42:
132:) or dhātu cetiya, the remains of Gautama Buddha's body, are the category commonly considered "relics" today by Western observers, and were responsible for major forms of Buddhist art and symbolism, although they only constitute one of the three categories of reminders. Most frequently preserved parts of Buddha's body are tooth and bone, because these parts would remain after the rest of the body decayed. (But note that the body of the Buddha was cremated) The
3437:
3448:
846:
833:
184:
776:
212:
823:
766:
223:
The final category, udesaka or uddesika cetiya, literally translates as "indicative reminders" or "votive objects", for example images of the Buddha. Udesaka do not have any physical connection to the Buddha but still serve as relics because they were created in his memory. Originally udesaka were
152:
after the first half. Beyond the stupa itself, sārīraka are used across the
Buddhist world, in such quantity that not all could be legitimate; in this sense the sārīraka functions mainly as a symbol, with the importance of authenticity varying between cultures.
251:. There does not seem to have been any prohibition of creating images of the Buddha. Rather, creating images of the paribhogaka was regarded as a more fulfilling and meaningful symbol by the early Buddhists, evoking the discovery of Buddhist understanding (
156:
The body parts of especially powerful monks are also called sārīraka, but these usually take on the form of bright jewels formed during the cremation of the body.
203:. Sometimes these footprints are also classed as udesaka, a representation of the Buddha's foot, or sārīraka, implying that the footprint was the foot itself.
1587:
136:
in Sri Lanka is the most notable site where a relic is visibly preserved, but hundreds of such sites were created, in the architectural form now called a
2502:
977:
734:
433:
2506:
104:
2730:
947:
599:
91:, was added later to remind monks that the true memory of Gautama Buddha can be found in his teachings. While these can be broadly called
1055:
641:
790:
812:
525:
102:
was a term for a shrine or holy place in the landscape, generally outdoors, inhabited by, or sacred to, a particular deity. In the
164:
The paribhoga cetiya, things used by the Buddha, would seem at first to be a nonexistent category today. However, temples such as
3322:
2774:
2977:
957:
690:
769:
447:
1140:
982:
739:
779:
3473:
3317:
3214:
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859:
199:, which are found across the Buddhist world symbolizing the ground that Buddha walked on and the powerful size of his
180:, which was transplanted across Southeast Asia; cuttings of the original bodhi tree still survive today in Sri Lanka.
1060:
744:
3307:
493:
2992:
2737:
710:
133:
3384:
3374:
1203:
48:, one of the biggest Chedis in Thailand; in Thai, the term Chedi (cetiya) is used interchangeably with the term
3329:
2982:
2784:
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1193:
695:
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2997:
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805:
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2754:
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518:
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2482:
1952:
1597:
1110:
1005:
614:
555:
2117:
3422:
2902:
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1864:
987:
820:
749:
670:
2312:
172:
claim to keep his robe and begging bowl. The category also includes all places the Buddha visited, so
3312:
3125:
3115:
2987:
1970:
1550:
1311:
1286:
663:
1336:
384:
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3417:
2769:
2583:
2561:
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1990:
1610:
1426:
1371:
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798:
609:
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2402:
2132:
1376:
587:
511:
117:
95:, the emphasis tends to be on a historical connection to the Buddha and not a metaphysical one.
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17:
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962:
727:
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248:
1985:
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937:
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675:
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1518:
1256:
8:
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1825:
1682:
1463:
1441:
1393:
1213:
1013:
869:
849:
624:
273:
1173:
1100:
463:
Huntington, Susan L. (1992). "Aniconism and the
Multivalence of Emblems: Another Look".
3262:
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3009:
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2897:
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359:
45:
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1178:
1078:
344:. Promotion and Public Relations Sub-Division, Fine Arts Department. pp. 14–15.
236:"wheel of the dharma", falls under this category as a reminder of Buddhist insight.
3088:
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715:
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196:
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were produced in great numbers, followed later by paintings and other images. The
41:
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1421:
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1125:
1105:
339:
322:
84:
2197:
1351:
1341:
87:." Griswold, in contrast, states that three are traditional and the fourth, the
3407:
3110:
2960:
2742:
2322:
2302:
2222:
1911:
1901:
1835:
1672:
1158:
1021:
629:
398:
Huntington, Susan L. (1990). "Early
Buddhist Art and the Theory of Aniconism".
