of Europe, Language Policy Division. pp. 8–11. 4470:"Ethnic Diversity Survey: portrait of a multicultural society" 1744:

have large populations of francophones in communities such as

5631: 5414:. Franklin Philip (trans.). Louisiana State University Press. 5256:

The People of New France. (Themes in Canadian History Series)

5139:

The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population

4933:

Bélanger, Damien-Claude; Bélanger, Claude (August 23, 2000).

4346:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (December 23, 2013).

2831: 2736: 2706: 2637: 2054: 1697:

ancestry; they are treated as a separate ethnic group by the

1547: 1479: 1172: 1035:

in the 17th and 18th centuries. The original use of the term

4935:"French Canadian Emigration to the United States, 1840–1930" 4845:"Native American Admixture in the Quebec Founder Population" 4408:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (January 23, 2019).

3703:"French Canadian Emigration to the United States, 1840–1930" 1388:

were introduced to the parliamentary system when an elected

3856:

Paul-André Linteau, René Durocher, and Jean-Claude Robert,

3675:

Historical Atlas of Canada: The land transformed, 1800–1891

3586:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 17, 2022).

2791: 1218:

The first permanent European settlements in Canada were at

4842: 3298:

Of francophone groups formed by French Canadian emigration

5077:"Canadian" (English) or "Canadien" (French) ethnic origin 4786:"Québec/Canada francophone : le mythe de la rupture" 4549: 4284: