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mount their "fierce beasts" wearing gold armor "adorned with the most precious stones", advancing to invest the city. Calafia orders the griffins forward and they, hungry from the long sea voyage, fly out and maul the city's defenders. Sating their hunger, the griffins continue to snatch
Christian men in their claws and carry them high in air only to drop them to their deaths. The city's defenders cower and hide from the griffins. Seeing this, Calafia passes word to her Muslim allies that they are free to advance and take the city. The griffins, however, cannot tell Muslim from Christian; they can only tell man from woman. The griffins begin snatching Muslim soldiers and carrying them aloft, dropping and killing them. Calafia questions her pagan faith, saying, "O ye idols in whom I believe and worship, what is this which has happened as favorably to my enemies as to my friends?" She orders her woman warriors to take the city's battlements and they fight well, taking many injuries from arrows and
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heavily on
Calafia. To restore their honor she directed her forces to fight alongside those of her allies, with the griffins kept in the ships. Terrific battles raged along the city's walls but the attackers were repulsed. Calafia led a picked group of women warriors to attack a city gate, one held by Norandel, the half-brother of King Amadis. Norandel charged out of the gate against Calafia; upon meeting their two lances were broken but the warriors remained standing. They struck at each other with sword and knife, and a general melee ensued, Calafia throwing knights from their horses and taking great blows on her shield. Two more knights charge forward from the city, nobles named Talanque (a nephew of King Amadis) and Maneli, a prince of Ireland. These men nearly swamp Calafia in blows, and she can only be pulled back to friendly forces by her sister Liota who attacks the two knights "like a mad lioness". The day's battle left many dead including 200 of Calafia's women.
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warrior woman chosen as messenger tells
Calafia that Esplandián is the most handsome and elegant man that has ever existed. Calafia determines that she must see the man herself before engaging him in combat. She stays awake all night wondering whether to wear royal robes or warrior's armor. Deciding in favor of a thick golden toga embroidered with jewels, topped by a golden hood, she rode to meet her enemies, escorted by 2,000 women warriors. After being seated among the Christian kings, she immediately recognized Esplandián from his great beauty, and fell in love with him. She tells him she will meet him on the field of battle and, if they should live, that she wishes to speak further with him. Esplandián considers Calafia an infidel, an abomination of the rightfully subservient position of woman in relation to man, and he makes no response.
950:'s "California Allegory" triptych, with Queen Califia as the central figure. Templeton said that "Califia is a part of California history, and she also reinforces the fact that when Cortes named this place California, he had 300 black people with him." Templeton pointed out that Columbus had a black navigator and that Africans were seen by Europeans as being culturally advanced in the 15th century. William E. Hoskins, director of the museum, said that very few people know the story of Queen Califia. He said, "One of the things we're trying to do is let people have the additional insight and appreciation for the contributions of African Americans to this wonderful country and more specifically to the state of California", adding that "the Queen Califia exhibit is particularly poignant."
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the
Christians. While being held prisoner, Calafia acknowledges the astonishing beauty of Leonorina, daughter of the Constantinople emperor and the intended bride of Esplandián, and resolves not to interfere with their union. She accepts Christianity as the one true faith, saying, "I have seen the ordered order of your religion, and the great disorder of all others, I have seen that it is clear that the law which you follow must be the truth, while that which we follow is lying and falsehood." She marries Talanque, a large and handsome knight who fought with her outside the city gate; similarly, her sister Liota marries Maneli, Talanque's companion in arms. The women return to California with their husbands to establish a new dynasty complete with both sexes, as a Christian nation.
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309:, after many pages of battles and adventures, the story of Calafia is introduced as a curiosity, an interlude in the narrative. Calafia is introduced as a regal black woman, courageous, strong of limb and large of person, full in the bloom of womanhood, the most beautiful of a long line of queens who ruled over the mythical realm of California. She is said to be "desirous of achieving great things"; she wanted to see the world and plunder a portion of it with superior fighting ability, using her army of women warriors. She commanded a fleet of ships with which she demanded tribute from surrounding lands, and she kept an aerial defense force of griffins, fabulous animals which were native to California, trained to kill any man they found.
