1345:
952:
29:
3764:
1703:
967:
914:
938:
926:
3751:
3737:
602:. However, the strings were touched by the nails laterally and not pressed from above with the flesh of the finger such as in the violin. The lyra depicted on the Byzantine ivory casket of Museo Nazionale, Florence (900 – 1100 AD) has two strings and
798:), sculpted into a pear-shaped body. The slightly rounded body of the lyra is prolonged by a neck ending on the top in a block which is also pear-shaped or spherical. In that, are set the pegs facing and extending forward. The
286:, held upright and played by stopping the strings from the side with the fingertips and fingernails. The oldest known depiction of the instrument is on a Byzantine ivory casket, dated to circa 900–1100 AD, preserved in the
814:
instrument-making has been influenced by that of the violin. Currently, numerous models tend to integrate the shape of the scroll, the finger board and other morphology of some secondary characteristics of the violin.
643:
to press them against: a method which gives the notes as clearly as the violin and remains normal in lyras both in Asia as well as on present bowed instruments in post-Byzantine regions such as the
1671:
66:
4225:
1291:
3801:
2032:
1296:
1311:
542:
From the organological point of view, the
Byzantine lyra is in fact an instrument belonging to the family of bowed lutes; however, the designation
966:
3600:
2781:
2402:
1651:
411:, changes to the size and construction of the instrument was made. The first recorded reference to a bowed lyra is from the 9th century, by
1433:
2851:
3590:
3306:
2376:
1199:
3794:
1789:
1739:
3421:
4310:
2726:
582:, terms that may be used today to refer to a general category of similar stringed instruments played with a horsehair bow.
501:. Both instruments spread further throughout the continent, birthing many bowed fiddles across Europe such as the medieval
4315:
4305:
3787:
3610:
3276:
2022:
639:
while fingering the others by finger or fingernail alone, downwards or sidewards against the string, for there was no
4295:
3708:
3491:
2499:
2433:
1160:
1099:
1133:
2966:
2418:
2381:
3615:
2801:
2671:
2511:
2504:
1656:
763:, a historical Russian instrument that survived until the 19th century, is also a variant of the Byzantine lyra.
3595:
3296:
2516:
951:
3625:
3106:
2423:
1192:
3456:
2591:
2465:
1683:
4220:
3676:
3605:
3496:
2776:
2455:
2371:
1217:
1152:
563:
4024:
380:
3580:
3501:
2881:
2826:
2017:
1732:
1068:
3810:
3681:
3241:
2523:
1889:
1844:
1481:
558:
for a bowed instrument was first recorded in the 9th century, probably as an application of the term
4300:
3755:
3361:
3256:
3206:
3176:
2477:
2269:
1819:
1706:
1321:
1185:
479:' and 'lira' interchangeably when colloquially referring to bowed instruments. The Middle Eastern
3570:
3536:
2470:
1271:
1091:
136:
3061:
2916:
2494:
2212:
2037:
1849:
1635:
1594:
1508:
1503:
1261:
625:
603:
279:
3941:
3521:
3471:
3371:
3341:
3321:
2696:
2450:
2428:
2168:
2042:
1725:
1666:
1615:
913:
475:
between
Eurasia and Africa; European writers in the 11th and 12th centuries used the terms '
4199:
3894:
3411:
3381:
3376:
3301:
3201:
3181:
2981:
2821:
2621:
2566:
2460:
2438:
2264:
2217:
1630:
1476:
1344:
1276:
1256:
1231:
58:
4029:
8:
3876:
3641:
3511:
3431:
3336:
3316:
3151:
3141:
3111:
3076:
3071:
3026:
3001:
2876:
2806:
2756:
2721:
2631:
2616:
2533:
2142:
2075:
1874:
1411:
1390:
1251:
799:
618:. The lyras of Novgorod (1190 AD) are closer morphologically to the present bowed lyras (
607:
567:
465:
the lyra is widely considered be the ancestor of many modern
European bowed instruments.