268:
225:
72:
30:
This article is about reminders of the Buddha. For the architectural form, see
503:
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3026:
2335:
2237:
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1896:
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1810:
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997:
619:
200:
80:
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3004:
2799:
2292:
2127:
2005:
1793:
1788:
1615:
1486:
1361:
822:
575:
358:, Edited by Akira Shimada and Michael Willis, p. 25, British Museum, 2016,
240:
233:
2050:
2035:
1995:
1692:
1356:
932:
3237:
3066:
2207:
2192:
1975:
1783:
1711:
1491:
1321:
1223:
1070:
942:
594:
169:
129:
3227:
1687:
3182:
3140:
3016:
2822:
2747:
2361:
2345:
2307:
2287:
2182:
2157:
2065:
2000:
1980:
1726:
1657:
1528:
1411:
1381:
1316:
1266:
924:
914:
887:
654:
570:
538:
534:
476:
229:
177:
2202:
1198:
419:
176:
itself functions as a paribhogaka. The most common paribhogaka is the
3157:
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2297:
2172:
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1800:
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1567:
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1533:
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1416:
1183:
1148:
1115:
1090:
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173:
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1620:
1386:
1168:
1037:
1029:
634:
183:
3447:
3287:
3242:
3187:
3152:
3056:
2715:
2282:
2277:
2227:
2162:
2080:
2045:
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1701:
1572:
1560:
1471:
1130:
827:
550:
411:
244:
216:
165:
68:
59:
2272:
2262:
2247:
2070:
1940:
1208:
211:
3192:
3135:
3120:
2267:
2257:
2232:
2107:
2102:
2060:
2030:
1962:
1928:
1815:
1756:
1751:
1605:
1508:
1346:
1296:
1083:
909:
646:
224:
secondary to paribhogaka and sārīraka, but with the influence of
35:
1879:
1647:
439:
Imaging Wisdom: Seeing and
Knowing in the Art of Indian Buddhism
3272:
3257:
3093:
2955:
2935:
2710:
2372:
2252:
2242:
2177:
1805:
1761:
1746:
1736:
1706:
1630:
1513:
1281:
1153:
897:
892:
109:
88:
3412:
3247:
3105:
3071:
3051:
3021:
2950:
2367:
2212:
2090:
2085:
2055:
2010:
1857:
1852:
1731:
1436:
1261:
1228:
1218:
685:
680:
137:
49:
31:
34:. For the wider meaning as a shrine in Indic religions, see
3282:
2075:
1741:
1238:
356:
Amaravati: The Art of an Early
Buddhist Monument in Context
259:
for the image of Buddha himself is currently under debate.
239:
The conventional view has long been this meant that early
2940:
1476:
191:, showing the Buddhist wheel and a larger-than-life foot
27:
Objects and places used by
Buddhists to remember Buddha
385:"Asian Historical Architecture: A Photographic Survey"
215:
Buddha's departure from the lay life as depicted at
317:
308:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 19
195:Another extremely common paribhoga cetiya is the
108:, near the end of his life the Buddha remarks to
3465:
533:
304:Kalingabodhi jātaka, as quoted in John Strong,
806:
519:
374:(École française d'extrême-orient, 2003), 171
1588:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
331:
247:. However, this view has recently been the
813:
799:
526:
512:
462:
397:
144:, retaining the second half of the phrase
337:
311:
300:
298:
296:
294:
210:
182:
40:
2775:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
432:
324:A History of Buddhist Monuments in Siam
14:
3466:
2978:List of Buddhist architecture in China
775:
79:, four kinds are distinguished in the
794:
507:
291:
83:: "Relic , Memorial , Teaching , and
765:
370:Pierre Pichard, François Lagirarde,
249:subject of debate among specialists
140:. In Thai, these stupas are called
24:
2765:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
377:
255:). Whether these scenes contained
67:), are objects and places used by
25:
3490:
745:Gautama Buddha in world religions
487:
3446:
3436:
3435:
2993:Thai temple art and architecture
2738:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
978:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
844:
831:
821:
774:
764:
327:. Siam Society. pp. 10, 21.
134:relic of the tooth of the Buddha
845:
338:Griswold, Alexander B. (1990).
2983:Japanese Buddhist architecture
2785:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
1865:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1056:Places where the Buddha stayed
456:
426:
391:
364:
348:
219:in the early second century CE
159:
112:how beautiful are the various
105:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
58:, "reminders" or "memorials" (
13:
1:
2998:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
284:
2755:Buddhism and the Roman world
2731:Decline of Buddhism in India
2726:History of Buddhism in India
826: Topics in
7:
1953:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
1693:
262:
123:
10:
3495:
3474:Buddhist religious objects
2903:The unanswerable questions
206:
148:; in Lao, they are called
29:
3431:
3383:
3298:
3213:
2988:Buddhist temples in Korea
2911:
2813:
2696:
2393:
2321:
2148:
2021:
1961:
1596:
1551:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1462:
1454:Three planes of existence
1402:
1247:
1139:
1069:
1061:Buddha in world religions
923:
868:
840:
760:
546:
442:. Routledge. p. 77.
2770:Persecution of Buddhists
1991:Four stages of awakening
1372:Three marks of existence
958:Physical characteristics
691:Physical characteristics
499:Jataka of Kassapa Buddha
2133:Ten principal disciples
1016:(aunt, adoptive mother)
588:ten principal disciples
341:What is a Buddha Image?
128:The sārīraka (Sanskrit
2843:Buddhism and democracy
2356:Tibetan Buddhist canon
2351:Chinese Buddhist canon
1583:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1578:Early Buddhist schools
372:The Buddhist Monastery
220:
192:
98:In pre-Buddhist India
52:
2853:Eight Consciousnesses
963:Life of Buddha in art
230:statues of the Buddha
214:
186:
44:
3330:East Asian religions
2760:Buddhism in the West
2331:Early Buddhist texts
1946:Four Right Exertions
1412:Ten spiritual realms
905:Noble Eightfold Path
566:Noble Eightfold Path
494:Kalinga-Bodhi Jataka
354:Skilling, Peter, in
306:Relics of the Buddha
3453:Religion portal
3200:Temple of the Tooth
3079:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2118:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
1611:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
1394:Two truths doctrine
1214:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1014:Mahapajapati Gotamī
625:Mahapajapati Gotami
274:Stupas in Sri Lanka
3375:Western philosophy
2973:Dzong architecture
2795:Vipassana movement
2790:Buddhist modernism
2218:Emperor Wen of Sui
1986:Pratyekabuddhayāna
1919:Threefold Training
1721:Vipassana movement
1437:Hungry Ghost realm
1257:Avidyā (Ignorance)
1204:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
953:Great Renunciation
948:Eight Great Events
830:
605:Great Renunciation
600:Eight Great Events
319:Damrongrāchānuphāp
279:Stupas in Cambodia
221:
193:
93:Buddhist symbolism
77:Damrong Rajanubhab
53:
3461:
3460:
3099:Om mani padme hum
2805:Women in Buddhism
2721:Buddhist councils
2591:Western countries
2379:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
2140:Shaolin Monastery
1717:Samatha-vipassanā
1327:Pratītyasamutpāda
1131:Metteyya/Maitreya
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
878:Four Noble Truths
788:
787:
561:Four Noble Truths
449:978-1-136-77924-4
46:Phra Pathom Chedi
16:(Redirected from
3486:
3451:
3450:
3439:
3438:
3278:Sacred languages
3126:Maya Devi Temple
3089:Mahabodhi Temple
2893:Secular Buddhism
2858:Engaged Buddhism
1698:
1546:Tibetan Buddhism
1497:Vietnamese Thiền
1096:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
999:
848:
847:
835:
825:
815:
808:
801:
792:
791:
778:
777:
768:
767:
664:pilgrimage sites
659:Mahabodhi Temple
528:
521:
514:
505:
504:
481:
480:
460:
454:
453:
434:Kinnard, Jacob N
430:
424:
423:
395:
389:
388:
381:
375:
368:
362:
352:
346:
345:
335:
329:
328:
315:
309:
302:
197:Buddha footprint
189:Buddha footprint
21:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3479:Buddhist relics
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3445:
3427:
3379:
3294:
3209:
2946:Ordination hall
2907:
2809:
2780:Buddhist crisis
2692:
2389:
2341:Mahayana sutras
2317:
2313:Thích Nhất Hạnh
2144:
2017:
1957:
1907:Bodhisattva vow
1592:
1458:
1398:
1357:Taṇhā (Craving)
1292:Five hindrances
1243:
1135:
1065:
919:
864:
836:
819:
789:
784:
756:
542:
532:
490:
485:
484:
461:
457:
450:
431:
427:
396:
392:
383:
382:
378:
369:
365:
353:
349:
336:
332:
316:
312:
303:
292:
287:
265:
209:
162:
126:
75:. According to
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3492:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3459:
3458:
3456:
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3443:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3010:Greco-Buddhist
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2961:Burmese pagoda
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2743:Greco-Buddhism
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:United Kingdom
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Czech Republic
