94:
82:
152:
118:
106:
139:
484:, did not pursue free trade because the United States refused to discuss the issue. Instead, he implemented a Liberal version of the National Policy by maintaining high tariffs on goods from other countries that restricted Canadian goods. However, he lowered tariffs to the same level as countries that admitted Canadian goods. Political rhetoric made it a party issue. The Conservatives, which stood publicly for nationalism and protectionism, which was called the
358:. The colony was already moving toward free trade before the treaty took effect, but the treaty still resulted in modest direct gains. The structure of the economy changed because markets for some commodities, such as coal, increased greatly, but the demand for other goods was unchanged. The treaty complemented the earlier movement toward free trade and stimulated the export of commodities that were sold primarily to the United States.
297:
looked south. Merchants threatened to push for annexation to the United States unless London negotiated a free trade deal. In 1854, they achieved what they wanted by the Elgin–Marcy Treaty, which listed most
Canadian raw materials and agricultural produce, especially timber and wheat, as goods to be
507:
spoke warmly of the treaty, saying it was a step towards the United States annexing Canada. The
Conservatives made reciprocity the central issue of the 1911 election and ignited anti-American sentiment by dire warnings the treaty would turn the economy over to American control. The Liberals were
320:
Historians have agreed the impact was small for the United States but have debated its effects on Canada. After the treaty took effect, there was a large increase in Canada's exports to the United States and a rapid growth of the
Canadian economy, especially in southern Ontario and Nova Scotia.
321:
Canadian exports to the United States grew by 33% after the treaty, but
American exports grew by only 7%. Within ten years, trade had doubled between the two countries. For nearly a century, Canadian economists saw the reciprocity era as a halcyon period for the Canadian economy.
350:
It was also argued that the treaty hurt
Canadian manufacturing. For instance, the export of milk and barley hurt the Canadian cheese and beer trades. Some scholars like Officer and Smith hold that the economic prosperity that followed the treaty had little to do with tariffs.
324:
In 1968, that optimistic view was challenged by the economic historians
Lawrence H. Officer and Lawrence B. Smith. They argued that the growth of trade was caused by the introduction of railways to Canada and by the
729:
427:) all in violation of British neutrality laws. These actions prolonged the Civil War by two years and inflicted a great amount of war cost and American lives (mostly from British blockade running).
250:
during the war, and that alliance was successful in terminating the treaty in 1866. The response in much of
British North America was to unite some of its colonies in 1867 into the new country of
1057:
304:
The treaty represented an attempt by
American manufacturers to enlarge their export market and to obtain cheaper raw materials and an attempt by free traders, tariff reformers, and their
254:. The new country expected to allow many new economic opportunities in Canada and to unify the colonies against the growing American expansionist sentiments, especially after the
366:
The treaty was abrogated by the
Americans in 1866 for several reasons. Many felt that Canada was the only party of the treaty benefiting from it and objected to the protective
560:
464:
Canada attempted to negotiate a new reciprocity treaty, but the
Americans were committed to high tariffs and would not agree. Starting in 1879, Canadian Prime Minister
301:
In exchange, the Americans were given fishing rights off the East Coast. The treaty also granted a few navigation rights to each other's lakes and rivers.
771:
561:
The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, British North America/United Kingdom & United States, 5 June 1854 (Ratified February 1855, Terminated March 1866)
442:
and the Canadian hinterland, but many Maine politicians and businessmen worked successfully to terminate the treaty. Many Americans were angry with
480:
From 1867 to 1911, the Liberals generally favoured reciprocity. After they won the 1896 election, however, their leader, Canadian Prime Minister
909:
Between King Cotton and Queen Victoria: Confederate Informal Diplomacy and Privatized Violence in British America During the American Civil War
336:
had taken place. Free trade brought the trade into the open, but the recorded increase in trade did not reflect actual growth in the economy.
536:
524:
278:
907:
270:
1087:
196:
144:
1077:
1012:
Hinton, Michael/ "Canadian economic growth and the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854," Working Papers 13038, Economic History Society, 2013.
387:
375:
243:
17:
828:
520:
1072:
626:
Officer, Lawrence H.; Smith, Lawrence B. (December 1968). "The Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty of 1855 to 1866".
753:
443:
1007:
628:
274:
509:
266:
184:
122:
1097:
757:
424:
379:
845:
806:
664:
523:(GATT), and tariffs began to steadily decline. Free trade between the two nations was finalized by the 1988
860:
450:
through blockade running for the South, and tolerating and even aiding Confederate activities such as the
1035:
Officer, Lawrence H., and Lawrence B. Smith. "The Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty of 1855 to 1866,"
488:, succeeded in associating the Liberals with free trade, commercial union, with the United States, and
405:
293:, tariffs on food imported to Britain, were repealed in 1846, the Canadian business community based in
789:
298:
admitted duty-free to the US market. The treaty ended the US 21% tariff on natural resource imports.
892:
730:"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years"
1092:
705:
262:
1026:
461:
lumber interests opposed the continental economic integration that was envisaged by the treaty.
1082:
604:
Pennanen, Gary (January 1965). "American Interest in Commercial Union with Canada, 1854–1898".
409:
367:
1002:
Gerriets, Marilyn, and Julian Gwyn. "Tariffs, trade and reciprocity: Nova Scotia, 1830-1866."
227:. The treaty covered raw materials; in effect from 1854 to 1866, it represented a move toward
913:
879:
846:"Montreal, City of Secrets: Confederate Operations in Montreal During the American Civil War"
204:
871:
495:
In 1911, Laurier's Liberals successfully negotiated a reciprocity treaty, again called the
347:. It was a great year for Canadian wheat, independently of the introduction of the tariff.
220:
8:
500:
309:
305:
224:
710:
645:
383:
371:
326:
247:
239:
208:
678:
586:
465:
413:
637:
447:
408:
activities in its territories as an anti-U.S. base of military operations (such as
391:
188:
98:
1013:
734:
541:
485:
481:
469:
435:
420:
394:
255:
86:
489:
340:
117:
110:
105:
641:
339:
In 1855, there were poor wheat harvests in the United States and Britain, and
1066:
772:"Liverpool's Abercromby Square and the Confederacy During the U.S. Civil War"
682:
590:
513:
458:
232:
212:
200:
157:
93:
81:
927:
Mount, Graeme S. (Summer 1986). "Maine and the End of Reciprocity in 1866".
332:
They also argue the statistics to be questionable. Before the tariffs, much
810:
242:
ended in 1865, US protectionist elements were joined by Americans angry at
457:
There was complacency on the part of Portland railroad interests, and the
512:, and the treaty was rejected by the new Conservative government, led by
504:
398:
355:
344:
216:
308:
allies to lower the tariff. The protected interests, represented by the
1040:
669:
649:
574:
265:
to revive free trade with an identically named treaty in 1911 led to a
228:
997:
289:
Faced with the ending of British imperial preference when the British
273:, which warned that Canada would be annexed by the Americans. Talk of
333:
290:
1045:
Spetter, Allan B. "Harrison and Blaine: No Reciprocity for Canada."
454:
Affair, the St. Albans Raid, and the Confederate Army of Manhattan.
439:
294:
861:"The Ports of Halifax and Saint John and the American Civil War"
277:
ended for decades, and free trade did not return until the 1988
251:
192:
994:
Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d'Economique,
948:
Destinies: Canadian History Since Confederation, Sixth Edition
503:. In a speech before the US House of Representatives, Speaker
434:, given its location, was a key player. Reciprocity benefited
431:
374:
on manufactured goods. Also, the Americans were angry at the
977:
Canada, 1911: The Decisive Election that Shaped the Country
945:
963:
Reciprocity, 1911: A Study in Canadian-American Relations
829:"The Confederate Spy Ring: Spreading Terror to the Union"
329:, both of which led to huge demand in the United States.
665:"Tariffs, Trade and Reciprocity: Nova Scotia, 1830-1866"
27:
1854 treaty between the United Kingdom and United States
992:
Anjali, Robert E. "The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854,"
492:
that would lead to annexation by the United States.
468:set up a Canadian system of tariffs, known as the
354:The treaty stimulated the coal mining industry in
579:Publications of the American Economic Association
231:and was opposed by protectionist elements in the
1064:
663:Gerriets, Marilyn; Gwyn, Julian (Spring 1996).
388:blockade runners carrying British arms supplies
807:"10 ways Canada fought the American Civil War"
621:
619:
965:. New York: Greenwood Press (published 1968).
787:
858:
790:"Historicist: Confederates and Conspirators"
751:
662:
625:
575:"The Reciprocity Treaty with Canada of 1854"
826:
616:
727:
636:(4). Cambridge University Press: 598–623.
537:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement
525:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement
279:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement
905:
822:
820:
774:. Lowcountry Digital History Initiative.