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Calafia followed in 1995 at the
Historic State Capital Museum in Sacramento with subsequent showings in the sixth Floor Gallery of the San Francisco Main Library and the Los Angeles Central Library. In 1998, the California Council on Humanities funded the seminar The Black Queen: Primary Sources in California History to promote additional primary source research in California African-American history.
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401:. Ximénez, who reported pearls found, believed the land was a large island. He and his escort of sailors were killed by natives when they went ashore for water. The few remaining sailors brought the ship and its story back to Cortés. There is some dispute whether the land was named at this time—no record exists of Ximénez giving it a name.
532: ...This derivation of the word 'California' can perhaps never be proved, but it is too plausible—and it may be added too interesting—to be overlooked." Polk characterized this theory as "imaginative speculation", adding that another scholar offered the "interestingly plausible" suggestion that Roland's
583:. Templeton says that Calafia is exemplary of a genre of literature from the 14th to the 16th centuries that featured black women as powerful, wealthy and beautiful. Historian Jack Forbes wrote that the Spanish were quite experienced in being ruled by Africans given the Moorish occupation from 710 to 1490.
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In 2004, the
African American Historical and Cultural Society Museum in San Francisco assembled a Queen Califia exhibit, curated by John William Templeton, featuring works by artists such as TheArthur Wright and James Gayles; artistic interpretations of Calafia. The show displayed a 1936 treatment of
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followed tales of a nation of women who lived in riches on or near the sea, women with whiter skin who were accounted goddesses by the natives. He described how they used bows and arrows, and lived in many towns. Polk characterized Guzmán as driven by lust for sex and riches—his greed and sadism were
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who fought like men. As well, the story of an island paradise filled with gold and pearls was a recurring theme that RodrĂguez de
Montalvo was familiar with. In seeking new land, Spanish explorers were often led onward after hearing about a land of gold, or a land ruled by women. California historian
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piercing the soft gold metal of their armor. Calafia orders her allies forward to assist the
Californians in battle, but the griffins pounce again, killing Muslim men. She directs the griffin trainers to call them off, and the griffins return to roost in the ships. This inauspicious beginning weighed
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Calafia meets
Radiaro, a Muslim warrior who convinces her that she should join him in retaking Constantinople from the Christian armies holding it. Calafia, in turn, convinces her people to take their ships, weapons, armor, riding beasts, and 500 griffins, and sail with her to Constantinople to fight
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The next day, Calafia duels with King Amadis, and
Radiaro duels with Esplandián. With Leonorina, his betrothed, looking on, Esplandián masters Radiaro with a flurry of weapon thrusts. Calafia and Amadis trade blows until he disarms her and knocks her helmet off. Both Calafia and Radiaro surrender to
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The story continues with the arrival of several more Christian princes and their armies. Radiaro and Calafia issue a challenge to two Christian warriors to engage them in single combat for the purpose of deciding the battle. King Amadis and his son Esplandián accept the challenge. The black-skinned
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but the name was not accepted by Cortés because Ximénez was a mutineer who killed Becerra, a kinsman of Cortés. Despite this, the name became the one used popularly by Spaniards, the only name used by non-Spaniards, and by 1770, the entire Pacific coast controlled by Spain was officially known as
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Landing near Constantinople, Calafia meets with other Muslim warrior leaders who were unable to remove King Amadis and his Christian allies from the city, and she tells them all to hold back and watch her manner of combat—she says they will be amazed. The next morning, she and her women warriors
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The publication of Our Roots Run Deep, the Black Experience in California, Vol. 1 was the lead story in the Sunday Examiner and Chronicle on Feb. 1, 1992 as reporter Greg Lewis pointed out the book's depiction of the Queen Calafia story as particularly noteworthy. An exhibition featuring Queen
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against the Christian leaders, a king and his son the knight Esplandián. Calafia is bested and taken prisoner, and she converts to Christianity. She marries a cousin of Esplandián and returns with the remainder of her army to California for further adventures.
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the Christians, though she has no concept of what it means to be Muslim or Christian. Her subjects arm themselves with weapons and armor made of gold, as there is no other metal in California. They fill their ships with supplies and hasten to sea.
675:, wrote about Amazons who fought who were stronger than men because their vitality was not "consumed in frequent copulation." In some stories, women warriors fought alongside Muslim men and in others they allied themselves to Christian armies.
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Know ye that at the right hand of the Indies there is an island called California, very close to that part of the Terrestrial Paradise, which was inhabited by black women without a single man among them, and they lived in the manner of
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For many years, the RodrĂguez de Montalvo novel languished in obscurity, with no connection known between it and the name of California made by English-speaking American settlers. In 1864, a portion of the original was translated by
528:, perhaps named thus because it was the caliph's domain, a place of infidel rebellion. Chapman elaborated on this connection in 1921: "There can be no question but that a learned man like Ordóñez de Montalvo was familiar with the
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staged the "Queen Calafia Welcoming Event", in which the Sausalito Historical Society and local actors depicted the fictional return of Queen Calafia to present-day California, in celebration of the legendary queen and the
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building (now the City Club of San Francisco), which has a woman as its central figure, holding up the industries and abundance of California. Rivera called the central figure "California", and used the famous tennis player
1015:, opened with the park on February 8, 2001. It closed to the general public on September 7, 2008, and was open only to school groups until March 2009. It was demolished in July 2009 to make way for the construction of a
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drew upon reports from the New World to add interest to his fantasy world of chivalry and battle, of riches, victory, and loss, of an upside-down depiction of traditional sex roles. Around the year 1500 in his novel
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as Califia, the Queen of California. A bust of Goldberg attired in queenly raiment was the target of a projected image showing Goldberg narrating the story—the sculpture appeared to come to life. The attraction, at
810:, room 4203, renamed the John L. Burton Hearing Room. The regal central figure shows Queen Calafia depicted as a Mayan warrior-priestess, holding a spear in her left hand and examining a gyroscope in her right.
1747:
639:, Amazons are described as a nation of female warriors who live in kingdoms outside of recognized civilization, women who fight with Greek warriors. They appear in many Greek tales including those by
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wrote that they considered the as-yet undiscovered California "a land of Orient with fantastic attributes". The novel about Esplandián and Calafia's domain had a strong influence on the searching
1726:
246:, a centuries-long fight between Christian Iberians and Muslim Arabs that had recently concluded in Spain. The character of Calafia is used by RodrĂguez de Montalvo to portray the superiority of
721:, Spanish explorers were occasionally told of a tribe composed entirely of women. One such tale was related to Cortés about a group of Amazons supposedly living in a province called Ciguatán.
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women living on the Island of California (an island off the coast of Asia). Calafia is convinced to raise an army of women warriors and sail away from California with a large flock of trained
1998:
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The mural of Queen Calafia is featured at the top of the new African-American Freedom Trail brochure produced by ReUNION: Education-Arts-Heritage and San Francisco Travel in November 2013.
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in the late 15th century sparked a new interest in the search for "Terrestrial Paradise", a legendary land of ease and riches, with beautiful women wearing gold and pearls. Spanish author
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Our Roots Run Deep: the Black Experience in California, Vol. 4, The Black Queen: How African-Americans Put California on the Map, 1998, ASPIRE SAN FRANCISCO, ed. John William Templeton.
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518:(meaning beautiful) but discounted it as exceedingly unlikely, a conclusion that Dora Beale Polk agreed with in 1995, calling the theory "far-fetched". Putnam also wrote that
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378:. They were robust of body with strong passionate hearts and great virtue. The island itself is one of the wildest in the world on account of the bold and craggy rocks.
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until 1975 when the building was demolished for safety reasons. The paintings were archived, and in 1991 they were restored and mounted in the California Room of the
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397:, and a number of sailors faithful to Becerra. After the mutiny, Ximénez continued sailing north by northwest and, in early 1534, landed at what is known today as
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and his men were familiar with the book; Cortés quoted it in 1524. As governor of Mexico he sent out an expedition of two ships, one guided by the famous
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mural "Origin and Development of the Name of the State of California", also known as "California Allegory", which was displayed at the State Building in
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1994:
440:, who used it casually, as if it were already popular. In 1921, California historian Charles E. Chapman theorized that Ximénez named the new land
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in which the attractive virgin queen is conquered, converted to Christian beliefs, and married off. The book was very popular for many decades—
559:. This city was called Kalaa-Iferne or Kal-Iferne by the Arabs, and was certainly known at the time in Spain; today it is the ruins known as
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describes how Hernán Cortés' expedition in search of California had Africans as a third of his crew, including his second-in-command,
40:
990:, it will showcase performance, visual arts and mixed media events to interrogate the concept of myth in California's origin story.
