Caliphate - Knowledge

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century. It may be useful to recall that such radical perceptions of the term float mostly in the realm of media coverage and are far removed from the actual historical reality of the achievements when a caliphate existed in the medieval period. If we take a longer view of the influence of the office of the caliphate on changes in Islamic society, it may be worth noting that most of the dramatic social and legal reforms instituted by, for instance, the Ottomans in the 19th century were only feasible because of the ability of the sultan to posture as caliph. The Gulhane Reform of 1839 which established the equality of all subjects of the empire before the law, the reforms of 1856 which eliminated social distinctions based on religion, the abolition of slavery in 1857, and the suspension of the traditional penalties of Islamic law in 1858 would all have been inconceivable without the clout that the umbrella of the caliphate afforded to the office of the reforming monarch.

2884: 12738: 2134: 4904: 1998: 1784: 2525: 2272: 75: 6452:, the founder of a transnational political movement devoted to the revival of the caliphate, writes that although the Shura is an important part of "the ruling structure" of the Islamic caliphate, "(it is) not one of its pillars", meaning that its neglect would not make a caliph's rule un-Islamic such as to justify a rebellion. However, the Muslim Brotherhood, the largest Islamic movement in Egypt, has toned down these Islamist views by accepting in principle that in the modern age the Majlis al-Shura is democracy. 3156: 2396: 4861:, a traditional requirement for a caliph. The caliphate was ostensibly an attempt to unite the many other jihadis who were not his followers and who were quarrelling among each other. It was not successful. Abu Issa's efforts to compel them to unite under his command were met "with mockery and then force". Local Afghans also despised him and his followers. Like the later Islamic State he tried to abolish infidel currency and rejected nationalism. According to scholar Kevin Jackson, 4719: 4158:. The argument of this book has been summarised as "Islam does not advocate a specific form of government". He focussed his criticism both at those who use religious law as contemporary political proscription and at the history of rulers claiming legitimacy by the caliphate. Raziq wrote that past rulers spread the notion of religious justification for the caliphate "so that they could use religion as a shield protecting their thrones against the attacks of rebels". 4043: 1631: 13782: 5903:'Umar). But the latter said: I have not come to sit with you. I have come to you to tell you a tradition I heard from the Messenger of Allah. I heard him say: One who withdraws his band from obedience (to the Amir) will find no argument (in his defence) when he stands before Allah on the Day of Judgment, and one who dies without having bound himself by an oath of allegiance (to an Amir) will die the death of one belonging to the days of Jahiliyyah. 4930: 4922: 2873: 3059: 4915: 2580: 4032: 809: 156: 4545: 12064:

of their transition to adulthood, and while most presumably did not (though little is known about literacy levels in pre-Mongol Muslim societies), others did. Types of literacy in any event varied, as Nelly Hanna has recently suggested, and are best studied as part of the complex social dynamics and contexts of individual Muslim societies. The need to conform commercial contracts and business arrangements to

2102:, by the hand and offered them to the Ansar as potential choices. He was countered with the suggestion that the Quraysh and the Ansar choose a leader each from among themselves, who would then rule jointly. The group grew heated upon hearing this proposal and began to argue among themselves. Umar hastily took Abu Bakr's hand and swore his own allegiance to the latter, an example followed by the gathered men. 4817:

whenever He wills to raise it up. Afterwards, there will be a reign of violently oppressive rule and it will remain with you for as long as Allah wills it to remain. Then, there will be a reign of tyrannical rule and it will remain for as long as Allah wills it to remain. Then, Allah will raise it up whenever He wills to raise it up. Then, there will be a Caliphate that follows the guidance of Prophethood.

6209:, or consultative assembly. Candidates were usually from the same lineage as the deceased leader, but they were not necessarily his sons. Capable men who would lead well were preferred over an ineffectual direct heir, as there was no basis in the majority Sunni view that the head of state or governor should be chosen based on lineage alone. Since the Umayyads, all caliphates have been dynastic. 9494: 218: 2734: 5134:). Various Islamist movements gained momentum in recent years with the ultimate aim of establishing a caliphate. In 2014, ISIL/ISIS made a claim to re-establishing the caliphate. Those advocating the re-establishment of a caliphate differed in their methodology and approach. Some were locally oriented, mainstream political parties that had no apparent transnational objectives. 7054:, (Uthman ibn Affan) third Rashidun caliph, When Caliph Umar died in office aged 59/60 years, Uthman, aged 64/65 years, succeeded him and was the second oldest to rule as caliph. Under Uthman's leadership, the Islamic empire expanded into Fars (present-day Iran) in 650, and some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651. The conquest of Armenia had begun by the 640s. 6298:, are believed to have been considered, even before their birth, as the only valid Islamic rulers appointed and decreed by God. Shia Muslims believe that all the Muslim caliphs following Muhammad's death to be illegitimate due to their unjust rule and that Muslims have no obligation to follow them, as the only guidance that was left behind, as ordained in the 9486: 5175:(literally, "Party of Liberation"). It is particularly strong in Central Asia and Europe and is growing in strength in the Arab world. It is based on the claim that Muslims can prove that God exists and that the Qur'an is the word of God. Hizb ut-Tahrir's stated strategy is a non-violent political and intellectual struggle. 12023:

recent move from typographic culture to the Internet.) The result was remarkable. As historian Jonathan Bloom informs us, paper encouraged "an efflorescence of books and written culture incomparably more brilliant than was known anywhere in Europe until the invention of printing with movable type in the fifteenth century.

5106:– who was not merely a political leader but primarily a religious leader. If a khalifa does happen to bear governmental authority as a head of state, it is incidental and subsidiary in relation to his overall function as khalifa which is applicable to believers transnationally and not limited to one particular state. 2437:

government with a stable force to address domestic and foreign problems. However, creation of this foreign army and al-Mu'tasim's transfer of the capital from Baghdad to Samarra created a division between the caliphate and the peoples they claimed to rule. In addition, the power of the Mamluks steadily grew until

2557:, Abd al-Rahman III claimed the title of caliph himself. This helped Abd al-Rahman III gain prestige with his subjects, and the title was retained after the Fatimids were repulsed. The rule of the caliphate is considered as the heyday of Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula, before it fragmented into various 6550:

connected with Allah’s Prescribed Punishments?" Then he got up and delivered a sermon saying, "What destroyed the nations preceding you, was that if a noble amongst them stole, they would forgive him, and if a poor person amongst them stole, they would inflict Allah's Legal punishment on him. By Allah, if

4530:, who was a member of the Central Khilafat Committee. However, the movement lost its momentum after the abolition of the caliphate in 1924. After further arrests and flight of its leaders, and a series of offshoots splintered off from the main organisation, the Movement eventually died down and disbanded. 11941:

In neither case did the state supply or even systematically subsidise educational services. The Muslim world's eventual introduction of state funding under Nizam al-Mulk in the eleventh century was quickly followed by partisan religious squabbling over education and the gradual fall of Islam from its

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Islamic lawyers commented that when the rulers refuse to step down after being impeached through the Majlis, becoming dictators through the support of a corrupt army, if the majority is in agreement they have the option to launch a revolution. Many noted that this option is to be exercised only after

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More so than any previously existing society, Islamic society of the period 1000–1500 was profoundly a culture of books. The emergence of a culture of books is closely tied to cultural dispositions toward literacy in Islamic societies. Muslim young men were encouraged to memorise the Qur'an as part

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It has been reported on the authority of Nafi, that 'Abdullah b. Umar paid a visit to Abdullah b. Muti' in the days (when atrocities were perpetrated on the People Of Medina) at Harra in the time of Yazid b. Mu'awiya. Ibn Muti' said: Place a pillow for Abu 'Abd al-Rahman (family name of 'Abdullah b.

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And judge between them ˹O Prophet˺ by what Allah has revealed, and do not follow their desires. And beware, so they do not lure you away from some of what Allah has revealed to you. If they turn away ˹from Allah's judgment˺, then know that it is Allah's Will to repay them for some of their sins, and

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Prophethood will remain with you for as long as Allah wills it to remain, then Allah will raise it up whenever he wills to raise it up. Afterwards, there will be a Caliphate that follows the guidance of Prophethood remaining with you for as long as Allah wills it to remain. Then, He will raise it up

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leaders and representatives of the Islamic world. However, the earlier Ottoman caliphs did not officially bear the title of caliph in their documents of state, inscriptions, or coinage. It was only in the late eighteenth century that the claim to the caliphate was discovered by the sultans to have a

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in the fourth century BC, and later, China after the introduction of printing from the tenth century. One factor for the relatively high literacy rates in the early Islamic Empire was its parent-driven educational marketplace, as the state did not systematically subsidise educational services until

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Hadhrat Huzaifa narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: Prophethood will remain among you as long as Allah wills. Then Caliphate (Khilafah) on the lines of Prophethood shall commence, and remain as long as Allah wills. Then corrupt/erosive monarchy would take place, and it will remain as long as

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in the land, as He did with those before them; and will surely establish for them their faith which He has chosen for them; and will indeed change their fear into security—˹provided that˺ they worship Me, associating nothing with Me. But whoever disbelieves after this ˹promise˺, it is they who will

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caused fundamentally by the lack of righteousness in them. Although the khalifa is elected it is believed that God himself directs the hearts of believers towards an individual. Thus the khalifa is designated neither necessarily by right (i.e. the rightful or competent one in the eyes of the people

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in the Philippines to submit to American suzerainty and American military rule; the Sultan obliged them and wrote the letter which was sent to Sulu via Mecca. As a result, the "Sulu Mohammedans ... refused to join the insurrectionists and had placed themselves under the control of our army, thereby

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claimed a diplomatic victory by being allowed to remain the religious leaders of Muslims in the now-independent Crimea as part of the peace treaty; in return Russia became the official protector of Christians in Ottoman territory. According to Barthold, the first time the title of "caliph" was used

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Whatever the source, the diffusion of paper-making technology via the lands of Islam produced a shift from oral to scribal culture across the rest of Afroeurasia that was rivalled only by the move from scribal to typographic culture. (Perhaps it will prove to have been even more important than the

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Reaching further back through the centuries, the civilisations regarded as having the highest literacy rates of their ages were parent-driven educational marketplaces. The ability to read and write was far more widely enjoyed in the early medieval Islamic empire and in fourth-century-B.C.E. Athens

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The majlis is also the means to elect a new caliph. Al-Mawardi has written that members of the majlis should satisfy three conditions: they must be just, have enough knowledge to distinguish a good caliph from a bad one and have sufficient wisdom and judgement to select the best caliph. Al-Mawardi

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Ahmadi Muslims believe that God has assured them that this caliphate will endure to the end of time, depending on their righteousness and faith in God. The Khalifa provides unity, security, moral direction and progress for the community. It is required that the Khalifa carry out his duties through

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Abu ʿIssa issued 'sad and funny' fatwas, as Abu al-Walid puts it, notably sanctioning the use of drugs. A nexus had been forged between and local drug smugglers. (The fatwa led one jihadist author to dismiss Abu Issa as the 'caliph of the Muslims among drug traffickers and takfir') Abu ʿIssa also

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who had committed theft. They asked, "Who will intercede for her with Allah's Apostle?" Some said, "No one dare to do so except Usama bin Zaid the beloved one to Allah's Apostle." When Usama spoke about that to Allah's Apostle; Allah's Apostle said: "Do you try to intercede for somebody in a case

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used to be ruled and guided by prophets: Whenever a prophet died, another would take over his place. There will be no prophet after me, but there will be Caliphs who will increase in number." The people asked, "O Allah's Messenger! What do you order us (to do)?" He said, "Obey the one who will be

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Leaders will take charge of you after me, where the pious (one) will lead you with his piety and the impious (one) with his impiety, so only listen to them and obey them in everything which conforms with the truth (Islam). If they act rightly it is for your credit, and if they acted wrongly it is

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According to Ahmadiyya thought, a khalifa need not be the head of a state; rather the Ahmadiyya community emphasises the spiritual and organisational significance of the Khilāfah. It is primarily a religious/spiritual office, with the purpose of upholding, strengthening and spreading Islam and of

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Life expectancy was another area where Islamic society diverged from the suggested model for agricultural society. No less than three separate studies about the life expectancy of religious scholars, two from 11th century Muslim Spain, and one from the Middle East, concluded that members of this

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Today the term 'caliphate' has come to denote in journalistic use a form of political and religious tyranny, a fanatical version of the application of Islamic law, and a general intolerence toward other faiths – another interpretation, albeit a distorted one, at the beginning of the twenty-first

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The Imams (scholars of the four schools of thought)- may Allah have mercy on them- agree that the Caliphate is an obligation, and that the Muslims must appoint a leader who would implement the injunctions of the religion, and give the oppressed justice against the oppressors. It is forbidden for

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province. Eventually he did not even control this area after the Taliban took it over in the late 1990s. The caliphate then moved to London, where they "preach to a mostly skeptical jihadi intelligentsia about the obligation of establishing a caliphate". They succeeded in attracting some jihadis

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created an army loyal only to their caliphate, composed predominantly of Turkic Cuman, Circassian and Georgian slave origin known as Mamluks. By 1250 the Mamluks came to power in Egypt. The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate. Early on, it provided the

2165:, or the first Islamic civil war. The followers of Ali later became the Shi'a ("shiaat Ali", partisans of Ali.) minority sect of Islam and reject the legitimacy of the first three caliphs. The followers of all four Rāshidun Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali) became the majority Sunni sect. 2114:

stated that Ali also had support among the Ansar for his succession, explained by the genealogical links he shared with them. Whether his candidacy for the succession was raised during Saqifah is unknown, though it is not unlikely. Abu Bakr later sent Umar to confront Ali to gain his allegiance,

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was the tenth Umayyad caliph who ruled from 724 until his death in 743. Hisham was a great patron of the arts, and he again encouraged arts in the empire. He also encouraged the growth of education by building more schools, and perhaps most importantly, by overseeing the translation of numerous

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This rate is uncommonly high, not only under the conditions in medieval cities, where these 'ulama' lived, but also in terms of the average life expectancy for contemporary males. In other words, the social group studied through the biographies is, a priori, a misleading sample, since it was

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and had a religious significance to Ismaili Muslims. They are also part of the chain of holders of the office of the caliphate, as recognised by some Muslims. Therefore, this constitutes a rare period in history in which the descendants of Ali (hence the name Fatimid, referring to Ali's wife

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rule, the caliphs lowered taxes, provided greater local autonomy (to their delegated governors), greater religious freedom for Jews and some indigenous Christians, and brought peace to peoples demoralised and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the decades of

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was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death in 705. A member of the first generation of born Muslims, his early life in Medina was occupied with pious pursuits. He held administrative and military posts under Caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680) and his own father, Caliph

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means representative. Man, according to Islam is the representative of "people", His (God's) viceregent; that is to say, by virtue of the powers delegated to him, and within the limits prescribed by the Qu'ran and the teaching of the prophet, the caliph is required to exercise Divine

5114:(consultative body). However, it is not incumbent upon him to always accept the views and recommendations of the members. The Khalifatul Masih has overall authority for all religious and organisational matters and is bound to decide and act in accordance with the Qur'an and sunnah. 6135:

This Ayah is a source in the selection of an Imaam, and a Khaleef, he is listened to and he is obeyed, for the word is united through him, and the Ahkam (laws) of the Caliph are implemented through him, and there is no difference regarding the obligation of that between the Ummah

3009:, the Ottoman state, despite its weakness relative to Europe, represented the largest and most powerful independent Islamic political entity. The sultan also enjoyed some authority beyond the borders of his shrinking empire as caliph of Muslims in Egypt, India and Central Asia. 6232:. At that meeting, Abu Bakr was elected caliph by the Muslim community. Sunni Muslims developed the belief that the caliph is a temporal political ruler, appointed to rule within the bounds of Islamic law (Sharia). The job of adjudicating orthodoxy and Islamic law was left to 2094:, both prominent companions of Muhammad, upon learning of the meeting became concerned of a potential coup and hastened to the gathering. Upon arriving, Abu Bakr addressed the assembled men with a warning that an attempt to elect a leader outside of Muhammad's own tribe, the 5940:

A Imam is a shield for them. They fight behind him and they are protected by (him from tyrants and aggressors). If he enjoins fear of God, the Exalted and Glorious, and dispenses justice, there will be a (great) reward for him; and if he enjoins otherwise, it redounds on

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defeated the Mamluk Sultanate and made Egypt part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Al-Mutawakkil III was captured together with his family and transported to Constantinople as a prisoner where he had a ceremonial role. He died in 1543, following his return to Cairo.

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Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the caliph. However, for a variety of reasons, including that they were not elected by

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and was much less successful, was "the forgotten caliphate" of Muhammad bin ʿIssa bin Musa al Rifaʿi ("known to his followers as Abu ʿIssa"). This "microcaliphate" was founded on 3 April 1993 on the Pakistan–Afghanistan border, when Abu Issa's small number of

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The British supported and propagated the view that the Ottomans were caliphs of Islam among Muslims in British India, and the Ottoman sultans helped the British by issuing pronouncements to the Muslims of India telling them to support British rule from Sultan

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was elected as the next caliph, but abdicated in favour of Mu'awiyah a few months later to avoid any conflict within the Muslims. Mu'awiyah became the sixth caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty, named after the great-grandfather of Uthman and Mu'awiyah,

4879:, Abu Umar al Kuwaiti) who later joined the Islamic State. Abu Issa died in 2014, "after spending most of his final years in prison in London". Abu Umar al Kuwaiti became a judge for the Islamic state but was later executed for extremism after he "took 6204:

argues that the standard Arabian practice during the early caliphates was for the prominent men of a kinship group, or tribe, to gather after a leader's death and elect a leader from among themselves, although there was no specified procedure for this

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Abu Bakr was near-universally accepted as head of the Muslim community (under the title of caliph) as a result of Saqifah, though he did face contention as a result of the rushed nature of the event. Several companions, most prominent among them being

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Various Islamic lawyers, however, place multiple conditions and stipulations on the execution of such a law, making it difficult to implement. For example, the poor cannot be penalised for stealing out of poverty, and during a time of drought in the

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Rejected by the majority of Muslims as heretical since it believes in ongoing prophethood after the death of Muhammad. Currently based in Pakistan, but forbidden to practice, preach, or propagate their faith as Islam or their places of worship as

8672: 4611:, that Hussein bin Ali was proclaimed caliph in March 1924. His stance towards the Ottoman caliphate was ambiguous, and while he was hostile to it, he preferred to wait for its official abolition before assuming the title, so as not to break the 4311:

and banned Islamically unlawful activities. However, Aurangzeb's personal expenses were covered by his own incomes, which included the sewing of caps and trade of his written copies of the Quran. Thus, he has been compared to the second caliph,

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was the second Abbasid caliph reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754–775) and succeeding his brother al-Saffah. Al-Mansur is generally regarded as the greatest caliph of the Abbasid dynasty. He is also known for founding the 'round city' of

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O believers! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. Should you disagree on anything, then refer it to Allah and His Messenger, if you ˹truly˺ believe in Allah and the Last Day. This is the best and fairest

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Al-Mawardi said that if the rulers meet their Islamic responsibilities to the public the people must obey their laws, but a caliph or ruler who becomes either unjust or severely ineffective must be impeached via the Majlis al-Shura.

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After these Twelve Imams, the potential caliphs, had passed, and in the absence of the possibility of a government headed by their imams, some Twelvers believe it was necessary that a system of Shi'i Islamic government based on the

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also said that in emergencies when there is no caliphate and no majlis, the people themselves should create a majlis and select a list of candidates for caliph; then the majlis should select a caliph from the list of candidates.

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and it spread throughout the British colonial territories. It was strong in British India where it formed a rallying point for some Indian Muslims as one of many anti-British Indian political movements. Its leaders included

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provided a further impetus for literacy, especially likely in commercial centers. Scholars often engaged in commercial activity and craftsmen or tradesmen often spent time studying in madrasas. The connection between what

2240:. The battle lasted several months, resulting in a stalemate. To avoid further bloodshed, Ali agreed to negotiate with Mu'awiyah. This caused a faction of approximately 4,000 people, who would come to be known as the 11240: 5247:

but which had not exercised real power since the thirteenth century." Zawahiri believes that once the caliphate is re-established, Egypt would become a rallying point for the rest of the Islamic world, leading the

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on 29 June 2014 and renamed itself as the "Islamic State". ISIL's claim to be the highest authority of Muslims has been widely rejected. No prominent Muslim scholar has supported its declaration of caliphate; even

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centered on human endeavours alone is bound to fail, particularly when the condition of the people diverges from the ‘precepts of prophethood’ and they are as a result disunited, their inability to establish a

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became Emir of Córdoba in 756 after six years in exile. Intent on regaining power, he defeated the existing Islamic rulers of the area who defied Umayyad rule and united various local fiefdoms into an emirate.

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The spread of written knowledge was at least the equal of what it was in China after printing became common there in the tenth century. (Chinese books were printed in small editions of a hundred or so copies.)

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Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224–1269) : Critical Edition, Translation, and Study of Manuscript 4752 of the Hasaniyya Library in Rabat Containing 77 Taqādīm

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was faced with the threat of invasion by the Fatimid Caliphate. To aid his fight against the invading Fatimids, who claimed the caliphate in opposition to the generally recognised Abbasid caliph of Baghdad,

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Since the end of the Ottoman Empire, occasional demonstrations have been held calling for the re-establishment of the caliphate. Organisations which call for the re-establishment of the caliphate include

8669: 9325: 10425: 7060:(Ali ibn Abu Talib), fourth Rashidun caliph. Considered by Shi'a Muslims, however, to be the first imam. His reign was fraught with internal conflict, with Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan (Muawiyah I) and 4592:, it represented the culmination of a long struggle to reclaim the caliphate from Ottoman hands. The first Arab revolts challenging the validity of the Ottoman caliphate and demanding that an Arab 2232:

Ali's reign was plagued by turmoil and internal strife. The Persians, taking advantage of this, infiltrated the two armies and attacked the other army causing chaos and internal hatred between the

2467:. The Abbasid caliphs in Egypt had no political power; they continued to maintain the symbols of authority, but their sway was confined to religious matters. The first Abbasid caliph of Cairo was 1999: 1785: 10118: 6991:

culture, and from typographic culture to the Internet. Other factors include the widespread use of paper books in Islamic society (more so than any other previously existing society), the study

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against the West. "Then history would make a new turn, God willing", Zawahiri later wrote, "in the opposite direction against the empire of the United States and the world's Jewish government".

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state on Iraqi and Syrian territory. At its height in 2014, the Islamic State held "about a third of Syria and 40 percent of Iraq". By December 2017 it had lost 95% of that territory, including

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origin, the Abbasids. Their time represented a scientific, cultural and religious flowering. Islamic art and music also flourished significantly during their reign. Their major city and capital

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Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry among Muslim rulers, the caliphate lay dormant and largely unclaimed since the 1920s. For the majority of Muslims, the caliph, as leader of the

8188: 6914:. During the caliphate of Abu Bakr, a number of the Arab tribes, who had accepted Islam at the hand of The Prophet Muhammad, rebelled and refused to continue to pay the Zakat, leading to the 6073:) would be gathered, the enemy would be fought, the routes would be made safe, the strong one will return what he took from the weak till the tyrant would be contained, and not bother anyone. 9217: 4391:. The British recognised them as the 'sultans of Bornu', one step down in Muslim royal titles. After Nigeria became independent, its rulers became the 'emirs of Bornu', another step down. 6054:

The Sahaba agreed to this and selected Abu Bakr as their first Khaleef. Habbab ibn Mundhir who suggested the idea of two Ameers corrected himself and was the first to give Abu Bakr the

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The Almohads continued to rule in northern Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the

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It is forbidden for Muslims to have two Amirs for this would cause differences in their affairs and concepts, their unity would be divided and disputes would break out among them. The

5999:, state that the Mahdi will be elected caliph and rule over a caliphate. A number of Islamic figures titled themselves both "caliph" and "al-Mahdi", including the first Abbasid caliph 5223:

has as one of its clearly stated goals the re-establishment of a caliphate. Its former leader, Osama bin Laden, called for Muslims to "establish the righteous caliphate of our umma".

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The judges will be suspended, the Wilayaat (provinces) will be nullified, ... the decrees of those in authority will not be executed and all the people will be on the verge of Haraam

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given the pledge of allegiance first. Fulfil their (i.e. the Caliphs) rights, for Allah will ask them about (any shortcoming) in ruling those Allah has put under their guardianship."

2909:(reigned 1362 to 1389), while recognising no authority on the part of the Abbasid caliphs of the Mamluk-ruled Cairo. Hence the seat of the caliphate moved to the Ottoman capital of 6955:, Lawrence Conrad estimates the average lifespan in the early Islamic caliphate to be above 35 years for the general population, compared to around 40 years for the population of 4883:

to new levels ... pronouncing death sentences for apostasy on those who were ignorant of scripture – and then pronouncing takfir on those too reluctant to pronounce takfir."

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Arjomand, Said Amir (April 1999). "The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century".

9943: 9364: 7070:, fifth caliph. Considered as "rightly guided" by several historians. He abdicated his right to the caliphate in favour of Muawiyah I to end the potential for ruinous civil war. 6491:) will say, "Our Lord! We obeyed our leaders and elite, but they led us astray from the ˹Right˺ Way. Our Lord! Give them double ˹our˺ punishment, and condemn them tremendously." 5883:

Allah wills. After that, despotic kingship would emerge, and it will remain as long as Allah wills. Then, the Caliphate (Khilafah) shall come once again based on the precept of

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then took control but was not universally accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt and later by some of his own guard. He faced two major rebellions and was assassinated by

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in 1926 to discuss the revival of the caliphate, but most Muslim countries did not participate, and no action was taken to implement the summit's resolutions. Though the title

7116:(Umar II), Umayyad caliph who is considered one of the finest rulers in Muslim history. He is also considered by some (mainly Sunnis) to be among the "rightly guided" caliphs. 4275:". Although the Mughals did not acknowledge the overlordship of Ottomans, they nevertheless used the title of caliph to honor them in diplomatic exchanges. Akbar's letter to 4104:

and gave Greece a powerful position in Anatolia, to the distress of the Turks. They called for help and the movement was the result. The movement had collapsed by late 1922.

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stated that the people have an obligation to rebel if the caliph begins to act with no regard for Islamic law. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani said that to ignore such a situation is

5243:, bin Laden's mentor and al-Qaeda's second-in-command until 2011, once "sought to restore the caliphate... which had formally ended in 1924 following the dissolution of the 3527: 3266: 11230: 6925:

added to the duties of the state an allowance, paid on behalf of every man woman and child, starting at birth, creating the world's first state run social welfare program.

6417:(literally "consultative assembly") was a representation of the idea of consultative governance. The importance of this is premised by the following verses of the Qur'an: 6065:

People must have an Amir...where the believer works under his Imara (rule) and under which the unbeliever would also benefit, until his rule ended by the end of his life (

4259:, who were the only Sunni rulers whose territory and wealth could compete with that of the Ottomans, started assuming the title of caliph and calling their capital as the 2110:, initially refused to acknowledge his authority. Ali may have been reasonably expected to assume leadership, being both cousin and son-in-law to Muhammad. The theologian 10235: 10060: 9576:

Cultural Crossroads in the Middle East: The Historical, Cultural and Political Legacy of Intercultural Dialogue and Conflict from the Ancient Near East to the Present Day

8071: 5063:(rightly guided) Caliphate (of Righteous Caliphs). This is believed to have been suspended with Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad and re-established with the appearance of 7254:

was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1180 until his death in 1225. According to the historian, Angelika Hartmann, Al-Nasir was the last effective later Abbasid caliph.

6951:

enjoyed a life expectancy of 59–75 years between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, the overall life expectancy of men in the same societies was lower. Factoring in

2830:, who claimed descent from Muhammad through his daughter, claimed the title of caliph in 909, creating a separate line of caliphs in North Africa. Initially controlling 6935:

behaviour of medieval Islamic society varied in some significant respects from other agricultural societies. Nomadic groups within places like the deserts of Egypt and

2791:

is sometimes used to refer to the citizens of this caliphate. The ruling elite of the state belonged to the Ismaili branch of Shi'ism. The leaders of the dynasty were

10151: 10265: 2933:

defeated and annexed the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo into his empire. Through conquering and unifying Muslim lands, Selim I became the defender of the holy cities of

10713: 7192:, Abbasid caliph during whose reign Baghdad became the world's prominent centre of trade, learning and culture. Harun is the subject of many stories in the famous 6971:

in the eleventh century. Another factor was the diffusion of paper from China, which led to an efflorescence of books and written culture in Islamic society; thus

10456: 9823: 2776:

there in 969. Thereafter, Cairo became the capital of the caliphate, with Egypt becoming the political, cultural and religious centre of the state. Islam scholar

13475: 9795: 9008: 4415:

inheritance of the throne, as the theological opinion of the time was that a woman may hold the secular office of sultan but not the spiritual office of caliph.

2337:

and suggestions of impious behaviour, the Umayyad dynasty was not universally supported within the Muslim community. Some supported prominent early Muslims like

4279:

addressed the latter as having attained the rank of the caliphate, while calling Akbar's empire as the "Khilafat of realms of Hind and Sind." The fifth emperor

9003: 6569:

later formulated the concept that all classes were subject to the law of the land, and no person is above the law; officials and private citizens alike have a

9516:"Central File: Decimal File 867.9111, Internal Affairs Of States, Public Press., Newspapers., Turkey, Clippings And Items., March 22, 1924 – March 12, 1925". 6939:

maintained high birth rates compared to rural and urban populations, though periods of extremely high nomadic birth rates seem to have occurred in occasional

7817: 7635: 7210:

was the eighth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 833 until his death in 842. The younger son of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. He is also known for founding the city of

10004: 6166:

It is obligatory to know that the office in charge of commanding over the people (ie: the post of the Khaleefah) is one of the greatest obligations of the

10421: 6058:. This indicates an Ijma as-Sahaba of all of the Sahaba. Ali ibni abi Talib, who was attending the body of Muhammad at the time, also consented to this. 5677: 3522: 3261: 2946:

practical use, since it allowed them to counter Russian claims to protect Ottoman Christians with their own claim to protect Muslims under Russian rule.

1659: 10110: 6444:

Some Islamist interpretations of the role of the Majlis al-Shura are the following: In an analysis of the shura chapter of the Qur'an, Islamist author

2846:, before the Abbasid dynasty was able to turn the tide, limiting Fatimid rule to Egypt. The Fatimid dynasty finally ended in 1171 and was overtaken by 2297:

Beginning with the Umayyads, the title of the caliph became hereditary. Under the Umayyads, the caliphate grew rapidly in territory, incorporating the

11925: 11842: 8180: 8011: 5276:)." This is not the view of the majority of Islamist groups, as both the Muslim Brotherhood and Hizb ut-Tahrir view the Ottoman state as a caliphate. 6240:. Many Muslims call the first four caliphs the Rashidun, meaning the "Rightly Guided", because they are believed to have followed the Qur'an and the 10936: 9213: 8248: 8041: 7232:

was the twentieth Abbasid caliph, reigning from 934 to his death. He died on 23 December 940 at the age of 31. He is considered the last caliph of

6131:

said that the caliph is the "pillar upon which other pillars rest", and said of the Quranic verse, "Indeed, man is made upon this earth a Caliph":

4457:. The caliphate remained extant through the colonial period and afterwards, though with reduced power. The current head of the Sokoto Caliphate is 3634: 3601: 2753:

of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the centre of its caliphate. At its height, in addition to Egypt, the caliphate included varying areas of the

2425:. The Abbasid Caliphate had, however, lost its effective power outside Iraq already by c. 920. By 945, the loss of power became official when the 2321:) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 5.17 million square miles (13,400,000 km), making it the 8563:

In the course of the later eleventh and twelfth century, however, the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 the country was invaded by

7686: 5796:

In addition, the following excerpt from the Quran, known as the 'Istikhlaf Verse', is used by some to argue for a Quranic basis for a caliphate:

5268:." There were a number of reasons including "that according to the classical authors, a caliph must be a member of the tribe of the Prophet (the 3646: 2098:, would likely result in dissension as only they can command the necessary respect among the community. He then took Umar and another companion, 6448:

argues that Islam only requires the ruler to consult with some of the representatives of the ruled and govern within the context of the Sharia.

9132:

Dasgupta, K., 1975. How Learned Were the Mughals: Reflections on Muslim Libraries in India. The Journal of Library History, 10(3), pp. 241–254.

3938: 3001:

reasserted the title as a way of countering Russian expansion into Muslim lands. His claim was most fervently accepted by the Sunni Muslims of

14279: 11982:

According to legend, paper came to the Islamic world as a result of the capture of Chinese paper makers at the 751 C.E. battle of Talas River.

11268: 12349: 11366: 8975: 6318:, therefore able to lead society and the Muslim community with complete justice and equity. The Prophet's own grandson, and third Shia imam, 4808:, "is cherished both as memory and ideal" as a time when Muslims "enjoyed scientific and military superiority globally". The Islamic prophet 3586: 4473:, also known as the Tukular Empire, was one of the Fulani jihad states in sub-saharan Africa. It was eventually pacified and annexed by the 2364:. Eventually, supporters of the Banu Hashim and the supporters of the lineage of Ali united to bring down the Umayyads in 750. However, the 2352:). At the command of Yazid son of Muawiya, an army led by Umar ibn Saad, a commander by the name of Shimr Ibn Thil-Jawshan killed Ali's son 2011:("successor of the messenger of God"). However, studies of pre-Islamic texts suggest that the original meaning of the phrase was "successor 12073:

has called "maktab literacy" and commercial literacy was real and exerted a steady pressure on individuals to upgrade their reading skills.

10675: 10177: 8218: 7220:

was the tenth Abbasid caliph who reigned from 847 until 861. He was the son of al-Mu'tasim. He is considered an influential Abbasid caliph.

6338: 5524: 3671: 3596: 10504: 8865: 13468: 10206: 9539:

Strohmeier, Martin (3 September 2019). "The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)".

8823: 8278: 7394: 6109: 4940: 4506: 3622: 2979: 12207: 11186: 9714: 9388:"Al-Sharif, Al-Hussein Bin Ali between the Zionists and the Palestinians in 1924 A decisive year in the political history of Al-Hussein" 8575:

and established Ayyubid suzerainty not only over Egypt and Syria but, as mentioned above, temporarily over northern Mesopotamia as well.

4857:, Jordan and like his followers had come to Afghanistan to wage jihad against the Soviets. Unlike them he had ancestors in the tribe of 12549: 10317: 7568: 7166:

was the first caliph of the Abbasid caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates (Islamic dynasties) in Islamic history.

5140:

believed the caliph was not just an individual ruler who had to be restored, but was man's representation of God's authority on Earth:

4071: 2978:

would tactfully affirm the Ottoman claim to the caliphate and proceed to have the Ottoman caliph issue orders to the Muslims living in

9356: 8419: 7450: 6947:

methods and political or economic instability. This led to population declines in some regions. While several studies have shown that

13357: 12945: 11138: 9635: 4236:

and the conquest on small territories of the western part of the Indian peninsula, early Indian Muslim dynasties were founded by the

4215: 3928: 876: 13794: 8644: 7110:

was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death. He was the eldest son of his predecessor Caliph Abd al-Malik.

7048:(Umar ibn al-Khattab), second Rashidun caliph. During his reign, the Islamic empire expanded to include Egypt, Jerusalem and Persia. 4764:(Successor or Caliph of the Messiah). After Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, the first caliph, the title of the Ahmadiyya caliph continued under 2883: 10335: 10030: 8848:

Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar

5671: 3591: 2561:

in the eleventh century. This period was characterised by a flourishing in technology, trade and culture; many of the buildings of

2463:, the Mamluk rulers of Egypt tried to gain legitimacy for their rule by declaring the re-establishment of the Abbasid caliphate in 1090: 5029:, its "capital". Its caliph, Al-Baghdadi, was killed in a raid by U.S. forces on 26 October 2019, its "last holdout", the town of 2811:

The caliphate was reputed to exercise a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Ismaili sects of Islam as well as towards Jews,

2326: 13838: 13799: 13115: 9841: 9758: 6465:

argued that Islam is the goal of the ummah, so any ruler who deviates from this goal must be impeached. Al-Ghazali believed that

3933: 2941:, which further strengthened the Ottoman claim to the caliphate in the Muslim world. Ottomans gradually came to be viewed as the 1652: 592: 8929:

Kemal H. Karpat. "The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State".

8158: 8101: 2119:

which may have involved violence. However, after six months, the group made peace with Abu Bakr and Ali offered him his fealty.

13785: 13461: 12895: 12871: 10231: 8063: 4194: 9239: 8131: 2348:

There were numerous rebellions against the Umayyads, as well as splits within the Umayyad ranks (notably, the rivalry between

15232: 14614: 13487: 13278: 12441: 12326: 12253: 12162: 12133: 12104: 11787: 11754: 11725: 11645: 11180: 10617: 10569: 9583: 7531: 7483: 6943:

rather than on a continuous basis. Individuals living in large cities had much lower birth rates, possibly due to the use of

6578: 4288: 2902: 479: 11043:

The just ruler (al-sultān al-adil) in Shīite Islam : the comprehensive authority of the jurist in Imamite jurisprudence

9191: 8611: 8550: 8459: 8386: 8324: 2071:

clan. The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the

13315: 10257: 10143: 5651: 4933: 4907: 4898: 4287:

has often been regarded as one of the few Islamic caliphs to have ruled the Indian peninsula. He received support from the

4096:(1919), the position of the Ottomans was uncertain. The movement to protect or restore the Ottomans gained force after the 2429:

conquered Baghdad and all of Iraq. The empire fell apart and its parts were ruled for the next century by local dynasties.

15138: 11806: 9973: 7677: 6322:

led an uprising against injustice and the oppressive rule of the Muslim caliph at the time at the Battle of Karbala. Shia

15431: 13880: 10386: 5617: 5387: 4964: 2373: 184: 12316: 11417: 10448: 9820: 7347:, in an attempt to preserve the title proclaimed himself caliph. He preferred to wait for the official abolition of the 7145:

was the twelfth Umayyad caliph. He reigned for six months, from 15 April to 3 or 4 October 744, and died in that office.

4980:

preachers accused the group of engaging in political showmanship and bringing disrepute to the notion of Islamic state.

3123: 2715:, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the Western 2141:

Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed. Umar, the second caliph, was killed by a Persian slave called

15284: 14284: 13868: 12617: 11050: 11003: 10094: 9708: 9678: 9302: 9117: 9092: 8938: 8917: 8896: 8856: 8817: 8790: 8765: 8735: 8703: 8605: 8513: 8453: 8380: 8318: 7986: 7978: 7949: 7911: 7603: 7562: 7355:

by creating a second caliph alongside the Ottoman caliph. However his caliphate fell quickly after its conquest by the

6345: 4765: 4727: 4101: 2417:

began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade. This period of cultural fruition ended in 1258 with the

1645: 10531: 8998: 6175: 3095: 13928: 13680: 12305: 12229: 12182: 11403: 11308: 10970: 10052: 9781: 9444: 9265: 8544: 7326: 7280: 6488: 5612: 5607: 4292: 3778: 3571: 3142: 2950: 1875:

branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives.

657: 7609: 13873: 13512: 12642: 12468: 11349: 11107: 7809: 6303: 5490: 5171:

One transnational group whose ideology was based specifically on restoring the caliphate as a pan-Islamic state is

4132: 257: 12737: 7631: 6479:

and those who cannot revolt from inside the caliphate should launch a struggle from outside. Al-Asqalani used two

4181:, neither claimed any legal standing or authority over Muslims outside the borders of their respective countries. 2963: 14910: 9996: 6838: 5783: 5663: 5507: 5289: 4496: 4283:

also laid claim to the Caliphate. Although the Mughal Empire is not recognised as a caliphate, its sixth emperor

3102: 1832:, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517 until the Ottoman caliphate was formally 1530: 839: 14072: 7719: 7325:, the 28th and the last caliph of the Ottoman dynasty. Nominally the 37th Head of the Ottoman dynasty. In 1924, 13407: 12637: 12542: 10912: 8357: 7344: 7000: 6962:

The early Islamic Empire also had the highest literacy rates among pre-modern societies, alongside the city of

6704: 6637: 6274:, a principle by which rulers are imams who are divinely chosen, infallible and sinless and must come from the 5729: 5373: 4753:

subordinate to Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. The group are traditionally shunned by the majority of Muslims.

4064: 3080: 2653:(r. 1130–1163) conquered Marrakech and declared himself caliph. They then extended their power over all of the 2495:

The Abbasid dynasty lost effective power over much of the Muslim realm by the first half of the tenth century.

1337: 1292: 784: 9821:

Reunified Islam: Unlikely but Not Entirely Radical, Restoration of Caliphate resonates With Mainstream Muslims

8240: 15348: 13670: 13350: 12938: 6023:

Let there be one Amir from us and one Amir from you (meaning one from the Ansar and one from the Mohajireen).

5439: 5126:

called for the restoration of the caliphate by uniting Muslim nations, either through political action (e.g.

4328: 3788: 2665: 1163: 528: 7129:

literary and scientific masterpieces into Arabic. He returned to a stricter interpretation of the Sharia as

4588:. The idea of the Sharifian Caliphate had been floating around since at least the fifteenth century. In the 3828: 15436: 15343: 15227: 13382: 12416: 12387: 12378: 12369: 9326:"Source Records of the Great War Sharif Hussein's Proclamation of Independence from Turkey, 27th June 1916" 8809:

The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State

8005: 6621: 5014: 4123:, on the condition that he reside outside Turkey; Senussi declined the offer and confirmed his support for 4108: 4089: 3109: 2953:

was disastrous for the Ottomans. Large territories, including those with large Muslim populations, such as

560: 11660:

Bulliet, Richard W. (April 1970), "A Quantitative Approach to Medieval Muslim Biographical Dictionaries",

1903:

groups have claimed the caliphate, although these claims have usually been widely rejected among Muslims.

15421: 15353: 14390: 13831: 10361: 7194: 6283: 5414: 3273: 2823: 2007:), which means "successor", "steward", or "deputy" and has traditionally been considered a shortening of 1357: 872: 607: 434: 10928: 8033: 6849:

also existed in the medieval Islamic world. Many of these concepts were adopted and further advanced in

6365:

Ismailis believe in the Imamate principle mentioned above, but they need not be secular rulers as well.

2657:

by 1159. Al-Andalus followed the fate of Africa, and all Islamic Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172.

13863: 13074: 11779: 11300: 7713: 7523: 7329: 6430:"...and consult with them in ˹conducting˺ matters. Once you make a decision, put your trust in Allah."( 5982: 5285: 4604: 4379:

The Bornu Caliphate, which was headed by the Bornu emperors, began in 1472. A rump state of the larger

4233: 3898: 3566: 3390: 3216: 3076: 3042: 2460: 2116: 1833: 1806: 1178: 647: 39: 13517: 12889: 12035:

Burke, Edmund (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",

11994:

Burke, Edmund (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",

11954:

Burke, Edmund (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",

11871:

Burke, Edmund (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",

7260:

was the 37th and last Abbasid caliph to rule from Baghdad. He ruled from 1242 until his death in 1258.

6699:

developed between the 8th and 12th centuries, which some refer to as "Islamic capitalism". A vigorous

6593:. In a number of cases, caliphs had to appear before judges as they prepared to render their verdict. 3091: 2895: 15311: 14459: 14023: 13437: 13392: 13377: 12692: 12535: 11395: 8597:

The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west

7867: 6870:, since the time of the first Islamic State, established by Muhammad at Medina. The taxes (including 5878:

can be understood to prophesy two eras of the caliphate (both on the lines/precepts of prophethood).

5272:) ... moreover, caliphs ruled societies that the Islamists do not consider to have been Islamic (the 4057: 4012: 3355: 3021: 2792: 2099: 742: 454: 12826: 12410: 15269: 15244: 15094: 14753: 14748: 13625: 13343: 12931: 12477: 12037: 11996: 11956: 11873: 11265: 7290: 6261: 6121:

Shia scholars have expressed similar opinions. However, the Shia school of thought states that the

5227:

chiefs released a statement in 2005, under which, in what they call "phase five" there will be "an

5034: 5000: 4733:

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is a self-proclaimed Islamic revivalist movement founded in 1889 by

4510: 4276: 2361: 2154: 1793:) as his heir and successor. The title of caliph, which was the equivalent of titles such as king, 928: 674: 474: 17: 12901: 12781: 12776: 11341: 8965: 7975:

The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd-al Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads

5824:

is, by definition, to rule via the caliphate and use the following verses to sustain their claim.

4112: 2133: 15336: 15217: 14758: 14711: 14654: 14353: 14297: 14045: 13366: 13253: 13238: 12954: 12857: 12707: 12682: 12398: 9791: 9745: 8210: 7863: 7125: 7096: 6103: 6015:

Al-Habbab Ibn ul-Munthir said, when the Sahaba met in the wake of the death of Muhammad, (at the

5875: 5261: 4925: 4120: 3975: 3069: 2418: 2322: 2142: 1586: 1153: 269: 177: 35: 12801: 12392: 10173: 8001: 5820:

Several schools of jurisprudence and thought within Sunni Islam argue that to govern a state by

4119:, constitutionally abolished the institution of the caliphate. Atatürk offered the caliphate to 4116: 3715: 3048: 2515: 2475:, who ruled as caliph from 1508 to 1516, then he was deposed briefly in 1516 by his predecessor 1883:(the "Household of the Prophet"). Some caliphates in history have been led by Shiites, like the 1837: 122: 15358: 15259: 15254: 14942: 14890: 14810: 14743: 14647: 14632: 14525: 14292: 14246: 14087: 13974: 13824: 13422: 13263: 12610: 12094: 10904: 10608: 10500: 9173: 8950:

Jay Tolson, "Caliph Wanted: Why An Old Islamic Institution Resonates With Many Muslims Today",

6421:"...who respond to their Lord, establish prayer, conduct their affairs by mutual consultation"( 6271: 6253: 5891:

In the above, the first era of the caliphate is commonly accepted by Muslims to be that of the

5739: 5724: 4832:

A contemporary effort to re-establish the caliphate by supporters of armed jihad that predates

4619:. He also supported financially the late Ottoman dynasty in exile, to avoid them being ruined. 4474: 3843: 3279: 2918: 2233: 2221: 2128: 2050: 1601: 1168: 723: 489: 12786: 12761: 12090: 10199: 8846: 8807: 8270: 7893: 6680:, commerce and employment. Copies of the contract were usually kept by both parties involved. 6233: 5500: 5102:

maintaining the high spiritual and moral standards within the global community established by

4903: 4723: 15426: 15289: 15249: 15062: 14937: 14001: 13991: 13950: 13921: 13402: 13213: 13160: 12878: 12864: 12841: 12831: 12383: 11170: 9698: 9668: 9065: 8755: 7386: 7174: 6867: 6810: 6673: 6672:

land for farming or any other purpose. Signatures were required on contracts for every major

6470: 5399: 4340: 3916: 3755: 3556: 2442: 2399: 2349: 2111: 1888: 1596: 1459: 1056: 718: 543: 327: 282: 15177: 12746: 12404: 12374: 12365: 12355: 12295: 10773:

Al-Fiqh Alal-Mathahib Al- Arba’a (the fiqh of the four schools of thought), volume 5, p. 416

10314: 8411: 7552: 6469:

by a caliph is sufficient grounds for impeachment. Rather than just relying on impeachment,

6170:. In fact, there is no establishment of the Deen except by it....this is the opinion of the 2693: 2511: 1802: 15382: 15212: 15182: 15057: 14988: 14959: 14878: 14212: 14050: 14040: 13563: 13283: 13007: 12722: 12697: 12192: 9155: 9043: 8875: 7871: 6764: 6627: 6449: 6282:

or election. They claim that before his death, Muhammad had given many indications, in the

6091: 5646: 5641: 5360: 5264:

writes that "early on, Islamists replace the concept of the caliphate ... with that of the

5137: 5067:(1835–1908, the founder of the movement) whom Ahmadis identify as the Promised Messiah and 4972: 4870:

The territory under his control "did not extend beyond a few small towns" in Afghanistan's

4833: 4523: 4400: 4093: 3833: 3627: 3221: 2914: 2254: 15162: 11134: 9469: 9176:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). 8636: 7903: 7897: 3735: 1981: 1887:(909–1171). From the late 20th century towards the early 21st century, in the wake of the 8: 15416: 15074: 14954: 14920: 14822: 14642: 14637: 14449: 14168: 14104: 13979: 13964: 13551: 13507: 13412: 12197: 9640: 9525: 9033:, Vol. 32, No. 2, The Uses of Guile: Literary and Historical Moments (Spring, 1999), 243. 7875: 7417: 7381: 7338: 7300: 6776: 6772: 6756: 6748: 6732: 6724: 6696: 6334:

and tyranny are not merely moral values, but values essential to a person's religiosity.

