Liberal Party of Canada

1412: 732: 4176: 1683: 1153:, which gave French and English languages equal status in Canada. Trudeau hoped that the promotion of bilingualism would cement Quebec's place in Confederation, and counter growing calls for an independent Quebec. The party hoped the policy would transform Canada into a country where English and French Canadians could live together, and allow Canadians to move to any part of the country without having to lose their language. Although this vision has yet to fully materialize, official bilingualism has helped to halt the decline of the French language outside of Quebec, and to ensure that all federal government services (including radio and television services provided by the government-owned 4514: 898:, reformers argued for the strengthening of the national party organization so it would not be dependent on provincial Liberal parties and patronage. A national executive and Council of presidents, consisting of the presidents of each Liberal riding association, were developed to give the party more co-ordination and national party conventions were regularly held in biennially where previously they had been held infrequently. Over time, provincial Liberal parties in most provinces were separated from provincial wings of the federal party and in a number of cases disaffiliated. By the 1980s, the National Liberal Federation was officially known as the Liberal Party of Canada. 4576: 1694:

minority Conservative government when Parliament resumed. A month later, on October 1, the Liberals put forth a non-confidence motion; however, the NDP abstained from voting and the Conservative government survived. The attempt to force an election, just a year after the previous one, was viewed as a miscalculation, as polls showed that most Canadians did not want another election. Afterwards, popularity for Ignatieff and his party continued to fall. Over the next year and a half, with the exception of a brief period in early 2010, support for the Liberals remained below 30 percent, and behind the Conservatives.

4298: 4484: 1353:, as the frontrunners. A key moment in that race took place at an all-candidates debate in Montreal, where the discussion quickly turned to the Meech Lake Accord. Martin, favouring Meech, attempted to force Chrétien to abandon his nuanced position on the deal and declare for or against it. When Chrétien refused to endorse the deal, young Liberal delegates crowding the hall began to chant "vendu" ("sellout" in French) and "Judas" at Chrétien. The incident damaged Chrétien's reputation in Quebec, and lead to a lasting animosity between Chrétien and Martin. Chrétien won on the first ballot. 1589: 1230: 304: 4362: 890:

approve a new platform for the party in anticipation of the end of World War II and prepare for a post-war election. No national convention was held, however, until 1948; the Liberal Party held only three national conventions prior to the 1950s – in 1893, 1919 and 1948. The National Liberal Federation remained largely dependent on provincial Liberal parties and was often ignored and bypassed the parliamentary party in the organization of election campaigns and the development of policy. With the defeat of the Liberals in the

45: 4808: 1698: 4547: 4119: 1650: 4267: 1798: 1118: 1181: 4329: 4455: 4148: 4090: 1580:(RCMP) criminal investigation into the leak of the income trust announcement. Numerous gaffes, contrasting with a smoothly run Conservative campaign, put Liberals as many as ten points behind the Conservatives in opinion polling. They managed to recover some of their momentum by election night, but not enough to retain power. They won 103 seats, a net loss of 30 from when the writs were dropped, compared to 123 for the Tories. Martin resigned as Liberal leader on March 18. 1320: 9489: 4393: 831: 4234: 4822: 4836: 1854:, Trudeau's Liberal Party lost 20 seats in the House of Commons (lowering its total from 177 to 157) from the time of dissolution, they still won the most seats of any party—enough seats to allow Trudeau to form a minority government. For the first time since 1979, the party that garnered the largest share of the national popular vote did not win the most seats; the Liberals under Trudeau had 33.1 per cent of the popular vote, while the Conservatives under 4205: 1998:. The 1950s saw the emergence of a "pan-Canadian system", which lasted until the 1990s. The 1993 election – categorized by Clarkson as an electoral "earthquake" which "fragmented" the party system, saw the emergence of regional politics within a four party-system, whereby various groups championed regional issues and concerns. Clarkson concludes that the inherent bias built into the first-past-the-post system, has chiefly benefited the Liberals. 9330: 1486: 4424: 9316: 907: 1408:, while the Tories' Ontario support largely moved to the Liberals. With a divided opposition, the Liberals were able to reap large majorities—especially in Ontario, where the party won all but one seat in 1993, all but two in 1997 and all but three in 2000. However, there was some disappointment as Liberals were not able to recover their traditional dominant position in Quebec, despite being led by a Quebecer. 1380:, to overcome a large amount of antipathy toward Mulroney, they won a strong majority government with 177 seats—the third-best performance in party history, and their best since 1949. The Progressive Conservatives were cut down to only two seats, suffering a defeat even more severe than the one they had handed the Liberals nine years earlier. The Liberals were re-elected with a considerably reduced majority in 3980: 3941: 3910: 3902: 3866: 3858: 3814: 3778: 3770: 3731: 3687: 3648: 3617: 3609: 3565: 3534: 3526: 3490: 3482: 3451: 3443: 3404: 3365: 3326: 3282: 3251: 3243: 3204: 3165: 3129: 3121: 3082: 3043: 2999: 2960: 2929: 2921: 2890: 2882: 2851: 2843: 2807: 2799: 2768: 2760: 2724: 2716: 2685: 2677: 2638: 2599: 2560: 2529: 2521: 2482: 2438: 2399: 2363: 2355: 2324: 2316: 2272: 2236: 2228: 196: 9304: 4055: 3988: 3949: 3822: 3739: 3695: 3656: 3573: 3412: 3373: 3334: 3290: 3212: 3173: 3090: 3051: 3007: 2968: 2646: 2607: 2568: 2490: 2446: 2407: 2280: 1646:, but it was not well received and was continuously attacked by both the Conservatives and NDP. On election night, the Liberal Party won 26.26 percent of the popular vote and 77 of the 308 seats in the House of Commons. At that time, their popular support was the lowest in the party's history, and weeks later Dion announced he would step down as Liberal leader once his successor was chosen. 1738:

Conservatives won 40 percent of the vote and formed a majority government, while the NDP won 31 percent of the vote and formed the Official Opposition. It marked the first time the Liberals were unable to form either government or the official opposition. Ignatieff was defeated in his own riding, and announced his resignation as Liberal leader shortly after. Bob Rae was chosen as the

1869:, Trudeau and the Liberals secured a third mandate and his second minority government after winning 160 seats. However, the Liberals again came in second in the national popular vote, behind the Conservatives. They received 32.6 percent of the popular vote, the lowest percentage of the national popular vote for a governing party in Canadian history. 1565:, the Liberals dropped in polls. Nonetheless, Martin turned down the NDP's conditions for continued support, as well as rejecting an opposition proposal which would schedule a February 2006 election in return for passing several pieces of legislation. The Liberals thus lost a confidence vote on November 28, and Martin advised Governor General 842:

individual became a member by joining a provincial Liberal party. Laurier called the party's first national convention in 1893 to unite Liberal supporters behind a programme and build the campaign that successfully brought the party to power in 1896, but no efforts were made to create a formal national organization outside Parliament.

1269:, and were reduced to only 40 seats in the House of Commons. The Progressive Conservatives won a majority of the seats in every province, including Quebec. The 95-seat loss was the worst defeat in the party's history, and the worst defeat at the time for a governing party at the federal level. What was more, the 1820:

In 2014, Trudeau removed all Liberal senators from the Liberal Party caucus. In announcing this, Trudeau said the purpose of the unelected upper chamber is to act as a check on the power of the prime minister, but the party structure interferes with that purpose. Following this move, Liberal senators

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On election day, the Liberals took the biggest loss in their history. The result was a third-place finish, with only 19 percent of the vote and returning 34 seats in the House of Commons. Notably, their support in Toronto and Montreal, their power bases for the last two decades, all but vanished. The

1419:

While the Chrétien Liberals campaigned from the left, their time in power is most marked by the cuts made to many social programs, including health transfers, in order to balance the federal budget. Although Chrétien had supported the Charlottetown Accord while in opposition, in government he opposed

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as its first president. With the Liberal return to power, the national organization languished except for occasional national committee meetings, such as in 1943 when Mackenzie King called a meeting of the federation (consisting of the national caucus and up to seven voting delegates per province) to

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each have a Liberal Party that may align ideologically with the federal party but operates as a completely separate entity (though at one time were affiliated): Those provincial parties have separate policies, finances, memberships, constituency associations, executives, conventions and offices. The

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of the Liberal Party on the first ballot, winning 80% of the vote. Following his win, support for the Liberal Party increased considerably, and the party moved into first place in public opinion polls. In response, the Conservatives ran a series of ads attempting to " him as a silly dilettante unfit

841:

Until the early part of the century, the Liberal Party was a loose coalition of local, provincial, and regional bodies with a strong national party leader and caucus, but with an informal and regionalized extra-parliamentary organizational structure. There was no national membership of the party. An

2014:

and include individual freedom for present and future generations, responsibility, human dignity, a just society, political freedom, religious freedom, national unity, equality of opportunity, cultural diversity, bilingualism, and multilateralism. From the early twentieth century, the Liberal party

1832:

was called, the Liberals had fallen back to third place. Trudeau and his advisors mounted a campaign based on economic stimulus in the hopes of regaining the mantle of being the party that best represented change from the New Democrats. The campaign was successful, and the Liberals won the election

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that saw Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservatives win the largest majority government, by percentage of seats, in Canadian history. The Progressive Conservatives won 206 of the 265 seats in the House of Commons, while the Liberals were reduced to just 48 seats. Pearson remained Liberal leader during

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when Layton criticized Ignatieff for having a poor attendance record for Commons votes: "You know, most Canadians, if they don't show up for work, they don't get a promotion." Ignatieff failed to defend himself against these charges, and the debates were said to be a turning point in the campaign.

1674:

could be scheduled. When parliament resumed on January 28, 2009, the Ignatieff Liberals agreed to support the budget as long as it included regular accountability reports, which the Conservatives accepted. This ended the possibility of the coalition government with the New Democrats. Ignatieff was

1471:

In Chrétien's final weeks as prime minister, he introduced legislation to reduce the maximum allowable donation to a political party or candidate to $ 5,000. The move came as a surprise even to Liberal supporters, as Chrétien had not done anything about election financing at any other point in his

853:

federal elections, Laurier attempted to organize the party on a national level by creating three bodies: the Central Liberal Information Office, the National Liberal Advisory Committee, and the National Liberal Organization Committee. However, the advisory committee became dominated by members of

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Trudeau stepped down as prime minister and party leader in 1984, as the Liberals were slipping in polls. At that year's leadership convention, Turner defeated Chrétien on the second ballot to become prime minister. Immediately, upon taking office, Turner called a snap election, citing favourable

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as a means of integrating immigrants into Canadian society without forcing them to shed their culture, leading the party to build a base of support among recent immigrants and their children. This marked the culmination of a decades-long shift in Liberal immigration policy, a reversal of pre-war

1693:

By the time Ignatieff was confirmed as party leader, the Liberal Party had a comfortable lead over the governing Conservatives. Support fell over the summer as Ignatieff was characterized of "missing in action", and Ignatieff announced on August 31, 2009, that the Liberals would not support the

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during the 1990s and was the architect of the Liberals' economic policies. Chrétien left office with a high approval rating and Martin was expected to make inroads into Quebec and Western Canada, two regions of Canada where the Liberals had not attracted much support since the 1980s and 1990s,

1391:

For the next decade, the Liberals dominated Canadian politics in a fashion not seen since the early years of Confederation. This was because of the splintering of the Progressive Conservative's electoral coalition. The PCs' Western support, for all practical purposes, transferred

1635:. Although Ignatieff lead on the first two ballots, on the third ballot Dion picked up enough support from the eliminated Kennedy to leapfrog both Rae and Ignatieff, eliminating Rae. On the fourth and final ballot, Dion defeated Ignatieff to become leader of the Liberal Party. 751:. The Liberals also became identified with the aspirations of Quebecers as a result of the growing hostility of French Canadians to the Conservatives. The Conservatives lost the support of French Canadians because of the role of Conservative governments in the execution of 2090:

Creating a minimum tax rule so that everyone who earns enough to qualify for the top bracket pays at least 15% each year (the tax rate paid by people earning less than $ 49,000), removing their ability to artificially pay no tax through excessive use of deductions and

1508:, in which advertising agencies supporting the Liberal Party received grossly inflated commissions for their services. Having faced a divided conservative opposition for the past three elections, Liberals were seriously challenged by competition from the newly united 10036: 9961: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 2059:, the Liberal Party of Canada introduced their platform, which included a "Gender and Diversity Impact Summary" for each chapter, as well as six key categories. These included: the pandemic, housing, health care, the economy, climate change, and reconciliation. 6128: 8905: 1420:

major concessions to Quebec and other provincialist factions. In contrast to their promises during the 1993 campaign, they implemented only minor changes to NAFTA, embraced the free trade concept and—with the exception of the replacement of the GST with the

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leader of the Official Opposition after Confederation and finally agreed to become the first official leader of the Liberal Party in 1873. He was able to lead the party to power for the first time in 1873, after the Macdonald government resigned over the

6605: 1912:

in Canada at the federal level since Confederation, each with its own distinctive pattern of social support, patronage relationships, leadership styles, and electoral strategies. Steve Patten identifies four party systems in Canada's political history:

1265:, many of which Turner had made supposedly in return for Trudeau retiring early. Also, they were unpopular in their traditional stronghold of Quebec because of the constitution repatriation which excluded that province. The Liberals lost power in the 1665:

between the with NDP faced public opposition if it meant Dion was to be become prime minister, even if only until the leadership election. Dion thus resigned as leader on December 8, with caucus selecting Ignatieff as interim leader. However, Harper

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ten years in office. Political observers suggested that the move allowed Chrétien to retire on a positive note while saddling Martin, his longstanding rival and successor, with the burden of having to fight an election under the strict new rules.