1127:
937:
570:
to the new bowed string instrument. The
Byzantine lyra is sometimes informally called a
3703:
3671:
3526:
3391:
3346:
3231:
3186:
3116:
3066:
2951:
2906:
2606:
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2538:
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2247:
1999:
1869:
1625:
1620:
1579:
1334:
783:
716:
217:
191:
82:
810:
is probably the most widely used surviving form of the
Byzantine lyra, except that in
3825:
3661:
3656:
3551:
3441:
3436:
3401:
3356:
3351:
3266:
3246:
3221:
3136:
3091:
3086:
3011:
2931:
2846:
2841:
2796:
2791:
2746:
2711:
2706:
2691:
2676:
2636:
2487:
2334:
2322:
2227:
2202:
2183:
1984:
1979:
1764:
1677:
1513:
1385:
1364:
1327:
1156:
1095:
1084:
676:
531:
498:
43:
1062:
590:
The
Byzantine lyra had rear tuning pegs set in a flat peg similarly to the medieval
4259:
3693:
3575:
3531:
3516:
3506:
3486:
3461:
3366:
3326:
3281:
3196:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3126:
3051:
3046:
3041:
2986:
2941:
2936:
2901:
2886:
2861:
2836:
2831:
2811:
2786:
2761:
2751:
2701:
2666:
2646:
2641:
2626:
2611:
2601:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2366:
2237:
2163:
2122:
2064:
1959:
1929:
1756:
1369:
1301:
1246:
1241:
925:
740:
680:
656:
275:
103:
659:
survives in many post-Byzantine regions until the present day even closely to its
550:) constitute of a terminological survival relating to the performing method of an
399:
The most likely origin of the
Byzantine lyra is with the long-necked, pear-shaped
4264:
4254:
4034:
3713:
3651:
3585:
3546:
3481:
3476:
3466:
3426:
3406:
3331:
3291:
3286:
3261:
3236:
3211:
3131:
3121:
3081:
3036:
3021:
3016:
2996:
2971:
2921:
2911:
2896:
2866:
2771:
2716:
2686:
2681:
2661:
2651:
2586:
2413:
2361:
2294:
2279:
2207:
2193:
2085:
1919:
1854:
1784:
1661:
1574:
1359:
1286:
1281:
1236:
1208:
523:
345:
283:
153:
28:
1914:
972:
Different types of Cretan lyra in the Museum of Greek Folk
Instruments in Athens
4039:
3767:
3720:
3688:
3666:
3620:
3541:
3451:
3416:
3396:
3386:
3311:
3271:
3226:
3191:
3171:
3166:
3101:
3056:
3006:
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2976:
2946:
2926:
2891:
2871:
2816:
2741:
2736:
2656:
2351:
2317:
2284:
2222:
2090:
1421:
943:
843:
802:
is also carved with a shallower arch and has two small semi-circular, D-shaped
775:
736:
700:
684:
668:
551:
494:
419:(d. 911); in his lexicographical discussion of instruments, he cites the lyra (
416:
412:
366:
268:
260:
162:
143:
95:
33:
Earliest known depiction of lyra in a
Byzantine ivory casket (900 – 1100 AD). (
1109:
4289:
3989:
3698:
3446:
3251:
3216:
3096:
3031:
2961:
2956:
2856:
2766:
2731:
2445:
2386:
2329:
2299:
2274:
2259:
2232:
2117:
2112:
1964:
1954:
1904:
1884:
1834:
1796:
1779:
1769:
1589:
1584:
1558:
1306:
871:
827:
791:
752:
636:
614:
and as a distinct and attached piece, however this might be due to stylistic
375:
158:
3779:
795:
306:(and most of the historical territories of the Byzantine Empire), including
4274:
4131:
3741:
2482:
2356:
2242:
2153:
2137:
2102:
2012:
1939:
1824:
1599:
1525:
1518:
472:
53:
Byzantine lyra, lira, lūrā, Rum Kemençe, medieval fiddle, pear-shaped rebec
4019:
3959:
2344:
2158:
2107:
2080:
2007:
1774:
1672:
Museum of
Ancient Greek, Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Musical Instruments
1546:
1316:
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831:
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528:
513:
408:
315:
271:
4189:
3913:
2289:
2254:
1989:
1944:
1416:
855:
732:
708:
629:
486:
327:
4269:
4215:
4194:
4141:
4090:
3926:
3884:
3646:
1974:
1806:
1491:
1455:
1450:
1438:
1406:
851:
803:
779:
756:
660:
632:
611:
534:
that many consider to be the predecessor of the contemporary violin.
469:
319:
303:
755:
communities, that existed (or still exist) around the shores of the
4166:
4151:
4146:
4095:
4085:
4075:
4055:
3954:
3949:
3899:
3866:
3851:
2097:
2059:
1894:
1553:
1443:
1426:
958:
724:
518:
404:
357:
353:
335:
291:
287:
128:
118:
2339:
1177:
595:
481:
228:
4161:
4156:
4070:
3964:
3931:
3889:
3861:
3833:
1899:
1859:
1839:
1471:
891:
771:
712:
460:
444:
400:
388:
349:
340:
323:
299:
187:
113:
667:(i.e. lyra of the Polis, or City, referring to Constantinople) (
423:) as the 'typical' instrument of the Byzantines, along with the
4111:
4080:
4065:
4060:
3856:
2173:
1909:
1864:
1829:
1814:
1496:
1266:
867:
847:
787:
692:
688:
635:
and provision for three strings. The middle string served as a
591:
476:
407:-like, plucked stringed instrument; however, with the use of a
370:
331:
307:
298:). Modern variants of the lyra are still played throughout the
241:
232:
182:
4136:
3921:
2391:
2027:
1949:
1879:
1748:
1486:
811:
760:
728:
599:
503:
455:
449:
362:
311:
206:
201:
123:
4230:
3843:
2178:
1969:
818:
The modern variants of the lyra are tuned in various ways:
559:
436:
432:
172:
91:
751:(Greek: ποντιακή λύρα; Turkish: Karadeniz kemençe) in the
1717:
1125:
1020:
1149:
On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments
2033:
Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
902:, a fifth and a fourth) on the Classical Kemenche.