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2385:Abhidharmadīpa
2382:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:B. R. Ambedkar
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Songtsen Gampo
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1902:Eight precepts
1899:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1673:Five Strengths
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1312:Mental factors
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:Mahamoggallāna
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1079:Avalokiteśvara
1075:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
929:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
901:
900:
895:
890:
880:
874:
872:
866:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
841:
838:
837:
818:
817:
810:
803:
795:
786:
785:
783:
782:
772:
761:
758:
757:
755:
754:
753:
752:
742:
737:
732:
731:
730:
720:
719:
718:
713:
708:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
667:
666:
661:
639:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
607:
602:
597:
592:
591:
590:
580:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
556:Core teachings
553:
547:
544:
543:
539:Gautama Buddha
531:
530:
523:
516:
508:
502:
501:
496:
489:
488:External links
486:
483:
482:
465:Ars Orientalis
455:
448:
425:
412:10.2307/777142
406:(4): 401–408.
390:
376:
363:
347:
330:
310:
289:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
276:
271:
269:Burmese pagoda
264:
261:
226:Greco-Buddhism
208:
205:
161:
158:
125:
122:
73:Gautama Buddha
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3491:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3215:Miscellaneous
3212:
3206:
3205:Vegetarianism
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Buddha in art
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:United States
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Padmasambhava
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2150:Major figures
2147:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:Western tulku
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:Five precepts
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Dhamma vicaya
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Buddhābhiṣeka
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Enlightenment
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:Dhamma theory
1275:
1273:
1272:Buddha-nature
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:Samantabhadra
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
926:
922:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
871:
867:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
843:
842:
839:
834:
829:
824:
816:
811:
809:
804:
802:
797:
796:
793:
781:
773:
771:
763:
762:
759:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
729:
726:
725:
724:
723:Buddha in art
721:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
665:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
589:
586:
585:
584:
581:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
545:
540:
536:
529:
524:
522:
517:
515:
510:
509:
506:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
478:
474:
470:
466:
459:
451:
445:
441:
440:
435:
429:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
394:
386:
380:
373:
367:
361:
357:
351:
343:
342:
334:
326:
325:
320:
314:
307:
301:
299:
297:
295:
290:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
218:
213:
204:
202:
198:
190:
185:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
157:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:
101:
96:
94:
90:
89:Buddha Dhamma
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:
61:
57:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3393:Bodhisattvas
3313:Christianity
3308:Baháʼí Faith
3173:Dharmachakra
3163:Prayer wheel
3153:Prayer beads
2921:Architecture
2800:969 Movement
2584:Saudi Arabia
2562:Central Asia
2555:South Africa
2377:
2360:
2293:Panchen Lama
2198:Buddhapālita
1794:Satipatthana
1789:Mindful Yoga
1702:Recollection
1616:Brahmavihara
1487:Japanese Zen
1482:Chinese Chan
1442:Animal realm
1249:Key concepts
1071:Bodhisattvas
883:Three Jewels
705:
468:
464:
458:
438:
428:
403:
399:
393:
379:
371:
366:
355:
350:
340:
333:
323:
313:
305:
256:
241:Buddhist art
238:
234:dharmachakra
222:
194:
163:
155:
149:
146:dhātu cetiya
145:
141:
127:
113:
103:
99:
97:
71:to remember
63:
62:
55:
54:
3238:Dharma talk
3067:Asalha Puja
2863:Eschatology
2666:Switzerland
2646:New Zealand
2574:Middle East
2483:Philippines
2403:Afghanistan
2208:Bodhidharma
2193:Buddhaghosa
2113:Householder
2023:Monasticism
1976:Bodhisattva
1831:Prostration
1784:Mindfulness
1712:Anapanasati
1695:Kammaṭṭhāna
1492:Korean Seon
1432:Asura realm
1427:Human realm
1367:Ten Fetters
1322:Parinirvana
1224:Uppalavanna
1189:Mahākaccana
1174:Mahākassapa
1106:Kṣitigarbha
1101:Ākāśagarbha
998:Suddhodāna
943:Four sights
870:Foundations
735:Iconography
728:life in art
595:Four sights
471:: 111–156.