1467:

shortly afterwards showed widespread approval of Chrétien's decision by the Canadian public: 71 percent of those questioned approved of the government's decision to not enter the United States-led invasion, with 27 percent expressing disapproval.

5144: 1311:, the Tories were returned with a majority government, and implemented the deal. The Liberals recovered from their near-meltdown of 1984, however, winning 83 seats and ending much of the talk of being eclipsed by the NDP, who won 43 seats. 4971: 8253: 1097:. While Pearson's leadership was considered poor and the Liberal Party never held a majority of the seats in parliament during his premiership, he left office in 1968 with an impressive legacy. Pearson's government introduced 8812: 8901: 6447: 395:", practising "brokerage politics", attracting support from a broad spectrum of voters. The Liberal Party is the longest-serving and oldest active federal political party in the country, and has dominated federal 948:

The Liberals also promoted the idea of Canada being responsible for its own foreign and defence policy. Initially, it was Britain which determined external affairs for the dominion. In 1905, Laurier created the

4897:

All Liberal senators were expelled from the party's parliamentary caucus in 2014. Those senators, who had been appointed by Liberal prime ministers up to and including Paul Martin, sat from 2014 to 2019 as the

885:, which highlighted the need for distance between the Liberal Party's parliamentary wing and campaign fundraising, a central coordinating organization, the National Liberal Federation, was created in 1932 with 8587: 5624:... most Canadian governments, especially at the federal level, have taken a moderate, centrist approach to decision making, seeking to balance growth, stability, and governmental efficiency and economy ... . 8107: 1553:

on July 20. This made Canada the fourth country in the world to allow same-sex marriages. In November 2005, the Martin government brokered a deal between first ministers and aboriginal leaders known as the

5136: 1821:

chose to keep the designation "Liberal" and sit together as a caucus, albeit not one supported by the Liberal Party of Canada. This independent group continued to refer to itself in publications as the

1376:, an integrated and coherent approach to economic, social, environmental and foreign policy. This was unprecedented for a Canadian party. Taking full advantage of the inability of Mulroney's successor, 9224: 6089: 7818: 1884:

announced that he was ending the confidence-and-supply agreement, with NDP sources saying they had "achieved all they could from the agreement." Later in the month the Liberals faced a competitive

6776: 5847: 5080: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9956: 9921: 9916: 7841: 6684: 996:, the party became a champion of 'progressive social policy'. As prime minister for most of the time between 1921 and 1948, King introduced several measures that led to the creation of Canada's 8479: 6034: 5110: 4957: 1833:

in a dramatic fashion: with 39.5 percent of the popular vote and 184 seats, it was the first time a party had won a parliamentary majority after placing third in a previous general election.

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out of media attention by issuing challenges to Harper for one-on-one debates. However, opponents frequently criticized Ignatieff's perceived political opportunism, particularly during the

8336: 7690: 7275: 6746: 2094:

Establishing a permanent Council of Economic Advisors to provide independent advice to government on long-term growth. The council will be gender- balanced and reflect Canada's diversity.

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Reform economic immigration programs to expand pathways to permanent residence for temporary foreign workers and former international students through the Express Entry points system.

1221:, or 26 percent of gross domestic product; by his final year in office, it had ballooned to over 200 billion—at 46 percent of GDP, nearly twice as large relative to the economy. 6515: 854:

Parliament and all three bodies were underfunded and competed with both local and provincial Liberal associations and the national caucus for authority. The party did organize the

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and served as prime minister for an additional four years. During the five years the Liberal government brought in many reforms, including the replacement of open voting by

8068: 6439: 1943:

The third system emerged in 1963 and had its heyday from 1968 to 1983 and began to unravel thereafter. The two largest parties were challenged by a strong third party, the

1404:, and was virtually non-existent east of Manitoba. Meanwhile, the Quebec nationalists who had once supported the Tories largely switched their support to the sovereigntist 10194: 6352: 1908:

model to explain what was considered a collapse of a dominant party, and put its condition in long-term perspective. According to recent scholarship, there have been four

8671:"Upcoming federal byelections will put Singh and the NDP brand to the test - NDP looking to both hold a Winnipeg seat and pull another away from the Liberals in Montreal" 5582:

Two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled brokerage politics.

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The other primary legacy of the Trudeau years has been financial. Net federal debt in fiscal 1968, just before Trudeau became prime minister, was about $ 18 billion

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Canada's party system has long been described as a "brokerage system" in which the leading parties (Liberal and Conservative) follow strategies that appeal across major

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to Washington in 1926, marking the Liberal government's insistence on having direct relations with the United States, rather than having Britain act on Canada's behalf.

7429: 1400:, which replaced the PCs as the largest right-wing party in Canada; however, the party was unable to overcome perceptions of extremism and that it was merely a Western 8872: 8364: 7663: 7455: 2075:

Allocating funds to spend $ 2 billion over the next five years on measures to address the legacy of residential schools with "truth, justice, and healing" initiatives.

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for much of its history, holding power for almost 70 years of the 20th century. As a result, it has sometimes been referred to as Canada's "natural governing party".

8614: 5816: 5726: 8536: 8099: 1990:

Stephen Clarkson (2005) shows how the Liberal Party has dominated all the party systems, using different approaches. It began with a "clientelistic approach" under

1841:'s Josh Wingrove and Theophilos Argitis similarly described it as "capping the biggest political comeback in the country’s history." Spencer McKay, writing for the 8279: 6990: 1982:

were reformed in 2004. The fourth party system has been characterized by market-oriented policies that generally abandoned Keynesian policies, but maintained the

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to the provinces, and continued with social reform with improvements in pensions and health insurance. In 1956, Canada played an important role in resolving the

9175: 7104: 9051: 8678: 7078: 1257:, which would have recognized Quebec as a "distinct society" and would have increased the powers of the provinces to the detriment of the federal government. 9216: 7810: 6470: 6081: 1558:, which sought to improve the education, skills training, housing and health care of aboriginal peoples by providing $ 5 billion in funding over five years. 9150: 8960: 6416: 6006: 1093:

Pearson led the Liberal Party back to victory, forming a minority government. Pearson served as prime minister for five years, winning a second election in

9018: 8989: 7727: 6567: 8422: 7924: 7849: 7611: 6768: 5839: 5084: 1858:

had 34.4 per cent. It was also the first time a government took power with less than 35 per cent of the national popular vote since the Conservatives of

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Requiring travellers on interprovincial trains, commercial flights, cruise ships, and other federally regulated vessels be vaccinated against COVID-19.

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Presenting a National Action Plan on Combating Hate by 2022 as part of a renewed Anti-Racism Strategy, including the Black Canadians Justice Strategy.

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at every turn. Also, despite public and backroom attempts to remove Turner as leader, he managed to consolidate his leadership at the 1986 review.

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Dion campaigned on environmental sustainability during the leadership race, which later evolved into the "Green Shift": a proposal for a national

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should no longer be appointed on the recommendation of the British government. The decisions of the Imperial Conferences were formalized in the

10581: 8703: 6968: 6905: 6874: 4792: 9284: 9133: 8779: 7984: 7633: 643: 7761: 7513: 7477: 7372: 6832: 6112: 6059: 5397: 7395: 6715: 6086:

Paper Presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Annual Conference. University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC. 4–6 June 2008

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were considered to be the capable of garnering enough support to be able to win the leadership, with Ignatieff and Rae being considered the

10566: 10411: 9646: 5216: 4906:. Senators appointed since 2015 by Justin Trudeau have affiliated with an independent parliamentary group or sat as non-affiliated members. 4849: 1658: 855: 771: 6806: 6542: 6507: 774:' alienation of French Canada by offering the Liberals as a credible alternative. Laurier was able to overcome the party's reputation for 10530: 10203: 10180: 8041: 8011: 5530: 5491: 5367: 5188: 1435:", which outlines the federal government's preconditions for negotiating provincial independence. In Chrétien's final term, he supported 1203: 8927: 7336: 6589: 5653: 5611: 5441: 10105: 9406: 7368: 2155: 1596: 933:

should have equal status, and against proposals for an 'imperial parliament' that would have subsumed Canadian independence. After the

8729: 4902:, which was not affiliated to or recognized by the Liberal Party. The Senate Liberal Caucus was dissolved in 2019 and replaced by the 8384: 8131:"The Liberal Resurrection: How a Liberal 'lightweight' faced with the longest election campaign in history beat down a Tory majority" 7960:

Andrew Coyne, "The West is in and Ontario has joined it: How the election led to an unprecedented realignment of Canadian politics",

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Setting aside a minimum of $ 1 billion to support provinces or territories who implement a ban on handguns across their jurisdiction.

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Smith, Miriam (2005). "Social Movements and Judicial Empowerment: Courts, Public Policy, and Lesbian and Gay Organizing in Canada".

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federal elections, St. Laurent led the Liberal Party to two large majority governments. As prime minister he oversaw the joining of

10450: 9308: 7314: 6202: 6176: 5982: 1971: 1304: 1067: 7901: 7871: 2069:

Making an investment of $ 6 billion—on top of $ 4 billion already committed—to support the elimination of health system waitlists.

1214:" status to Quebec; however, such actions served as rallying cries for sovereigntists, and alienated many Francophone Quebeckers. 10435: 6627: 1917:

The first party system emerged from pre-Confederation colonial politics, had its "heyday" from 1896 to 1911 and lasted until the

1198: 950: 686:. In the 29 years after Confederation, the Liberals were consigned to opposition, with the exception of one stint in government. 487: 6371: 2078:

Re-introducing legislation within the first 100 days in office to eliminate the practice of gay conversion therapy for everyone.

1411: 10561: 10054: 10046: 7197: 7134: 6936: 6256: 5869: 4678: 1885: 1496:

Martin succeeded Chrétien as party leader and prime minister in 2003. Despite the personal rivalry between the two, Martin was

973: 549: 9334: 9319: 8221: 7227: 6798: 1682: 9364: 7451: 6599: 6483: 6365: 6307: 6286: 6235: 6122: 5792: 5759: 5720: 5693: 5647: 5605: 5563: 5524: 5485: 5435: 5361: 5331: 5304: 5274: 5182: 4714: 1979: 870:

the nascent national party organizations were eclipsed by powerful ministers and local party organizations largely driven by

8865: 8647: 7667: 7425: 5569: 10416: 9450: 5808: 4175: 1937: 1274: 1013: 731: 8610: 10586: 10301: 8532: 4859: 4762: 1361: 319: 8275: 929:

held throughout the 1920s, Canadian Liberal governments often took the lead in arguing that the United Kingdom and the

10576: 10331: 9510: 9416: 6994: 5247: 4060: 2208: 2163: 2044: 1921:, and was characterized by local patronage administered by the two largest parties, the Liberals and the Conservatives. 1373: 583: 95: 7016: 6388: 10606: 10321: 9570: 9401: 9183: 8358: 8130: 8076: 7108: 5959: 5007: 4460: 2151: 1924:

The second system emerged following the First World War, and had its heyday from 1935 and 1957, was characterized by

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The Liberal Party logo used from 2010 to 2014. In this and the subsequent logo, the stem of the maple leaf forms an

10556: 10422: 9515: 9357: 9147: 9041: 8670: 7082: 4920: 4124: 2296: 1725:. The Liberals had considerable momentum when the writ was dropped, and Ignatieff successfully squeezed NDP leader 1300: 1285: 1149: 712: 687: 587: 571: 403: 10072: 9293: 6828: 6489: 10596: 8953: 6412: 6225: 6003: 2040: 1520:

also dogged the party. Nonetheless, by criticizing the Conservatives' social policies, the Liberals were able to

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to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."