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938:. The central character of Queen Califia is presented wearing gold glass armor atop a stylized giant bird. The final work on the
834:, who stood for agricultural abundance. After some webpage postings in the 2000s, the figure has sometimes been labeled Calafia.
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was a 23-minute film and multimedia experience showing the history of California through several recreated scenes, narrated by
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643:, and they are usually killed or otherwise subdued by male warriors. Male hostility to the woman warriors is expressed by
199:. In the siege, the griffins harm enemy and friendly forces, so they are withdrawn. Calafia and her ally Radiaro fight in
563:. Boissonnade said the Arab name of this fortress city likely inspired Roland and later RodrĂguez de Montalvo, such that
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was accepted by many, then questioned by a few scholars who sought further proof, and offered their own interpretations.
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RodrĂguez de Montalvo's description of Calafia, her people and her country was based upon many centuries of stories of
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791:, and has been called "the first embodiment of Queen Califia" though criticized as showing her "haughty and aloof".
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of every passage relating to the imagined island of California. Reprinted in part from an unsigned article in the
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240:, likely originated from the same root, fabricated by the author to remind the 16th century Spanish reader of the
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1972:
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In 1917, Ruth Putnam printed an exhaustive account of the work performed up to that time. She wrote that both
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owned a sailboat that he named "Calafia." The sailboat would occasionally be written about in his columns.
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strike force. In 2018, Queen Calafia and the mythical island of California will be the inspiration for the
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1938:
714:. Columbus did not call the Matinino women "Amazons", but the comparison was drawn by his contemporaries.
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2067:. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. Vol. 92. Translated by Little, William Thomas.
632:, who believed they might find a nation of women and riches somewhere at the edge of the known world.
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as the first of many popular and presumed-harmful books to be burnt by characters in his famous novel
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1793:
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A 1926 portrayal of Queen Calafia and her Amazons is found in a mural in the Room of the Dons at the
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giantesses led by a vengeful princess. Columbus returned to Spain with the story of an island in the
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429:
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First published in French as P. Boissonnade (1923) "Du Nouveau sur la Chanson de Roland", Champion.
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as his model. Most observers agreed in calling the central figure "California", describing it as a
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20:
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SF Weekly - Tourism for Local's Visiting Diego Rivera's First US Mural: The Allegory of California
2071:: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton.
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magazine. Hale supposed that in inventing the names, RodrĂguez de Montalvo held in his mind the
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was overseen by de Saint Phalle's granddaughter and by her assistants and technical advisers.
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548:
1590:
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to stand for "female caliph". Putnam discussed Davidson's 1910 theory based on the Greek word
1852:"Bonding Males Cast Adrift Without a Corkscrew, and it happened just 26 miles across the sea"
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1027:
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1723:"Tourism for Locals: Visiting Diego Rivera's First U.S. Mural: "The Allegory of California""
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In 1535, Cortés led an expedition back to the land, arriving on May 1, 1535, a day known as
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750:
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wrote in 1910 that Hale's theory was the best yet presented, but offered his own addition.
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but between 1550 and 1556, the name appears three times in reports about Cortés written by
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1995:"KQED - 'Our Origin Story': Queen Calafia Returns to California in New Theatre Production"
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who wrote that an Amazon queen "transgressed the boundaries of nature and of her sex."
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710:) that was inhabited only by women, a tale told to him by many of the natives of the
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873:, the San Diego, CA local chapter is the Barony of Calafia, established in 1972.
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Some of the tales of Amazons describe them as having dark skin. In Africa, King
156:(The Adventures of Esplandián), written around 1510. She is the namesake of the
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656:
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196:
1229:
California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names
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1772:"Opinion: How did a Moroccan pirate queen become the 'Spirit of California'?"
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842:
784:
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19:
This article is about the fictional queen of California. For other uses, see
1208:(1917). "The influence of anthropology on the course of political science".