5800:

Allah has promised those of you who believe and do good that He will certainly make them

5776: 5529: 5046: 4777: 4713: 4553: 4539: 4515: 4412: 4304: 4128: 4085: 4000: 3970: 3201: 2685: 2338: 1857: 1841: 1520: 1429: 1386: 1173: 938: 832: 728: 362: 262: 142: 14790: 14780: 12489: 10339: 10026: 6038:

It has additionally been reported that Abu Bakr went on to say on the day of Al-Saqifa:

4704:

in relation to spiritual responsibilities and to propagate the teachings of the tariqa.

4383:, its rulers held the title of caliph until 1893, when it was absorbed into the British 4097: 15187: 15167: 15150: 15101: 14966: 14775: 14726: 14659: 14577: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14464: 14434: 14326: 14224: 14092: 14067: 12558: 12472: 12455: 12282: 12054: 12013: 11973: 11921: 11912: 11890: 11838: 11829: 11618: 11583: 11575: 11505: 11497: 11450: 11235: 10893: 9616: 9556: 9182:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 9061: 7497: 7489: 6605: 6597: 6167: 5599: 5512: 5495: 5409: 5153: 5064: 4757: 4734: 4478: 4458: 4446: 4380: 4336: 4190: 3945: 3921: 3783: 3561: 3546: 3456: 3309: 3116: 2843: 2801: 2681: 2673: 2245: 2033: 1856:. Throughout the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all of which were 1817: 1716: 1158: 943: 918: 752: 709: 679: 662: 637: 582: 538: 250: 170: 89: 11536: 9965: 9740: 9029:"Truths and Lies: Irony and Intrigue in the Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī", Soheila Amirsoleimani, 7412: 6348:

be developed, due to the need for some form of government, where an Islamic jurist or

4201:

policies throughout its rule, has been accused of intending to restore the caliphate.

2548:

Rulers of the emirate used the title "emir" or "sultan" until the tenth century, when

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and rose to prominence as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) during the

4773: 4769: 4616: 4585: 4526:, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Barrister Muhammad Jan Abbasi. For a time it was supported by 4502: 4490: 4470: 4384: 4364: 4005: 3955: 3883: 3848: 3823: 3803: 3720: 3681: 3657: 3416: 3368: 3329: 3319: 3295: 3211: 3173: 3029: 2867: 2827: 2750: 2728: 2661: 2646: 2574: 2549: 2533: 2524: 2472: 2385: 2357: 2314: 2266: 2107: 1884: 1845: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1591: 1312: 1143: 1095: 923: 856: 793: 757: 704: 617: 577: 439: 132: 127: 104: 99: 94: 13582: 11733:

occupational group enjoyed a life expectancy of 69, 75, and 72.8 years respectively!

6098:

stated that the global Muslim community can have only one leader at any given time.

15145: 14932: 14927: 14883: 14870: 14800: 14768: 14763: 14627: 14622: 14604: 14565: 14498: 14481: 14422: 14412: 14407: 14348: 14304: 14274: 14234: 14217: 14200: 14163: 13914: 13890: 13885: 13387: 13288: 13228: 13177: 13135: 12913: 12851: 12771: 12274: 12221: 12150: 12046: 12005: 11965: 11882: 11699: 11669: 11610: 11567: 11532: 11489: 11440: 11432: 11358: 11284: 10888: 10875: 10593: 9608: 9548: 9399: 9243: 8310: 8123: 7471: 7151:

was the fourteenth and last Umayyad caliph, ruling from 744 until his death in 750.

6963: 6956: 6952: 6928: 6834: 6752: 6740: 6700: 6582: 6414: 6400: 6179: 6050:(innovations) would spread and Fitna would grow, and that is in no one's interests. 5990: 5916: 5517: 5404: 5179: 4992: 4960: 4876: 4666: 4577: 4549: 4445:

in the early nineteenth century, it controlled one of the most powerful empires in

4430: 4424: 4408: 4388: 4360: 4352: 4267:

like their Timurid ancestors. A gold coin struck under Akbar called him the "great

3888: 3838: 3446: 3344: 3339: 3324: 2842:, the Fatimid caliphs extended their rule for the next 150 years, taking Egypt and 2650: 2592: 2454: 2237: 2216: 1928: 1861: 1730: 1424: 1347: 1317: 1191: 933: 913: 602: 597: 548: 533: 518: 427: 306: 137: 9612: 9552: 7293:, the 2nd Ottoman caliph, during whose reign the Ottoman Empire reached its zenith 3025: 15363: 15331: 15204: 15172: 15155: 15111: 15106: 15084: 15079: 15037: 15030: 15005: 14865: 14860: 14701: 14582: 14476: 14471: 14439: 14264: 14254: 14148: 14141: 14136: 14121: 14077: 13959: 13945: 13557: 13502: 13258: 13243: 13233: 13203: 13170: 12996: 12884: 12756: 12626: 12518: 12460: 12399:

Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate from Contemporary Arabic and Persian Sources

12243: 12239: 12172: 11272: 10561: 10321: 9827: 9177: 8757:

Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924

8693: 8676: 8595: 8568: 8530: 8442: 8370: 8304: 8300: 7879: 7681: 7517: 7454: 7257: 7211: 7189: 7086: 7020: 6850: 6846: 6830: 6806: 6788: 6560: 6381: 5236: 5165: 5004: 4977: 4910:'s territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent in May 2015 4866:

prohibited the use of paper currency and ordered his men to burn their passports.

4799: 4573: 4565: 4519: 4438: 4332: 4245: 4151: 4047: 3798: 3710: 3551: 3461: 3385: 3256: 3206: 2971: 2891: 2851: 2800:) and the caliphate were united to any degree, excepting the final period of the 2777: 2772:

and made it their capital city, before conquering Egypt and building the city of

2769: 2708: 2704: 2677: 2642: 2541: 2502:, reclaimed the title of caliph in 929, lasting until it was overthrown in 1031. 2471:(r. June–November 1261). The Abbasid caliphate of Cairo lasted until the time of 2468: 2369: 2353: 2212: 2181: 1865: 1777: 1769: 1691: 1683: 1635: 1608: 1464: 1454: 1251: 1148: 737: 553: 513: 502: 484: 387: 332: 245: 31: 14785: 12174:

Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God

11390:

Robert Sabatino Lopez, Irving Woodworth Raymond, Olivia Remie Constable (2001),

11087: 8124:"HIST 210 – Lecture 16 – The Splendor of the Abbasid Period | Open Yale Courses" 6496: 4700:

Sufi caliphates are not necessarily hereditary. Khalifas are aimed to serve the

4669:

define themselves as caliphates. Their leaders are thus commonly referred to as

3155: 2737:

Map of the Fatimid Caliphate at its largest extent in the early eleventh century

2271: 74: 15306: 15301: 15264: 15239: 15222: 15133: 15118: 15089: 15047: 14895: 14855: 14850: 14805: 14731: 14691: 14681: 14671: 14486: 14365: 14259: 14126: 14008: 13750: 13484: 13417: 13397: 13273: 13165: 13105: 13058: 13053: 13038: 13018: 12672: 12121: 11802: 10053:"Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross" 7674: 7309:, the 25th and the last Ottoman caliph to rule with independent, absolute power 7306: 7284: 7223: 7207: 6692: 6609: 6520: 6327: 6319: 5769: 5752: 5656: 5378: 5337: 5273: 5244: 5172: 5127: 4996: 4871: 4643: 4623: 4596:

be chosen as caliph can be traced back to 1883 when Sheikh Hamat-al-Din seized

4527: 4454: 4348: 4249: 4237: 4198: 4186: 3993: 3960: 3863: 3813: 3773: 3750: 3705: 3639: 3541: 3512: 3487: 3441: 3024:, to approach Sultan Abdul Hamid II to use his position as caliph to order the 3017: 2998: 2975: 2967: 2922: 2863: 2812: 2554: 2068: 1613: 1544: 1449: 1282: 1196: 825: 697: 684: 642: 587: 201: 13569: 12278: 11688:

Authority, Conflict, and the Transmission of Diversity in Medieval Islamic Law

11571: 11493: 9782:"The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community celebrates its new cultural outpost in Kenner" 9454: 7122:

was the ninth Umayyad caliph, ruling from February 720 until his death in 724.

4320:. The Mughal emperors continued to be addressed as caliphs until the reign of 2395: 15410: 15387: 15274: 15069: 15042: 15015: 14993: 14971: 14738: 14721: 14706: 14550: 14503: 14491: 14417: 14309: 14183: 14178: 14153: 14035: 13847: 13765: 13715: 13130: 13043: 13028: 12846: 12662: 12297:

From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic

12262: 12202: 11362: 11013: 10900: 10857:

Siyaasah Shariyyah – chapter: 'The obligation of adherence to the leadership'

10612:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 1230–1238. 9754: 9694: 8591: 8345: 7959: 7838: 7447: 7376: 7322: 7217: 7067: 7061: 6968: 6944: 6822: 6818: 6385: 6315: 6159: 6122: 5834: 5561: 5548: 5449: 5228: 4892: 4837: 4581: 4256: 4248:. The Indian sultanates did not extensively strive for a caliphate since the 4124: 3965: 3873: 3858: 3808: 3793: 3745: 3725: 3651: 3397: 3334: 3160: 2958: 2887: 2742: 2669: 2637:

tribes of southern Morocco. The Almohads first established a Berber state in

2426: 2249: 2227: 2056: 1892: 1816:

During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the

1500: 1395: 1297: 1287: 1128: 762: 667: 627: 46: 14815: 14795: 13453: 12499: 11673: 11436: 11060: 10933:

An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism

9404: 9387: 9187: 7093:

as his successor, a trend that would continue through subsequent caliphates.

6577:(Islamic judge) was not allowed to discriminate on the grounds of religion, 6563:, capital punishment was suspended until the effects of the drought passed. 6220:

has said that the leader of the Muslims simply should be from the majority.

6106:

declared it impermissible to give oaths of loyalty to more than one leader.

5469: 2161:. Ali's tumultuous rule lasted only five years. This period is known as the 15279: 15020: 15010: 14976: 14905: 14900: 14827: 14617: 14599: 14560: 14555: 14535: 14530: 14402: 14395: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14269: 14207: 14188: 14173: 14109: 13735: 13303: 13293: 13248: 13145: 13125: 13013: 12482: 12070: 11601:

Amin, Samir (June 1978). "The Arab Nation: Some Conclusions and Problems".

11544: 10980: 10527: 10382: 10082: 8689: 7941: 7493: 7360: 7201: 6976: 6665: 6645: 6546: 6295: 6217: 6095: 5920: 5757: 5534: 5444: 5320: 5157: 5110:

consultation and taking into consideration the views of the members of the

4842: 4789: 4450: 4321: 4036: 4017: 3893: 3878: 3818: 3700: 3507: 3492: 3451: 3380: 3351: 2991: 2962:

as a political instead of symbolic religious title by the Ottomans was the

2692:

dominions in Iberia were lost soon after, with the great Moorish cities of

2476: 1918: 1849: 1798: 1549: 1476: 1470: 1444: 1439: 1415: 1405: 1342: 1231: 1051: 975: 813: 769: 506: 238: 227: 160: 12368:

By Richard Stephen Humphreys, Stephen (EDT) Humphreys from The History of

12154: 11075:

Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism: Social Justice and Salvation for the Masses

9574:

Sazonov, Vladimir; Espak, Peeter; Mölder, Holger; Saumets, Andres (2020).

9269: 7931: 6845:. Organisational enterprises similar to corporations independent from the 6554:, the daughter of Muhammad (my daughter) stole, I would cut off her hand." 6125:

must not be appointed by the Islamic ummah, but must be appointed by God.

4776:

who were the third and fourth caliphs respectively. The current caliph is

1911:

Before the advent of Islam, Arabian monarchs traditionally used the title

14998: 14983: 14832: 14545: 14454: 14444: 14370: 14018: 14013: 13710: 13223: 13218: 13100: 13095: 13068: 13033: 12816: 12712: 12142: 11703: 10553: 8587: 7316: 7139:

was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 743 until his death in the year 744.

7136: 6972: 6932: 6886: 6688: 6669: 6649: 6631: 6601: 6530: 6445: 6311: 6201: 6117:

Muslims to have two leaders in the world whether in agreement or discord.

5933: 5884: 5199: 5084:

can only be established by God Himself and is a divine blessing given to

4988: 4356: 4178: 4170: 4140: 3980: 3868: 3853: 3740: 3664: 3006: 3002: 2422: 2342: 2302: 2201: 2162: 1896: 1880: 1872: 1813:

based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.

1696: 1554: 1539: 1481: 1352: 1216: 1015: 1010: 990: 980: 970: 565: 523: 447: 11454: 11418:"The Absence of the Corporation in Islamic Law: Origins and Persistence" 11103: 11028:

Rafia'a & Derayati 2003: Al-Hashiyah ala al-Usul al-Kafi (in Arabic)

7591: 7475: 7299:, the 8th Ottoman caliph, who is well known for his construction of the 7226:

was the caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 892 until his death in 902.

6499: 6432: 6423: 6151:

when writing of the potential consequences of losing the caliphate said:

5813: 5332: 5076: 4042: 2490: 2055:

In the immediate aftermath of the death of Muhammad, a gathering of the

1983: 1630: 15025: 14842: 14716: 14676: 14609: 13725: 13690: 13640: 13614: 13608: 13208: 13150: 13140: 13120: 13090: 13063: 13048: 12766: 12687: 12405:

The Fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba: Berbers and Andalusis in conflict

12050: 12009: 11969: 11886: 11622: 11501: 10819: 10725: 10654: 10633: 9294: 8970: 8889:

Contemporary Arab Thought: Cultural Critique in Comparative Perspective

8536: 7554:

Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts

7245: 7107: 7082: 7039: 6988: 6915: 6911: 6684: 6466: 6462: 6331: 6257: 6148: 6128: 6083: 6047: 5959: 5854: 5837: 5585: 5556: 5328: 5315: 5123: 4984: 4718: 4589: 4442: 4280: 4241: 4197:

government in Turkey, a former Muslim Brotherhood ally who has adopted

3950: 3730: 3502: 3249: 3083: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2630: 2616: 2562: 2519: 2499: 2318: 2241: 2189: 1876: 1559: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1491: 1332: 1123: 1005: 1000: 864: 570: 12356:

The History of Al-Khilafah Ar-Rashidah (The Rightly Guided Caliphates)

11762:

composed exclusively of individuals who enjoyed exceptional longevity.

11579: 11445: 9214:"Is Yogyakarta Ready for a Female Successor to Sultan Hamengkubowono?" 9141:

Qadir, K.B.S.S.A., 1936. "The Cultural Influences of Islam in India".

7186:

was the third Abbasid caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785.

5235:"The Voice of the Caliphate". According to author and Egyptian native 2441:(934–941) was constrained to hand over most of the royal functions to 1809:, and parallel regional caliphates. Historically, the caliphates were 14915: 14686: 14570: 14540: 14195: 13986: 13760: 13740: 13730: 13720: 13705: 13695: 13675: 13660: 13650: 13635: 13603: 13593: 13545: 13023: 12981: 12976: 12836: 12821: 12727: 12717: 12512: 10596:, Kitab Al-Fitan (8584\503\4) أخرج ( ك ) نعيم بن حماد (986) , والحاكم 9997:"Isis 'controls 50% of Syria' after seizing historic city of Palmyra" 9670:

Prayer in the City: The Making of Muslim Sacred Places and Urban Life

9179:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

9070:

Gabriel's Wing A Study Into the Religious Ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal

8157:. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 8094:"Abbasid caliphate | Achievements, Capital, & Facts | Britannica" 7169: 7163: 7148: 7142: 6996: 6940: 6653: 6641: 6590: 6362:

and established in Iran, is not universally accepted among the Shia.

6356: 6353: 6267: 6099: 6055: 6000: 5311: 5183: 5088:

and uphold the unity of God, therefore any movement to establish the

5052: 5017:(YPG) along with a 60 nation coalition in its efforts to establish a 5009: 4929: 4848: 4639: 4631: 4296: 4284: 4225: 4220: 3517: 2987: 2877: 2781: 2712: 2200:, succeeded Ali as caliph. Muāwiyah transformed the caliphate into a 2137:

Rashidun Caliphate at its greatest extent, under Caliph Uthman's rule

2076: 1879:, however, believe a caliph should be an imam chosen by God from the 1362: 1256: 1246: 1241: 1226: 1221: 1211: 1085: 1046: 1035: 1030: 1020: 985: 953: 897: 892: 11614: 11523:

Spier, Ray (August 2002). "The history of the peer-review process".

10111:"Blamed for Rise of ISIS, Syrian Leader Is Pushed to Escalate Fight" 9085:

Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State

4921: 4642:. Although he lost the Hejaz and was exiled, then imprisoned by the 3058: 2974:

on territory whose sovereignty was ceded to the Russian Empire. The

2872: 2248:, Ali was later assassinated by the Kharijite Ibn Muljam. Ali's son 14316: 14099: 14057: 13996: 13755: 13700: 13685: 13665: 13655: 13630: 13598: 13588: 13576: 13432: 13427: 13155: 13110: 13080: 12986: 12702: 12677: 12569: 12527: 12493: 12434:

Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought

11211:, pp. 132 & 135); Mathieu Tillier, Judicial Authority and 9786: 8571:. He restored Egypt as a political power, reincorporated it in the 7468:

The Caliphate of Man: Popular Sovereignty in Modern Islamic Thought

7312: 7251: 7239: 7183: 7119: 7101: 7035: 7028: 7008: 6881: 6814: 6712: 6534: 6374: 6087: 5892: 5734: 5699: 5368: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5203: 5195: 5187: 5131: 5103: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4914: 4809: 4795: 4608: 4144: 3497: 3373: 3239: 3181: 3013: 2926: 2540:. The Umayyads lost the position of caliph in Damascus in 750, and 2537: 2433: 2298: 2158: 2087: 2029: 1900: 1720: 1712: 1434: 995: 965: 908: 779: 747: 461: 395: 45:"The Caliphate" redirects here. For the modern militant group, see 13335: 13328:

indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only

12923: 12595: 12393:

Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877–1924)

7315:, the 26th Ottoman caliph, who made the Ottoman Empire enter into 7303:, one of the most famous mosques and tourist attraction in Turkey. 6652:. A social transformation took place as a result of changing land 6384:

have, since the year 1130, followed the imam's chief officer, the

5969: 5909: 4228:, unlike his predecessors, was considered to be a caliph of India. 2579: 2448: 2372:

took power, as the Abbasids were descended from Muhammad's uncle,

14229: 14158: 14114: 13969: 13895: 13816: 13745: 13645: 13620: 13540: 13530: 13442: 13085: 13001: 12991: 12966: 12667: 12318:

The Way of the Strangers : Encounters with the Islamic State

12126:

God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam

11392:

Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents

10089:. Princeton University Press (Kindle Edition). pp. 283–284. 9599:

Bar, Shmuel (January 2016). "The implications of the Caliphate".

8564: 7402: 7296: 7272: 7229: 7178: 7130: 7113: 7090: 6936: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6842: 6780: 6716: 6586: 6551: 6323: 6291: 6229: 6213: 6016: 5996: 5947: 5851: 5573: 5463: 5269: 5074:

Ahmadis maintain that in accordance with Quranic verses (such as

4858: 4750: 4635: 4627: 4434: 4317: 4174: 3482: 3244: 2930: 2906: 2847: 2835: 2831: 2797: 2754: 2746: 2716: 2697: 2654: 2634: 2620: 2483: 2438: 2414: 2403: 2310: 2205: 2177: 2173: 2095: 2044: 1236: 1073: 1063: 612: 289: 14030: 12427:

The Clash of the Caliphates: Understanding the real war of ideas

12265:(1984). "Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo". 12196: 10998:(1st ed.). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 9887:

Interview with Kevin Jackson, 15 December 2015, quoted in Wood,

5458: 5059:) is the continuation of the Islamic caliphate, first being the 4544: 2876:

The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in 1683, under Sultan

2409:

In 750, the Umayyad dynasty was overthrown by another family of

14062: 13937: 13189: 12962: 12579: 12065: 10871: 7276: 7248:, famous caliph of later Abbasid period, who reigned 1136–1160. 7051: 7004: 6984: 6980: 6975:

technology transformed Islamic society (and later, the rest of

6959:

and 31 years for the population of thirteenth-century England.

6919: 6903: 6890:) of an Islamic government were used to provide income for the 6857: 6826: 6792: 6784: 6661: 6657: 6600:, the system of legal scholars and jurists responsible for the 6526: 6516: 6475: 6408: 6370: 6299: 6241: 6043: 5870: 5821: 5810: 5633: 5568: 5231:, or caliphate". Al-Qaeda has named its Internet newscast from 5191: 5161: 4880: 4738: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4662: 4659: 4647: 4593: 4449:

prior to European conquest and colonisation culminating in the

4300: 4263:("abode of the caliphate") since the time of the third emperor 4204: 3403: 3301: 2957:, were lost to the Russian Empire. However, the Ottomans under 2954: 2938: 2910: 2758: 2638: 2623: 2600: 2169: 2146: 2145:. His successor, Uthman, was elected by a council of electors ( 2060: 1976: 1810: 1400: 632: 622: 411: 379: 371: 356: 350: 234: 11480:

Labib, Subhi Y. (March 1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam".

11266:

The Muslim Agricultural Revolution and its influence on Europe

10963:

Islamic messianism : the idea of Mahdi in twelver Shīʻism

8695:

The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History: Introduction

7064:

controlling the Levant and Egypt regions independently of Ali.

6352:

rules Muslims, suffices. However, this idea, developed by the

6216:

all agreed that a caliph must be a descendant of the Quraysh.

5025:, Iraq's second largest city, and the northern Syrian city of 4941:

Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (Al-Qaeda in Iraq)

4768:, who led the community for over 50 years. Following him were 4760:, became the caliph of the community and assumed the title of 4693:), the main khalifas, who nominate local khalifas to organise 4650:, Hussein continued to use the title until his death in 1931. 2536:

was an integral province of the Umayyad Caliphate ruling from

2498:

The Umayyad dynasty, which had survived and come to rule over

2244:, to abandon the fight. After defeating the Kharijites at the 14696: 13535: 13193: 10584:

Masnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Mishkat, Chapter Al-Anzar Wal Tahzir

9423:. Jeddah: British Secret Service. p. FO 371/100CWE 3356. 8908:

Bertrand Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino (eds).