747:
745:
603:
343:wheat supplies were also cut off by the
1054:The Canadian Reciprocity Treaty of 1854
840:
838:
801:
799:
783:
781:
723:
721:
444:Canadians' actions during the Civil War
14:
1065:
700:
698:
572:
521:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
312:, fought back and opposed the treaty.
960:
926:
817:
742:
835:
796:
778:
718:
519:After 1945, both nations joined the
497:Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty
438:'s trading position with respect to
397:built from British shipyards (e.g.,
177:Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty
31:Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty
1047:Canadian Review of American Studies
975:Patrice Dutil and David MacKenzie,
946:Francis, Jones & Smith (2008).
695:
24:
1088:Treaties of the Province of Canada
929:Maine Historical Society Quarterly
754:"The Confederate Blockade Runners"
25:
1109:
1039:, 28#$ (1968), pp. 598–623
996:4#1 (Feb., 1971), pp. 1–20
150:
137:
116:
104:
92:
80:
969:
954:
950:. Nelson Education. p. 60.
939:
920:
899:
852:
629:The Journal of Economic History
1020:The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854
788:Kevin Plummer (May 21, 2011).
764:
656:
597:
566:
554:
185:James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin
123:James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin
13:
1:
1078:Canada–United States treaties
859:Greg Marquis (January 1998).
758:United States Naval Institute
573:Haynes, Frederick E. (1892).
547:
425:Confederate Army of Manhattan
361:
475:
404:), and British tolerance of
183:(after its key negotiators,
7:
1037:Journal of Economic History
1031:The Canadian Encyclopedia."
961:Ellis, Lewis Ethan (1939).
752:Paul Hendren (April 1933).
728:David Keys (24 June 2014).
706:"Alabama Claims, 1862-1872"
530:
508:decisively defeated in the
370:, which was imposed by the
179:of 1854, also known as the
10:
1114:
1073:Economic history of Canada
986:
831:. Warfare History network.
406:Confederate Secret Service
376:British unofficial support
315:
284:
827:Peter Kross (Fall 2015).
642:10.1017/s0022050700100993
165:
130:
73:
58:
43:
35:
18:Canada Reciprocity Treaty
244:tacit support by Britain
263:Liberal Party of Canada
887:Cite journal requires
410:James Dunwoody Bulloch
269:for the protectionist
1049:12.2 (1981): 143-156.
914:University of Calgary
205:British North America
1098:1854 in American law
1006:25.2 (1996): 62–81.
872:The Northern Mariner
499:, with US President
221:Prince Edward Island
501:William Howard Taft
446:, like engaging in
225:Newfoundland Colony
32:
1052:Tansill, Charles.
711:GlobalSecurity.org
384:American Civil War
372:Province of Canada
368:Cayley–Galt Tariff
327:American Civil War
271:Conservative Party
248:Confederate States
240:American Civil War
209:Province of Canada
181:Elgin-Marcy Treaty
30:
813:. August 4, 2014.
466:John A. Macdonald
267:political victory
173:
172:
16:(Redirected from
1105:
980:
973:
967:
966:
958:
952:
951:
943:
937:
936:
924:
918:
917:
903:
897:
896:
890:
885:
883:
875:
865:
856:
850:
849:
842:
833:
832:
824:
815:
814:
803:
794:
793:
785:
776:
775:
768:
762:
761:
749:
740:
739:
725:
716:
715:
702:
693:
692:
690:
689:
660:
654:
653:
623:
614:
613:
601:
595:
594:
570:
564:
558:
448:arms trafficking
395:commerce raiders
392:Confederate Navy
310:Republican Party
306:Democratic Party
261:Attempts by the
207:, including the
203:that applied to
189:William L. Marcy
156:
154:
153:
143:
141:
140:
121:
120:
109:
108:
99:William L. Marcy
97:
96:
85:
84:
69:
67:
54:
52:
33:
29:
21:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1063:
1062:
1025:Masters, D.C. "
989:
984:
983:
974:
970:
959:
955:
944:
940:
925:
921:
904:
900:
888:
886:
877:
876:
863:
857:
853:
848:. Baraka Books.
844:
843:
836:
825:
818:
805:
804:
797:
786:
779:
770:
769:
765:
750:
743:
735:The Independent
726:
719:
704:
703:
696:
687:
685:
661:
657:
624:
617:
602:
598:
571:
567:
559:
555:
550:
542:National Policy
533:
486:National Policy
482:Wilfrid Laurier
478:
470:National Policy
421:St. Albans Raid
364:
318:
287:
256:Alaska Purchase
151:
149:
138:
136:
115:
103:
91:
87:Franklin Pierce
79:
65:
63:
50:
48:
39:Trade agreement
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1093:1854 in Canada
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1061:
1060:
1058:online edition
1050:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1018:Masters, D.C.