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1965:"Golden Dreams: A Cinematic California Adventure Starring Whoopi Goldberg"
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275:, symbolizing an untamed and bountiful land prior to European settlement.
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711:
683:
471:, the term for a leader of the Muslim people. Hale's joint derivation of
260:
242:
1964:
1900:
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1231:(4 ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 59–61.
934:, opened in 2003, designed by famed French-American designer and artist
1518:. Parallax: Re-visions of Culture and Society. JHU Press. p. 206.
1331:"Hispanic Americans: Spanish Colonization and Californios (1769–1800s)"
1205:
1081:
Lands of promise and despair: chronicles of early California, 1535–1846
986:, an arts program focusing on art from Mexico and California. Entitled
707:
660:
446:
420:, and in keeping with methods of contemporary discoverers, he named it
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historian, wrote about women warriors who fought alongside men in the
1516:
France and the Holy Land: Frankish culture at the end of the Crusades
1474:
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finished his first U.S. mural, "The Allegory of California," for the
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archetype, possibly harking back to portrayals of the Roman goddess
445:
California. The Spanish-speaking people who lived there were called
2191:
Hubert Howe Bancroft (1899) "Story of Calafia, Queen of California"
1415:
Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California
953:
914:
891:
799:
672:
247:
216:
1652:
AD&A Museum - UC Santa Barbara: PICTURING CALIFORNIA'S HISTORY
1413:
Austin, Herbert D. (1923). "New Light on the Name of California".
726:
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375:
184:
1930:
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2020:"Sausalito Historical Society - Queen Calafia Welcoming Event"
540:, a mythological "mountain of Paradise" where griffins lived.
457:
for The Antiquarian Society, and the story was printed in the
691:
663:), dressed as men and maintaining a very warlike appearance.
640:
346:, this map is the result of partial exploration and guesswork
283:
176:
1595:. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 204.
659:, riding horses "unashamedly astride" (rather than modestly
725:
was told of Amazons during his 1518 expedition through the
687:
1789:
1461:(1940). "Changes in the Popular Concept of 'California'".
502:
which means ruler or leader. The same word in Spanish was
783:. It was created for the opening of the hotel in 1926 by
586:
1695:
American Arcadia: California and the Classical Tradition
1421:(3). Historical Society of Southern California: 29–31.
595:
Mural of Queen Calafia and her Amazon warriors at the
551:, wrote that a fortified capital city in 11th century
2144:
Putnam, Ruth (1917). Herbert Ingram Priestley (ed.).
2059:
1337:. The Regents of The University of California. 2010.
1057:
Putnam, Ruth (1917). Herbert Ingram Priestley (ed.).
2173:
Edward Everett Hale (1885) "The Queen of California"
2221:
Fictional characters introduced in the 16th century
2129:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
972:Califia makes an appearance in the 2015 video game
890:was completed, a bullfighting arena in the city of
555:was built and defended by the Beni-Iferne tribe of
393:who led a mutiny, killing the expedition's leader,
2197:chp.22 p. 535, The Bancroft Company, New York
1816:"The History of the West by Wilhelm von SchlĂĽssel"
1078:
1769:
1670:. California State Capitol Museum. Archived from
2202:
1077:Beebe, Rose Marie; Senkewicz, Robert M. (2001).
436:also appears in a 1542 journal kept by explorer
2127:The Island of California: A History of the Myth
2097:. Vol. 13, no. 77. pp. 265–278.
1931:"Calafia: Manifesting the Terrestrial Paradise"
1183:. Vol. 13, no. 77. pp. 265–278.
854:and narrated by Queen Califia, as portrayed by
698:wrote in 1440 about a group of Tatar Amazons,
16:Fictional character in Las sergas de Esplandian
2065:The labors of the very brave Knight Esplandián
1076:
1021:The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure
1958:
1956:
1588:
1469:(3). California Historical Society: 219–224.
1216:(1). University of California Press: 307–308.
988:Calafia: Manifesting the Terrestrial Paradise
1539:
1537:
1535:
1513:
1381:
1379:
1085:. California legacy. Heyday Books. pp.
2052:A history of California: the Spanish period
1770:Castellanos Clark, Valorie (2 March 2024).