7693: 7352: 6948: 6907: 6876: 6862: 6708: 6566: 6542: 6404: 6349: 6307: 6279: 6237: 6206: 6171: 5986: 5580: 5434: 5350: 5308: 5300: 5068: 5026: 5022: 4968: 4956: 4854: 4805: 4746: 4742: 4612: 4597: 4344: 4308: 4264: 4162: 4136: 3422: 3410: 3362: 3196: 2934: 2839: 2816: 2773: 2762: 2689: 2558: 2464: 2410: 2334: 2306: 2197: 2080: 2072: 1913: 774: 652: 343: 301: 294: 217: 209: 11090:

Ayatullah Sayyid Abdul Husayn Dastghaib Shirazi Greater Sins

7551:

Al-Rasheed, Madawi; Kersten, Carool; Shterin, Marat (2012).

7442:

Hassan, Mona. "Conceptualizing the Caliphate, 632–1517 CE."

3016:, U.S. Secretary of State, asked the American ambassador to 2645:

in roughly 1120. The Almohads succeeded in overthrowing the

1844:, but this caliphate fell quickly after its conquest by the 12574: 10144:"Timeline: the Rise, Spread, and Fall of the Islamic State" 8999:"How to interpret discussions on Atatürk and the caliphate" 7407: 7045: 6922: 6797: 6744: 6574: 6570: 6480: 5919:

reported on the authority of Abu Saleh on the authority of

5265: 5232: 5098:

at that time) nor merely by election but primarily by God.

4313: 2660:

The Almohad dominance of Iberia continued until 1212, when

2345:, or his own lineage, the descendants of Ali, should rule. 2185: 2091: 1937: 1794: 1760: 403: 311: 13906: 12211:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10501:"The Muslim Brotherhood And Copts, Historical Perspective" 9636:"Islamic Caliph condemns ISIS' act of 'Un-Islamic terror'" 9518:

Turkey: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1802–1949

7660:

Kadi, Wadad; Shahin, Aram A. (2013). "Caliph, caliphate".

7204:, a great Abbasid patron of Islamic philosophy and science 7089:. Muawiyah instituted dynastic rule by appointing his son 4407:(Caliph of God) as one of his many titles. In 2015 sultan 2733: 2700:

falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248, respectively.

2505: 2228:

Ali's caliphate, Hasan and the rise of the Umayyad dynasty

12584: 10232:"The Islamic Khilafat – Its Rise, Fall, and Re-emergence" 9573: 8728:

Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923

7598:. OBP collection. Open Book Publishers. pp. 73–100. 7319:

in 1914, which would ultimately lead to the Empire's end.

7057: 6287: 6228:

Following the death of Muhammad, a meeting took place at

6031:

It is forbidden for Muslims to have two Amirs (rulers)...

2805: 2150: 1964: 1958: 1943: 1745: 1739: 11662:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

8600:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. 7810:"What is the difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims?" 7550: 6987:

culture, comparable to the later shifts from scribal to

6373:

continue to have a living imam; the current imam is the

2341:; others felt that only members of Muhammad's clan, the 2149:). Uthman was killed by members of a disaffected group. 2075:

among themselves, with the intentional exclusion of the

12377:

By Clifford Edmund (TRN) Bosworth, from The History of

11679: 11320:

Subhi Y. Labib (1969), "Capitalism in Medieval Islam",

10027:"Isis rebels declare 'Islamic state' in Iraq and Syria" 7662:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

7444:

Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History

7287:. Under his reign, the Empire grew by seventy per cent. 6290:, his cousin and son-in-law, as his successor. For the 5344:

and reminds him of his obligation to rule with justice.

4749:, awaited by Muslims. He also claimed to be a follower- 4726:, first designed in 1939, during the leadership of the 4411:

renounced any claim to the caliphate to facilitate his

4299:. As a memoriser of Quran, Aurangzeb fully established 2780:

dubbed the fourth century AH /tenth century CE as the "

2368:, "the Party of Ali", were again disappointed when the 2083:), though this has later become the subject of debate. 1840:. An attempt to preserve the title was tried, with the 12267:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

11088:

The Thirtieth Greater Sin: Not Helping the Oppressed.

9418: 4827: 11342:"Islam, the Mediterranean and the rise of capitalism" 9966:"Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: Islamic State's driving force" 7038:, first Rashidun caliph. Subdued rebel tribes in the 6388:, as they believe the imams are in a state of hiding. 4983:

ISIL has been at war with armed forces including the

4707: 2491:

Parallel regional caliphates in the later Abbasid era

2292: Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 1967: 1955: 1946: 1934: 1757: 1748: 1736: 12096:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936

10449:"Reunified Islam: Unlikely but Not Entirely Radical" 10315:

Professor Mackie and the Kalam Cosmological Argument

10138: 10136: 8375:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 23, 676. 6719:

employed during this time included early contracts,

6545:: The people of Quraish worried about the lady from 5976: 3036: 2609: 2286: Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphs, 632–661 1961: 1940: 1742: 10809:

Al-Moghni Fi Abuab Al-Tawhid, volume 20, pp. 58–145

9487:""مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح" 9437:

Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses

4634:, but he received support from a large part of the 4394: 2479:, but was restored again to the caliphate in 1517. 1952: 1931: 1754: 1733: 12218:Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering Human Rights 12128:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 10892: 8306:The Historiography of Islamic Egypt: (c. 950–1800) 7351:before assuming the title, so as not to break the 7242:, famous caliph of later Abbasid period, 991–1031. 6191: 4756:After Ahmad's death in 1908, his first successor, 4533: 12170: 12099:. Vol. IV. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 881–885. 10133: 9741:"Hadhrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad, Khalifatul Masih V" 9667:Desplat, Patrick A.; Schulz, Dorothea E. (2014). 9467: 8670:"The history of the institution of the caliphate" 8440: 7793: 7781: 7744: 7699: 2180:) of the caliphate had its own governor (Sultan, 15408: 12245:The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 10764:Al-Mughni fi abwab Al-Tawheed, volume 20, p. 243 10422:"Al-Qaeda chiefs reveal world domination design" 10081: 7446:, Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. 98–141, 6711:) and the integration of previously independent 6664:or religious background the right to buy, sell, 4963:. In the summer of 2014, the group launched the 4484: 4464: 2857: 2707:, in 1215. The last representative of the line, 2568: 9357:"How Did the Ottoman Dynasty Survive in Exile?" 9110:Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb 1658–1707 8910:International Encyclopedia of Political Science 8522: 8483:Mutanabbi devant le siècle ismaëlien de l'Islam 8010:. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2017. 7133:had, and enforced it, even upon his own family. 6077: 4886: 4418: 2722: 2449:Under the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo (1261–1517) 2379: 2023: 1871:Not all Muslim states have had caliphates. The 1828:(750–1517). In the fourth major caliphate, the 12429:, by Tony Corn, Small Wars Journal, March 2011 12171:Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). 12149:, Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 10965:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 9484: 8966:"Turkey: Could the Caliphate Make a Comeback?" 8944: 8749: 8747: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8508:. London: Rough Guides Ltd. pp. 136–137. 7470:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 6691:were present in the caliphate, since an early 6596:According to Noah Feldman, a law professor at 5168:wrote about the restoration of the caliphate. 5055:believe that the Ahmadiyya Caliphate (Arabic: 4971:. The group declared itself a caliphate under 4374: 4143:, but his kingdom was defeated and annexed by 2768:The Fatimids established the Tunisian city of 2260: 13922: 13832: 13483: 13469: 13351: 12939: 12611: 12543: 12504: 11942:place of cultural and scientific preeminence. 9666: 9050:. Oxford University Press. pp. 159, 160. 8783:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India 8368: 7944:. London: Penguin Random House. p. 244. 7853:. Cyril Glasse. pp. 39–41, 318–319, 353–354, 7279:, the 1st caliph and maiden title holder of " 5777: 5209: 4065: 2390: 1801:in other parts of the world, had led to many 1653: 833: 178: 30:"Caliph" redirects here. For other uses, see 27:Islamic monarchy claiming to succeed Muhammad 15379:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 11159:Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 56, Number 681 11129: 11127: 11125: 10424:. Melbourne: Theage.com.au. 24 August 2005. 10407:Interview (21 October 2001) from bin Laden, 8586: 8488: 8481: 8441:Buresi, Pascal; El Aallaoui, Hicham (2012). 7726: 7687:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 6339:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist 6236:, legal specialists collectively called the 4853:) to him. Abu Issa, was born in the city of 4846: 4205:Parallel regional caliphates to the Ottomans 3635:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 2603: 1990: 61: 12215: 11744: 11715: 11635: 11208: 10881: 10525: 9912: 9910: 9870: 9868: 8744: 8712: 7972: 7966: 6455: 5122:A number of Islamist political parties and 4653: 2672:by an alliance of the Christian princes of 2583:The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, 1723:and the identification of a monarch called 13929: 13915: 13839: 13825: 13476: 13462: 13358: 13344: 12946: 12932: 12618: 12604: 12550: 12536: 12375:The Reunification of the Abbasid Caliphate 12321:. New York: Random House. pp. 128–9. 12216:Weeramantry, Judge Christopher G. (1997). 12120: 11859:than in any other cultures of their times. 11560:Comparative Studies in Society and History 11335: 11333: 11260: 11258: 11041:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988). 10961:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1981). 10490:Harvard University Press, (1994) pp. 42–43 9900:Kevin Jackson, "The Forgotten Caliphate", 9854:Kevin Jackson, "The Forgotten Caliphate", 9538: 8799: 8664: 8662: 8631: 8629: 8155:"The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258)" 8152: 7659: 7448:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q1xrgm.9 6035:Then he got up and addressed the Muslims. 5784: 5770: 4918:Military situation in Libya in early 2016: 4615:by creating a second caliph alongside the 4600:and called for the caliphate as a Sayyid. 4572:) was an Arab caliphate proclaimed by the 4169:was adopted by the King of Morocco and by 4072: 4058: 2890:, the last caliph of Sunni Islam from the 1660: 1646: 840: 826: 185: 171: 11444: 11122: 11040: 10960: 9944:"Caliphate won't last but its legacy may" 9779: 9403: 9385: 8838: 7891: 7177:which was to become the core of imperial 6507:factoring in the potential cost of life. 6006: 5932:It has been narrated on the authority of 4556:) in green and the current region in red. 4216:Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent 3929:Liberal and reform movements within Islam 3143:Learn how and when to remove this message 2038: 1715:is based on a claim of succession to the 877:List of countries by system of government 11557: 11297:The Cambridge economic history of Europe 11222: 10887: 10605: 10303:, Harvard University Press, (1994) p. 42 9907: 9865: 9693: 9419:British Secret Service (29 March 1924). 9386:Al-Momani, Nidal Daoud Mohammad (2014). 9158:(1924). "The Mughal Emperors in India". 9060: 9046:(1924). "The Mughal Emperors in India". 8902: 8874:, p. 5; Özoğlu quotes 867.00/1801: 8812:. Oxford University Press. p. 235. 8490:Mémoires de l'Institut Français de Damas 8406: 8404: 7899:Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures 7804: 7802: 7769: 7732: 7711: 7515: 6967:the introduction of state funding under 6715:areas. Business techniques and forms of 5983:Islamic eschatology § Major figures 5086:those who believe and work righteousness 4913: 4902: 4741:, India, who claimed to be the promised 4717: 4543: 4509:in 1920 to defend the Ottoman Caliphate 4219: 3154: 2882: 2871: 2732: 2578: 2523: 2394: 2270: 2132: 15203: 12386:By Franz Rosenthal from The History of 11659: 11425:The American Journal of Comparative Law 11330: 11255: 11228: 10956: 10954: 9994: 9703:. Oxford University Press. p. 11. 9633: 9172: 9162:. Oxford University Press. p. 162. 9107: 9082: 8753: 8659: 8626: 8580: 8299: 7589: 5829:that many people are indeed rebellious. 4689:(orders) are led by spiritual leaders ( 4156:Islam and the Foundations of Governance 2982:to comply with the British government. 2528:Map of the Caliphate of Cordoba c. 1000 2506:Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031) 2280: Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 1853: 14: 15409: 12517: 12293: 12238: 12141: 12088: 11773: 11339: 11168: 10993: 10606:Madelung, Wilferd (1986). "al-Mahdī". 10007:from the original on 30 September 2015 9842:Islamic caliphate a dream, not reality 9485:الوطن, جريدة; webmaster (5 May 2020). 9434: 9295:"New Series Vol. 7 No. 6 (1 May 1917)" 9154: 9042: 8871: 8805: 8730:. New York: Basic Books. p. 111. 8725: 8688: 8682: 8503: 7926: 7557:. Oxford University Press. p. 3. 6314:and offspring, who are believed to be 6294:, Ali and his eleven descendants, the 5995:Many Islamic texts, including several 5182:aimed to establish a Caliphate across 4252:was already observing the caliphate. 4209: 2626:movement founded in the 12th century. 13910: 13820: 13457: 13339: 12927: 12599: 12531: 12516: 12503: 12191: 12034: 11993: 11953: 11870: 11685: 11522: 11479: 11415: 11243:from the original on 16 November 2012 11045:. New York: Oxford University Press. 10939:from the original on 10 December 2017 10895:Atlas of the Islamic World Since 1500 10868:Concordance de la Tradition Musulmane 10800:Maqalat Al-Islamyin, volume 2, p. 134 10428:from the original on 28 February 2011 10033:from the original on 18 November 2022 9367:from the original on 13 December 2023 9336:from the original on 14 December 2023 9220:from the original on 22 December 2019 8996: 8963: 8844: 8780: 8401: 8372:Concise Encyclopeida Of World History 8014:from the original on 22 December 2023 7933:Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 7799: 7638:from the original on 22 February 2020 7465: 6853:from the thirteenth century onwards. 6707:of a stable high-value currency (the 6640:, the caliphate understood that real 6573:to obey the same law. Furthermore, a 5080:) and numerous ahadith on the issue, 4955:. The group eventually expanded into 4822:As-Silsilah As-Sahihah, vol. 1, no. 5 4783: 2211:In areas which were previously under 2192:, a relative of Uthman and governor ( 1776: 1707:) that originated in the 7th century 1690: 13776:First Ottoman caliph • Caliph only 12557: 12436:. Princeton University Press, 2018. 12352:, by The Internet Islamic University 12261: 11803:"A millennium of health improvement" 11747:Labour in the Medieval Islamic World 11718:Labour in the Medieval Islamic World 11640:, Brill Publishers, pp. 63–66, 11638:Labour in the Medieval Islamic World 11600: 11461:from the original on 17 January 2023 11189:from the original on 17 January 2023 10994:Ḥusayn, Ṭabāṭabāʼī Muḥammad (1975). 10951: 10599: 10552: 10459:from the original on 11 October 2017 10446: 10290:, The Islamic Foundation, 1976, p. 9 10212:from the original on 9 November 2015 10154:from the original on 8 February 2021 9858:, 14 December 2014, quoted in Wood, 9810: 9717:from the original on 17 January 2023 9648:from the original on 15 October 2014 9509: 9428: 9194:from the original on 17 January 2023 9143:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 9112:. Kanishka Publishers Distributors. 8997:Duran, Burhanettin (4 August 2020). 8826:from the original on 17 January 2023 8614:from the original on 14 January 2023 8553:from the original on 17 January 2023 8528: 8462:from the original on 17 January 2023 8389:from the original on 17 January 2023 8327:from the original on 17 January 2023 8251:from the original on 26 October 2017 8134:from the original on 28 October 2023 8074:from the original on 27 October 2023 8044:from the original on 27 October 2023 8034:"The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE)" 7920: 7655: 7653: 7571:from the original on 17 January 2023 7396:The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate 6061:Imam Ali whom the Shia revere said: 4899:List of leaders of the Islamic State 4433:was an Islamic state in what is now 3081:adding citations to reliable sources 3052: 2921:, the seat of the Ottomans moved to 2749:, that extended its rule across the 2629:The Almohad movement was started by 2619:" or "the Unifiers") was a Moroccan 13881:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists 13365: 12953: 12625: 11931:from the original on 17 August 2011 11910: 11848:from the original on 17 August 2011 11827: 11809:from the original on 16 August 2017 10534:from the original on 5 January 2008 10526:Bieliauskas, Hana (17 April 2007). 9598: 9348: 9011:from the original on 7 January 2024 8978:from the original on 7 January 2024 8964:Birch, Nicholas (3 December 2010). 8891:. Columbia University Press, 2010. 8785:. St. Martin's Press. p. 444. 8104:from the original on 15 August 2020 7019:For a more comprehensive list, see 4828:Abu Issa caliphate (1993 – c. 2014) 4569: 3033:recognizing American sovereignty." 2711:, was reduced to the possession of 2649:in governing Morocco by 1147, when 2604: 2122: 1991: 1889:invasion of Afghanistan by the USSR 1773: 1687: 62: 24: 13846: 12384:Return of the Caliphate to Baghdad 12343: 11372:from the original on 12 April 2019 11110:from the original on 5 August 2022 10782:Al-Fasl Fil-Milal, volume 4, p. 62 10755:Mughni Al-Muhtaj, volume 4, p. 132 10528:"Campus Radicals – Hizb-ut Tahrir" 10507:from the original on 18 March 2009 10268:from the original on 3 August 2017 10238:from the original on 31 March 2015 9780:Linderman, Juliet (14 June 2017). 9749:. Islamic Publications. May 2008. 9592: 9567: 9532: 9478: 9461: 9354: 9287: 7979:State University of New York Press 7973:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994), 7882:, the son of Umayya ibn Abd Shams. 7596:History of International Relations 7014: 6392: 6346:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist 6286:in particular, that he considered 5279: 5178:In Southeast Asia, groups such as 4708:Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present) 4676: 4584:, declaring independence from the 4102:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire 4088:of October 1918 with the military 3647:Principles of State and Government 3623:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate 2970:in 1774, when the Empire retained 2784:century in the history of Islam". 2204:office, thus founding the Umayyad 25: 15448: 12448: 12366:The Crisis of the Early Caliphate 12350:The theory of government in Islam 10839:Sharhu Sahih Muslim p. 205 vol 12 10180:from the original on 26 June 2015 10121:from the original on 15 July 2017 10063:from the original on 26 June 2015 9976:from the original on 31 July 2014 9798:from the original on 17 June 2018 9761:from the original on 27 July 2011 8931:Studies in Middle Eastern History 8532:Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art 8281:from the original on 21 June 2021 7851:The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam 7820:from the original on 25 July 2017 7650: 7632:"The Roots of Democracy in Islam" 7612:from the original on 7 April 2022 7363:), leaving the title in dormancy. 7327:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 7281:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 6612:in the early nineteenth century: 6483:from the Qur'an to justify this: 6306:, was the Islamic holy book, the 5977:Prophesied caliphate of the Mahdi 5928:counted for you and against them. 5040: 4622:His caliphate was opposed by the 4511:at the end of the First World War 4109:president of the Turkish Republic 3572:List of Islamic political parties 3037:Abolition of the Caliphate (1924) 2901:The caliphate was claimed by the 2565:were constructed in this period. 2168:Under the Rāshidun, each region ( 1917:(King), or another from the same 1868:, have claimed to be caliphates. 13781: 13780: 12736: 12490:Islamists urge caliphate revival 12028: 11987: 11947: 11904: 11864: 11821: 11795: 11767: 11749:, Brill Publishers, p. 66, 11738: 11720:, Brill Publishers, p. 66, 11709: 11653: 11629: 11594: 11551: 11516: 11473: 11409: 11384: 11314: 11290: 11278: 11215:s’ Autonomy under the Abbasids, 11201: 11162: 11153: 11141:from the original on 7 July 2011 11096: 11081: 11067: 11034: 11020: 10987: 10921: 10860: 10851: 10842: 10833: 10824: 10812: 10803: 10794: 10785: 10776: 10767: 10758: 10749: 10740: 10731: 10719: 10707: 10698: 10689: 10680: 10668: 10659: 10647: 10638: 10626: 10587: 10578: 10546: 10519: 10493: 10480: 10471: 10440: 10414: 10401: 10389:from the original on 4 June 2011 10375: 10354: 10328: 10306: 10293: 10280: 10250: 10224: 10192: 10166: 10103: 10075: 10045: 9497:from the original on 16 May 2023 9305:from the original on 25 May 2024 9242:. Indhistory.com. Archived from 8933:. Oxford University Press, 2001 8851:. Lexington Books. p. 397. 8422:from the original on 16 May 2015 8241:"The Georgian Mameluks in Egypt" 8191:from the original on 27 May 2015 8161:from the original on 5 July 2023 8153:Yalman, Suzan; Komaroff, Linda. 7519:The Abbasid Caliphate: A History 6278:regardless of majority opinion, 5936:that the Prophet of Allah said: 5160:unity and the implementation of 5117: 4928: 4920: 4812:is reported to have prophesied: 4395:Yogyakarta Caliphate (1755–2015) 4133:Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca 4100:(August 1920) which imposed the 4041: 4030: 3057: 2664:(1199–1214) was defeated at the 2532:During the Umayyad dynasty, the 1927: 1729: 1629: 807: 216: 154: 73: 12314: 11482:The Journal of Economic History 11322:The Journal of Economic History 11229:Feldman, Noah (16 March 2008). 10737:Subul Al-Asha, volume 9, p. 277 10686:"Al-A’kd Al-Farid" of Al-Waqidi 10644:"Tarikh ut-Tabari" by at-Tabari 10338:. harunyaya.com. Archived from 10019: 9995:Shaheen, Kareem (21 May 2015). 9988: 9958: 9946:. The Australian. 8 August 2014 9936: 9923: 9894: 9881: 9848: 9833: 9773: 9733: 9687: 9660: 9634:Taggart, Steve (10 July 2014). 9627: 9412: 9379: 9318: 9276: 9258: 9232: 9206: 9166: 9148: 9135: 9126: 9101: 9076: 9054: 9036: 9023: 8990: 8957: 8954:144.1 (14 January 2008): 38–40. 8923: 8881: 8774: 8647:from the original on 3 May 2015 8497: 8474: 8434: 8362: 8339: 8293: 8263: 8233: 8221:from the original on 3 May 2015 8203: 8173: 8146: 8116: 8086: 8056: 8026: 7994: 7885: 7856: 7844: 7832: 7787: 7775: 7763: 7750: 7738: 7705: 7330:abolished the Ottoman Caliphate 6839:double-entry bookkeeping system 6247: 6223: 6192:Electing or appointing a caliph 5290:Divisions of the world in Islam 4534:Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1931) 4497:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 4389:Northern Cameroons Protectorate 3068:needs additional citations for 2745:caliphate, originally based in 2325:the world had yet seen and the 123:Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus 12471:– a three-part documentary by 12461:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 12417:The abolition of the Caliphate 10848:al Iqtisaad fil Itiqaad p. 240 10704:Nahj-ul-Balagha (part 1 p. 91) 10665:"As-Sunan ul-Kubra" of Bayhaqi 10447:Vick, Karl (14 January 2006). 9700:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 8369:Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007). 7902:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 7794:Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014 7782:Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014 7745:Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014 7668: 7634:. Irfi.org. 16 December 2002. 7624: 7583: 7544: 7509: 7459: 7436: 6727:, early forms of partnership ( 6638:Muslim Agricultural Revolution 6510: 4603:However, it was not until the 4518:, his brother Shawkat Ali and 4367:were popularly given the term 2951:Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 2929:. In 1517, the Ottoman sultan 1699:form of government (initially 1338:Intergovernmental organisation 1293:Separation of church and state 13: 1: 13795:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family 12879:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud 12865:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud 11776:The Western Medical Tradition 11537:10.1016/S0167-7799(02)01985-6 11175:. A&C Black. p. 61. 10234:. Alislam.org. 3 March 2011. 9613:10.1080/01495933.2016.1133994 9578:. University of Tartu Press. 9553:10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895 9471:الشريف الحسين بن علي والخلافة 9439:. Columbia University Press. 7758:The Essentials of Ibadi Islam 7700:Fitzpatrick & Walker 2014 7424: 6529:establishes the principle of 6186: 6046:would then be abandoned, the 5255: 4638:at the time, as well as from 4485:Khilafat Movement (1919–1924) 4465:Toucouleur Empire (1848–1893) 4329:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji 4327:Other notable rulers such as 3789:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 2903:sultans of the Ottoman Empire 2858:Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924) 2741:The Fatimid Caliphate was an 2666:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 2584: 2569:Almohad Caliphate (1147–1269) 2327:seventh largest ever to exist 1838:1924 secularisation of Turkey 11774:Conrad, Lawrence I. (2006), 11172:Islam Today: An Introduction 9421:Jeddah Report 1-29 Mars 1924 8038:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 7892:Cavendish, Marshall (2010). 7429: 6648:and wealth and thus enhance 6622:History of Islamic economics 6212:Traditionally, Sunni Muslim 6078:Views of Islamic theologians 6027:Upon this Abu Bakr replied: 4887:Islamic State (2014–present) 4605:end of the Ottoman caliphate 4580:in 1924 previously known as 4419:Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903) 4090:occupation of Constantinople 2723:Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171) 2380:Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517) 2024:Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) 1906: 1135:(socio-political ideologies) 7: 13936: 12478:The return of the caliphate 12147:The Early Islamic Conquests 12093:. In Houtsma, M. Th (ed.). 11686:Ahmad, Ahmad Atif (2007), " 11169:Geaves, Ron (1 July 2010). 9066:"The Historical Background" 8952:U.S News & World Report 7874:. Mu'awiyah was the son of 7369: 7195:One Thousand and One Nights 6330:, and speaking out against 6284:hadith of the pond of Khumm 6198:The Early Islamic Conquests 5327:on Earth. Second, in Surah 4847: 4845:" followers swore loyalty ( 4658:Though non-political, some 4505:was launched by Muslims in 4375:Bornu Caliphate (1472–1893) 4107:On 3 March 1924, the first 3583:Militant Islamism based in 2824:Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah 2610: 2374:‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib 2261:Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) 1982: 1203:(socio-economic ideologies) 873:List of forms of government 391:("Stories of the Prophets") 10: 15453: 15432:Religious leadership roles 12082: 11780:Cambridge University Press 11745:Shatzmiller, Maya (1994), 11716:Shatzmiller, Maya (1994), 11692:Journal of Islamic Studies 11636:Shatzmiller, Maya (1994), 11416:Kuran, Timur (Fall 2005). 11301:Cambridge University Press 10746:Al-Mizan, volume 2, p. 157 9468:نضال داود المومني (1996). 9282: 8887:Elizabeth Suzanne Kassab. 8754:Qureshi, M. Naeem (1999). 7715:The Succession to Muhammad 7712:Madelung, Wilferd (1997). 7592:"4. The Muslim Caliphates" 7524:Cambridge University Press 7522:. Cambridge and New York: 7085:, the first caliph of the 7018: 7011:educational institutions. 6656:giving individuals of any 6625: 6619: 6615: 6514: 6398: 6336: 6270:, Shi'ites believe in the 6251: 5991:Second Coming § Islam 5980: 5286:Political aspects of Islam 5283: 5213: 5210:Al-Qaeda's Caliphate goals 5130:), or through force (e.g. 5044: 4943:formed as an affiliate of 4896: 4890: 4793: 4787: 4711: 4537: 4528:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 4494: 4488: 4477:, being incorporated into 4422: 4234:Umayyad campaigns in India 4213: 3899:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 3567:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 3046: 3043:Abolition of the Caliphate 3040: 2919:conquest of Constantinople 2861: 2726: 2596: 2572: 2509: 2461:Mongol conquest of Baghdad 2452: 2432:In the ninth century, the 2391:Abbasid caliphs at Baghdad 2383: 2264: 2126: 2048: 2042: 2027: 2018: 44: 40:Caliphate (disambiguation) 29: 15372: 15324: 14841: 14245: 13944: 13854: 13774: 13526: 13498: 13373: 13326: 13188: 12961: 12910: 12800: 12745: 12734: 12651: 12633: 12565: 12525: 12510: 12505:Links to related articles 12358:School Textbook, By Dr. ' 12279:10.1017/s0041977x00113710 11572:10.1017/s001041759900208x 11494:10.1017/S0022050700097837 11396:Columbia University Press 10362:"Quran translation index" 9392:Journal of Human Sciences 8806:Karpat, Kemal H. (2001). 8760:. Brill. pp. 18–19. 8726:Finkel, Caroline (2005). 8482: 8480:Louis Massignon (1935). " 8002:"40. History of Muhammad" 7506:Accessed 17 January 2023. 7466:March, Andrew F. (2019). 7003:and the emergence of the 6487:And they (the sinners on 6326:emphasise that values of 5861: 5323:creating humanity as his 5294: 5015:People's Protection Units 4161:A summit was convened at 4013:Islam and other religions 3523:International propagation 3262:International propagation 2222:Byzantine–Persian warfare 2100:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah 1324:(geo-cultural ideologies) 63: 13513:Family tree (simplified) 12896:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali 12872:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali 12124:; Hinds, Martin (1986), 12038:Journal of World History 11997:Journal of World History 11957:Journal of World History 11874:Journal of World History 11363:10.1163/156920607x171591 11219:, 26 (2014), p. 119-131. 10830:Tafseer ul-Qurtubi 264/1 10695:"as-Sirah" of Ibnu Ishaq 10674:"Al-fasil-fil Milal" by 9931:The Way of the Strangers 9918:The Way of the Strangers 9889:The Way of the Strangers 9876:The Way of the Strangers 9860:The Way of the Strangers 9839:Andrew Hammond, (2006). 9361:www.ekrembugraekinci.com 8912:, Volume 1. Sage, 2011. 8781:James, Lawrence (2000). 8675:24 December 2014 at the 8637:"caliph – Islamic title" 7680:10 December 2014 at the 7516:El-Hibri, Tayeb (2021). 7332:and sent Mejid in exile. 7291:Suleiman the Magnificent 6676:concerning agriculture, 6644:were needed to increase 6456:Accountability of rulers 6262:Imamate in Shia doctrine 5898:Nafi'a reported saying: 5035:Syrian Democratic Forces 5001:Syrian Democratic Forces 4654:Non-political caliphates 4524:Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 4316:, and Kurdish conqueror 4277:Suleiman the Magnificent 4154:published his 1925 book 3675:Governance of the Jurist 2964:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 2360:in 680, solidifying the 2155:Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam 1852:), leaving the claim in 480:Medieval Islamic science 13864:Imamah (Shi'a doctrine) 13075:Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz 12858:Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir 12208:Encyclopædia Britannica 11674:10.1163/156852070X00123 11525:Trends in Biotechnology 11340:Banaji, Jairus (2007). 11135:"Gharm Allah Al-Ghamdy" 10653:"Siratu Ibn Hisham" by 10320:15 January 2008 at the 9933:, 2017, p. 297, n. 14. 9826:11 October 2017 at the 9792:Advance Local Media LLC 9746:The Review of Religions 9435:Kramer, Martin (1986). 9240:"The Khilafat Movement" 9174:Saksena, Banarsi Prasad 8641:Encyclopædia Britannica 8504:Wintle, Justin (2003). 8416:Encyclopædia Britannica 8245:www.napoleon-series.org 8215:Encyclopædia Britannica 8185:Encyclopædia Britannica 7453:17 January 2023 at the 7032:("Righteously Guided") 6860:included collection of 6703:developed based on the 6244:(example) of Muhammad. 6104:Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad 5958:The Prophet said, "The 5876:Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal 4965:Northern Iraq offensive 4780:, who lives in London. 4520:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 4121:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi 3779:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 2591:The Almohad Caliphate ( 2459:In 1261, following the 2275:The caliphate, 622–750 1587:Administrative division 1531:International relations 36:Caliph (disambiguation) 13508:Family tree (detailed) 12411:Khilafat and Caliphate 12294:Özoğlu, Hakan (2011). 12089:Arnold, T. W. (1993). 11350:Historical Materialism 10714:Al-Ahkam Al-Sultaniyah 10609:Encyclopaedia of Islam 10558:Islam: A Brief History 9673:. Verlag. p. 82. 9541:Middle Eastern Studies 8489: 8064:"Qays/Mudar and Yaman" 7862:Uthman was the son of 7590:Ringmar, Erik (2020). 6866:(charity), one of the 6811:transactional accounts 6556: 6504: 6266:With the exception of 6254:Succession to Muhammad 6184: 6157: 6146: 6138: 6119: 6075: 6052: 6033: 6025: 6019:hall) of Bani Sa’ida: 5974: 5954:Narrated Abu Huraira: 5952: 5930: 5914: 5889: 5859: 5842: 5818: 5150: 4967:, seizing the city of 4936: 4911: 4868: 4825: 4730: 4557: 4303:in South Asia via his 4229: 3844:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 3280:Islamic fundamentalism 3164: 2898: 2880: 2738: 2588: 2529: 2406: 2356:and his family at the 2294: 2138: 2129:Early Muslim conquests 2051:Succession to Muhammad 2039:Succession to Muhammad 490:Succession to Muhammad 15349:Medieval great powers 12315:Wood, Graeme (2017). 