3960: 3921: 3877: 3833: 3789: 3750: 3706: 3667: 3628: 3584: 3545: 3501: 3462: 3423: 3384: 3345: 3301: 3262: 3223: 3184: 3140: 3101: 3062: 3018: 2979: 2940: 2901: 2862: 2823: 2779: 2735: 2696: 2657: 2618: 2579: 2540: 2501: 2457: 2418: 2374: 2335: 2291: 2247: 2203: 2056: 1866: 1851: 1829: 1722: 1718: 1643: 1570: 1525: 1385: 1381: 1357: 1296: 1266: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1031: 1027: 895: 891: 878: 867: 850: 846: 794: 720: 700: 537: 533: 529: 419: 407: 8414: 1528:, the Liberals retained enough support to continue as the government, though they were reduced to a minority. 10489: 7783: 1577: 1330:

Turner announced that he would resign as leader of the Liberal Party on May 3, 1989. The Liberal Party set a

1270: 6958: 10591: 10225: 10161: 8161: 4513: 1933: 1576:

The Liberal campaign was dogged from start to finish by the sponsorship scandal, which was brought up by a

1509: 1497: 1050:. Canada enjoyed economic prosperity during St. Laurent's premiership and wartime debts were paid off. The 376: 204: 148: 20: 2072:

Providing various investments in order to build, preserve, or revitalize 1.4 million new homes by 2025–26.

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was among notable Liberals at this rally; this was his first time campaigning for anyone since retirement.

10455: 10371: 10351: 10146: 9535: 9297: 4239: 2740: 2166:

provincial Liberals are each politically and organizationally affiliated with the federal Liberal Party.

2126: 1995: 1918: 1536: 1436: 942: 918: 859: 834: 756: 431: 9269: 8188: 5921: 4019:

To date, only seven Liberal leaders never served as prime minister, three of whom were interim leaders.

10272: 10211: 9468: 5032:"Canadian disability activism and political ideas: In and between neo-liberalism and social liberalism" 2035:, and eliminated the budget deficit completely from the federal budget in 1995 by reducing spending on 1642:

that would be offset by reductions to income tax rates. The plan was a key policy for the party in the

1165: 957: 954: 938: 276: 8754: 8444: 7585: 7554: 770:

became leader that the Liberal Party emerged as a modern party. Laurier was able to capitalize on the

10336: 9411: 2159: 2036: 2011: 1035: 760: 716: 356: 8700: 8069:"Tory attack ads may be backfiring in favour of Trudeau's Liberals as support rises, new poll shows" 6909: 6882: 1721:, Ignatieff successfully introduced a motion of no confidence against the government, beginning the 10396: 10356: 10326: 10294: 8902:"Liberals unveil 2021 election platform, promising total of $ 78 billion for post-pandemic rebuild" 8786: 7641: 6056: 4903: 4672: 4654: 1452: 1284:

The party began a long process of reconstruction. A small group of young Liberal MPs, known as the

415: 181: 10467: 9281: 9127: 7753: 7520: 7488: 7403: 7250: 6711: 5389: 797:(in which he became the first Francophone Prime Minister) and oversaw a government that increased 10499: 10440: 10280: 8138: 4660: 4575: 1766: 1739: 1671: 1448: 708: 454: 5213: 2109:

Eight provinces and one territory in Canada have a Liberal Party in their legislatures. Neither

10477: 10445: 10287: 10249: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9530: 9444: 4210: 2138: 1959: 1925: 1714: 1428: 1397: 1350: 1262: 1193: 1121: 1102: 981: 814: 659: 595: 575: 482: 9263: 8100:"Trudeau's Liberals hit historic highs as senate scandal has 'drastic effect' on Tories: poll" 6538: 5710: 5514: 5475: 5351: 5321: 5172: 10494: 10483: 10346: 10243: 10136: 9738: 9733: 9456: 9432: 8503:"All-time low share of popular vote is enough for Liberals to win power | National Post" 7343: 5749: 5683: 5637: 5595: 5425: 5294: 5264: 4923:

catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter ... adopting centrist policies and

4899: 4864: 4756: 4001: 2142: 2134: 2114: 1929: 1905: 1873: 1822: 1746: 1667: 863: 779: 623: 579: 466: 446: 244: 8578:"Liberals, NDP agree to confidence deal seeing Trudeau government maintain power until 2025" 4997: 1837:

deemed the result "a Liberal comeback that is headed straight for the history books", while

1531:

In the midst of various court rulings in 2003 and 2004 that allowed for the legalization of

723:

lost the government to Macdonald. The Liberals would spend the next 18 years in opposition.

10237: 10156: 9462: 8724: 6854:

Sayle, Timothy A. (2015). ""But he has nothing on at all!" Canada and the Iraq War, 2003".

5775:

Carty, R. Kenneth (March 30, 2022). "A Century of Dominance: The Liberal Party of Canada".

4924: 4854: 4684: 4642: 4483: 4297: 3998: 2146: 1975: 1947:(successor to the CCF). Campaigns during this era became more national in scope because of 1944: 1877: 1662: 1421: 1254: 1055: 934: 922: 502: 410:

due to the economic conditions at the time. They would not come back to office until 1896;

384: 368: 234: 213: 7577: 5031: 1847:, suggested that "maybe we've witnessed a revival of Canada's 'natural governing party'". 1588: 430:

Canada. From the early 1920s until the mid-1950s, the Liberal Party under Prime Ministers

8: 10519: 10231: 10141: 9474: 9166:

Koop, Royce. "Professionalism, Sociability and the Liberal Party in the Constituencies."

7961: 7306: 7156: 5784: 5667: 5454: 4726: 2130: 2118: 2020: 1991: 1963: 1755:

said, "the election represents the biggest realignment of Canadian politics since 1993";

1505: 1405: 1070:

won a minority government and St. Laurent resigned as prime minister and Liberal leader.

1017: 926: 882: 525: 458: 450: 380: 324: 6198: 6172: 6150: 5978: 1535:

in seven provinces and one territory, the Martin government proposed a bill to legalize

10535: 9626: 6252: 5059: 4967: 2028: 2024: 1730: 1545:

in late June 2005 in a late-night, last-minute vote before Parliament closed down, the

1541: 1463: 1207: 1202:. Trudeau's Liberals supported the concept of a strong, central government, and fought 639: 565: 514: 396: 388: 372: 314: 303: 225: 6631: 10406: 10341: 9631: 9580: 9545: 9540: 9209:

The Government Party: Organizing and Financing the Liberal Party of Canada, 1930–1958

7189: 6595: 6479: 6361: 6303: 6282: 6231: 6118: 5955: 5788: 5755: 5716: 5689: 5643: 5601: 5559: 5520: 5481: 5431: 5357: 5327: 5300: 5270: 5243: 5178: 5063: 5003: 4841: 4666: 4519: 4303: 4272: 3838: 3145: 3023: 1967: 1859: 1686: 1616: 1532: 1440: 1250: 1229: 1098: 1080:. However, only months after becoming Liberal leader, Pearson led the party into the 1073: 1062:

to central Canada was met with fierce disagreement in the House of Commons. In 1957,

1023: 997: 965: 930: 910: 787: 683: 498: 435: 218: 8213: 7897: 7130: 6932: 5877: 1834: 1566: 1307:

Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. Although most Canadians voted for parties opposed to

44: 10376: 10263: 10151: 9197: 8380: 6508:"The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: An Integral Part of our Constitution" 5780: 5051: 4696: 4690: 1948: 1765:

wrote that "the Conservatives are now in a position to replace the Liberals as the

1546: 1521: 1211: 1137: 1063: 1009: 993: 775: 719:; however, the party was only able to build a solid support base in Ontario and in 470: 262: 10461: 9575: 9560: 9264:

Liberal Party of Canada - Canadian Political Parties and Political Interest Groups

8472:"'Historic opportunity': Opposition leaders take stock after Liberal minority win" 5473: 4489: 4398: 4361: 3794: 3589: 1624: 1600: 1592: 1342: 1323: 1277:, won only ten fewer seats than the Liberals, and some thought that the NDP under 1238: 1132:, the mission of a progressive social policy evolved into the goal of creating a " 9525: 9288: 9276: 9154: 9137: 9086:

Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Mulroney

8733: 8707: 8637: 7971: 7546: 6571: 6395: 6063: 6010: 5597:

Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada, Fourth Edition

5553: 5461: 5237: 5220: 4827: 4750: 4720: 4708: 4546: 4181: 4118: 2462: 2032: 1951:, and involved a greater focus on leadership. The dominant policy of the era was 1782: 1778: 1218: 1054:

proved the Liberal Party's undoing. Their attempt to pass legislation to build a

1051: 1026:

succeeded King as Liberal leader and prime minister on November 15, 1948. In the

1005: 921:, the Liberals promoted Canadian sovereignty and greater independence within the 786:

made it popular among farmers, and helped cement the party's hold in the growing

767: 736: 696: 647: 462: 411: 344: 10202: 10504: 10401: 10366: 10080: 9590: 9550: 4744: 4636: 4581: 4334: 3882: 3306: 1838: 1809: 1801: 1697: 1628: 1555: 1513: 1444: 1289: 1242: 1129: 1106: 977: 886: 802: 744: 611: 591: 521: 423: 67: 8415:"Trudeau says no plans to form a coalition, will push ahead on Trans Mountain" 5137:"Justin Trudeau kicks all 32 Liberal senators out of caucus in bid for reform" 2121:). British Columbia had a Liberal Party whose name and ideology have shifted, 1994:, which evolved into a "brokerage" system of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s under 10550: 10525: 9636: 9621: 8189:"Justin Trudeau's Liberals: 'We Had A Plan And We Stuck To It.' And They Won" 5951: 5055: 4813: 4786: 4702: 4623: 4266: 1983: 1909: 1881: 1855: 1843: 1774: 1751: 1649: 1562: 1451:, which caused friction with the United States. However, a poll conducted by 1401: 1369: 969: 945:, which was actually passed in 1931, the year after the Liberals lost power. 704: 671: 439: 427: 6541:. Parliamentary Research Branch, Economics Division, Library of Parliament. 6440:"Liberals working on apology for 1939 decision to turn away Jewish refugees" 1136:". In the late 1970s, Trudeau stated that his Liberal Party adhered to the " 1101:, a new immigration act, the Canada Pension Plan, Canada Student Loans, the 10429: 9606: 9520: 9093:

Big Tent Politics: The Liberal Party’s Long Mastery of Canada’s Public Life

6082:"The Elusive Nature of National Party Organization in Canada and Australia" 5427:

Big Tent Politics: The Liberal Party's Long Mastery of Canada's Public Life

5323:

An Introduction to World Politics: Conflict and Consensus on a Small Planet

5081:"Liberal Party of Canada Welcomes Liberal International to 2009 Convention" 4774: 4732: 4614: 4454: 4153: 4147: 4095: 4089: 2379: 2252: 1762: 1757: 1702: 1632: 1550: 1457: 1377: 1278: 1174: 1158: 1133: 806: 619: 603: 510: 506: 85: 62: 9349: 9223:. Vol. IV. Toronto: University Associates of Canada. pp. 75–76. 8385:"Justin Trudeau wins minority government—what does this mean for America?" 7985:"Book Review: The Big Shift Explains Why Stephen Harper Will Keep Winning" 4392: 1319: 1245:, continued to adhere to Trudeau's concept of federalism. Others, such as 1180: 10097: 10059: 9616: 9565: 9555: 5107:"One-time Liberal senators rename themselves as Progressive Senate Group" 4780: 4768: 4429: 4367: 4233: 4080: 3711: 3506: 1726: 1489: 1432: 1346: 1246: 1043: 830: 798: 748: 675: 633: 627: 615: 607: 599: 493: 474: 134: 127: 10522:

that acts as a party in the legislature, but does not contest elections

9488: 5020: 4821: 4328: 1797: 1288:, gained fame by criticizing the Progressive Conservative government of 1117: 972:

in 1910. Mackenzie King recommended the appointment by Governor General

8368: 5014:

The party became infused with social liberalism in the 1940s and 1950s.

4869: 4204: 2007: 1639: 1524:

from the NDP, which made the difference in several close races. In the

1308: 1189: 1047: 1001: 752: 478: 360: 209: 176: 9100:

The Big Red Machine: How the Liberal Party Dominates Canadian Politics

8726:

The Big Red Machine: How the Liberal Party Dominates Canadian Politics

8276:"Stunning Liberal gains in Quebec as Trudeau wins majority government" 7721:"Conservatives retain 7-point lead as parties enter election campaign" 4958:"Liberal Party says membership numbers have skyrocketed under Trudeau" 1427:

After a proposal for Quebec independence was narrowly defeated in the

1000:. Bowing to popular pressure, he introduced the mother's allowance, a 9611: 9438: 9046: 6389:"Accounting for the Electoral Success of the Liberal Party in Canada" 5296:

Faith, Politics, and Sexual Diversity in Canada and the United States

4835: 2122: 1952: 1817:

for public office" and the surge levelled off in the following year.

1338:. Five candidates contested the leadership of the party, with former 871: 7478:"Close Federal Race Continues – Tories Down in Quebec Up in Ontario" 2117:

have party-based electoral and governing systems (both operate with

1653:

Graph of opinion polls conducted between the 2008 and 2011 elections

9323: 9126:

Hillmer, Norman, and Steven Azzi. "Canada's Best Prime Ministers",

8642: 8582: 8560:"First Reading: The Least Popular Canadian Government Ever Elected" 8245:"Canada election: Liberals win sweeping victory over Conservatives" 7021: 6963: 5948:

Fights of our Lives Elections, Leadership, and the Making of Canada

4962: 4916: 4738: 4423: 2016: 1893: 1661:

made Dion's continued leadership untenable: an agreement to form a

1612: 1485: 1424:

in some Atlantic provinces—broke their promise to replace the GST.

1004:

to all mothers with young children. He also reluctantly introduced

445:

The Liberals' signature policies and legislative decisions include

392: 364: 230: 9329: 1443:

the possession of small quantities of marijuana, and ratified the

1169:

racial attitudes that spurred discriminatory policies such as the

9585: 9344: 8445:"Ontario and Quebec keep Liberals in power and Conservatives out" 6350: 4552: 2110: 2039:

or delegating them to the provinces, and promised to replace the

2031:. When it formed the government from 1993 to 2006, it championed 1789:, asserted that the Liberals had become an "endangered species". 1620: 1335: 1059: 906: 810: 663: 163: 9315: 7842:"Layton remains game despite polls showing he's the odd man out" 7811:"Ignatieff's appeal improving but Harper still leads, poll says" 2125:; Saskatchewan also had a Liberal Party whose name has changed, 2087:

Updating the committed number to receive 40,000 Afghan refugees.

638:

sometimes functioned as a united bloc in the legislature of the

9303: 9107:

Trudeau's Shadow: the life and legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau

5474:

Alex Marland; Thierry Giasson; Jennifer Lees-Marshment (2012).

4054: 1089:

managed to reduce Diefenbaker to a minority government. In the

678:, the radical Liberals were marginalized by the more pragmatic 667: 159: 9340: 8333:"Trudeau's Liberals Oust Harper With Surprise Canada Majority" 6472:

Patriation and Its Consequences: Constitution Making in Canada

5920:. Newmarket-Aurora Federal Liberal Association. Archived from 5349: 5319: 1928:

and saw the emergence of several protest parties, such as the

782:. In English-speaking Canada, the Liberal Party's support for 9202:

Laurier and a Liberal Quebec: A Study in Political Management

7898:"Official Voting Results – Forty-First General Election 2011" 7220:"Harper hopes Green Shift will turn Liberal voters Tory blue" 6991:"Charest calls on Harper to honour Kelowna aboriginal accord" 5639:

Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition

10204:

Federal political parties and parliamentary groups in Canada

9266:- Web Archive created by the University of Toronto Libraries 8162:"Senate Liberals unsure how to work with Trudeau government" 1689:

speaks during a news conference in Toronto on March 28, 2011

1038:

in Confederation as Canada's tenth province, he established

837:, Prime Minister of Canada (1921–1926, 1926–1930, 1935–1948) 8533:"Federal election latest updates", CBC, September 20, 2021" 8042:"Justin Trudeau sweeps Liberal leadership with 80% support" 7925:"Federal Liberals won't pick new leader for full two years" 7305:

Campion-Smith, Bruce; Whittington, Les (October 20, 2008).

6687:. Government of Canada Privy Council Office. Archived from 5747: 1504:

The political situation changed with the revelation of the

1237:

After Trudeau's retirement in 1984, many Liberals, such as

968:. It was also Laurier who first proposed the creation of a 9241:

The L-Shaped Party: The Liberal Party of Canada, 1958–1980

9161:

Road to Redemption: The Liberal Party of Canada, 2006-2019

8860: 8858: 6769:"Chrétien jokes about trying pot once it's decriminalized" 1345:, who had served in every Liberal cabinet since 1965, and 1188:

The most lasting effect of the Trudeau years has been the

1161:) are available in both languages throughout the country. 9256: 9144:

Divided Loyalties: The Liberal Party of Canada, 1984–2008

8895: 8893: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8838: 6591:

Divided Loyalties: The Liberal Party of Canada, 1984–2008

707:, confining elections to one day and the creation of the 422:

and his tenure was marked by several compromises between

8331:

Argitis, Theophilos; Wingrove, Josh (October 19, 2015).

7610:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. September 2, 2009. 7304: 5512: 5353:

Parties, Polarization and Democracy in the United States

5170: 5083:. Liberal Party of Canada. March 6, 2009. Archived from 5021:"Manitoba's childcare regime: Social liberalism in flux" 4995: 1164:

The Trudeau Liberals are also credited with support for

646:, but a united Liberal Party combining both English and 8753:. Liberal Party of Canada. pp. 5–9. Archived from 6799:"Kyoto ratification 'important for future generations'" 6468: 6114:

Thinking Government: Public Sector Management in Canada

6068:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

5174:

Parties, Elections, and the Future of Canadian Politics

1713:

Shortly after the Harper government was found to be in

743:

In their early history, the Liberals were the party of

540:, the party was re-elected with a minority government. 8890: 8835: 7872:"Ignatieff's Liberals lose Official Opposition status" 7452:"Ignatieff slams Harper for 'failure to unite Canada'" 7426:"Ignatieff slams Harper for 'failure to unite Canada'" 4915:

Brokerage politics is "a Canadian term for successful

8044:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. April 14, 2013. 6831:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 18, 2003. 1958:

The fourth party system has involved the rise of the

1046:, and contributed to the United Nations force in the 570:

The Liberals are descended from the mid-19th century

9042:"Liberals elect Sachit Mehra as new party president" 8609:

McKenna, Kate; Zimonjic, Peter (September 4, 2024).

7664:"Parties Virtually Tied as Election Nears in Canada" 7634:"Canada's government survives non-confidence motion" 6739:"Canadian leaders agree to propose gay marriage law" 5840:"Justin Trudeau revient sur l'avortement à Montréal" 4803: 2062:

Key Liberal policies of the 2021 platform included:

1904:

Scholars and political experts have recently used a

866:), yet following the party's return to power in the 296: 8811:Egan, Louise; Palmer, Randall (November 21, 2011). 8638:"Why Canadian politics just got more unpredictable" 7190:"Liberal Green Shift is 'green shaft,' says Harper" 6655:"Chrétien rejects health-care pleas from provinces" 5109:. CTV News. The Canadian Press. November 14, 2019. 1872:In March 2022, Trudeau's Liberal Party agreed to a 1812:, son of former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, was 1518:

infighting between Martin and Chrétien's supporters

817:and promoted the development of Canadian industry. 19:For other liberal political parties in Canada, see 9173: 8243: 7874:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. May 3, 2011. 7754:"Canadian Government, Beset by Scandal, Collapses" 7276:"Green Shift touted as both saviour and damnation" 6027:"Federal Election Question May Be Settled Shortly" 5708: 5467: 1787:When the Gods Changed: The Death of Liberal Canada 1299:was notable for Turner's strong opposition to the 8954:"The Hon. Sheila Maureen Copps, P.C., O.C., M.P." 7547:"If Harper is Bush, then Ignatieff is John Kerry" 7394:Clark, Campbell; Taber, Jane (January 28, 2009). 7342:. EKOS Research. December 4, 2008. Archived from 6578:, February 27, 1986. Retrieved November 12, 2015. 6537:Soucy, Jean; Wrobel, Marion G. (April 11, 2000). 6320:Baluja, Tamara; Bradshaw, James (June 22, 2012). 5506: 5345: 5343: 5166: 5164: 5162: 4936:Party was briefly out of power from 1930 to 1935. 1615:. Eight candidates entered the contest, but only 1124:, Prime Minister of Canada (1968–1979, 1980–1984) 1076:was easily elected Liberal leader at the party's 10548: 9282:Canadian Encyclopedia entry on the Liberal Party 9192:Grits: an intimate portrait of the Liberal Party 7307:"Dion resigns but will remain as leader for now" 6437: 6117:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 99–103. 5712:Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right 5423: 5313: 4141:2nd Prime Minister (1st Liberal Prime Minister) 1899: 1569:to dissolve Parliament and call an election for 805:. Laurier's government created the provinces of 8608: 8330: 7666:. Angus Reid. September 4, 2009. Archived from 7519:. Nanos Research. June 27, 2009. Archived from 5741: 5600:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 13–23. 5208: 5206: 4986: 1862:, in 1867, who had 34.8 per cent of the votes. 1281:would push the Liberals to third-party status. 1261:internal polls. However, the party was hurt by 7107:. Angus Reid. October 23, 2006. Archived from 7105:"Rae Seen as Best Future Liberal PM in Canada" 7081:. Angus Reid. October 20, 2006. Archived from 6709: 6587: 6565:"Jean Chrétien: Losing the Liberal leadership" 6354:Multiculturalism and the Canadian Constitution 6319: 5551: 5340: 5288: 5286: 5159: 877:As a result of both the party's defeat in the 662:of the former British colonies of Canada (now 402:The party first came into power in 1873 under 10188: 9365: 7784:"Chance of Harper vs. Ignatieff debate fades" 7017:"Martin to officially resign as party leader" 6906:"Realists and idealists and a bag of hammers" 6630:. Library and Archives Canada. Archived from 6415:. Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21. 6110: 5685:The Canadian Environment in Political Context 5593: 5292: 5266:The Canadian Environment in Political Context 4083:, a forerunner of the federal Liberal Party) 1749:and questioned the Liberal Party's viability. 1745:Pundits widely viewed the 2011 election as a 1449:Canada would not support the invasion of Iraq 1447:. On March 17, 2003, Chrétien announced that 10095: 10078: 8813:"The lesson from Canada on cutting deficits" 8701:"The Evolution of the Canadian Party System" 8357:Spencer McKay, "The Great Liberal Comeback" 7079:"Canadians Place Rae as Best Liberal Leader" 6875:"Canadians back Chrétien on war, poll finds" 6351:Stephen Tierney; Hugh Donald Forbes (2007). 6223: 5702: 5681: 5635: 5587: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5262: 5203: 5171:Amanda Bittner; Royce Koop (March 1, 2013). 4850:Liberal Party of Canada leadership elections 631: 125: 9379: 9105:Cohen, Andrew, and J. L. Granatstein, eds. 8611:"How the NDP's deal with the Liberals died" 8302:"Liberal comeback headed for history books" 8012:"Is a Liberal comeback mission impossible?" 7808: 6993:. Canada.com. March 4, 2007. Archived from 6791: 6536: 6505: 6322:"Is bilingualism still relevant in Canada?" 5779:. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–31. 5754:. University of Toronto Press. p. 70. 5688:. University of Toronto Press. p. 55. 5642:. University of Toronto Press. p. 17. 5283: 5269:. University of Toronto Press. p. 55. 5130: 5128: 21:Liberalism in Canada § Current parties 10195: 10181: 9372: 9358: 9116:(3rd ed. 2007), 574pp; university textbook 9081:(5th ed. 2009), 415pp; university textbook 8810: 8214:"Canada election: Liberals sweep to power" 8066: 7578:"Absent opposition gives the PM a holiday" 7393: 6903: 6829:"Chrétien restates opposition to Iraq war" 6227:Extraordinary Canadians: Lester B. Pearson 5973: 5971: 5838:Lévesque, Catherine (September 13, 2019). 5675: 5670:in an effort to defuse potential tensions. 5545: 2001: 1583: 856:national party's second convention in 1919 845:As a result of the party's defeats in the 302: 9039: 8785:. Liberal Party of Canada. Archived from 7916: 7688: 7396:"Ignatieff okays budget, with conditions" 6933:"The Supreme Court and same-sex marriage" 6652: 6302:. Rowman & Littlefield, p. 135. 5629: 5412: 5350:Donald C. Baumer; Howard J. Gold (2015). 5326:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138. 5320:Richard Collin; Pamela L. Martin (2012). 5256: 2006:The principles of the party are based on 1804:, Prime Minister of Canada (2015–present) 1143:The Liberal Party under Trudeau promoted 793:Laurier led the Liberals to power in the 9270:The Liberal Party of Canada Constitution 9217:"History of the Liberal Party of Canada" 8983:"The Hon. Michael Ignatieff, P.C., M.P." 8928:"Liberals unveil 2021 election platform" 8551: 8437: 8379: 8159: 7839: 7544: 7369:"Ignatieff named interim Liberal leader" 7361: 7248: 6930: 6620: 6281:. McClelland & Stewart, p. 71. 6070:. Vol. 16, No. 1 (Feb. 1950), pp. 42–52. 5837: 5558:. Oxford University Press. p. 265. 5516:The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics 5239:Canadian Politics: Concise Fifth Edition 5125: 4909: 2169: 1796: 1696: 1681: 1659:2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute 1648: 1587: 1549:passed it in July 2005, and it received 1484: 1410: 1318: 1228: 1179: 1116: 992:In the period just before and after the 905: 829: 730: 10602:Abortion-rights organizations in Canada 9214: 9077:Bickerton, James, and Alain G. Gagnon. 8681:from the original on September 11, 2024 8617:from the original on September 12, 2024 8168:from the original on September 13, 2024 8128: 8079:from the original on September 13, 2024 8048:from the original on September 29, 2013 7764:from the original on September 24, 2018 7608:"Liberals won't raise taxes: Ignatieff" 7588:from the original on September 13, 2024 7557:from the original on September 13, 2024 7249:Galloway, Gloria (September 11, 2008). 6608:from the original on September 13, 2024 6545:from the original on September 13, 2024 6518:from the original on September 13, 2024 6438:Stephanie Levitz (September 27, 2016). 6332:from the original on September 13, 2024 6259:from the original on September 13, 2024 6255:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 6251:Calwell, Allison (September 29, 2000). 6250: 6131:from the original on September 13, 2024 5968: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5850:from the original on September 15, 2019 5356:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 152–. 5242:. Nelson Education. pp. 217, 229. 5135:Spencer, Christina (January 29, 2014). 5134: 4536:Interim leader until May 2, 2009 (when 2047:. It also legalized same-sex marriage. 1595:makes a speech on October 10, 2008, in 1332:leadership convention for June 23, 1990 1199:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 962:Secretary of State for External Affairs 901: 862:as Laurier's successor (Canada's first 488:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 359:. The party espouses the principles of 10549: 9021:from the original on December 14, 2019 8992:from the original on September 6, 2019 8899: 8650:from the original on September 5, 2024 8635: 8558:Hopper, Tristan (September 22, 2021). 8557: 8469: 8160:Crawford, Allison (December 3, 2015). 8097: 7982: 7922: 7751: 7691:"Harper tickles while Ignatieff burns" 7575: 7545:Siddiqui, Haroon (September 3, 2009). 7375:from the original on December 16, 2008 7187: 7169:from the original on December 21, 2011 6971:from the original on November 25, 2010 6872: 6866: 6736: 6506:McKay-Panos, Linda (January 1, 2013). 6450:from the original on November 15, 2017 6271: 5985:from the original on December 26, 2011 5819:from the original on December 19, 2013 5751:Canadian Studies in the New Millennium 5748:Patrick James; Mark J. Kasoff (2007). 5729:from the original on November 10, 2023 5113:from the original on December 17, 2019 5036:Canadian Journal of Disability Studies 3881: 3710: 3588: 3505: 3305: 3144: 3022: 2739: 2461: 2378: 2295: 2050: 1492:, Prime minister of Canada (2003–2006) 1384:, but nearly tied their 1993 total in 1356:Chrétien's Liberals campaigned in the 1326:, Prime Minister of Canada (1993–2003) 937:of 1926, the Liberals argued that the 913:, Prime Minister of Canada (1948–1957) 739:, Prime Minister of Canada (1896–1911) 550:History of the Liberal Party of Canada 10582:Political parties established in 1867 10176: 9353: 9174:McCall, Christina; Stephen Clarkson. 9168:Canadian Journal of Political Science 9112:Gagnon, Alain G., and Brian Tanguay. 8668: 8500: 8339:from the original on October 27, 2015 8312:from the original on October 24, 2015 8282:from the original on October 20, 2015 8256:from the original on January 11, 2022 8224:from the original on October 20, 2015 8129:Warnica, Richard (October 23, 2015). 8009: 7991:from the original on October 23, 2015 7614:from the original on October 16, 2015 7137:from the original on January 19, 2012 7133:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 6853: 6835:from the original on October 30, 2007 6809:from the original on December 5, 2006 6718:from the original on October 29, 2014 6205:from the original on January 24, 2012 6179:from the original on November 7, 2011 5997: 5945: 5774: 5212:McCall, Christina; Stephen Clarkson. 5147:from the original on October 30, 2015 5041: 2104: 2081:Achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. 9012:"The Hon. Ralph Goodale, P.C., M.P." 8900:Aiello, Rachel (September 1, 2021). 8669:Major, Darren (September 10, 2024). 8636:Yousif, Nadine (September 5, 2024). 8010:Valpy, Michael (November 25, 2011). 7458:from the original on January 7, 2014 7282:. September 11, 2008. Archived from 7200:from the original on August 18, 2008 7049:"Rock says no to Liberal leadership" 6959:"Same-sex marriage around the world" 6037:from the original on August 17, 2021 5892: 5768: 5400:from the original on August 13, 2019 5235: 5229: 1938:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 1677:formally named leader on May 2, 2009 1360:on the promise of renegotiating the 1275:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 1255:Charlottetown Constitutional Accords 1014:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 987: 10567:Federal political parties in Canada 8908:from the original on April 22, 2023 8590:from the original on March 22, 2022 8470:Aiello, Rachel (October 22, 2019). 8186: 7821:from the original on April 10, 2011 7576:Hebert, Chantal (August 26, 2009). 7317:from the original on March 13, 2011 6939:from the original on April 27, 2014 6749:from the original on March 31, 2019 6712:"Canada Will Legalize Gay Marriage" 6665:from the original on August 3, 2020 5915:"Liberal Party of Canada – History" 5656:from the original on March 31, 2023 5614:from the original on March 31, 2023 5572:from the original on March 31, 2023 5555:Canadian Democracy: An Introduction 5533:from the original on March 31, 2023 5513:John Courtney; David Smith (2010). 5494:from the original on March 31, 2023 5444:from the original on March 31, 2023 5370:from the original on March 31, 2023 5191:from the original on March 31, 2023 4974:from the original on August 1, 2023 4860:List of political parties in Canada 4014: 1561:Following the release of the first 1362:North American Free Trade Agreement 650:members was not formed until 1867. 532:. In both the federal elections of 13: 9227:from the original on March 3, 2016 9121:Mackenzie King: His Life and World 9070: 8963:from the original on June 25, 2024 8539:from the original on March 3, 2022 8501:Brean, Joseph (October 22, 2019). 8482:from the original on July 31, 2021 8451:from the original on April 6, 2023 8425:from the original on April 6, 2023 8395:from the original on April 6, 2023 8022:from the original on March 4, 2016 7840:Galloway, Gloria (April 8, 2011). 7809:Whittington, Les (April 7, 2011). 7790:from the original on June 22, 2015 7689:MacDonald, Ian (October 9, 2009). 7432:from the original on June 16, 2023 7055:. February 3, 2006. Archived from 7029:from the original on June 15, 2023 6779:from the original on June 15, 2023 6737:Krauss, Clifford (June 18, 2003). 6539:"Federal Deficit: Changing Trends" 6469:Lois Harder; Steve Patten (2015). 5785:10.1093/oso/9780192858481.003.0002 5715:. SAGE Publications. p. 274. 1539:. The House of Commons passed the 1372:for the election, they issued the 726: 14: 10618: 9248: 9088:(1994), essays on Prime Ministers 8934:from the original on May 26, 2023 8930:. Al Jazeera. September 1, 2021. 8878:from the original on June 5, 2023 8748:"Building a Modern Liberal Party" 8513:from the original on July 6, 2021 8110:from the original on June 7, 2013 7983:McLeod, Paul (October 22, 2015). 7904:from the original on May 21, 2012 7878:from the original on June 4, 2023 7733:from the original on May 16, 2011 7726:. EKOS Politics. March 25, 2011. 7640:. October 1, 2009. Archived from 7226:. October 5, 2008. Archived from 7188:Morris, Chris (August 14, 2008). 6653:Scoffield, Heather (April 2000). 6092:from the original on July 8, 2023 4996:Law Commission of Canada (2011). 4608: 1792: 1611:was set for December 2, 2006, in 1155:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1112: 917:Under Laurier, and his successor 778:that offended the still-powerful 699:. Mackenzie subsequently won the 418:from that year until the party's 10423:Democratic Representative Caucus 9487: 9328: 9314: 9302: 9054:from the original on May 9, 2023 9040:Vigliotti, Marco (May 6, 2023). 