1637:(1929). "California's Greatest Treasures".
1514:Weiss, Daniel H.; Mahoney, Lisa J. (2004).
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1285:A history of California: the Spanish period
1226:
424:. It is not known who first named the area
297:(The Adventures of Esplandián), written by
267:Calafia has been depicted as the Spirit of
1953:
1668:Works Progress Administration (WPA) Murals
1360:
1358:
1356:
1323:
236:. Similarly, the name of Calafia's realm,
220:(religious state leader) that is known as
179:warrior queen who ruled over a kingdom of
1589:Haase, Wolfgang; Reinhold, Meyer (1994).
1532:
1376:
1227:Gudde, Erwin G.; Bright, William (2004).
1112:Romantic Days and Nights in San Francisco
524:held a passing mention of a place called
1692:
1592:The Classical tradition and the Americas
1498:
1114:. Vol. 3. Globe Pequot. p. 5.
952:
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146:, first introduced by 16th century poet
2048:
1664:"California, Flags, Beauty and History"
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1564:
1548:. San Francisco Bayview. Archived from
1463:California Historical Society Quarterly
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2179:. (Google eBook) Translation from the
2169:Vol.13 NÂş 77 p. 18 (Google eBook)
2143:
2120:. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company.
2112:
1832:from the original on February 18, 2017
1796:from the original on February 18, 2017
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1155:
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1151:
1149:
1147:
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886:In November 1975, the 11,000-capacity
587:Legends of an island of women warriors
510:to stand for "land of the caliph", or
254:read it—and it was selected by author
2150:. Berkeley: University of California.
1975:from the original on December 1, 2010
1729:from the original on 3 September 2019
1457:
1204:
1063:. Berkeley: University of California.
2124:
2085:
1941:from the original on 23 January 2018
1823:The History of the Barony of Calafia
1341:from the original on August 30, 2010
1171:
1109:
1067:
291:originate in the old Castilian epic
1905:Queen Califia's Magic Circle Garden
1875:Queen Califia's Magic Circle Garden
1140:
13:
1911:from the original on July 18, 2011
1877:. QueenCalifia.org. Archived from
706:called "Matinino" (perhaps modern
45:Depiction of Queen Califia at the
14:
2252:
2177:His Level Best: And Other Stories
2156:
1962:
1759:City Club San Francisco - History
1543:
930:, an outdoor sculpture garden in
717:When encountering natives in the
1005:Disney California Adventure Park
913:Plaza Calafia arena, located in
871:Society for Creative Anachronism
408:Calafia State Beach, located in
142:, is the fictional queen of the
39:
2101:from the original on 2023-02-21
2026:from the original on 2022-10-04
2012:
2001:from the original on 2022-10-04
1987:
1923:
1893:
1863:
1844:
1808:
1782:
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1314:
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1275:
1266:
1187:from the original on 2023-02-21
960:is a regional airline based in
749:, a sculpture garden by artist
536:is a corruption of the Persian
160:encompassing the U.S. state of
150:in his epic novel of chivalry,
1257:
1245:
1220:
1198:
1128:
1103:
1050:
927:Queen Califia's Magical Circle
747:Queen Califia's Magical Circle
686:on his famous and influential
682:was protected by black female
1:
1038:
902:. The arena is also known as
352:Origin of the name California
66:
2211:Characters in Spanish novels
2061:RodrĂguez de Montalvo, Garci
2049:Chapman, Charles E. (1921).
1725:. SFWeekly. 29 August 2014.
1282:Chapman, Charles E. (1921).
819:Pacific Coast Stock Exchange
547:, Dean of Literature at the
367:The Adventures of Esplandián
333:
307:The Adventures of Esplandián
278:
7:
1825:. history.westkingdom.org.
1693:Holliday, Peter J. (2016).
978:, appearing as a member of
848:Disney California Adventure
399:La Paz, Baja California Sur
362:Garci RodrĂguez de Montalvo
342:An early conception of the
299:Garci RodrĂguez de Montalvo
211:was likely formed from the
175:In the novel, Calafia is a
148:Garci RodrĂguez de Montalvo
80:Garci RodrĂguez de Montalvo
10:
2257:
1635:Colburn, Frona Eunice Wait
494:most likely came from the
349:
164:and the Mexican states of
18:
2231:Fictional female warriors
2163:"The Queen of California"
2125:Polk, Dora Beale (1995).