400:Art Journal
257:substitutes
170:South Korea
160:Paribhogaka
3468:Categories
3355:Psychology
3335:Gnosticism
3323:Comparison
3318:Influences
3300:Comparison
3183:Bhavacakra
3141:Kushinagar
3116:Pilgrimage
3062:Māgha Pūjā
3017:Bodhi Tree
2833:Buddhology
2823:Abhidharma
2815:Philosophy
2748:Menander I
2616:Costa Rica
2567:Uzbekistan
2408:Bangladesh
2362:Dhammapada
2346:Pali Canon
2308:Ajahn Chah
2288:Dalai Lama
2188:Kumārajīva
2183:Vasubandhu
2158:The Buddha
2066:Zen master
2001:Sakadagami
1981:Buddhahood
1912:Pratimokṣa
1727:Shikantaza
1683:Meditation
1658:Deity yoga
1529:Madhyamaka
1422:Deva realm
1317:Mindstream
1267:Bodhicitta
1179:Aṅgulimāla
1046:Devadatta
1022:Yaśodharā
925:The Buddha
915:Middle Way
655:Bodhi Tree
620:Śuddhodana
571:Middle Way
535:The Buddha
285:References
201:dhammakāya
178:Bodhi Tree
81:Pāli Canon
3423:Festivals
3403:Buddhists
3365:Theosophy
3168:Symbolism
3158:Hama yumi
3131:Bodh Gaya
2898:Socialism
2873:Evolution
2848:Economics
2686:Venezuela
2601:Australia
2596:Argentina
2520:Sri Lanka
2515:Singapore
2433:Indonesia
2395:Countries
2336:Tripiṭaka
2298:Ajahn Mun
2173:Nagarjuna
2168:Aśvaghoṣa
2051:Anagārika
2046:Śrāmaṇerī
2041:Śrāmaṇera
2036:Bhikkhunī
1996:Sotāpanna
1885:Passaddhi
1826:Offerings
1801:Nekkhamma
1678:Iddhipada
1598:Practices
1568:Theravada
1541:Vajrayana
1534:Yogachara
1504:Pure Land
1417:Six Paths
1404:Cosmology
1184:Anuruddha
1159:Sāriputta
1149:Kaundinya
1141:Disciples
1116:Vajrapāṇi
968:Footprint
933:Tathāgata
780:Wikiquote
716:footprint
651:Bodh Gaya
630:Yaśodharā
583:Disciples
174:Bodh Gaya
69:Buddhists
3441:Category
3370:Violence
3340:Hinduism
3288:Sanskrit
3243:Hinayana
3228:Amitābha
3188:Swastika
3057:Uposatha
3047:Holidays
3032:Calendar
2878:Humanism
2716:Kanishka
2706:Timeline
2530:Thailand
2498:Kalmykia
2493:Buryatia
2478:Pakistan
2463:Mongolia
2458:Maldives
2453:Malaysia
2418:Cambodia
2283:Shamarpa
2278:Nichiren
2228:Xuanzang
2163:Nagasena
2081:Rinpoche
1811:Pāramitā
1653:Devotion
1573:Navayana
1561:Dzogchen
1524:Nichiren
1472:Mahayana
1464:Branches
1342:Saṅkhāra
1091:Mañjuśrī
1048:(cousin)
1040:(cousin)
1008:(mother)
1000:(father)
988:Miracles
938:Birthday
855:Glossary
828:Buddhism
750:Hinduism
686:Prophecy
676:Birthday
671:Miracles
551:Buddhism
436:(2013).
321:(1962).