9033: 9004: 8975: 8946: 8920: 8804: 8772: 8745: 8739: 8717: 8693: 8662: 8629: 8602: 8570: 8525: 8494: 8463: 8407: 8373: 8351: 8324: 8294: 8268: 8236: 8206: 8187:Raj, Althia (October 25, 2015). 8180: 8153: 8122: 8091: 8060: 8034: 8003: 7976: 7954: 7942: 7890: 6710:Melissa Cheung (June 18, 2003). 6419:from the original on May 2, 2017 6402:Dec 2005, Vol. 38#4. pp 821–840. 6079: 6057:"The Liberal Convention of 1893" 4834: 4820: 4806: 4574: 4545: 4512: 4482: 4453: 4422: 4391: 4360: 4327: 4296: 4265: 4232: 4203: 4174: 4146: 4117: 4088: 4053: 3986: 3979: 3978: 3947: 3940: 3939: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3900: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3856: 3820: 3813: 3812: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3768: 3737: 3730: 3729: 3693: 3686: 3685: 3654: 3647: 3646: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3607: 3571: 3564: 3563: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3524: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3480: 3450: 3449: 3442: 3441: 3410: 3403: 3402: 3371: 3364: 3363: 3332: 3325: 3324: 3288: 3281: 3280: 3250: 3249: 3242: 3241: 3210: 3203: 3202: 3171: 3164: 3163: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3119: 3088: 3081: 3080: 3049: 3042: 3041: 3005: 2998: 2997: 2966: 2959: 2958: 2928: 2927: 2920: 2919: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2880: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2841: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2797: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2758: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2714: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2675: 2644: 2637: 2636: 2605: 2598: 2597: 2566: 2559: 2558: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2519: 2488: 2481: 2480: 2444: 2437: 2436: 2405: 2398: 2397: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2353: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2314: 2278: 2271: 2270: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2226: 1314: 1301:Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement 1012:required it in exchange for his 713:Royal Military College of Canada 653: 195: 194: 43: 8710:. in Gagnon, and Tanguay, eds. 8067:Berthiaume, Lee (May 7, 2013). 7864: 7833: 7802: 7776: 7745: 7713: 7682: 7656: 7626: 7600: 7569: 7538: 7506: 7470: 7444: 7418: 7387: 7371:. CBC News. December 10, 2008. 7329: 7298: 7268: 7242: 7212: 7181: 7149: 7123: 7097: 7071: 7041: 7009: 6983: 6951: 6924: 6897: 6847: 6821: 6761: 6730: 6703: 6677: 6646: 6594:. University of Toronto Press. 6581: 6557: 6530: 6499: 6462: 6431: 6413:"Chinese Immigration Act, 1923" 6405: 6381: 6344: 6313: 6292: 6244: 6217: 6201:. Library and Archives Canada. 6191: 6175:. Library and Archives Canada. 6165: 6143: 6104: 6073: 6049: 6019: 5981:. Library and Archives Canada. 5979:"Sir Wilfrid Laurier Biography" 5939: 5862: 5831: 5801: 5382: 4930: 1537:same-sex marriage across Canada 1475: 1263:numerous patronage appointments 1171:Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 825: 820: 554: 9114:Canadian Parties in Transition 8712:Canadian Parties in Transition 8278:. CBC News. October 19, 2015. 7923:Bryden, Joan (June 19, 2011). 7752:Austen, Ian (March 25, 2011). 7514:"Close federal race continues" 7251:"Layton lays into Green Shift" 6873:Harper, Tim (March 22, 2003). 5099: 5073: 4950: 4891: 4882: 3987: 3948: 3821: 3738: 3694: 3655: 3572: 3411: 3372: 3333: 3289: 3211: 3172: 3089: 3050: 3006: 2967: 2645: 2606: 2567: 2489: 2445: 2406: 2279: 1719:Canadian Afghan detainee issue 1480: 1224: 951:Department of External Affairs 682:coalition assembled under Sir 1: 10562:1867 establishments in Canada 10109: 10086: 10073:Institut canadien de Montréal 10063: 9395:Affiliated provincial parties 9294:Liberal Party of Canada fonds 8098:Visser, Josh (May 23, 2013). 7487:. May 2, 2009. Archived from 7131:"The Liberal Leadership Race" 6400:Journal of Political Science, 6360:. UBC Press. pp. 27–41. 6153:. Library and Archives Canada 6151:"Louis St. Laurent Biography" 5477:Political Marketing in Canada 5430:. UBC Press. pp. 16–17. 5025:Canadian Journal of Sociology 4943: 4630: 1900:Systems and realignment model 1578:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1415:Liberal Party logo, 1992–2004 1364:(NAFTA), and eliminating the 1184:Trudeau-era wordmark and logo 763:in provinces besides Quebec. 717:Office of the Auditor General 485:and the establishment of the 391:. The party is described as " 375:, with their main rival, the 10162:National Liberal Progressive 8447:. cbc.ca. October 22, 2019. 7786:. CTV News. March 31, 2011. 7337:"Results of CBC News Survey" 6904:Gray, John (June 13, 2006). 6478:. UBC Press. pp. 3–23. 6173:"John Diefenbaker Biography" 5870:"Gun Control — Our Platform" 5177:. UBC Press. pp. 300–. 4538:ratified as permanent leader 780:Quebec Roman Catholic Church 761:opposition to French schools 363:, and generally sits at the 7: 9426:Formerly affiliated parties 9298:Library and Archives Canada 9243:(McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1981) 9194:(Macmillan of Canada, 1982) 8871:. Liberal Party of Canada. 7162:. Liberal Party of Canada. 6298:Thompson, Wayne C. (2017). 5709:Rodney P. Carlisle (2005). 4799: 4620:Michael Ignatieff 2006–2008 2127:Saskatchewan Progress Party 2015:has favoured a variety of " 1919:Conscription Crisis of 1917 1609:ensuing leadership election 1431:, the Liberals passed the " 1109:as Canada's national flag. 919:William Lyon Mackenzie King 860:William Lyon Mackenzie King 835:William Lyon Mackenzie King 757:Conscription Crisis of 1917 457:, the establishment of the 438:gradually built a Canadian 432:William Lyon Mackenzie King 373:Canadian political spectrum 10: 10623: 10587:Centrist parties in Canada 10456:Progressive/United Farmers 10273:Independent Senators Group 9221:The Encyclopedia of Canada 6931:CBC News (June 29, 2005). 6908:. CBC News. Archived from 6570:November 19, 2015, at the 6394:November 17, 2015, at the 6199:"Lester Pearson Biography" 5480:. UBC Press. p. 257. 4022: 3837: 3793: 2251: 2207: 1769:in Canada." Books such as 1233:Liberal Party logo in 1984 1078:1958 leadership convention 1016:party's support of King's 939:Governor General of Canada 563: 559: 547: 543: 520:The Liberal Party, led by 18: 10577:Liberal parties in Canada 10531:List of political parties 10513: 10417:Co-operative Commonwealth 10385: 10314: 10262: 10210: 10129: 10096: 10079: 10045: 9832: 9802: 9726: 9719: 9645: 9599: 9503: 9496: 9485: 9425: 9407:Newfoundland and Labrador 9394: 9387: 9287:October 25, 2015, at the 9180:The Canadian Encyclopedia 9170:(2010) 43#04 pp: 893–913. 9136:December 2, 2013, at the 9017:. Library of Parliament. 8988:. Library of Parliament. 8959:. Library of Parliament. 7454:. CBC News. May 2, 2009. 7428:. CBC News. May 2, 2009. 6856:Canadian Military History 6277:Graham, Ron, ed. (1998). 6253:"Former Canadian PM dies" 6062:February 2, 2017, at the 6015:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5809:"Liberal Party of Canada" 5424:R. Kenneth Carty (2015). 5394:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5299:. UBC Press. p. 22. 5224:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4047: 3985: 3977: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3959: 2804: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2156:Newfoundland and Labrador 1978:leadership contests, and 1972:Progressive Conservatives 1068:Progressive Conservatives 953:, and in 1909 he advised 632: 513:, and expanded access to 357:political party in Canada 348: 310: 294: 289: 275: 261: 250: 241:International affiliation 240: 224: 203: 187: 175: 141: 126: 121: 101: 91: 81: 73: 61: 51: 42: 30: 10607:Labour parties in Canada 10451:Progressive Conservative 10295:Progressive Senate Group 8732:January 3, 2016, at the 5519:. OUP USA. p. 195. 5219:October 5, 2013, at the 5056:10.1177/0032329205275193 5002:. UBC Press. p. 6. 4904:Progressive Senate Group 4875: 4673:Duncan Kenneth MacTavish 4655:Norman Alexander McLarty 1974:. Most parties moved to 1966:, and the merger of the 1599:. Former Prime Minister 1305:Progressive Conservative 1196:and the creation of the 610:in Nova Scotia, and the 182:Young Liberals of Canada 10557:Liberal Party of Canada 10281:Canadian Senators Group 9381:Liberal Party of Canada 9341:Liberal Party of Canada 9335:Liberal Party of Canada 9320:Liberal Party of Canada 9309:Liberal Party of Canada 9153:March 21, 2016, at the 9148:excerpt and text search 8866:"Forward. For Everyone" 6588:Brooke Jeffrey (2010). 5813:Encyclopædia Britannica 5552:Stephen Brooks (2004). 4661:Wishart McLea Robertson 2002:Principles and policies 1767:natural governing party 1584:Struggles in opposition 1349:, MP and former CEO of 1249:, supported the failed 1210:, and the granting of " 759:, and especially their 709:Supreme Court of Canada 622:led by figures such as 349:Parti libéral du Canada 337:Liberal Party of Canada 226:Political position 108:; 157 years ago 36:Parti libéral du Canada 33:Liberal Party of Canada 16:Federal political party 10597:Social liberal parties 9833:Parliamentary election 9451:North-West Territories 9275:June 19, 2019, at the 9215:Wallace, W.S. (1948). 6111:David Johnson (2006). 6033:. September 20, 1943. 5594:David Johnson (2016). 5460:March 6, 2021, at the 5293:David Rayside (2011). 5044:Politics & Society 4919:parties that embody a 4211:Daniel Duncan McKenzie 2043:in the party's famous 2041:Goods and Services Tax 2010:as defined by various 1805: 1715:Contempt of Parliament 1710: 1690: 1654: 1604: 1522:draw progressive votes 1493: 1429:1995 Quebec referendum 1416: 1368:(GST). Just after the 1366:Goods and Services Tax 1351:Canada Steamship Lines 1327: 1234: 1194:Constitution of Canada 1185: 1166:state multiculturalism 1150:Official Languages Act 1125: 1122:Pierre Elliott Trudeau 1103:Canada Assistance Plan 980:as the first Canadian 943:Statute of Westminster 914: 838: 815:North-West Territories 755:and their role in the 740: 596:William Lyon Mackenzie 576:responsible government 483:Constitution of Canada 379:, positioned to their 10572:Liberal International 10495:Strength in Democracy 10484:Senate Liberal Caucus 10468:Ralliement créditiste 10137:Liberal Protectionist 8706:July 8, 2023, at the 8476:Federal Election 2019 7970:June 1, 2013, at the 6805:. December 16, 2002. 6495:on November 17, 2015. 6377:on November 17, 2015. 6279:The Essential Trudeau 6224:Andrew Cohen (2008). 6009:May 14, 2007, at the 5682:Andrea Olive (2015). 5636:Miriam Smith (2014). 5263:Andrea Olive (2015). 5027:29.2 (2004): 193-207. 4970:. December 10, 2014. 4900:Senate Liberal Caucus 4865:Senate Liberal Caucus 4002:confidence and supply 2170:Electoral performance 2115:Northwest Territories 2057:2021 federal election 2019:" policies from both 1980:campaign finance laws 1906:political realignment 1880:. In September 2024, 1874:confidence and supply 1867:2021 federal election 1852:2019 federal election 1830:2015 federal election 1823:Senate Liberal Caucus 1800: 1747:political realignment 1700: 1685: 1652: 1644:2008 federal election 1591: 1488: 1414: 1396:to the Western-based 1340:Deputy Prime Minister 1322: 1232: 1183: 1175:MS St. Louis incident 1145:official bilingualism 1120: 1085:this time and in the 1082:1958 federal election 1040:equalization payments 960:to appoint the first 909: 892:1957 federal election 879:1930 federal election 868:1921 federal election 864:leadership convention 833: 734: 624:Louis-Joseph Papineau 580:British North America 530:2015 federal election 467:official bilingualism 447:universal health care 406:, but were voted out 245:Liberal International 9647:Leadership elections 9417:Prince Edward Island 9311:at Wikimedia Commons 9207:Whitaker, Reginald. 9131:June 20, 2011 online 8823:on November 26, 2011 8383:(October 22, 2019). 8308:. October 20, 2015. 8252:. October 20, 2015. 8220:. October 20, 2015. 8141:on November 30, 2021 7900:. Elections Canada. 7286:on November 27, 2015 7230:on February 14, 2012 7224:Canwest News Service 7059:on February 14, 2012 5946:Duffy, John (2002). 5777:The Government Party 4925:electoral coalitions 4855:Liberalism in Canada 4685:John Joseph Connolly 4643:Norman Platt Lambert 4602:23rd Prime Minister 4448:21st Prime Minister 4417:20th Prime Minister 4386:17th Prime Minister 4355:15th Prime Minister 4322:14th Prime Minister 4291:12th Prime Minister 4260:10th Prime Minister 2164:Prince Edward Island 1945:New Democratic Party 1890:LaSalle—Émard—Verdun 1878:New Democratic Party 1670:Parliament before a 1663:coalition government 1422:Harmonized Sales Tax 1271:New Democratic Party 1056:natural gas pipeline 927:Imperial Conferences 923:British Commonwealth 902:Canadian sovereignty 455:Canada Student Loans 387:positioned to their 385:New Democratic Party 10592:Centre-left parties 10520:parliamentary group 10142:Liberal-Progressive 9190:McCall, Christina. 9098:Clarkson, Stephen. 9091:Carty, R. Kenneth. 8792:on November 5, 2015 8780:"2009 Constitution" 8250:The Daily Telegraph 7670:on January 21, 2012 7526:on October 16, 2011 7494:on October 16, 2011 7406:on January 26, 2011 7349:on December 9, 2008 7111:on January 21, 2012 7085:on January 21, 2012 6997:on October 13, 2013 6775:. October 3, 2003. 6691:on December 7, 2008 6634:on October 18, 2017 6628:"Jean Chrétien Bio" 6004:Beauharnois Scandal 5236:Dyck, Rand (2012). 5030:Michael J. Prince, 4999:Law and Citizenship 4888:French abbreviation 4727:J. J. Michel Robert 4198:7th Prime Minister 4125:Alexander Mackenzie 4079:(The leader of the 2297:Alexander Mackenzie 2119:consensus democracy 2051:2021 party platform 1976:one-member-one-vote 1934:Social Credit Party 1808:On April 14, 2013, 1705:, used in the word 1506:sponsorship scandal 1498:Minister of Finance 1273:, successor to the 1018:minority government 883:Beauharnois scandal 688:Alexander Mackenzie 588:Alexander Mackenzie 526:majority government 459:Royal Canadian Navy 451:Canada Pension Plan 404:Alexander Mackenzie 149:Constitution Square 10536:Politics of Canada 10388:historical parties 10332:Christian Heritage 9186:on March 26, 2005. 9119:Granatstein, J.L. 8817:The Globe and Mail 8723:Stephen Clarkson, 8586:. March 22, 2022. 8335:. Bloomberg News. 8016:The Globe and Mail 7929:The Globe and Mail 7846:The Globe and Mail 7758:The New York Times 7400:The Globe and Mail 7280:The Globe and Mail 7255:The Globe and Mail 7025:. March 16, 2006. 