2091:"The Queen of California"
1373:Putnam, 1917, pp. 293–294
1302:Putnam, 1917, pp. 333–334
1272:Putnam, 1917, pp. 327–328
1263:Putnam, 1917, pp. 300–301
1177:"The Queen of California"
966:Baja California Peninsula
737:
671:, and a historian of the
601:San Francisco, California
430:Giovanni Battista Ramusio
125:
117:
106:
98:
90:
85:
75:
62:
38:
33:
1394:Chapman, 1921, pp. 63–64
1320:Chapman, 1921, pp. 65–66
808:California State Capitol
410:San Clemente, California
294:Las Sergas de Esplandián
153:Las sergas de Esplandián
21:Calafia (disambiguation)
2241:Latin American folklore
2216:Etymology of California
1790:"The Barony of Calafia"
1699:Oxford University Press
1459:White, Lynn Townsend Jr
1210:Publications in History
1033:etymology of California
626:Lynn Townsend White, Jr
438:Juan RodrĂguez Cabrillo
187:so that she can join a
86:In-universe information
2114:Ibáñez, Vicente Blasco
1206:Myres, Sir John Linton
969:
922:
888:Plaza de Toros Calafia
859:
764:wrote a book entitled
757:
612:
577:John William Templeton
549:University of Poitiers
413:
380:
347:
302:
1288:. Macmillan. p.
1028:Sausalito, California
1026:In 2021, the town of
975:Code Name: S.T.E.A.M.
956:
932:Escondido, California
912:
894:, the capital of the
852:history of California
846:was an experience at
840:
762:Vicente Blasco Ibáñez
755:Escondido, California
745:
603:, painted in 1926 by
594:
407:
371:
341:
286:
2181:Sergas of Esplandian
2167:The Atlantic Monthly
2147:California: the name
2087:Hale, Edward Everett
2069:Binghamton, New York
1907:. QueenCalifia.org.
1860:, September 1, 1986.
1701:. pp. 339–340.
1385:Putnam, 1917, p. 356
1311:Chapman, 1921, p. 66
1173:Hale, Edward Everett
1110:Peck, Donna (2001).
1060:California: the name
936:Niki de Saint Phalle
751:Niki de Saint Phalle
432:. However, the name
358:Christopher Columbus
356:The first voyage of
344:Island of California
144:island of California
112:Island of California
1674:on January 30, 2011
1615:Haase, 1994, p. 305
1579:Haase, 1994, p. 555
1552:on November 1, 2003
1495:Haase, 1994, p. 297
1335:California Cultures
1013:Anaheim, California
696:Johann Schiltberger
545:Prosper Boissonnade
506:, easily made into
455:Edward Everett Hale
273:California's origin
256:Miguel de Cervantes
170:Baja California Sur
28:Fictional character
1881:on August 19, 2010
1570:Polk, 1995, p. 126
1403:Polk, 1995, p. 131
1364:Polk, 1995, p. 130
970:
923:
906:(Queen Calafia).
860:
777:Mark Hopkins Hotel
758:
729:region of Mexico.
613:
597:Mark Hopkins Hotel
521:The Song of Roland
418:Santa Cruz de Mayo
414:
348:
303:
287:Queen Calafia and
195:who are defending
53:mural, painted by
47:California Capitol
2226:Fictional caliphs
1935:MexiCali Biennial
1871:"Garden Overview"
1857:Los Angeles Times
1776:Los Angeles Times
1624:Polk, 1995, p. 93
1009:Disneyland Resort
984:Mexicali Biennial
980:Abraham Lincoln's
877:Los Angeles Times
760:Spanish novelist
649:Niketas Choniates
530:Chanson de Roland
289:California's name
158:California region
133:
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51:California's Name
2248:
2236:Fictional queens
2185:Atlantic Monthly
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958:Calafia Airlines
940:sculpture garden
904:la reina Calafia
766:La reina Calafia
723:Juan de Grijalva
665:Jacques de Vitry
561:Beni Hammad Fort
460:Atlantic Monthly
395:Diego de Becerra
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63:First appearance
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2195:The New Pacific
2187:for March 1864.