1016:
1010:
1000:
988:
985:
982:
981:
968:
953:
938:
919:
906:Beau Cleland.
898:
889:|journal=
851:
834:
816:
795:
777:
763:
741:
717:
694:
655:
615:
596:
565:
552:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
539:
532:
529:
490:continentalism
477:
474:
363:
360:
317:
314:
286:
283:
197:United Kingdom
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
161:
160:
147:
145:United Kingdom
132:
128:
127:
126:
125:
113:
111:Queen Victoria
101:
89:
75:
71:
70:
60:
56:
55:
45:
41:
40:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:1855 treaties
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
990:
978:
972:
964:
957:
949:
942:
934:
930:
923:
915:
911:
910:
902:
894:
881:
873:
869:
862:
855:
847:
841:
839:
830:
823:
821:
812:
808:
802:
800:
792:. Torontoist.
791:
784:
782:
773:
767:
759:
755:
748:
746:
737:
736:
731:
724:
722:
713:
712:
707:
701:
699:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
659:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:
622:
620:
611:
607:
600:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
569:
562:
557:
553:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
528:
526:
522:
517:
515:
514:Robert Borden
511:
510:1911 election
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
473:
471:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:The state of
428:
426:
422:
418:
416:
411:
407:
403:
402:
396:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
359:
357:
352:
348:
346:
342:
337:
335:
330:
328:
322:
313:
311:
307:
302:
299:
296:
292:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
233:United States
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:New Brunswick
210:
206:
202:
201:United States
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
168:
164:
159:
158:United States
148:
146:
135:
134:
133:
129:
124:
119:
114:
112:
107:
102:
100:
95:
90:
88:
83:
78:
77:
76:
72:
61:
57:
46:
42:
38:
34:
19:
1053:
1046:
1036:
1030:
1019:
1003:
993:
976:
971:
962:
956:
947:
941:
932:
928:
922:
916:. p. 2.
908:
901:
880:cite journal
867:
854:
766:
733:
709:
686:. Retrieved
677:(2): 62–81.
674:
668:
658:
633:
627:
609:
605:
599:
582:
578:
568:
556:
518:
496:
494:
479:
463:
456:
451:
429:
414:
400:
365:
353:
349:
338:
331:
323:
319:
303:
300:
288:
260:
237:
195:between the
180:
176:
174:
1027:Reciprocity
935:(1): 22–39.
612:(1): 24–39.
606:Mid-America
585:(6): 7–70.
505:Champ Clark
382:during the
380:Confederacy
356:Nova Scotia
345:Crimean War
275:reciprocity
217:Nova Scotia
74:Negotiators
1067:Categories
1004:Acadiensis
912:(Thesis).
688:2018-06-12
670:Acadiensis
548:References
452:Chesapeake
423:, and the
415:Chesapeake
362:Abrogation
238:After the
229:free trade
59:Expiration
811:Maclean's
683:0044-5851
591:1049-7498
476:Aftermath
334:smuggling
291:Corn Laws
191:), was a
44:Effective
1041:in JSTOR
998:in JSTOR
531:See also
440:Montreal
436:Portland
378:for the
295:Montreal
246:for the
199:and the
166:Language
1056:(1922)
987:Sources
979:(2011).
650:2115515
401:Alabama
341:Russian
316:Effects
285:Origins
169:English
131:Parties
64: (
49: (
1022:(1963)
1014:online
1008:online
681:
648:
589:
459:Bangor
419:, the
417:Affair
412:, the
252:Canada
223:, and
193:treaty
155:
142:
870:(1).
864:(PDF)
646:JSTOR
432:Maine
893:help
874:: 4.
679:ISSN
587:ISSN
399:CSS
187:and
175:The
66:1866
62:1866
51:1854
47:1854
36:Type
1029:."
638:doi
1069::
933:26
931:.
884::
882:}}
878:{{
866:.
837:^
819:^
809:.
798:^
780:^
756:.
744:^
732:.
720:^
708:.
697:^
675:25
673:.
667:.
644:.
634:28
632:.
618:^
610:47
608:.
581:.
577:.
527:.
516:.
472:.
390:,
386::
281:.
258:.
235:.
219:,
215:,
211:,
895:)
891:(
868:8
760:.
738:.
714:.
691:.
652:.
640::
593:.
583:7
563:/
68:)
53:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