6912:on October 8, 2010 6773:The Globe and Mail 6743:The New York Times 6444:The Globe and Mail 6326:The Globe and Mail 6230:. Penguin Canada. 4968:The Canadian Press 4502:September 28, 1955 4383:September 18, 2020 4351:September 28, 2000 2105:Provincial parties 2029:political spectrum 1806: 1711: 1691: 1655: 1605: 1542:Civil Marriage Act 1533:same-sex marriages 1510:Conservative Party 1494: 1417: 1328: 1235: 1208:Quebec nationalism 1186: 1126: 1105:, and adopted the 915: 894:and in particular 839: 747:and opposition to 741: 640:Province of Canada 574:who advocated for 566:Rebellions of 1837 524:since 2013, won a 397:politics of Canada 377:Conservative Party 315:Politics of Canada 10544: 10543: 10441:Labor-Progressive 10407:Canadian Alliance 10322:Animal Protection 10170: 10169: 9828: 9827: 9715: 9714: 9483: 9482: 9333:Works related to 9307:Media related to 9239:Wearing, Joseph. 9159:Jeffrey, Brooke. 9142:Jeffrey, Brooke. 9079:Canadian Politics 8381:Da Silva, Chantal 7852:on April 12, 2011 7701:on March 14, 2013 7157:"The Green Shift" 6601:978-1-4426-6019-9 6563:Terence McKenna. 6485:978-0-7748-2861-1 6367:978-0-7748-1445-4 6308:978-1-4758-3510-6 6287:978-0-7710-8591-8 6237:978-0-1431-7269-7 6124:978-1-5511-1779-9 6055:John W. Lederle. 5927:on April 26, 2012 5794:978-0-19-285848-1 5761:978-1-4426-9211-4 5722:978-1-4522-6531-5 5695:978-1-4426-0871-9 5649:978-1-4426-0695-1 5607:978-1-4426-3521-0 5565:978-0-19-541806-4 5526:978-0-19-533535-4 5487:978-0-7748-2231-2 5437:978-0-7748-3002-7 5363:978-1-317-25478-2 5333:978-1-4422-1803-1 5306:978-0-7748-2011-0 5276:978-1-4426-0871-9 5184:978-0-7748-2411-8 5087:on August 5, 2012 5038:1.1 (2012): 1-34. 4842:Liberalism portal 4667:James Gordon Fogo 4606: 4605: 4596:December 25, 1971 4524:December 10, 2008 4520:Michael Ignatieff 4499:December 10, 2008 4435:November 14, 2003 4408:November 14, 2003 4319:December 27, 1972 4304:Lester B. Pearson 4273:Louis St. Laurent 4254:December 17, 1874 4215:February 17, 1919 4195:February 17, 1919 4192:November 20, 1841 4189:February 17, 1919 4071:November 29, 1818 4009: 4008: 3839:Michael Ignatieff 3024:Louis St. Laurent 2012:liberal theorists 1968:Canadian Alliance 1860:John A. Macdonald 1742:on May 25, 2011. 1687:Michael Ignatieff 1617:Michael Ignatieff 1437:same-sex marriage 1206:, other forms of 1204:Quebec separatism 1074:Lester B. Pearson 1024:Louis St. Laurent 998:social safety net 988:Social safety net 911:Louis St. Laurent 788:prairie provinces 766:It was not until 684:John A. Macdonald 582:. These included 499:same-sex marriage 436:Louis St. Laurent 333: 332: 320:Political parties 219:Social liberalism 153:350 Albert Street 106:July 1, 1867 10614: 10397:Anti-Confederate 10362:Marxist–Leninist 10315:Other registered 10212:House of Commons 10197: 10190: 10183: 10174: 10173: 10157:Liberal–Unionist 10152:Laurier Liberals 10114: 10111: 10101: 10100: 10091: 10088: 10084: 10083: 10068: 10065: 9724: 9723: 9501: 9500: 9497:National leaders 9491: 9439:British Columbia 9392: 9391: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9351: 9350: 9332: 9318: 9306: 9260: 9259: 9257:Official website 9236: 9234: 9232: 9198:Neatby, H. Blair 9187: 9182:. Archived from 9084:Bliss, Michael. 9064: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8979: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8897: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8877: 8870: 8862: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8819:. Archived from 8808: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8791: 8784: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8760:on July 17, 2016 8759: 8752: 8743: 8737: 8721: 8715: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8606: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8377: 8371: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8298: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8247: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8137:. Archived from 8126: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7980: 7974: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7848:. Archived from 7837: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7732: 7725: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7697:. Archived from 7695:Montreal Gazette 7686: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7644:on July 15, 2011 7630: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7525: 7518: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7493: 7482: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7402:. Archived from 7391: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7348: 7341: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7168: 7161: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6967:. May 29, 2009. 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6881:. Archived from 6870: 6864: 6863: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6585: 6579: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6488:. Archived from 6477: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6409: 6403: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6370:. Archived from 6359: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6317: 6311: 6296: 6290: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6077: 6071: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6023: 6017: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5975: 5966: 5965: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5926: 5919: 5911: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5880:on July 22, 2020 5876:. Archived from 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5668:social cleavages 5663: 5661: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5577: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5471: 5465: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5421: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5347: 5338: 5337: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5233: 5227: 5214:"Liberal Party". 5210: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5168: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5019:Susan Prentice, 5016: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4954: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4913: 4907: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4697:Richard Stanbury 4691:John Lang Nichol 4578: 4549: 4516: 4495:December 2, 2006 4486: 4468:December 2, 2006 4457: 4426: 4411:January 11, 1934 4395: 4364: 4347:October 18, 1919 4331: 4309:January 16, 1958 4300: 4285:February 1, 1882 4282:January 16, 1958 4269: 4236: 4207: 4178: 4164:October 13, 1833 4150: 4135:January 28, 1822 4121: 4106:October 13, 1834 4092: 4057: 4027: 4026: 4015:Party leadership 4005: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3951: 3950: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3868: 3867: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3824: 3823: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3780: 3779: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3732: 3725: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3658: 3657: 3650: 3649: 3642: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3610: 3603: 3575: 3574: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3536: 3535: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3492: 3491: 3484: 3483: 3476: 3453: 3452: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3366: 3359: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3283: 3276: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3244: 3237: 3214: 3213: 3206: 3205: 3198: 3175: 3174: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3131: 3130: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3083: 3076: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3009: 3008: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2931: 2930: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2853: 2852: 2845: 2844: 2837: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2800: 2793: 2770: 2769: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2726: 2725: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2687: 2686: 2679: 2678: 2671: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2600: 2593: 2570: 2569: 2562: 2561: 2554: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2522: 2515: 2492: 2491: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2365: 2364: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2326: 2325: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2273: 2266: 2238: 2237: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2174: 2173: 2033:balanced budgets 1949:electronic media 1828:By the time the 1731:Leaders' debates 1370:writ was dropped 1212:distinct society 1064:John Diefenbaker 1010:J. S. Woodsworth 1006:old age pensions 994:Second World War 955:Governor General 935:King–Byng Affair 776:anti-clericalism 637: 636: 471:multiculturalism 408:five years later 306: 301: 298: 284: 277:House of Commons 270: 256: 198: 197: 191: 131: 130: 122:Preceded by 117: 116: 114: 109: 47: 28: 27: 10622: 10621: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10509: 10389: 10387: 10381: 10310: 10258: 10206: 10201: 10171: 10166: 10130:Related parties 10125: 10120:in Newfoundland 10112: 10089: 10066: 10041: 9834: 9824: 9820:41st Parliament 9815:40th Parliament 9810:39th Parliament 9803:Shadow cabinets 9798: 9769:P. E. Trudeau 1 9711: 9641: 9595: 9492: 9479: 9421: 9388:Related parties 9383: 9378: 9289:Wayback Machine 9277:Wayback Machine 9255: 9254: 9251: 9246: 9230: 9228: 9176:"Liberal Party" 9155:Wayback Machine 9138:Wayback Machine 9073: 9071:Further reading 9068: 9067: 9057: 9055: 9038: 9034: 9024: 9022: 9010: 9009: 9005: 8995: 8993: 8981: 8980: 8976: 8966: 8964: 8952: 8951: 8947: 8937: 8935: 8926: 8925: 8921: 8911: 8909: 8898: 8891: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8836: 8826: 8824: 8809: 8805: 8795: 8793: 8789: 8782: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8763: 8761: 8757: 8750: 8744: 8740: 8734:Wayback Machine 8722: 8718: 8708:Wayback Machine 8698: 8694: 8684: 8682: 8667: 8663: 8653: 8651: 8634: 8630: 8620: 8618: 8607: 8603: 8593: 8591: 8576: 8575: 8571: 8556: 8552: 8542: 8540: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8499: 8495: 8485: 8483: 8468: 8464: 8454: 8452: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8428: 8426: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8398: 8396: 8378: 8374: 8356: 8352: 8342: 8340: 8329: 8325: 8315: 8313: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8285: 8283: 8274: 8273: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8242: 8241: 8237: 8227: 8225: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8197: 8195: 8193:Huffington Post 8185: 8181: 8171: 8169: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8127: 8123: 8113: 8111: 8096: 8092: 8082: 8080: 8065: 8061: 8051: 8049: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7981: 7977: 7972:Wayback Machine 7959: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7933: 7931: 7921: 7917: 7907: 7905: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7881: 7879: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7838: 7834: 7824: 7822: 7807: 7803: 7793: 7791: 7782: 7781: 7777: 7767: 7765: 7750: 7746: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7723: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7704: 7702: 7687: 7683: 7673: 7671: 7662: 7661: 7657: 7647: 7645: 7632: 7631: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7591: 7589: 7574: 7570: 7560: 7558: 7543: 7539: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7507: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7433: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7409: 7407: 7392: 7388: 7378: 7376: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7303: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7257: 7247: 7243: 7233: 7231: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7203: 7201: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7140: 7138: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7060: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7030: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7000: 6998: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6974: 6972: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6940: 6929: 6925: 6915: 6913: 6902: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6885:on July 6, 2011 6871: 6867: 6852: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6752: 6750: 6735: 6731: 6721: 6719: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6668: 6666: 6651: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6611: 6609: 6602: 6586: 6582: 6572:Wayback Machine 6562: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6519: 6504: 6500: 6492: 6486: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6451: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6396:Wayback Machine 6386: 6382: 6374: 6368: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6318: 6314: 6297: 6293: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6095: 6093: 6078: 6074: 6064:Wayback Machine 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6011:Wayback Machine 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5723: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5680: 5676: 5659: 5657: 5650: 5634: 5630: 5617: 5615: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5575: 5573: 5566: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5527: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5488: 5472: 5468: 5462:Wayback Machine 5447: 5445: 5438: 5422: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5390:"Liberal Party" 5388: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5364: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5234: 5230: 5221:Wayback Machine 5211: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5185: 5169: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5133: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5010: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4914: 4910: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4840: 4833: 4828:Politics portal 4826: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4751:Michael Eizenga 