12193:Goeje, Michael Jan de 11690:by R. Kevin Jaques", 11437:10.1093/ajcl/53.4.785 11264:Zohor Idrisi (2005), 10411:, Verso, 2005, p. 121 10288:Human Rights in Islam 10200:"Khilafat-e-Rashidah" 10029:. BBC. 30 June 2014. 9405:10.12785/jhs/20140213 9283:Teitelbaum 2001 p. 42 9156:Arnold, Thomas Walker 9108:Hussein, S M (2002). 9083:Jackson, Roy (2010). 9044:Arnold, Thomas Walker 8845:Yegar, Moshe (2002). 8698:. Brill. p. 21. 8567:, the founder of the 6868:Five Pillars of Islam 6739:) and early forms of 6717:business organisation 6683:Early forms of proto- 6674:financial transaction 6539: 6485: 6471:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani 6164: 6153: 6142: 6133: 6114: 6063: 6040: 6029: 6021: 5956: 5938: 5925: 5900: 5880: 5843: 5826: 5798: 5415:Birmingham manuscript 5400:Samarkand Kufic Quran 5284:Further information: 5142: 5045:Further information: 4951:militants during the 4917: 4906: 4863: 4814: 4794:Further information: 4721: 4547: 4441:. Founded during the 4341:Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah 4223: 4173:, former head of the 4127:. The title was then 4113:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3917:Criticism of Islamism 3911:Criticism of Islamism 3829:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 3756:Hibatullah Akhundzada 3159:Official portrait of 3158: 2886: 2875: 2736: 2582: 2527: 2421:by the Mongols under 2400:Mustansiriya Madrasah 2398: 2274: 2136: 1858:hereditary monarchies 1597:Democratic transition 1460:Self-governing colony 1057:Military dictatorship 15359:European colonialism 15344:Ancient great powers 13008:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi 12847:Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti 11914:Delivering Education 11911:Coulson, Andrew J., 11831:Delivering Education 11828:Coulson, Andrew J., 11782:, pp. 15, 137, 11271:25 June 2008 at the 10530:. Newstatesman.com. 10488:Failure of Islamism, 10409:Message to the World 10312:William Lane Craig, 9845:. Middle East Online 9601:Comparative Strategy 9072:. Brill. p. 30. 8876:Mark Lambert Bristol 7872:Umayya ibn Abd Shams 7756:Valerie J. Hoffman, 7526:. pp. 284–285. 7114:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 6765:capital accumulation 6733:limited partnerships 6628:Capitalism and Islam 6604:was replaced by the 6450:Taqiuddin al-Nabhani 6092:Ahmad al-Qalqashandi 5923:that Muhammad said: 5336:, it addresses King 4973:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 4834:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 4401:sultan of Yogyakarta 4255:The emperors of the 4094:Treaty of Versailles 3716:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 3673:Islamic Government: 3077:improve this article 2997:Around 1880, Sultan 2915:Mehmed the Conqueror 2894:, with his daughter 2688:. Nearly all of the 2516:Caliphate of Córdoba 2255:Umayya ibn Abd Shams 2063:) took place in the 2009:Khalīfah Rasūl Allāh 1975:), derives from the 529:Association football 15437:Islamic terminology 15354:Modern great powers 13793:Related templates: 12653:Caliphs of Damascus 12413:, By Mubasher Ahmad 12248:, London: Vintage, 12143:Donner, Fred McGraw 11030:. pp. 590–599. 10453:The Washington Post 10301:Failure of Islamism 10286:Abul A'al Mawdudi, 10264:. 13 January 2006. 10150:. 28 October 2019. 9862:, 2017, pp. 152–255 9641:The London Economic 9330:archive.wikiwix.com 9062:Schimmel, Annemarie 8668:Dominique Sourdel, 7476:10.2307/j.ctvp2n3ms 7418:Worldwide caliphate 7339:Sharifian Caliphate 7001:commercial activity 6880:) collected in the 6777:capital expenditure 6773:circulating capital 6725:international trade 6697:merchant capitalism 6537:and accountability 6176:Al-Fuḍayl ibn ‘Iyāḍ 5053:Ahmadiyya community 5051:The members of the 5047:Ahmadiyya Caliphate 4778:Mirza Masroor Ahmad 4714:Ahmadiyya Caliphate 4691:khilafah ruhaniyyah 4607:, abolished by the 4562:Sharifian Caliphate 4554:Sharifian Caliphate 4540:Sharifian Caliphate 4516:Mohammad Ali Jouhar 4307:. He re-introduced 4244:, most notably the 4210:Indian subcontinent 4086:Armistice of Mudros 4048:Politics portal 4001:Islam and modernity 3677:("Velayat-e faqih") 3659:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 2999:Abdul Hamid II 2949:The outcome of the 2751:Mediterranean coast 2482:The Ottoman sultan 2339:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 2067:(courtyard) of the 1842:Sharifian Caliphate 1824:(661–750), and the 1807:sectarian conflicts 1778:[xæ'liːfæh] 1692:[xi'laːfah] 1636:Politics portal 1521:Supranational union 1430:Dependent territory 1343:National government 290:Profession of Faith 263:Day of Resurrection 143:Sharifian Caliphate 117:Parallel caliphates 15422:Islamic monarchies 13518:Line of succession 12802:Caliphs of Córdoba 12519:Caliphal Dynasties 12473:Al Jazeera English 12464:. Merriam-Webster. 12407:By Peter C. Scales 12051:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 12010:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 11970:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 11922:Hoover Institution 11887:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 11839:Hoover Institution 11704:10.1093/jis/etm005 11236:The New York Times 10728:, volume 9, p. 360 10262:Washingtonpost.com 10117:. 22 August 2014. 10115:The New York Times 9904:, 14 December 2014 8878:on 19 August 1924. 8529:Baer, Eva (1983). 8100:. 9 October 2023. 8098:www.britannica.com 7938:Harari, Yuval Noah 7928:Harari, Yuval Noah 6695:and early form of 6598:Harvard University 6561:Rashidun caliphate 6304:two weighty things 5805:be the rebellious. 5664:Biblical parallels 5410:Topkapi manuscript 5154:Muslim Brotherhood 5065:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 5037:on 23 March 2019. 4937: 4912: 4784:Period of dormancy 4766:Mirza Mahmud Ahmad 4758:Hakeem Noor-ud-Din 4735:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 4731: 4667:Ahmadiyya movement 4558: 4479:French West Africa 4447:sub-Saharan Africa 4403:historically used 4381:Kanem-Bornu Empire 4337:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 4230: 4191:Muslim Brotherhood 3946:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 3922:Criticism of Islam 3784:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 3602:Sub-Saharan Africa 3562:Muslim Brotherhood 3547:Iranian Revolution 3457:Islamic Golden Age 3310:Islamic governance 3165: 2899: 2896:Dürrüşehvar Sultan 2881: 2813:Maltese Christians 2802:Rashidun Caliphate 2739: 2589: 2530: 2512:Emirate of Córdoba 2443:Muhammad ibn Ra'iq 2407: 2376:and not from Ali. 2295: 2246:Battle of Nahrawan 2139: 2112:Ibrahim al-Nakha'i 2034:Rashidun Caliphate 1818:Rashidun Caliphate 1713:political identity 90:Rashidun Caliphate 15404: 15403: 15398: 15397: 15320: 15319: 15285:Polish–Lithuanian 14460:Gurjara-Pratihara 13904: 13903: 13814: 13813: 13808: 13807: 13451: 13450: 13333: 13332: 13309:al-Mutawakkil III 13299:al-Mutawakkil III 12921: 12920: 12812:Abd al-Rahman III 12792:Abd al-Rahman III 12593: 12592: 12442:978-1-4008-8804-7 12401:By Guy Le Strange 12362:, `Abdullah Ahsan 12360:Abdullah al-Ahsan 12328:978-0-8129-8875-8 12255:978-1-4000-3084-2 12198:"Caliphate" 12164:978-0-691-05327-1 12135:978-0-521-32185-3 12106:978-90-04-09790-2 11789:978-0-521-47564-8 11756:978-90-04-09896-1 11727:978-90-04-09896-1 11647:978-90-04-09896-1 11182:978-1-84706-478-3 10899:. New York City: 10889:Robinson, Francis 10866:Jan A. Wensinck, 10619:978-90-04-09419-2 10571:978-1-4051-8094-8 10503:. Ikhwanweb.com. 10258:"Reunified Islam" 10148:The Wilson Center 10059:. 13 March 2015. 9695:Esposito, John L. 9585:978-9949-03-520-5 9520:. 22 March 1924. 9272:on 16 April 2007. 8573:Abbasid caliphate 8539:. p. xxiii. 8350:Histoire du Maroc 8211:"Abbasid Dynasty" 7940:; Purcell, John; 7772:, pp. 32–33) 7533:978-1-107-18324-7 7485:978-0-674-98783-8 7357:Sultanate of Nejd 7349:Ottoman Caliphate 7267:Ottoman Caliphate 7158:Abbasid Caliphate 7077:Umayyad Caliphate 6803:startup companies 6721:bills of exchange 6608:of Sharia by the 6360:Ruhollah Khomeini 6312:Muhammad's family 5968:Sahih al-Bukhari 5794: 5793: 5678:Mentioned by name 5307:twice. First, in 5241:Ayman al-Zawahiri 5138:Abul A'la Maududi 5031:Al-Baghuz Fawqani 4774:Mirza Tahir Ahmad 4770:Mirza Nasir Ahmad 4636:Muslim population 4586:Ottoman Caliphate 4552:(that became the 4503:Khilafat Movement 4491:Khilafat Movement 4471:Toucouleur Empire 4385:Colony of Nigeria 4365:Khwaja Salimullah 4167:Ameer al-Mumineen 4150:Egyptian scholar 4082: 4081: 3956:Abdelwahab Meddeb 3884:Haji Shariatullah 3849:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 3834:Abul A'la Maududi 3824:Ruhollah Khomeini 3804:Rached Ghannouchi 3736:Alija Izetbegović 3721:Ruhollah Khomeini 3628:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 3528:by country/region 3417:Two-nation theory 3369:Islamic terrorism 3330:Islamic socialism 3320:Islamic democracy 3296:Apostasy in Islam 3267:by country/region 3153: 3152: 3145: 3127: 3049:Atatürk's reforms 3030:Sultanate of Sulu 2913:. In 1453, after 2868:Ottoman Caliphate 2729:Fatimid Caliphate 2662:Muhammad al-Nasir 2647:Almoravid dynasty 2575:Almohad Caliphate 2550:Abd al-Rahman III 2534:Iberian Peninsula 2473:Al-Mutawakkil III 2386:Abbasid Caliphate 2358:Battle of Karbala 2315:Iberian Peninsula 2267:Umayyad Caliphate 2143:Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz 2108:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1885:Fatimid Caliphate 1866:Ayyubid Sultanate 1846:Sultanate of Nejd 1830:Ottoman Caliphate 1826:Abbasid Caliphate 1822:Umayyad Caliphate 1670: 1669: 1621: 1620: 1592:Democracy indices 1567: 1566: 1370: 1369: 1179:Semi-presidential 1104: 1103: 850: 849: 195: 194: 133:Almohad Caliphate 128:Fatimid Caliphate 105:Ottoman Caliphate 100:Abbasid Caliphate 95:Umayyad Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 15444: 15201: 15200: 14866:Austro-Hungarian 14566:Chagatai Khanate 13931: 13924: 13917: 13908: 13907: 13891:Islamic monarchy 13886:Islamic republic 13841: 13834: 13827: 13818: 13817: 13784: 13783: 13478: 13471: 13464: 13455: 13454: 13360: 13353: 13346: 13337: 13336: 13316:Ottoman conquest 13289:al-Mutawakkil II 12948: 12941: 12934: 12925: 12924: 12852:Abd al-Rahman IV 12772:Abd ar-Rahman II 12747:Emirs of Córdoba 12740: 12620: 12613: 12606: 12597: 12596: 12559:Rashidun Caliphs 12552: 12545: 12538: 12529: 12528: 12514: 12513: 12501: 12500: 12465: 12432:Hüseyin Yılmaz. 12339: 12337: 12335: 12311: 12290: 12258: 12240:Wright, Lawrence 12235: 12222:Brill Publishers 12212: 12200: 12188: 12167: 12138: 12117: 12115: 12113: 12076: 12075: 12032: 12026: 12025: 11991: 11985: 11984: 11951: 11945: 11944: 11938: 11936: 11930: 11919: 11908: 11902: 11901: 11868: 11862: 11861: 11855: 11853: 11847: 11836: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11799: 11793: 11792: 11771: 11765: 11764: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11683: 11677: 11676: 11657: 11651: 11650: 11633: 11627: 11626: 11598: 11592: 11591: 11555: 11549: 11548: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11477: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11466: 11448: 11422: 11413: 11407: 11388: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11371: 11346: 11337: 11328: 11318: 11312: 11294: 11288: 11285:Maya Shatzmiller 11282: 11276: 11262: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11248: 11226: 11220: 11209:Weeramantry 1997 11205: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11166: 11160: 11157: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11137:. 2muslims.com. 11131: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11115: 11100: 11094: 11093: 11085: 11079: 11078: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11024: 11018: 11017: 10991: 10985: 10984: 10958: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10935:. p. 147+. 10925: 10919: 10918: 10898: 10885: 10879: 10876:Brill Publishers 10864: 10858: 10855: 10849: 10846: 10840: 10837: 10831: 10828: 10822: 10816: 10810: 10807: 10801: 10798: 10792: 10791:Matalib Ulil-Amr 10789: 10783: 10780: 10774: 10771: 10765: 10762: 10756: 10753: 10747: 10744: 10738: 10735: 10729: 10723: 10717: 10711: 10705: 10702: 10696: 10693: 10687: 10684: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10663: 10657: 10651: 10645: 10642: 10636: 10630: 10624: 10623: 10603: 10597: 10594:Naeem Bin Hammad 10591: 10585: 10582: 10576: 10575: 10560:(2nd ed.). 10550: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10497: 10491: 10484: 10478: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10418: 10412: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10394: 10379: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10332: 10326: 10310: 10304: 10297: 10291: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10228: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10211: 10204: 10196: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10185: 10174:"The Holy Quran" 10170: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10159: 10140: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10107: 10101: 10100: 10083:Gerges, Fawaz A. 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10049: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10023: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10012: 9992: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9972:. 30 July 2014. 9962: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9940: 9934: 9927: 9921: 9914: 9905: 9898: 9892: 9885: 9879: 9872: 9863: 9852: 9846: 9837: 9831: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9724: 9722: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9664: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9631: 9625: 9624: 9596: 9590: 9589: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9432: 9426: 9424: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9322: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9291: 9285: 9280: 9274: 9273: 9268:. Archived from 9262: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9246:on 28 April 2015 9236: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9152: 9146: 9139: 9133: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9080: 9074: 9073: 9058: 9052: 9051: 9040: 9034: 9027: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9016: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8961: 8955: 8948: 8942: 8927: 8921: 8906: 8900: 8885: 8879: 8869: 8863: 8862: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8751: 8742: 8741: 8723: 8710: 8709: 8690:Karpat, Kemal H. 8686: 8680: 8666: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8633: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8560: 8558: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8506:History of Islam 8501: 8495: 8492: 8485: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8445:('appointments') 8438: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8408: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8366: 8360: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8301:Kennedy, Hugh N. 8297: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8275:Egyptian History 8267: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7936:. Translated by 7924: 7918: 7917: 7889: 7883: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7806: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7657: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7463: 7457: 7440: 7382:Amir al-Mu'minin 7175:Madinat al-Salam 6993:and memorisation 6964:classical Athens 6957:Classical Greece 6953:infant mortality 6949:Islamic scholars 6931:states that the 6929:Maya Shatzmiller 6894:, including the 6807:savings accounts 6789:promissory notes 6723:, long-distance 6701:monetary economy 6502: 6435: 6426: 6401:Majlis-ash-Shura 6180:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 5972: 5950: 5917:Hisham ibn Urwah 5912: 5857: 5840: 5835:Surah Al-Ma'idah 5816: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5730:Quran and Sunnah 5405:Sanaa manuscript 5374:First revelation 5347: 5346: 5335: 5318: 5180:Jemaah Islamiyah 5079: 4993:Free Syrian Army 4961:Syrian Civil War 4932: 4924: 4877:Yahya al-Bahrumi 4852: 4823: 4762:Khalifatul Masih 4574:Sharifian rulers 4571: 4550:Kingdom of Hejaz 4431:Sokoto Caliphate 4425:Sokoto Caliphate 4409:Hamengkubuwono X 4361:Nawabs of Bengal 4353:Nasir I of Kalat 4314:Umar bin Khattab 4305:Fatawa 'Alamgiri 4224:Hafiz Muhiuddin 4139:, leader of the 4098:Treaty of Sèvres 4074: 4067: 4060: 4046: 4045: 4037:Islam portal 4035: 4034: 4033: 3939:in North America 3889:Hassan Al-Turabi 3839:Abul Hasan Nadwi 3447:Anti-imperialism 3345:Islamic republic 3340:Islamic monarchy 3325:Islamic feminism 3184: 3178: 3177: 3167: 3166: 3148: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3085: 3061: 3053: 3007:World War I 3005:. By the eve of 2613: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2593:Berber languages 2586: 2455:Mamluk Sultanate 2362:Shia-Sunni split 2313:and most of the 2291: 2285: 2279: 2238:Battle of Siffin 2123:Rāshidun Caliphs 2073:Muslim community 2006: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1862:Mamluk Sultanate 1792: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1780: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1694: 1689: 1662: 1655: 1648: 1634: 1633: 1581: 1580: 1425:Associated state 1383: 1382: 1358:Internationalism 1348:World government 1325: 1204: 1136: 1117: 1116: 1091:Free association 1078: 1039: 958: 901: 889: 888: 852: 851: 842: 835: 828: 814:Islam portal 812: 811: 810: 220: 197: 196: 187: 180: 173: 161:Islam portal 159: 158: 157: 138:Sokoto Caliphate 77: 68: 67: 65: 54: 53: 21: 15452: 15451: 15447: 15446: 15445: 15443: 15442: 15441: 15407: 15406: 15405: 15400: 15399: 15394: 15383:American Empire 15368: 15364:African empires 15316: 15199: 14891:Central African 14837: 14655:Romano-Germanic 14241: 13975:Middle Assyrian 13948: 13940: 13935: 13905: 13900: 13896:Islamic emirate 13850: 13845: 13815: 13810: 13809: 13804: 13770: 13564:Süleyman Çelebi 13522: 13494: 13482: 13452: 13447: 13369: 13367:Fatimid Caliphs 13364: 13334: 13329: 13322: 13259:al-Mutawakkil I 13244:al-Mutawakkil I 13234:al-Mutawakkil I 13204:al-Mustansir II 13196: 13184: 13178:Mongol conquest 12997:Harun al-Rashid 12969: 12957: 12955:Abbasid Caliphs 12952: 12922: 12917: 12906: 12885:Abd al-Rahman V 12804: 12796: 12757:Abd al-Rahman I 12749: 12741: 12732: 12655: 12647: 12629: 12627:Umayyad dynasty 12624: 12594: 12589: 12561: 12556: 12521: 12506: 12454: 12451: 12346: 12344:Further reading 12333: 12331: 12329: 12308: 12256: 12232: 12185: 12165: 12136: 12122:Crone, Patricia 12111: 12109: 12107: 12085: 12080: 12079: 12045:(2): 165–186 , 12033: 12029: 12004:(2): 165–186 , 11992: 11988: 11964:(2): 165–186 , 11952: 11948: 11934: 11932: 11928: 11924:, p. 117, 11917: 11909: 11905: 11881:(2): 165–186 , 11869: 11865: 11851: 11849: 11845: 11841:, p. 117, 11834: 11826: 11822: 11812: 11810: 11801: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11772: 11768: 11757: 11743: 11739: 11728: 11714: 11710: 11698:(2): 246–248 , 11684: 11680: 11668:(2): 195–211 , 11658: 11654: 11648: 11634: 11630: 11615:10.2307/3011226 11599: 11595: 11556: 11552: 11521: 11517: 11478: 11474: 11464: 11462: 11420: 11414: 11410: 11389: 11385: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11344: 11338: 11331: 11327:(1), p. 79-96 . 11319: 11315: 11295: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11273:Wayback Machine 11263: 11256: 11246: 11244: 11227: 11223: 11206: 11202: 11192: 11190: 11183: 11167: 11163: 11158: 11154: 11144: 11142: 11133: 11132: 11123: 11113: 11111: 11102: 11101: 11097: 11086: 11082: 11073: 11072: 11068: 11053: 11039: 11035: 11026: 11025: 11021: 11006: 10992: 10988: 10973: 10959: 10952: 10942: 10940: 10927: 10926: 10922: 10915: 10886: 10882: 10870:vol. 2, p. 70. 10865: 10861: 10856: 10852: 10847: 10843: 10838: 10834: 10829: 10825: 10817: 10813: 10808: 10804: 10799: 10795: 10790: 10786: 10781: 10777: 10772: 10768: 10763: 10759: 10754: 10750: 10745: 10741: 10736: 10732: 10724: 10720: 10712: 10708: 10703: 10699: 10694: 10690: 10685: 10681: 10673: 10669: 10664: 10660: 10652: 10648: 10643: 10639: 10631: 10627: 10620: 10604: 10600: 10592: 10588: 10583: 10579: 10572: 10562:Wiley-Blackwell 10551: 10547: 10537: 10535: 10524: 10520: 10510: 10508: 10499: 10498: 10494: 10485: 10481: 10476: 10472: 10462: 10460: 10445: 10441: 10431: 10429: 10420: 10419: 10415: 10406: 10402: 10392: 10390: 10381: 10380: 10376: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10359: 10355: 10345: 10343: 10336:"harunyaya.com" 10334: 10333: 10329: 10322:Wayback Machine 10311: 10307: 10298: 10294: 10285: 10281: 10271: 10269: 10256: 10255: 10251: 10241: 10239: 10230: 10229: 10225: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10202: 10198: 10197: 10193: 10183: 10181: 10176:. Alislam.org. 10172: 10171: 10167: 10157: 10155: 10142: 10141: 10134: 10124: 10122: 10109: 10108: 10104: 10097: 10087:ISIS: A History 10080: 10076: 10066: 10064: 10051: 10050: 10046: 10036: 10034: 10025: 10024: 10020: 10010: 10008: 9993: 9989: 9979: 9977: 9964: 9963: 9959: 9949: 9947: 9942: 9941: 9937: 9928: 9924: 9915: 9908: 9899: 9895: 9886: 9882: 9873: 9866: 9853: 9849: 9838: 9834: 9828:Wayback Machine 9817:Washington Post 9815: 9811: 9801: 9799: 9778: 9774: 9764: 9762: 9739: 9738: 9734: 9720: 9718: 9711: 9692: 9688: 9681: 9665: 9661: 9651: 9649: 9632: 9628: 9597: 9593: 9586: 9572: 9568: 9537: 9533: 9515: 9514: 9510: 9500: 9498: 9483: 9479: 9466: 9462: 9447: 9433: 9429: 9417: 9413: 9384: 9380: 9370: 9368: 9355:ekinci, ekrem. 9353: 9349: 9339: 9337: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9308: 9306: 9293: 9292: 9288: 9281: 9277: 9266:"The Statesman" 9264: 9263: 9259: 9249: 9247: 9238: 9237: 9233: 9223: 9221: 9216:. 17 May 2015. 9212: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9195: 9171: 9167: 9153: 9149: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9127: 9120: 9106: 9102: 9095: 9081: 9077: 9059: 9055: 9041: 9037: 9031:Iranian Studies 9028: 9024: 9014: 9012: 8995: 8991: 8981: 8979: 8962: 8958: 8949: 8945: 8928: 8924: 8907: 8903: 8886: 8882: 8870: 8866: 8859: 8843: 8839: 8829: 8827: 8820: 8804: 8800: 8793: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8724: 8713: 8706: 8687: 8683: 8677:Wayback Machine 8667: 8660: 8650: 8648: 8635: 8634: 8627: 8617: 8615: 8608: 8585: 8581: 8569:Ayyubid dynasty 8556: 8554: 8547: 8527: 8523: 8516: 8502: 8498: 8479: 8475: 8465: 8463: 8456: 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8410: 8409: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8383: 8367: 8363: 8344: 8340: 8330: 8328: 8321: 8298: 8294: 8284: 8282: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8254: 8252: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8192: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8164: 8162: 8151: 8147: 8137: 8135: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8047: 8045: 8032: 8031: 8027: 8017: 8015: 8007:World Religions 8000: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7971: 7967: 7952: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7890: 7886: 7861: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7823: 7821: 7816:. 28 May 2013. 7808: 7807: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7755: 7751: 7743: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7682:Wayback Machine 7673: 7669: 7658: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7606: 7588: 7584: 7574: 7572: 7565: 7549: 7545: 7534: 7514: 7510: 7486: 7464: 7460: 7455:Wayback Machine 7441: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7413:Shaykh al-Islām 7372: 7345:Hussein bin Ali 7190:Harun al-Rashid 7087:Umayyad dynasty 7024: 7021:List of caliphs 7017: 7015:Notable caliphs 6851:medieval Europe 6634: 6624: 6618: 6567:Islamic jurists 6533:in relation to 6523: 6513: 6503: 6495: 6458: 6431: 6422: 6415:Majlis al-Shura 6411: 6397: 6394:Majlis al-Shura 6382:Taiyabi Ismaili 6341: 6320:Hussain ibn Ali 6264: 6252:Main articles: 6250: 6226: 6194: 6189: 6140:An-Nawawi said: 6080: 6013: 5993: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5951: 5945: 5913: 5907: 5866: 5858: 5850: 5841: 5833: 5817: 5809: 5790: 5745: 5744: 5720: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5695: 5694: 5693:Characteristics 5685: 5684: 5674: 5672:Related persons 5637: 5636: 5625: 5624: 5603: 5602: 5591: 5590: 5552: 5551: 5540: 5539: 5486: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5430: 5429: 5420: 5419: 5364: 5363: 5331: 5319:, it refers to 5314: 5297: 5292: 5282: 5280:Religious basis 5258: 5237:Lawrence Wright 5218: 5212: 5166:Hassan al-Banna 5120: 5075: 5049: 5043: 5005:Iraqi Kurdistan 4978:Salafi-jihadist 4926:Ansar al-Sharia 4919: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4802: 4800:Islamic revival 4792: 4786: 4716: 4710: 4679: 4677:Sufi caliphates 4656: 4542: 4536: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4475:French Republic 4467: 4459:Sa'adu Abubakar 4439:Usman dan Fodio 4427: 4421: 4399:The Indonesian 4397: 4377: 4333:Alauddin Khilji 4289:Ottoman sultans 4261:Dar-ul-khilafat 4246:Delhi Sultanate 4218: 4212: 4207: 4152:Ali Abdel Raziq 4078: 4040: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4022: 3996: 3986: 3985: 3912: 3904: 3903: 3799:Hassan al-Banna 3769: 3761: 3760: 3711:Muammar Gaddafi 3696: 3688: 3687: 3674: 3617: 3609: 3608: 3552:Jamaat-e-Islami 3475: 3467: 3466: 3462:Islamic revival 3437: 3429: 3428: 3386:Political Islam 3291: 3283: 3282: 3276: 3257:Salafi movement 3235: 3227: 3226: 3192: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3170: 3149: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3086: 3084: 3074: 3062: 3051: 3045: 3039: 2972:moral authority 2905:beginning with 2892:Ottoman dynasty 2870: 2862:Main articles: 2860: 2852:Ayyubid dynasty 2828:Fatimid dynasty 2778:Louis Massignon 2731: 2725: 2709:Idris al-Wathiq 2705:Marinid dynasty 2643:Atlas Mountains 2617:the Monotheists 2577: 2571: 2542:Abd al-Rahman I 2522: 2510:Main articles: 2508: 2493: 2457: 2451: 2419:sack of Baghdad 2393: 2388: 2382: 2370:Abbasid dynasty 2293: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2263: 2230: 2213:Sasanian Empire 2131: 2125: 2079:(migrants from 2053: 2047: 2041: 2036: 2028:Main articles: 2026: 2021: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1951: 1930: 1926: 1909: 1836:as part of the 1820:(632–661), the 1786: 1783: 1782: 1753: 1732: 1728: 1666: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1609:Democratisation 1602:Autocratization 1578: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1525: 1486: 1465:Tributary state 1455:Satellite state 1410: 1380: 1379:Power structure 1372: 1371: 1323: 1322: 1304: 1275: 1261: 1252:Totalitarianism 1202: 1201: 1183: 1134: 1133: 1114: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1076: 1068: 1033: 1025: 956: 948: 895: 886: 885:Source of power 863:Basic forms of 857:Politics series 846: 808: 806: 799: 798: 743:Other religions 738:Arabic language 700: 690: 689: 618:Moral teachings 509: 495: 494: 485:Spread of Islam 430: 420: 419: 407:(jurisprudence) 389:Qisas al-Anbiya 338: 337: 317: 316: 285: 275: 274: 230: 191: 155: 153: 148: 147: 118: 110: 109: 85: 84:Main caliphates 60: 50: 43: 32:List of caliphs 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15450: 15440: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15402: 15401: 15396: 15395: 15393: 15392: 15391: 15390: 15385: 15376: 15374: 15370: 15369: 15367: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15340: 15339: 15328: 15326: 15322: 15321: 15318: 15317: 15315: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15293: 15292: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15236: 15235: 15230: 15220: 15215: 15209: 15207: 15198: 15197: 15196: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15165: 15160: 15159: 15158: 15148: 15143: 15142: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15121: 15116: 15115: 15114: 15109: 15099: 15098: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15067: 15066: 15065: 15060: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15034: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15003: 15002: 15001: 14996: 14986: 14981: 14980: 14979: 14974: 14964: 14963: 14962: 14957: 14947: 14946: 14945: 14940: 14930: 14925: 14924: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14893: 14888: 14887: 14886: 14881: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14847: 14845: 14839: 14838: 14836: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14819: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14778: 14773: 14772: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14736: 14735: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14668: 14667: 14662: 14652: 14651: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14596: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14575: 14574: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14522: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14496: 14495: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14469: 14468: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14426: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14405: 14400: 14399: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14363: 14362: 14361: 14356: 14346: 14345: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14319: 14314: 14313: 14312: 14302: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14251: 14249: 14247:Post-classical 14243: 14242: 14240: 14239: 14238: 14237: 14227: 14222: 14221: 14220: 14215: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14193: 14192: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14145: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14119: 14118: 14117: 14112: 14102: 14097: 14096: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14054: 14053: 14048: 14046:Middle Kingdom 14043: 14033: 14028: 14027: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14006: 14005: 14004: 14002:Neo-Babylonian 13999: 13994: 13992:Old Babylonian 13984: 13983: 13982: 13977: 13967: 13962: 13956: 13954: 13942: 13941: 13934: 13933: 13926: 13919: 13911: 13902: 13901: 13899: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13877: 13876: 13871: 13861: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13848:Islamic states 13844: 13843: 13836: 13829: 13821: 13812: 13811: 13806: 13805: 13803: 13802: 13800:Valide sultans 13797: 13790: 13789: 13775: 13772: 13771: 13769: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13751:Abdul Hamid II 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13583:Mustafa Çelebi 13579: 13574: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13527: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13499: 13496: 13495: 13481: 13480: 13473: 13466: 13458: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13374: 13371: 13370: 13363: 13362: 13355: 13348: 13340: 13331: 13330: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13320: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13274:al-Mustakfi II 13271: 13269:al-Mu'tadid II 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13200: 13198: 13186: 13185: 13183: 13182: 13173: 13168: 13166:al-Mustansir I 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12973: 12971: 12959: 12958: 12951: 12950: 12943: 12936: 12928: 12919: 12918: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12905: 12904: 12899: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12875: 12868: 12861: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12808: 12806: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12753: 12751: 12743: 12742: 12735: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12659: 12657: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12623: 12622: 12615: 12608: 12600: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12555: 12554: 12547: 12540: 12532: 12526: 12523: 12522: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12498: 12497: 12487: 12475: 12466: 12450: 12449:External links 12447: 12446: 12445: 12430: 12424: 12423:, 8 March 1924 12414: 12408: 12402: 12396: 12390: 12381: 12372: 12363: 12353: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12340: 12327: 12312: 12306: 12291: 12273:(3): 501–507. 