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900:Baja California
856:Whoopi Goldberg
850:showcasing the
789:Frank Van Sloun
740:
704:Lesser Antilles
645:Dictys of Crete
637:Greek mythology
609:Frank Van Sloun
589:
481:George Davidson
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166:Baja California
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680:Musa I of Mali
669:Bishop of Acre
657:Second Crusade
653:medieval Greek
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2055:. Macmillan.
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2042:Bibliography
2028:. Retrieved
2014:
2003:. Retrieved
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1968:
1943:. Retrieved
1934:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1904:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:the original
1874:
1865:
1855:
1850:Jack Smith,
1846:
1836:February 17,
1834:. Retrieved
1822:
1810:
1800:February 17,
1798:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
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1731:. Retrieved
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1672:the original
1667:
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1554:. Retrieved
1550:the original
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869:Within the
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804:Los Angeles
772:) in 1924.
712:West Indies
447:Californios
261:Don Quixote
243:reconquista
213:Arabic word
129:Californian
126:Nationality
70: 1510
2205:Categories
2105:2023-02-21
2030:2022-10-04
2005:2022-10-04
1979:January 5,
1969:Yesterland
1945:22 January
1915:January 2,
1885:January 2,
1678:January 2,
1345:January 5,
1191:2023-02-21
1039:References
881:Jack Smith
879:columnist
708:Martinique
661:sidesaddle
573:California
565:Kal-Iferne
538:Kar-i-farn
508:California
492:California
477:California
442:California
434:California
426:California
422:Santa Cruz
269:California
238:California
193:Christians
162:California
107:Occupation
76:Created by
1044:Footnotes
1017:dark ride
813:In 1931,
794:In 1937,
719:New World
694:in 1332.
571:and then
569:Califerne
543:In 1923,
534:Califerne
526:Califerne
334:Etymology
279:Character
2116:(1924).
2099:Archived
2063:(1992).
2024:Archived
1999:Archived
1973:Archived
1939:Archived
1909:Archived
1827:Archived
1794:Archived
1727:Archived
1483:25160887
1435:41169718
1339:Archived
1185:Archived
915:Mexicali
892:Mexicali
800:triptych
673:Crusades
319:quarrels
301:in 1510.
248:chivalry
185:griffins
121:Talanque
57:in 1937.
1019:called
1007:at the
727:Tabasco
617:Amazons
553:Algeria
512:Calafia
500:khalifa
488:Calafia
473:Calafia
465:Spanish
376:Amazons
234:Spanish
226:English
217:khalifa
209:Calafia
140:Califia
136:Calafia
34:Calafia
2133:
2075:
1901:"2002"
1705:
1599:
1522:
1481:
1433:
1253:p. 306
1235:
1136:p. 313
1118:
1093:
832:Pomona
738:Legacy
700:Mongol
504:califa
496:Arabic
230:califa
222:caliph
189:Muslim
118:Spouse
94:Female
91:Gender
1830:(PDF)
1819:(PDF)
1479:JSTOR
1431:JSTOR
1089:–11.
692:Mecca
641:Homer
516:kalli
498:word
469:calif
467:word
388:pilot
181:Black
177:pagan
138:, or
99:Title
2131:ISBN
2073:ISBN
1981:2011
1947:2018
1917:2011
1887:2011
1838:2017
1802:2017
1735:2019
1703:ISBN
1680:2011
1597:ISBN
1558:2013
1520:ISBN
1347:2011
1233:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1091:ISBN
787:and
688:hajj
667:, a
651:, a
607:and
490:and
475:and
228:and
168:and
2193:in
2175:in
1471:doi
1423:doi
1011:in
898:of
779:in
690:to
635:In
599:in
232:in
224:in
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2022:.
1997:.
1971:.
1967:.
1955:^
1937:.
1933:.
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1873:.
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1500:^
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1467:19
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1419:12
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1378:^
1355:^
1333:.
1290:65
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1179:.
1142:^
1069:^
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1023:.
917:,
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264:.
172:.
67:c.
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2008:.
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