263:See also
245:aniconic
217:Gandhara
166:Tongdosa
124:Sārīraka
118:Vaishali
60:Sanskrit
3418:Temples
3398:Buddhas
3360:Science
3350:Judaism
3345:Jainism
3263:Lineage
3223:Abhijñā
3193:Thangka
3136:Sarnath
3121:Lumbini
3042:Funeral
3037:Cuisine
2913:Culture
2888:Reality
2838:Creator
2828:Atomism
2698:History
2671:Ukraine
2631:Germany
2550:Senegal
2540:Vietnam
2468:Myanmar
2268:Shinran
2258:Karmapa
2233:Shandao
2203:Dignāga
2128:Śrāvaka
2108:Donchee
2103:Kappiya
2061:Sayadaw
2031:Bhikkhu
2006:Anāgāmi
1963:Nirvana
1929:Samadhi
1816:Paritta
1757:Tonglen
1752:Mandala
1707:Smarana
1688:Mantras
1636:Upekkha
1606:Bhavana
1556:Shingon
1509:Tiantai
1362:Tathātā
1352:Śūnyatā
1347:Skandha
1337:Saṃsāra
1332:Rebirth
1307:Kleshas
1297:Indriya
1199:Subhūti
1084:Guanyin
1038:Ānanda
1030:Rāhula
910:Nirvana
850:Outline
770:Commons
647:Lumbini
576:Sayings
477:4629428
207:Udesaka
36:Chaitya
3413:Sutras
3408:Suttas
3273:Siddhi
3258:Koliya
3233:Brahmā
3148:Poetry
3094:Mantra
3084:Kasaya
2956:Pagoda
2936:Kyaung
2931:Vihāra
2926:Temple
2868:Ethics
2711:Ashoka
2661:Sweden
2656:Poland
2651:Norway
2641:Mexico
2626:France
2611:Canada
2606:Brazil
2545:Africa
2525:Taiwan
2488:Russia
2413:Bhutan
2373:Vinaya
2253:Naropa
2243:Saraha
2178:Asanga
1934:Prajñā
1843:Refuge
1806:Nianfo
1767:Tertön
1762:Tantra
1747:Ganana
1737:Tukdam
1663:Dhyāna
1631:Mudita
1626:Karuṇā
1519:Risshū
1514:Huayan
1447:Naraka
1387:Anattā
1382:Dukkha
1377:Anicca
1282:Dharma
1234:Channa
1169:Ānanda
1154:Assaji
1121:Skanda
1024:(wife)
993:Family
973:Relics
898:Sangha
893:Dharma
888:Buddha
706:Cetiya
701:Relics
642:Places
635:Rāhula
610:Family
475:
446:
420:777142
418:
130:śarīra
116:round
114:caitya
110:Ananda
100:caitya
85:votive
64:caitya
56:Cetiya
18:Caitya
3385:Lists
3253:Kalpa
3248:Iddhi
3111:Music
3106:Mudra
3072:Vassa
3052:Vesak
3022:Budai
2968:Candi
2951:Stupa
2883:Logic
2636:Italy
2535:Tibet
2473:Nepal
2443:Korea
2438:Japan
2428:India
2423:China
2368:Sutra
2323:Texts
2273:Dōgen
2263:Hōnen
2248:Atiśa
2213:Zhiyi
2123:Achar
2091:Tulku
2086:Geshe
2071:Rōshi
2056:Ajahn
2011:Arhat
1971:Bodhi
1941:Vīrya
1858:Sacca
1853:Satya
1848:Sādhu
1836:Music
1779:Merit
1772:Terma
1732:Zazen
1668:Faith
1621:Mettā
1302:Karma
1262:Bardo
1229:Asita
1219:Khema
1209:Upāli
1194:Nanda
1032:(son)
1006:Māyā
983:Films
860:Index
740:Films
711:tooth
696:Death
681:Modak
473:JSTOR
416:JSTOR
253:pañña
142:chedī
138:stupa
50:Stupa
32:stupa
3283:Pāḷi
3268:Māra
3178:Flag
2579:Iran
2503:Tuva
2448:Laos
2076:Lama
1924:Śīla
1892:Śīla
1880:Pīti
1870:Sati
1821:Puja
1742:Koan
1648:Dāna
1239:Yasa
1126:Tārā
615:Maya
444:ISBN
243:was
150:that
3005:Art
2941:Wat
1477:Zen
408:doi
360:PDF
168:in
3470::
2507:ru
657:,
653:,
649:,
469:22
467:.
414:.
404:49
402:.
293:^
228:,
187:A
120:.
2509:)
2505:(
1723:)
1719:(
814:e
807:t
800:v
541:)
537:(
527:e
520:t
513:v
479:.
452:.
422:.
410::
387:.
38:.
20:)
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