12263:Holt, Peter M. 12259: 12254: 12236: 12230: 12213: 12203:Chisholm, Hugh 12189: 12183: 12168: 12163: 12155:2027/heb.00877 12139: 12134: 12118: 12105: 12084: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12027: 11986: 11946: 11903: 11863: 11820: 11794: 11788: 11766: 11755: 11737: 11726: 11708: 11678: 11652: 11646: 11628: 11593: 11550: 11515: 11472: 11431:(4): 785–834. 11408: 11383: 11329: 11313: 11289: 11277: 11254: 11231:"Why Shariah?" 11221: 11200: 11181: 11161: 11152: 11121: 11095: 11080: 11066: 11052:978-0195119152 11051: 11033: 11019: 11005:978-0873952729 11004: 10986: 10971: 10950: 10920: 10913: 10880: 10859: 10850: 10841: 10832: 10823: 10811: 10802: 10793: 10784: 10775: 10766: 10757: 10748: 10739: 10730: 10718: 10706: 10697: 10688: 10679: 10667: 10658: 10646: 10637: 10632:"As-Sirah" of 10625: 10618: 10598: 10586: 10577: 10570: 10564:. p. 38. 10545: 10518: 10492: 10486:Roy, Olivier, 10479: 10470: 10439: 10413: 10400: 10374: 10353: 10342:on 11 May 2015 10327: 10305: 10299:Roy, Olivier, 10292: 10279: 10249: 10223: 10191: 10165: 10132: 10102: 10096:978-0691175799 10095: 10074: 10044: 10018: 9987: 9957: 9935: 9922: 9920:, 2017, p. 155 9906: 9893: 9891:, 2017, p. 153 9880: 9878:, 2017, p. 153 9864: 9847: 9832: 9809: 9772: 9732: 9710:978-0199757268 9709: 9686: 9680:978-3839419458 9679: 9659: 9626: 9591: 9584: 9566: 9547:(5): 733–755. 9531: 9508: 9477: 9460: 9445: 9427: 9411: 9398:(2): 312–335. 9378: 9363:(in Turkish). 9347: 9317: 9286: 9275: 9257: 9231: 9205: 9165: 9147: 9145:, pp. 228–241. 9134: 9125: 9119:978-8173914898 9118: 9100: 9094:978-1136950360 9093: 9075: 9053: 9035: 9022: 8989: 8956: 8943: 8939:978-0195136180 8922: 8918:978-1412959636 8901: 8897:978-0231144896 8880: 8864: 8858:978-0739103562 8857: 8837: 8819:978-0195136180 8818: 8798: 8792:978-0312263829 8791: 8773: 8767:978-9004113718 8766: 8743: 8737:978-0465023967 8736: 8711: 8705:978-9004039452 8704: 8681: 8658: 8625: 8607:978-0521223102 8606: 8592:Lewis, Bernard 8579: 8545: 8521: 8515:978-1843530183 8514: 8496: 8473: 8455:978-9004233331 8454: 8433: 8400: 8382:978-8126907755 8381: 8361: 8338: 8320:978-9004117945 8319: 8292: 8271:"The Mamlukes" 8262: 8232: 8202: 8181:"Islamic arts" 8172: 8145: 8115: 8085: 8055: 8025: 7993: 7988:978-0791418277 7987: 7981:, p. 37, 7965: 7951:978-0099590088 7950: 7919: 7913:978-0761479260 7912: 7884: 7855: 7843: 7831: 7798: 7786: 7784:, p. 186) 7774: 7770:Madelung (1997 7762: 7749: 7737: 7733:Madelung (1997 7725: 7704: 7692: 7667: 7649: 7623: 7605:978-1783740246 7604: 7582: 7564:978-0199327959 7563: 7543: 7532: 7508: 7484: 7458: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7392: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7320: 7310: 7307:Abdul Hamid II 7304: 7294: 7288: 7285:Ottoman Empire 7263: 7262: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7205: 7199: 7187: 7181: 7167: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7094: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7065: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7016: 7013: 6999:, flourishing 6823:money changers 6819:exchange rates 6693:market economy 6620:Main article: 6617: 6614: 6610:Ottoman Empire 6525:The following 6521:Islamic ethics 6512: 6509: 6497:Surah Al-Ahzab 6493: 6457: 6454: 6438: 6437: 6428: 6396: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6378: 6337:Main article: 6328:social justice 6249: 6246: 6225: 6222: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6082:Scholars like 6079: 6076: 6069:), the booty ( 6012: 6005: 5978: 5975: 5965: 5943: 5905: 5868:The following 5865: 5860: 5848: 5831: 5807: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5379:Asbab al-Nuzul 5376: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5303:uses the term 5296: 5293: 5281: 5278: 5274:Ottoman Empire 5257: 5254: 5245:Ottoman Empire 5214:Main article: 5211: 5208: 5173:Hizb ut-Tahrir 5128:Hizb ut-Tahrir 5119: 5116: 5042: 5041:Ahmadiyya view 5039: 4997:Al-Nusra Front 4891:Main article: 4888: 4885: 4829: 4826: 4819: 4788:Main article: 4785: 4782: 4724:Ahmadiyya flag 4712:Main article: 4709: 4706: 4678: 4675: 4655: 4652: 4624:British Empire 4617:Ottoman caliph 4538:Main article: 4535: 4532: 4489:Main article: 4486: 4483: 4466: 4463: 4455:Battle of Kano 4423:Main article: 4420: 4417: 4396: 4393: 4376: 4373: 4349:Sher Shah Suri 4271:, the exalted 4250:Ottoman Empire 4238:Ghurid dynasty 4214:Main article: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4199:Neo-Ottomanist 4187:Hizb ut-Tahrir 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4008: 3997: 3994:Related topics 3992: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3961:Maryam Namazie 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3864:Ata Abu Rashta 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3814:Muhammad Iqbal 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3774:Muhammad Abduh 3770: 3768:Key ideologues 3767: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3751:House of Thani 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3706:Omar al-Bashir 3703: 3697: 3695:Heads of state 3694: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3668: 3661:("Milestones") 3655: 3643: 3631: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3597:Southeast Asia 3594: 3589: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3542:Hizb ut-Tahrir 3533: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3515: 3513:Sahwa movement 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3488:Dawat-e-Islami 3485: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3442:Anti-communism 3438: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3359: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3151: 3150: 3065: 3063: 3056: 3041:Main article: 3038: 3035: 3018:Ottoman Turkey 2968:Russian Empire 2925:, present-day 2923:Constantinople 2864:Ottoman Empire 2859: 2856: 2757:, Sicily, the 2743:Isma'ili Shi'i 2727:Main article: 2724: 2721: 2573:Main article: 2570: 2567: 2507: 2504: 2492: 2489: 2453:Main article: 2450: 2447: 2392: 2389: 2384:Main article: 2381: 2378: 2350:Yaman and Qays 2323:largest empire 2288: 2282: 2276: 2265:Main article: 2262: 2259: 2229: 2226: 2124: 2121: 2117:an altercation 2086:Nevertheless, 2043:Main article: 2040: 2037: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 1908: 1905: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1650: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1614:Hybrid regimes 1611: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1594: 1589: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1545:Regional power 1542: 1534: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1450:Puppet monarch 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1390: 1389: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1285: 1283:State religion 1277: 1276: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1154:Constitutional 1151: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1115: 1113:Power ideology 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1080: 1079: 1077:(rule by none) 1070: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1027: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 960: 959: 950: 949: 947: 946: 941: 936: 931: 929:Representative 926: 921: 916: 911: 903: 902: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 868: 867: 860: 859: 848: 847: 845: 844: 837: 830: 822: 819: 818: 817: 816: 801: 800: 797: 796: 790: 789: 788: 787: 782: 772: 767: 766: 765: 760: 750: 745: 740: 734: 733: 732: 731: 726: 721: 713: 712: 707: 701: 698:Related topics 696: 695: 692: 691: 688: 687: 682: 680:Social welfare 677: 672: 671: 670: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 574: 573: 568: 558: 557: 556: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 510: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 466: 465: 458: 451: 443: 442: 437: 431: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 409: 400: 399: 393: 385: 377: 368: 367: 347: 339: 336: 335: 330: 324: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 309: 304: 298: 297: 292: 286: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 270:Predestination 266: 265: 260: 254: 253: 251:Revealed Books 248: 242: 241: 231: 226: 225: 222: 221: 213: 212: 206: 205: 193: 192: 190: 189: 182: 175: 167: 164: 163: 150: 149: 146: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 70: 69: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15449: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15414: 15412: 15389: 15388:Soviet empire 15386: 15384: 15381: 15380: 15378: 15377: 15375: 15373:Miscellaneous 15371: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15338: 15335: 15334: 15333: 15330: 15329: 15327: 15323: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15225: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15210: 15208: 15206: 15202: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15170: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15157: 15154: 15153: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15126: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15104: 15103: 15100: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15072: 15071: 15068: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15055: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15008: 15007: 15004: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14991: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14972:German Empire 14970: 14969: 14968: 14965: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14952: 14951: 14948: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14935: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14898: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14848: 14846: 14844: 14840: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14783: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14740: 14737: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14714: 14713: 14712:Turco-Persian 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14657: 14656: 14653: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14620: 14619: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14579: 14576: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14501: 14500: 14497: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14474: 14473: 14470: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14452: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14410: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14368: 14367: 14364: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14351: 14350: 14347: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14324: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14311: 14308: 14307: 14306: 14303: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14290: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14252: 14250: 14248: 14244: 14236: 14233: 14232: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14210: 14209: 14206: 14202: 14199: 14198: 14197: 14194: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14124: 14123: 14120: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14107: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14070: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14038: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14011: 14010: 14007: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13989: 13988: 13985: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13972: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13932: 13927: 13925: 13920: 13918: 13913: 13912: 13909: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13866: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13856: 13853: 13849: 13842: 13837: 13835: 13830: 13828: 13823: 13822: 13819: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13792: 13791: 13788: 13787: 13778: 13777: 13773: 13767: 13766:Abdulmejid II 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13716:Abdul Hamid I 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13616: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13584: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13565: 13560: 13559: 13554: 13553: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13528: 13525: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13500: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13486: 13479: 13474: 13472: 13467: 13465: 13460: 13459: 13456: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13375: 13372: 13368: 13361: 13356: 13354: 13349: 13347: 13342: 13341: 13338: 13325: 13319: 13317: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13229:al-Mu'tadid I 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13214:al-Mustakfi I 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13201: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13181: 13179: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13131:al-Mustarshid 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13076: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13029:al-Mutawakkil 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13009: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12949: 12944: 12942: 12937: 12935: 12930: 12929: 12926: 12915: 12909: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12897: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12880: 12876: 12874: 12873: 12869: 12867: 12866: 12862: 12860: 12859: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12754: 12752: 12748: 12744: 12739: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12660: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12632: 12628: 12621: 12616: 12614: 12609: 12607: 12602: 12601: 12598: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12564: 12560: 12553: 12548: 12546: 12541: 12539: 12534: 12533: 12530: 12524: 12520: 12515: 12509: 12502: 12495: 12491: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12467: 12463: 12462: 12457: 12453: 12452: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12428: 12425: 12422: 12421:The Economist 12418: 12415: 12412: 12409: 12406: 12403: 12400: 12397: 12395:By Azmi Özcan 12394: 12391: 12389: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12367: 12364: 12361: 12357: 12354: 12351: 12348: 12347: 12330: 12324: 12320: 12319: 12313: 12309: 12307:9780313379567 12303: 12299: 12298: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12257: 12251: 12247: 12246: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12231:90-411-0241-8 12227: 12223: 12219: 12214: 12210: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12190: 12186: 12184:9781610691789 12180: 12176: 12175: 12169: 12166: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12108: 12102: 12098: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12086: 12074: 12072: 12067: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12039: 12031: 12024: 12019: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11998: 11990: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11958: 11950: 11943: 11927: 11923: 11916: 11915: 11907: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11875: 11867: 11860: 11844: 11840: 11833: 11832: 11824: 11808: 11805:. BBC. 1998. 11804: 11798: 11791: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11770: 11763: 11758: 11752: 11748: 11741: 11734: 11729: 11723: 11719: 11712: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11682: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11656: 11649: 11643: 11639: 11632: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11603:MERIP Reports 11597: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11566:(2): 263–93. 11565: 11561: 11554: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11519: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11476: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11419: 11412: 11405: 11404:0-231-12357-4 11401: 11397: 11393: 11387: 11368: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11351: 11343: 11336: 11334: 11326: 11323: 11317: 11310: 11309:0-521-08709-0 11306: 11302: 11298: 11293: 11286: 11281: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11261: 11259: 11242: 11238: 11237: 11232: 11225: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11204: 11188: 11184: 11178: 11174: 11173: 11165: 11156: 11140: 11136: 11130: 11128: 11126: 11109: 11105: 11099: 11091: 11084: 11076: 11070: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11044: 11037: 11029: 11023: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11001: 10997: 10996:Shiʻite Islam 10990: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10972:9780873954426 10968: 10964: 10957: 10955: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10924: 10916: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10901:Facts on File 10897: 10896: 10890: 10884: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10863: 10854: 10845: 10836: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10806: 10797: 10788: 10779: 10770: 10761: 10752: 10743: 10734: 10727: 10722: 10715: 10710: 10701: 10692: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10662: 10656: 10650: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10621: 10615: 10611: 10610: 10602: 10595: 10590: 10581: 10573: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10533: 10529: 10522: 10506: 10502: 10496: 10489: 10483: 10474: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10443: 10427: 10423: 10417: 10410: 10404: 10388: 10384: 10378: 10363: 10357: 10341: 10337: 10331: 10324: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10309: 10302: 10296: 10289: 10283: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10237: 10233: 10227: 10208: 10201: 10195: 10179: 10175: 10169: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10139: 10137: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10106: 10098: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10078: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10048: 10032: 10028: 10022: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9991: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9961: 9945: 9939: 9932: 9926: 9919: 9913: 9911: 9903: 9897: 9890: 9884: 9877: 9871: 9869: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9844: 9843: 9836: 9829: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9813: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9776: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9736: 9729: 9716: 9712: 9706: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9690: 9682: 9676: 9672: 9671: 9663: 9647: 9643: 9642: 9637: 9630: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9595: 9587: 9581: 9577: 9570: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9535: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9496: 9493:(in Arabic). 9492: 9488: 9481: 9473: 9472: 9464: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9446:1-59740-468-3 9442: 9438: 9431: 9422: 9415: 9406: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9351: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9279: 9271: 9267: 9261: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9219: 9215: 9209: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9175: 9169: 9161: 9160:The Caliphate 9157: 9151: 9144: 9138: 9129: 9121: 9115: 9111: 9104: 9096: 9090: 9087:. Routledge. 9086: 9079: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9057: 9049: 9048:The Caliphate 9045: 9039: 9032: 9026: 9010: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8993: 8977: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8947: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8905: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8877: 8873: 8868: 8860: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8841: 8825: 8821: 8815: 8811: 8810: 8802: 8794: 8788: 8784: 8777: 8769: 8763: 8759: 8758: 8750: 8748: 8739: 8733: 8729: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8707: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8691: 8685: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8630: 8613: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8552: 8548: 8546:9780791495575 8542: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8525: 8517: 8511: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8491: 8477: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8447: 8446: 8437: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8405: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8374: 8373: 8365: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8346:Bernard Lugan 8342: 8326: 8322: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8296: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8266: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8073: 8069: 8068:www.brown.edu 8065: 8059: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8013: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7997: 7990: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7943: 7942:Watzman, Haim 7939: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7915: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7878:, the son of 7877: 7873: 7870:, the son of 7869: 7866:, the son of 7865: 7859: 7852: 7847: 7840: 7839:John Esposito 7835: 7819: 7815: 7814:The Economist 7811: 7805: 7803: 7795: 7790: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7753: 7746: 7741: 7735:, p. 32) 7734: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7708: 7701: 7696: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7671: 7663: 7656: 7654: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7547: 7540: 7535: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7512: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7435: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7377:Al-Muhajiroun 7375: 7374: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7323:Abdulmejid II 7321: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7234:early Abbasid 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7218:Al-Mutawakkil 7216: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7104:(r. 684–685). 