4721:Iona Campagnolo 4709:Alasdair Graham 4633: 4611: 4569:Interim leader 4477:Interim leader 4442:August 28, 1938 4241: 4227:Interim leader 4221:January 8, 1859 4182:Wilfrid Laurier 4078: 4025: 4017: 4011: 3996: 3995: 3975: 3972: 3936: 3933: 3897: 3894: 3853: 3850: 3809: 3806: 3765: 3762: 3726: 3723: 3682: 3679: 3643: 3640: 3604: 3601: 3560: 3557: 3521: 3518: 3477: 3474: 3438: 3435: 3399: 3396: 3360: 3357: 3321: 3318: 3277: 3274: 3238: 3235: 3199: 3196: 3160: 3157: 3116: 3113: 3077: 3074: 3038: 3035: 2994: 2991: 2955: 2952: 2916: 2913: 2877: 2874: 2838: 2835: 2794: 2791: 2755: 2752: 2711: 2708: 2672: 2669: 2633: 2630: 2594: 2591: 2555: 2552: 2516: 2513: 2477: 2474: 2463:Wilfrid Laurier 2433: 2430: 2394: 2391: 2350: 2347: 2311: 2308: 2267: 2264: 2223: 2220: 2172: 2107: 2053: 2037:social programs 2004: 1902: 1795: 1783:Peter C. Newman 1779:Darrell Bricker 1672:confidence vote 1586: 1483: 1478: 1441:decriminalizing 1317: 1227: 1147:and passed the 1115: 1052:Pipeline Debate 1002:monthly payment 990: 904: 828: 823: 768:Wilfrid Laurier 737:Wilfrid Laurier 729: 727:Wilfrid Laurier 697:Pacific Scandal 658:At the time of 656: 648:French Canadian 568: 562: 557: 552: 546: 463:multilateralism 412:Wilfrid Laurier 355:) is a federal 329: 295: 285: 282: 271: 268: 254: 217: 189: 171: 133: 112: 110: 107: 105: 56: 38: 37: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10620: 10610: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10480: 10475: 10473:Reconstruction 10470: 10465: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10426: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10402:Bloc populaire 10399: 10393: 10391: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10311: 10309: 10308: 10305: 10299: 10291: 10288:Non-affiliated 10285: 10277: 10268: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10253: 10247: 10241: 10238:New Democratic 10235: 10232:Bloc Québécois 10229: 10223: 10216: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10200: 10199: 10192: 10185: 10177: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10147:Liberal–Labour 10144: 10139: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10123: 10116: 10103: 10093: 10081:Parti canadien 10076: 10070: 10057: 10051: 10049: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9838: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9806: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9730: 9728: 9721: 9717: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9651: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9603: 9601: 9600:Deputy Leaders 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9507: 9505: 9498: 9494: 9493: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9429: 9427: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9398: 9396: 9389: 9385: 9384: 9377: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9354: 9348: 9347: 9338: 9326: 9312: 9300: 9291: 9279: 9267: 9261: 9250: 9249:External links 9247: 9245: 9244: 9237: 9212: 9205: 9195: 9188: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9140: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9032: 9003: 8974: 8945: 8919: 8889: 8834: 8803: 8771: 8746:Apps, Alfred. 8738: 8716: 8699:Steve Patten, 8692: 8661: 8628: 8601: 8569: 8550: 8524: 8493: 8462: 8436: 8406: 8372: 8367:2015-11-19 at 8350: 8323: 8293: 8267: 8235: 8205: 8179: 8152: 8121: 8090: 8059: 8033: 8002: 7975: 7953: 7941: 7915: 7889: 7863: 7832: 7801: 7775: 7744: 7712: 7681: 7655: 7625: 7599: 7568: 7537: 7505: 7485:Nanos Research 7469: 7443: 7417: 7386: 7360: 7328: 7297: 7267: 7241: 7211: 7180: 7148: 7122: 7096: 7070: 7053:Ottawa Citizen 7040: 7008: 6982: 6950: 6923: 6896: 6865: 6846: 6820: 6790: 6760: 6729: 6702: 6676: 6659:Globe and Mail 6645: 6619: 6600: 6580: 6556: 6529: 6498: 6484: 6461: 6430: 6404: 6387:Blais, André. 6380: 6366: 6343: 6312: 6291: 6270: 6243: 6236: 6216: 6190: 6164: 6142: 6123: 6103: 6072: 6048: 6031:Ottawa Citizen 6018: 5996: 5967: 5960: 5954:. p. 41. 5938: 5891: 5861: 5830: 5800: 5793: 5767: 5760: 5740: 5721: 5701: 5694: 5674: 5648: 5628: 5606: 5586: 5564: 5544: 5525: 5505: 5486: 5466: 5436: 5411: 5381: 5362: 5339: 5332: 5312: 5305: 5282: 5275: 5255: 5249:978-0176503437 5248: 5228: 5202: 5183: 5158: 5124: 5098: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5050:(2): 327–353. 5039: 5028: 5017: 5008: 4992: 4985: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4929: 4908: 4890: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4831: 4817: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4745:Stephen LeDrew 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4715:Norman MacLeod 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4679:Bruce Matthews 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4637:Vincent Massey 4632: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4610: 4609:Deputy Leaders 4607: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4589: 4587:April 14, 2013 4584: 4582:Justin Trudeau 4579: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4563:August 2, 1948 4561: 4560:April 14, 2013 4558: 4555: 4550: 4542: 4541: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4474:August 7, 2022 4472: 4471:March 17, 1939 4469: 4466: 4465:March 19, 2006 4463: 4458: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4439:March 19, 2006 4437: 4432: 4427: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4337: 4335:Pierre Trudeau 4332: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4316:April 23, 1897 4314: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4278:August 7, 1948 4275: 4270: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4251:August 7, 1948 4249: 4247:August 7, 1919 4244: 4242:Mackenzie King 4237: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4218:August 7, 1919 4216: 4213: 4208: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138:April 17, 1892 4136: 4133: 4132:April 27, 1880 4130: 4127: 4122: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4093: 4085: 4084: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4045:Date of death 4043: 4042:Date of birth 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3992: 3984: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3945: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3906: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3883:Justin Trudeau 3880: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3862: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3818: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3792: 3786: 3785: 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900: 887:Vincent Massey 827: 824: 822: 819: 803:Western Canada 745:continentalism 728: 725: 655: 652: 592:Robert Baldwin 561: 558: 556: 553: 548:Main article: 545: 542: 522:Justin Trudeau 511:carbon pricing 420:defeat in 1911 416:prime minister 331: 330: 328: 327: 322: 317: 311: 308: 307: 292: 291: 287: 286: 281: 279: 273: 272: 267: 265: 259: 258: 252: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 228: 222: 221: 207: 201: 200: 192: 185: 184: 179: 173: 172: 170: 169: 166: 157: 154: 151: 145: 143: 139: 138: 123: 119: 118: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 68:Justin Trudeau 65: 59: 58: 53: 49: 48: 40: 39: 35: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10619: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10526:Portal:Canada 10524: 10523: 10521: 10517: 10512: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10490:Social Credit 10488: 10486: 10485: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10462:Québec debout 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10446:New Democracy 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10431: 10427: 10425: 10424: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10384: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10313: 10306: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10292: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10261: 10254: 10251: 10248: 10245: 10242: 10239: 10236: 10233: 10230: 10227: 10224: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10198: 10193: 10191: 10186: 10184: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10117: 10107: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10082: 10077: 10074: 10071: 10061: 10058: 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E. Trudeau 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9490: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9443: 9440: 9437: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9402:New Brunswick 9400: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9375: 9370: 9368: 9363: 9361: 9356: 9355: 9352: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9337:at Wikisource 9336: 9331: 9327: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9310: 9305: 9301: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9258: 9253: 9252: 9242: 9238: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9139: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9075: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9036: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9007: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8978: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8949: 8933: 8929: 8923: 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4787:Suzanne Cowan 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4763:Doug Ferguson 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4703:Gildas Molgat 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4657:1943 (acting) 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4625: 4624:Ralph Goodale 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4490:Stéphane Dion 4488: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404:June 23, 1990 4402: 4400: 4399:Jean Chrétien 4397: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4377:June 23, 1990 4376: 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Trudeau 9447:(1870–WW1) 8369:Archive-It 8172:January 1, 6916:January 1, 6813:January 9, 6612:October 5, 6135:October 5, 5091:August 28, 4944:References 4870:Trudeauism 4631:Presidents 4077:Unofficial 3965:5,556,629 3926:6,018,728 3887:6,928,055 3843:2,783,175 3799:3,633,185 3755:4,479,415 3716:4,982,220 3672:5,252,031 3633:4,994,277 3594:5,647,952 3550:4,205,072 3511:3,516,486 3467:4,855,425 3428:4,595,319 3389:4,102,853 3350:3,717,804 3311:3,686,801 3267:3,099,521 3228:3,276,996 3189:2,846,589 3150:2,432,953 3106:2,702,573 3067:2,731,633 3028:2,874,813 2984:2,086,545 2945:2,365,979 2906:1,967,839 2867:1,716,798 2828:1,397,031 2784:1,252,684 2745:1,285,998 2008:liberalism 1955:economics. 1936:, and the 1640:carbon tax 1309:free trade 1251:Meech Lake 1190:patriation 1107:Maple Leaf 1048:Korean War 982:ambassador 801:to settle 753:Louis Riel 715:, and the 564:See also: 503:euthanasia 479:patriation 361:liberalism 210:Liberalism 177:Youth wing 113:1867-07-01 10357:Marijuana 10337:Communist 10106:Reformers 10102:(1848–61) 10075:(1844–80) 9734:Mackenzie 9632:Ignatieff 9627:Robillard 9581:Ignatieff 9516:Mackenzie 9129:Maclean's 9047:iPolitics 8714:pp. 57–58 8594:March 23, 8543:March 23, 8517:March 23, 8486:March 23, 8455:March 23, 8429:March 23, 8399:March 23, 8052:April 15, 7963:Maclean's 7949:Economist 7648:April 28, 6943:April 26, 6423:April 30, 5931:April 26, 5884:August 3, 5844:La Presse 5823:April 19, 5195:August 3, 5064:154613468 4978:August 1, 4789:2018–2023 4783:2014–2018 4777:2012–2014 4771:2009–2012 4765:2008–2009 4759:2006–2008 4753:2003–2006 4747:1998–2003 4741:1994–1998 4735:1990–1994 4729:1986–1990 4723:1982–1986 4717:1980–1982 4711:1976–1980 4705:1973–1976 4699:1968–1973 4693:1964–1968 4687:1961–1964 4681:1958–1961 4675:1952–1958 4669:1946–1952 4663:1943–1945 4651:1941–1943 4645:1936–1941 4639:1932–1935 4626:2010–2015 4617:1991–1993 4592:Incumbent 4039:Term end 4030:Portrait 3973:160 / 338 3955:Minority 3934:157 / 338 3916:Majority 3895:184 / 338 3763:103 / 308 3745:Minority 3724:135 / 308 3701:Majority 3680:172 / 301 3662:Majority 3641:155 / 301 3623:Majority 3602:177 / 295 3496:Majority 3475:147 / 282 3436:114 / 282 3418:Majority 3397:141 / 264 3379:Minority 3358:109 / 264 3340:Majority 3319:154 / 264 3296:Minority 3275:131 / 265 3257:Minority 3236:128 / 265 3114:105 / 265 3096:Majority 3075:169 / 265 3057:Majority 3036:191 / 262 3013:Minority 2992:118 / 245 2974:Majority 2953:179 / 245 2935:Majority 2914:173 / 245 2857:Minority 2836:116 / 245 2813:Minority 2792:100 / 245 2774:Majority 2753:118 / 235 2652:Majority 2631:133 / 221 2613:Majority 2592:137 / 214 2574:Majority 2553:128 / 213 2535:Majority 2514:117 / 213 2330:Majority 2309:129 / 206 2195:Position 2177:Election 2123:BC United 1970:with the 1953:Keynesian 1839:Bloomberg 1758:Maclean's 1717:over the 1709:in French 1668:prorogued 1464:La Presse 974:Lord Byng 958:Earl Grey 931:dominions 872:patronage 858:to elect 612:Patriotes 572:Reformers 325:Elections 283:153 / 338 156:Suite 920 74:President 10500:Unionist 10386:Notable 10372:People's 10367:Maverick 10327:Centrist 9784:Chrétien 9720:Cabinets 9622:McLellan 9561:Chrétien 9531:McKenzie 9445:Manitoba 9324:Wikinews 9285:Archived 9273:Archived 9225:Archived 9151:Archived 9134:Archived 9052:Archived 9025:June 25, 9019:Archived 9015:Parlinfo 8996:June 25, 8990:Archived 8986:Parlinfo 8967:June 25, 8961:Archived 8957:Parlinfo 8932:Archived 8906:Archived 8873:Archived 8730:Archived 8704:Archived 8679:Archived 8675:CBC News 8648:Archived 8643:BBC News 8615:Archived 8588:Archived 8583:CTV News 8537:Archived 8511:Archived 8480:Archived 8449:Archived 8423:Archived 8393:Archived 8389:Newsweek 8365:Archived 8337:Archived 8310:Archived 8280:Archived 8254:Archived 8222:Archived 8218:BBC News 8166:Archived 8108:Archived 8077:Archived 8046:Archived 8020:Archived 7989:Archived 7968:Archived 7934:June 19, 7902:Archived 7876:Archived 7819:Archived 7788:Archived 7762:Archived 7728:Archived 7612:Archived 7586:Archived 7555:Archived 7456:Archived 7430:Archived 7373:Archived 7315:Archived 7198:Archived 7164:Archived 7135:Archived 7033:June 15, 7027:Archived 7022:CBC News 7001:July 24, 6975:June 15, 6969:Archived 6964:CBC News 6937:Archived 6833:Archived 6807:Archived 6803:CBC News 6783:June 15, 6777:Archived 6747:Archived 6716:Archived 6663:Archived 6606:Archived 6574:. 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