7103: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7069: 7068:Hasan ibn Ali 7066: 7063: 7062:Amr ibn al-As 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6969:Nizam al-Mulk 6965: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6945:birth control 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6562: 6555: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6501: 6498: 6492: 6490: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6442: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6387: 6386:Dai al-Mutlaq 6383: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6160:Ibn Taymiyyah 6156: 6152: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6124: 6118: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6010: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5971: 5964: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5946:Sahih Muslim 5942: 5937: 5935: 5929: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5908:Sahih Muslim 5904: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5888: 5886: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5853: 5852:Surah An-Nisa 5847: 5839: 5836: 5830: 5825: 5823: 5815: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5797: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5775: 5773: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5689: 5688: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5480: 5479: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5424: 5423: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5291: 5287: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5229:Islamic state 5226: 5222: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5194:and parts of 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5118:Islamist call 5115: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4934:Islamic State 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4893:Islamic State 4884: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4844: 4839: 4838:Islamic State 4835: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4728:Second Caliph 4725: 4720: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4582:Vilayet Hejaz 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4548:Map with the 4546: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4507:British India 4504: 4498: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4405:Khalifatullah 4402: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4257:Mughal Empire 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4171:Mohammed Omar 4168: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4115:, as part of 4114: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4027: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3966:Maajid Nawaaz 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3874:Navvab Safavi 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3859:Tariq Ramadan 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3809:Safwat Hegazi 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3794:Muhammad Asad 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3746:House of Saud 3744: 3742: 3741:Mohammed Omar 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3726:Mohamed Morsi 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3683: 3682:Khomeini 1970 3679: 3678: 3676: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3470: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3398:Post-Islamism 3396: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3335:Islamic state 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3274:Shia Islamism 3272: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3161:Abdulmejid II 3157: 3147: 3144: 3136: 3133:December 2012 3125: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3094: – 3093: 3089: 3088:Find sources: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3066:This section 3064: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3026:Tausūg people 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3003:British India 3000: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2981: 2980:British India 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2959:Abdul Hamid I 2956: 2952: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888:Abdulmejid II 2885: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2793:Ismaili imams 2790: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670:Sierra Morena 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2651:Abd al-Mu'min 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2611:al-Muwaḥḥidun 2602: 2594: 2581: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2496: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2273: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2115:resulting in 2113: 2109: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2035: 2031: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2003: 2001:pronunciation 1988: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1972: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:war on terror 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1787:pronunciation 1779: 1771: 1765: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717:Islamic State 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1573: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1501:Confederation 1499: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1396:Unitary state 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1376: 1375: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1307: 1299: 1298:State atheism 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1288:Secular state 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1192:Authoritarian 1190: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1169:Parliamentary 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 962: 961: 957:(rule by few) 955: 952: 951: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 906: 905: 904: 899: 894: 891: 890: 882: 881: 878: 875: 874: 870: 869: 866: 862: 861: 858: 854: 853: 843: 838: 836: 831: 829: 824: 823: 821: 820: 815: 805: 804: 803: 802: 795: 792: 791: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 776: 773: 771: 768: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 715: 714: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 699: 694: 693: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 669: 666: 665: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 653:Proselytizing 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 562: 561:Denominations 559: 555: 552: 551: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 508: 504: 499: 498: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 459: 457: 456: 452: 450: 449: 445: 444: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 429: 424: 423: 416: 414: 410: 408: 406: 402: 401: 397: 394: 392: 390: 386: 384: 382: 378: 376: 374: 370: 369: 365: 364: 359: 358: 353: 352: 348: 346: 345: 341: 340: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 321: 320: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 284: 279: 278: 271: 268: 267: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 240: 236: 233: 232: 229: 224: 223: 219: 215: 214: 211: 208: 207: 203: 199: 198: 188: 183: 181: 176: 174: 169: 168: 166: 165: 162: 152: 151: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 114: 113: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 81: 80: 76: 72: 71: 59: 56: 55: 52: 48: 47:Islamic State 41: 37: 33: 19: 15427:Pan-Islamism 15139:Contemporary 14989:Indo-Persian 14977:Nazi Germany 14921:Contemporary 14823:Vijayanagara 14722:Great Seljuk 14633:Thessalonica 14561:Golden Horde 14321: 14201:Carthaginian 13980:Neo-Assyrian 13965:Neo-Sumerian 13858: 13779: 13736:Abdulmejid I 13613: 13581: 13568: 13562: 13556: 13550: 13413:al-Mustansir 13313: 13304:al-Mustamsik 13294:al-Mustamsik 13284:al-Mustanjid 13254:al-Musta'sim 13249:al-Wathiq II 13239:al-Musta'sim 13175: 13171:al-Musta'sim 13146:al-Mustanjid 13126:al-Mustazhir 13073: 13006: 12894: 12890:Muhammad III 12877: 12870: 12863: 12856: 12683:Abd al-Malik 12483:The Guardian 12481: 12459: 12433: 12426: 12420: 12332:. Retrieved 12317: 12300:. ABC-CLIO. 12296: 12270: 12266: 12244: 12217: 12206: 12177:. Abc-Clio. 12173: 12146: 12125: 12110:. Retrieved 12095: 12071:Brian Street 12062: 12042: 12036: 12030: 12021: 12001: 11995: 11989: 11981: 11961: 11955: 11949: 11940: 11933:, retrieved 11913: 11906: 11898: 11878: 11872: 11866: 11857: 11850:, retrieved 11830: 11823: 11813:18 September 11811:. Retrieved 11797: 11775: 11769: 11760: 11746: 11740: 11731: 11717: 11711: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11681: 11665: 11661: 11655: 11637: 11631: 11609:(68): 3–14. 11606: 11602: 11596: 11563: 11559: 11553: 11531:(8): 357–8. 11528: 11524: 11518: 11488:(1): 79–96. 11485: 11481: 11475: 11465:24 September 11463:. Retrieved 11428: 11424: 11411: 11391: 11386: 11374:. Retrieved 11357:(1): 47–74. 11354: 11348: 11324: 11321: 11316: 11296: 11292: 11280: 11245:. Retrieved 11234: 11224: 11216: 11212: 11203: 11191:. Retrieved 11171: 11164: 11155: 11143:. Retrieved 11112:. Retrieved 11098: 11089: 11083: 11074: 11069: 11042: 11036: 11027: 11022: 10995: 10989: 10962: 10941:. Retrieved 10932: 10929:"7: Imamate" 10923: 10894: 10883: 10878:, 1936–1988. 10867: 10862: 10853: 10844: 10835: 10826: 10814: 10805: 10796: 10787: 10778: 10769: 10760: 10751: 10742: 10733: 10721: 10709: 10700: 10691: 10682: 10670: 10661: 10649: 10640: 10628: 10607: 10601: 10589: 10580: 10557: 10554:Sonn, Tamara 10548: 10536:. Retrieved 10521: 10509:. Retrieved 10495: 10487: 10482: 10473: 10461:. Retrieved 10452: 10442: 10430:. Retrieved 10416: 10408: 10403: 10391:. Retrieved 10377: 10365:. Retrieved 10356: 10344:. Retrieved 10340:the original 10330: 10313: 10308: 10300: 10295: 10287: 10282: 10270:. Retrieved 10261: 10252: 10240:. Retrieved 10226: 10214:. Retrieved 10194: 10182:. Retrieved 10168: 10156:. Retrieved 10147: 10123:. Retrieved 10114: 10105: 10086: 10077: 10065:. Retrieved 10056: 10047: 10035:. Retrieved 10021: 10009:. Retrieved 10001:The Guardian 10000: 9990: 9978:. Retrieved 9969: 9960: 9948:. Retrieved 9938: 9930: 9925: 9917: 9901: 9896: 9888: 9883: 9875: 9859: 9855: 9850: 9840: 9835: 9816: 9812: 9800:. Retrieved 9785: 9775: 9763:. Retrieved 9744: 9735: 9726: 9719:. Retrieved 9699: 9689: 9669: 9662: 9650:. Retrieved 9639: 9629: 9604: 9600: 9594: 9575: 9569: 9544: 9540: 9534: 9517: 9511: 9499:. Retrieved 9490: 9480: 9470: 9463: 9436: 9430: 9420: 9414: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9369:. Retrieved 9360: 9350: 9338:. Retrieved 9329: 9320: 9307:. Retrieved 9298: 9289: 9278: 9270:the original 9260: 9248:. Retrieved 9244:the original 9234: 9222:. Retrieved 9208: 9196:. Retrieved 9178: 9168: 9159: 9150: 9142: 9137: 9128: 9109: 9103: 9084: 9078: 9069: 9056: 9047: 9038: 9030: 9025: 9013:. Retrieved 9002: 8992: 8980:. Retrieved 8969: 8959: 8951: 8946: 8941:pp. 242–243. 8930: 8925: 8909: 8904: 8888: 8883: 8867: 8847: 8840: 8828:. Retrieved 8808: 8801: 8782: 8776: 8756: 8727: 8694: 8684: 8649:. Retrieved 8640: 8616:. Retrieved 8596: 8588:Lambton, Ann 8582: 8565:Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn 8562: 8555:. Retrieved 8531: 8524: 8505: 8499: 8487: 8476: 8464:. Retrieved 8443: 8436: 8424:. Retrieved 8415: 8391:. Retrieved 8371: 8364: 8349: 8341: 8329:. Retrieved 8305: 8295: 8283:. Retrieved 8274: 8265: 8253:. Retrieved 8244: 8235: 8223:. Retrieved 8214: 8205: 8193:. Retrieved 8184: 8175: 8163:. Retrieved 8148: 8136:. Retrieved 8128:oyc.yale.edu 8127: 8118: 8106:. Retrieved 8097: 8088: 8076:. Retrieved 8067: 8058: 8046:. Retrieved 8037: 8028: 8016:. Retrieved 8006: 7996: 7974: 7968: 7932: 7922: 7898: 7887: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7834: 7822:. Retrieved 7813: 7796:, p. 4) 7789: 7777: 7765: 7760:(2012), p. 6 7757: 7752: 7747:, p. 3) 7740: 7728: 7714: 7707: 7702:, p. 3. 7695: 7685: 7670: 7661: 7640:. Retrieved 7626: 7614:. Retrieved 7595: 7585: 7573:. Retrieved 7553: 7546: 7537: 7518: 7511: 7467: 7461: 7443: 7438: 7395: 7387: 7361:Saudi Arabia 7258:Al-Musta'sim 7233: 7193: 7097:Abd al-Malik 7027: 6977:Afro-Eurasia 6961: 6927: 6885: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6855: 6796: 6768: 6760: 6736: 6728: 6689:free markets 6682: 6650:tax revenues 6646:productivity 6635: 6606:codification 6595: 6565: 6557: 6547:Bani Makhzum 6540: 6524: 6505: 6486: 6474: 6459: 6443: 6439: 6412: 6393: 6364: 6342: 6296:Twelve Imams 6275: 6265: 6248:Shi'a belief 6227: 6224:Sunni belief 6218:Al-Baqillani 6211: 6197: 6196:In his book 6195: 6165: 6158: 6154: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6115: 6108: 6081: 6070: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6014: 6008: 5994: 5957: 5953: 5939: 5931: 5926: 5921:Abu Hurairah 5915: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5881: 5869: 5867: 5862: 5844: 5827: 5819: 5811:Surah An-Nur 5801: 5799: 5795: 5758:Islam portal 5647:Hermeneutics 5600:Translations 5468: 5341: 5324: 5304: 5298: 5259: 5249: 5219: 5177: 5170: 5151: 5144: 5143: 5136: 5121: 5111: 5108: 5100: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5018: 5008: 4982: 4938: 4869: 4864: 4843:Afghan Arabs 4831: 4815: 4803: 4790:Pan-Islamism 4761: 4755: 4732: 4701: 4699: 4690: 4680: 4670: 4657: 4621: 4602: 4570:خلافة شريفية 4561: 4559: 4500: 4468: 4451:Adamawa Wars 4428: 4404: 4398: 4378: 4368: 4326: 4322:Shah Alam II 4272: 4268: 4260: 4254: 4231: 4183: 4166: 4160: 4155: 4149: 4106: 4083: 4028: 4018:Islamophobia 3894:Ahmed Yassin 3879:Ali Shariati 3819:Ali Khamenei 3701:Ali Khamenei 3672: 3670: 3658: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3577: 3576: 3535: 3534: 3493:Ahl-i Hadith 3477: 3452:Anti-Zionism 3421: 3409: 3402: 3381:Pan-Islamism 3361: 3356:of knowledge 3352:Islamization 3314: 3300: 3191:Fundamentals 3139: 3130: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3087: 3075:Please help 3070:verification 3067: 3022:Oscar Straus 3011: 2996: 2992:Abdulmejid I 2984: 2948: 2942: 2900: 2821: 2810: 2788: 2786: 2767: 2740: 2702: 2659: 2628: 2608: 2590: 2547: 2531: 2497: 2494: 2481: 2477:Al-Mustamsik 2469:Al-Mustansir 2458: 2431: 2408: 2365: 2347: 2331: 2329:in history. 2296: 2231: 2210: 2193: 2167: 2140: 2104: 2085: 2064: 2059:(natives of 2054: 2012: 2008: 1980: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1870: 1860:such as the 1850:Saudi Arabia 1815: 1724: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1550:Middle power 1477:Vassal state 1471:Buffer state 1469: 1445:Puppet state 1440:Protectorate 1416:Client state 1406:Principality 1232:Distributism 1174:Presidential 1052:Dictatorship 976:Gerontocracy 898:rule by many 871: 855:Part of the 770:Islamophobia 549:Demographics 544:Circumcision 469: 460: 453: 446: 412: 404: 388: 380: 372: 361: 355: 349: 342: 57: 51: 14727:Khwarezmian 14660:Carolingian 14465:Rashtrakuta 14169:Shaishunaga 14068:Hellenistic 14051:New Kingdom 14041:Old Kingdom 13711:Mustafa III 13681:Suleiman II 13570:Musa Çelebi 13552:Interregnum 13418:al-Musta'li 13264:al-Musta'in 13224:al-Hakim II 13219:al-Wathiq I 13197:(1261–1517) 13096:al-Mustakfi 13069:al-Muqtadir 13059:al-Mu'tadid 13054:al-Mu'tamid 13039:al-Musta'in 13034:al-Muntasir 13019:al-Mu'tasim 12827:Muhammad II 12817:Al-Hakam II 12713:Al-Walid II 12673:Mu'awiya II 12638:Family tree 12456:"Caliphate" 12066:Islamic law 11935:22 November 11852:22 November 11247:21 February 11104:"Our Story" 10943:16 December 10477:Wright, 46. 10385:. fas.org. 10125:21 February 10037:23 November 9721:20 November 9607:(1): 1–14. 9526:C5111548903 9491:جريدة الوطن 9371:13 December 9340:14 December 8872:Özoğlu 2011 7494:j.ctvp2n3ms 7390:(TV series) 7317:World War I 7301:Blue Mosque 7224:Al-Mu'tadid 7208:Al-Mu'tasim 7137:Al-Walid II 6989:typographic 6973:papermaking 6933:demographic 6887:Bayt al-mal 6858:Islamic law 6835:assignments 6821:, bankers, 6817:, loaning, 6769:nama al-mal 6705:circulation 6636:During the 6632:Bayt al-mal 6602:rule of law 6531:rule of law 6511:Rule of law 6446:Sayyid Qutb 6276:Ahl al-Bayt 6202:Fred Donner 6096:Al-Sha`rani 6011:of Muhammad 5934:Abu Huraira 5895:Caliphate. 5885:Prophethood 5846:resolution. 5652:Esotericism 5530:Eschatology 5394:Manuscripts 5388:Historicity 5262:Olivier Roy 5200:Philippines 5162:Islamic law 5158:pan-Islamic 4989:Syrian Army 4947:network of 4673:(caliphs). 4357:Tipu Sultan 4293:Suleiman II 4179:Afghanistan 4141:Arab Revolt 4117:his reforms 3981:Bassam Tibi 3976:Olivier Roy 3869:Rashid Rida 3854:Sayyid Qutb 3640:Iqbal 1930s 3587:MENA region 3557:Millî Görüş 3092:"Caliphate" 2990:and Sultan 2555:Al-Mu'tadid 2423:Hulagu Khan 2366:Shi‘at ‘Alī 2343:Banu Hashim 2303:Transoxiana 2069:Banu Sa'ida 2013:selected by 1921:. The term 1897:Arab Spring 1881:Ahl al-Bayt 1697:monarchical 1555:Great power 1540:Small power 1482:Viceroyalty 1353:Nationalism 1217:Colonialism 1197:Libertarian 1159:Directorial 1036:rule by one 1016:Technocracy 1011:Stratocracy 991:Meritocracy 981:Kleptocracy 971:Aristocracy 785:Laws of war 448:Ahl al-Bayt 333:Foundations 15417:Caliphates 15411:Categories 15297:Portuguese 15178:Revival Le 15168:Vietnamese 14811:Later Tran 14781:Vietnamese 14677:Singhasari 14665:Holy Roman 14289:Bulgarian 14225:Satavahana 14196:Phoenician 14132:Achaemenid 14093:Indo-Greek 14073:Macedonian 13987:Babylonian 13726:Mustafa IV 13691:Mustafa II 13641:Mehmed III 13626:Suleiman I 13615:Cem Sultan 13609:Bayezid II 13558:İsa Çelebi 13209:al-Hakim I 13151:al-Mustadi 13141:al-Muqtafi 13121:al-Muqtadi 13091:al-Muttaqi 13064:al-Muktafi 13049:al-Muhtadi 13044:al-Mu'tazz 12970:(749–1258) 12912:indicates 12902:Hisham III 12805:(929–1031) 12782:al-Mundhir 12777:Muhammad I 12767:Al-Hakam I 12688:Al-Walid I 12663:Mu'awiya I 12469:The Caliph 11446:10161/2546 11299:, p. 437. 10914:0871966298 10903:. p. 10726:Al-Muhalla 10676:Ibnu Hazim 10655:Ibn Hisham 10634:Ibn Kathir 10538:17 January 9455:1113069713 9224:12 October 8971:Eurasianet 8830:19 October 8537:SUNY Press 8412:"Almohads" 8358:2262016445 8165:11 October 8138:11 October 8108:11 October 8078:11 October 8048:11 October 8018:22 October 7876:Abu Sufyan 7718:. p. 7425:References 7275:, the 9th 7246:Al-Muqtafi 7108:Al-Walid I 7083:Muawiyah I 7040:Ridda wars 6979:) from an 6916:Ridda Wars 6731:) such as 6685:capitalism 6642:incentives 6626:See also: 6541:Narrated ‘ 6515:See also: 6467:oppression 6463:Al-Juwayni 6399:See also: 6332:oppression 6316:infallible 6258:Shia Islam 6187:Government 6182:and others 6174:, such as 6149:Al-Ghazali 6129:Al-Qurtubi 6084:Al-Mawardi 5981:See also: 5802:successors 5740:Shi’a view 5657:Abrogation 5470:Muqatta'at 5256:Opposition 5164:. Founder 5156:advocates 5148:authority. 5124:mujahideen 5033:, fell to 4985:Iraqi Army 4939:The group 4897:See also: 4590:Arab world 4495:See also: 4443:Fulani War 4413:daughter's 4363:, and the 4281:Shah Jahan 4242:Ghaznavids 4232:After the 4125:Abdulmejid 4084:After the 3971:Sam Harris 3951:Farag Foda 3731:Zia ul-Haq 3592:South Asia 3503:Madkhalism 3478:Scholastic 3436:Influences 3250:Khomeinism 3234:Ideologies 3222:Secularism 3103:newspapers 3047:See also: 2822:The Shiʻa 2633:among the 2631:Ibn Tumart 2563:al-Andalus 2520:Al-Andalus 2500:Al-Andalus 2319:Al-Andalus 2242:Kharijites 2234:companions 2202:hereditary 2127:See also: 2049:See also: 1899:, various 1803:civil wars 1560:Superpower 1516:Superstate 1511:Federation 1506:Devolution 1492:Federalism 1333:City-state 1006:Plutocracy 1001:Particracy 865:government 638:Philosophy 375:(exegesis) 312:Pilgrimage 302:Almsgiving 15290:Couronian 14928:Ethiopian 14916:Manchukuo 14871:Brazilian 14717:Ghaznavid 14687:Srivijaya 14638:Trebizond 14623:Byzantine 14605:North Sea 14600:Norwegian 14588:Almoravid 14571:Ilkhanate 14541:Majapahit 14514:Muromachi 14423:Solomonic 14408:Ethiopian 14322:Caliphate 14255:Aragonese 14083:Ptolemaic 13859:Caliphate 13761:Mehmed VI 13741:Abdulaziz 13731:Mahmud II 13721:Selim III 13706:Osman III 13696:Ahmed III 13676:Mehmed IV 13661:Mustafa I 13651:Mustafa I 13636:Murad III 13604:Mehmed II 13594:Mehmed II 13546:Bayezid I 13393:al-Mu'izz 13388:al-Mansur 13136:al-Rashid 13024:al-Wathiq 13014:al-Ma'mun 12982:al-Mansur 12977:al-Saffah 12837:Hisham II 12822:Hisham II 12750:(756–929) 12728:Marwan II 12718:Yazid III 12656:(661–750) 12388:al-Tabari 12379:al-Tabari 12370:al-Tabari 12287:161092185 12242:(2007) , 12091:"Khalīfa" 12059:143484233 12018:143484233 11978:143484233 11895:143484233 11588:144129603 11510:153962294 11376:16 August 11287:, p. 263. 11193:30 August 11014:123145315 10463:30 August 10432:1 October 10272:30 August 9950:25 August 9755:0034-6721 9621:157012525 9561:164473838 9309:9 October 9015:7 January 8982:7 January 8618:30 August 8448:. Brill. 7960:910498369 7575:30 August 7502:204443322 7430:Citations 7388:Caliphate 7359:(current 7283:" of the 7202:Al-Ma'mun 7170:Al-Mansur 7164:As-Saffah 7149:Marwan II 7143:Yazid III 6654:ownership 6591:prejudice 6357:Ayatollah 6234:mujtahids 6110:Al-Joziri 6100:Al-Nawawi 6001:As-Saffah 5725:Criticism 5705:Inerrancy 5618:Ahmadiyya 5428:Divisions 5340:as God's 5312:Al-Baqara 5184:Indonesia 5010:Peshmerga 4772:and then 4640:Mehmed VI 4609:Kemalists 4297:Mehmed IV 4285:Aurangzeb 4226:Aurangzeb 4147:in 1925. 4006:Modernism 3934:in Europe 3665:Qutb 1965 3652:Asad 1961 3616:Key texts 3536:Political 3518:Wahhabism 3474:Movements 3315:Caliphate 3212:Economics 3163:as caliph 3012:In 1899, 2988:Selim III 2966:with the 2878:Mehmed IV 2844:Palestine 2808:himself. 2787:The term 2713:Marrakesh 2597:Imweḥḥden 2587:1180–1212 2217:Byzantine 2170:Sultanate 2077:Muhajirun 1907:Etymology 1848:(current 1834:abolished 1774:خَلِيفَةْ 1688:خِلَافَةْ 1674:caliphate 1387:Unitarism 1363:Globalism 1269:Religious 1257:Tribalism 1247:Socialism 1242:Feudalism 1227:Despotism 1222:Communism 1212:Anarchism 1149:Communist 1096:Stateless 1086:Anarchism 1047:Despotism 1031:Autocracy 1021:Theocracy 986:Kritarchy 954:Oligarchy 939:Socialist 893:Democracy 758:terrorism 710:Criticism 663:Sexuality 633:Mysticism 603:Festivals 583:Education 578:Economics 514:Academics 470:Caliphate 283:Practices 58:Caliphate 15270:Japanese 15233:Scottish 15213:American 15205:Colonial 15134:Imperial 15102:Moroccan 15038:Japanese 15016:Afsharid 14875:Burmese 14861:Austrian 14816:Later Le 14791:Early Le 14776:Venetian 14702:Tiwanaku 14615:Hellenic 14578:Moroccan 14509:Kamakura 14499:Japanese 14482:Saffarid 14435:Georgian 14349:Chalukya 14327:Rashidun 14317:Calakmul 14285:Bruneian 14164:Haryanka 14142:Sasanian 14137:Parthian 14088:Bactrian 14078:Seleucid 14058:Goguryeo 14036:Egyptian 13970:Assyrian 13960:Akkadian 13951:Colonies 13786:Category 13756:Mehmed V 13701:Mahmud I 13686:Ahmed II 13666:Murad IV 13656:Osman II 13631:Selim II 13599:Murad II 13589:Murad II 13577:Mehmed I 13438:al-Fa'iz 13433:al-Zafir 13428:al-Hafiz 13408:al-Zahir 13403:al-Hakim 13383:al-Qa'im 13378:al-Mahdi 13279:al-Qa'im 13161:al-Zahir 13156:al-Nasir 13116:al-Qa'im 13111:al-Qadir 13106:al-Ta'i' 13101:al-Muti' 13081:al-Qahir 12987:al-Mahdi 12916:usurpers 12914:Hammudid 12842:Sulayman 12832:Sulayman 12787:Abdullah 12762:Hisham I 12703:Yazid II 12693:Sulayman 12678:Marwan I 12570:Abu Bakr 12494:BBC News 12334:22 March 12195:(1911). 12145:(1981), 11926:archived 11843:archived 11807:Archived 11545:12127284 11459:Archived 11455:30038724 11367:Archived 11269:Archived 11241:Archived 11217:al-Masāq 11187:Archived 11139:Archived 11114:5 August 11108:Archived 11061:45842548 10937:Archived 10891:(1984). 10556:(2010). 10532:Archived 10505:Archived 10457:Archived 10426:Archived 10387:Archived 10367:10 April 10318:Archived 10266:Archived 10236:Archived 10207:Archived 10178:Archived 10158:27 March 10152:Archived 10119:Archived 10085:(2017). 10061:Archived 10031:Archived 10011:17 March 10005:Archived 9974:Archived 9970:BBC News 9902:Jihadica 9856:Jihadica 9824:Archived 9802:12 March 9796:Archived 9787:NOLA.com 9759:Archived 9728:mosques. 9715:Archived 9697:(2004). 9652:12 March 9646:Archived 9495:Archived 9365:Archived 9334:Archived 9303:Archived 9218:Archived 9198:13 April 9192:Archived 9188:31870180 9064:(1963). 9009:Archived 8976:Archived 8920:p. 1350. 8824:Archived 8692:(1974). 8673:Archived 8645:Archived 8612:Archived 8594:(1995). 8551:Archived 8460:Archived 8420:Archived 8387:Archived 8325:Archived 8303:(2001). 8279:Archived 8249:Archived 8219:Archived 8189:Archived 8159:Archived 8132:Archived 8102:Archived 8072:Archived 8042:Archived 8012:Archived 7930:(2015). 7868:Abu-l`As 7818:Archived 7678:Archived 7664:: 81–86. 7636:Archived 7610:Archived 7569:Archived 7451:Archived 7370:See also 7313:Mehmed V 7252:Al-Nasir 7240:Al-Qadir 7184:Al-Mahdi 7120:Yazid II 7102:Marwan I 7036:Abu Bakr 7029:Rashidun 7009:Madrasah 6941:"surges" 6912:disabled 6910:and the 6882:treasury 6843:lawsuits 6831:deposits 6737:mudaraba 6729:mufawada 6713:monetary 6678:industry 6666:mortgage 6535:nepotism 6500:33:67–68 6494:— 6375:Aga Khan 6292:Twelvers 6214:madhhabs 6200:(1981), 6088:Ibn Hazm 5966:— 5960:Israelis 5944:— 5906:— 5893:Rashidun 5849:— 5832:— 5808:— 5753:Category 5735:Quranism 5634:Exegesis 5518:Parables 5513:Miracles 5491:Prophets 5342:khalifa 5260:Scholar 5225:Al-Qaeda 5221:Al-Qaeda 5216:al-Qaeda 5204:Cambodia 5196:Thailand 5188:Malaysia 5132:al-Qaeda 5104:Muhammad 5095:Khilāfah 5090:Khilāfah 5082:Khilāfah 5061:Rāshidūn 5057:Khilāfah 5019:de facto 4953:Iraq War 4949:Islamist 4945:Al-Qaeda 4836:and the 4820:— 4810:Muhammad 4796:Islamism 4702:silsilah 4671:khalifas 4665:and the 4632:Wahhabis 4628:Zionists 4453:and the 4291:such as 4273:khalifah 4240:and the 4189:and the 4145:ibn Saud 3578:Militant 3498:Deobandi 3374:Jihadism 3290:Concepts 3240:Islamism 3217:Politics 3182:Islamism 3174:a series 3172:Part of 3014:John Hay 2943:de facto 2927:Istanbul 2789:Fatimite 2761:and the 2686:Portugal 2605:الموحدون 2538:Damascus 2434:Abbasids 2299:Caucasus 2190:Muāwiyah 2159:Khawarij 2088:Abu Bakr 2030:Rashidun 1984:khalīfah 1901:Islamist 1895:and the 1854:dormancy 1811:polities 1721:Muhammad 1711:, whose 1705:absolute 1703:, later 1701:elective 1679:khilāfah 1435:Dominion 1164:Legalist 1144:Absolute 1129:Republic 1124:Monarchy 996:Noocracy 966:Anocracy 919:Economic 909:Demarchy 794:Glossary 780:Jihadism 753:Violence 748:Islamism 719:Muhammad 705:Apostasy 648:Politics 598:Feminism 593:Exorcism 554:Diaspora 539:Children 534:Calendar 462:Rashidun 440:Muhammad 435:Timeline 396:Mathnawi 258:Prophets 202:a series 200:Part of 18:Khilafah 15337:largest 15332:Empires 15312:Swedish 15307:Spanish 15302:Russian 15265:Italian 15240:Chinese 15228:English 15223:British 15218:Belgian 15193:Vietnam 15183:Tay son 15129:Tsarist 15124:Russian 15119:Ottoman 15085:Dzungar 15080:Khoshut 15053:Mexican 15048:Maratha 15031:Pahlavi 15011:Safavid 15006:Iranian 14933:Haitian 14896:Chinese 14856:Ashanti 14828:Wagadou 14754:Eastern 14749:Western 14732:Timurid 14692:Tibetan 14682:Songhai 14672:Serbian 14593:Almohad 14583:Idrisid 14487:Samanid 14477:Tahirid 14472:Iranian 14450:Kannauj 14430:Genoese 14366:Chinese 14359:Eastern 14354:Western 14342:Fatimid 14337:Abbasid 14332:Umayyad 14305:Burmese 14265:Ayyubid 14260:Angevin 14230:Xianbei 14218:Eastern 14213:Western 14159:Magadha 14122:Iranian 14115:Xiongnu 14100:Hittite 14009:Chinese 13997:Kassite 13946:Ancient 13938:Empires 13874:Sevener 13869:Twelver 13746:Murad V 13671:Ibrahim 13646:Ahmed I 13621:Selim I 13541:Murad I 13531:Osman I 13503:Dynasty 13492:caliphs 13488:sultans 13485:Ottoman 13443:al-Adid 13423:al-Amir 13398:al-Aziz 13190:Caliphs 13086:al-Radi 13002:al-Amin 12992:al-Hadi 12967:Baghdad 12963:Caliphs 12723:Ibrahim 12668:Yazid I 12419:, from 12205:(ed.). 12112:23 July 12083:Sources 11623:3011226 11502:2115499 11275:, FSTC. 10981:6420933 10383:"Ladin" 10346:30 June 10242:30 June 10216:30 June 10184:30 June 10057:Reuters 9980:22 June 9765:9 March 8557:7 April 8393:14 June 8331:14 June 7824:13 July 7675:"calif" 7642:30 June 7616:7 April 7403:Khanate 7297:Ahmed I 7273:Selim I 7236:period. 7230:Ar-Radi 7212:Samarra 7179:Baghdad 7091:Yazid I 6995:of the 6985:scribal 6937:Morocco 6904:orphans 6900:elderly 6827:ledgers 6815:pawning 6785:cheques 6781:revenue 6757:capital 6670:inherit 6616:Economy 6587:kinship 6324:Muslims 6302:of the 6272:Imamate 6230:Saqifah 6017:thaqifa 5997:ahadith 5718:Related 5613:English 5586:Qira'at 5574:Tarteel 5549:Reading 5525:Science 5508:Legends 5501:Animals 5484:Content 5450:Medinan 5361:History 5325:khalifa 5305:khalifa 5270:Quraysh 5145:Khilafa 4859:Quraysh 4751:prophet 4743:Messiah 4695:zaouias 4687:tariqas 4644:British 4437:led by 4435:Nigeria 4369:khalifa 4318:Saladin 4175:Taliban 4129:claimed 3483:Barelvi 3391:aspects 3354: ( 3245:Qutbism 3207:Culture 3202:History 3117:scholar 3028:of the 2976:British 2931:Selim I 2907:Murad I 2850:of the 2848:Saladin 2836:Tunisia 2832:Algeria 2826:of the 2782:Ismaili 2755:Maghreb 2747:Tunisia 2717:Maghreb 2698:Seville 2694:Córdoba 2690:Moorish 2682:Navarre 2674:Castile 2668:in the 2655:Maghreb 2641:in the 2635:Masmuda 2599:, from 2484:Selim I 2439:Ar-Radi 2415:Baghdad 2404:Baghdad 2354:Hussein 2311:Maghreb 2236:at the 2206:dynasty 2178:Emirate 2174:Wilayah 2096:Quraysh 2065:Saqifah 2045:Saqifah 2019:History 1877:Shiites 1695:) is a 1577:Related 1272:Secular 1237:Fascism 1074:Anarchy 1064:Tyranny 924:Liberal 675:Slavery 658:Science 613:Madrasa 608:Finance 519:Animals 507:society 503:Culture 475:Imamate 455:Sahabah 428:History 398:(Poems) 383:(creed) 307:Fasting 235:Oneness 228:Beliefs 66:‎ 15275:Mongol 15260:German 15255:French 15245:Danish 15188:Dainam 15163:Tongan 15151:Somali 15146:Sokoto 15112:'Alawi 15090:Kalmyk 15070:Mongol 15063:Second 15043:Korean 14994:Mughal 14984:Indian 14967:German 14960:Second 14950:French 14943:Second 14879:Second 14851:Afghan 14843:Modern 14769:Kyrgyz 14764:Uighur 14759:Second 14739:Turkic 14707:Toltec 14643:Epirus 14628:Nicaea 14551:Mongol 14504:Yamato 14440:Huetar 14298:Second 14235:Rouran 14184:Shunga 14179:Maurya 14154:Kushan 14127:Median 14105:Hunnic 14063:Harsha 12708:Hisham 12580:Uthman 12440: 12325: 12304: 12285: 12252: 12228: 12181: 12161: 12132: 12103: 12057: 12016: 11976: 11893: 11786: 11753: 11724: 11644: 11621: 11586: 11580:179447 11578: 11543: 11508: 11500: 11453: 11402: 11307: 11179: 11145:5 June 11059: 11049: 11012: 11002: 10979: 10969: 10911: 10872:Leiden 10818:Quran 10616: 10568: 10511:5 June 10393:5 June 10093: 10067:1 July 9929:Wood, 9916:Wood, 9874:Wood, 9753: 9707: 9677: 9619: 9582: 9559: 9524: 9501:16 May 9453: 9443: 9250:5 June 9186: 9116: 9091: 8937: 8916: 8895: 8855: 8816: 8789: 8764: 8734: 8702: 8679:(1978) 8651:2 June 8604: 8543: 8512: 8466:16 May 8452: 8426:2 June 8379: 8356: 8317: 8225:2 June 8195:2 June 7985: 7958: 7948: 7910: 7864:`Affan 7841:(1992) 7602: 7561: 7530: 7500: 7492: 7482: 7398:(book) 7277:Sultan 7126:Hisham 7052:Uthman 7005:Maktab 6997:Qur'an 6920:Caliph 6908:widows 6856:Early 6841:, and 6837:, the 6793:trusts 6761:al-mal 6749:profit 6741:credit 6662:ethnic 6658:gender 6583:colour 6552:Fatima 6527:hadith 6517:Sharia 6489:qiyama 6476:haraam 6409:Majlis 6407:, and 6371:Nizari 6354:marja' 6300:hadith 6268:Zaidis 6260:, and 6242:sunnah 6162:said: 6123:leader 6112:said: 6094:, and 6056:Bay'ah 6048:bida'a 6044:Sunnah 6009:Sahaba 5989:, and 5871:hadith 5863:Hadith 5822:Sharia 5569:Tajwid 5445:Meccan 5295:Qur'an 5198:, the 5192:Brunei 5003:, and 4991:, the 4987:, the 4881:takfir 4849:bay'ah 4739:Qadian 4683:Sufism 4663:orders 4648:Cyprus 4630:, and 4594:Sayyid 4566:Arabic 4301:sharia 4269:sultan 4193:. 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