1083:
521:, among others. A notable example is the Italian
4287:
497:, likely through continued Arab presence in the
707:) and the one used in the Greek islands of the
296:Museo Nazionale, Florence, Coll. Carrand, No.26
846:higher than RE rather than a fifth lower) in
766:Similarly to the lyras found at Novgorod, the
3809:
3795:
1733:
1193:
1086:The Oxford Companion to Musical Instruments
1025:
1016:
1014:
1012:
794:are manufactured from a single wood block (
3802:
3788:
1740:
1726:
1200:
1186:
1041:
1039:
2377:Music technology (electronic and digital)
1060:
1031:
997:
683:: Klasik kemençe or Armudî kemençe) from
1009:
988:
986:
1168:
1146:
1036:
1003:
4288:
1107:
1081:
1045:
992:
278:. In its popular form, the lyra was a
3824:
3783:
2556:
1915:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
1721:
1181:
983:
135:
606:body with long and narrow neck. The
489:lap-fiddles, like the Indo-Nepalese
1207:
1061:Arkenberg, Rebecca (October 2002),
13:
3591:Classical and art music traditions
2023:History of lute-family instruments
1840:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
585:
14:
4327:
1082:Baines, Anthony (November 1992),
548:Greek: λύρα ~ lūrā, English: lyre
274:string musical instrument in the
3763:
3762:
3749:
3735:
3307:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2782:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2382:Sound recording and reproduction
1835:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
1702:
1701:
1343:
1126:Encyclopædia Britannica (2009),
965:
950:
936:
924:
912:
554:instrument. The use of the term
454:which sees its ancient roots in
276:Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire
27:
3611:Jazz and popular music glossary
650:
485:was probably inspired by early
59:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
2852:Federated States of Micronesia
1134:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
628:and 40 cm long; they had
537:
282:instrument with three to five
1:
1895:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
1815:Afghan classical music—Klasik
1147:Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990),
1108:Butler, Paul (October 2003),
1054:
302:and in areas surrounding the
133:Serbo-Croatian pronunciation:
4311:European musical instruments
3756:Record production portal
3601:Cultural and regional genres
1860:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
1684:School of Ecclesiastic Music
1021:Encyclopædia Britannica 2009
620:
517:), and the Scando-Icelandic
447:). Together with the Arabic
7:
2372:Music technology (electric)
1910:Thai classical music—Piphat
1865:Japanese court music—Gagaku
1153:University of Chicago Press
564:stringed musical instrument
493:, before later arriving in
468:The lyra spread widely via
10:
4332:
2018:History of the harpsichord
1905:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
1171:Les ancetres du violon v.1
1069:Metropolitan Museum of Art
905:
394:
4316:Greek musical instruments
4306:Early musical instruments
4247:
4208:
4182:
4175:
4124:
4104:
4048:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3977:
3940:
3912:
3875:
3842:
3817:
3811:Greek musical instruments
3729:
3634:
3563:
2563:
2549:
2400:
2310:
2192:
2133:
2055:
1998:
1928:
1845:Chinese traditional music
1805:
1755:
1747:
1692:
1644:
1608:
1567:
1534:
1482:Byzantine Musical Symbols
1464:
1399:
1378:
1352:
1341:
1224:
1215:
1169:Grillet, Laurent (1901),
866:, with the second LA an
720:
704:
672:
264:
221:
212:
195:
88:
81:
73:
57:
49:
42:
35:Museo Nazionale, Florence
26:
4296:Bowed string instruments
2727:Central African Republic
2270:Computational musicology
1820:Andalusi classical music
977:
3616:Music genres and styles
1920:Western classical music
1890:Persian classical music
1272:Joseph the Hymnographer
1092:Oxford University Press
778:and the Greek lyras of
663:form. Examples are the
3596:Classical music genres
2672:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2213:Doctor of Musical Arts
2038:History of the trumpet
1850:Indian classical music
1636:Thrasyvoulos Stanitsas
1509:Hagiopolitan Octoechos
1504:Neobyzantine Octoechos
1262:Theophanes the Branded
744:
3422:São Tomé and Príncipe
3297:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3277:Republic of the Congo
2043:History of the violin
1667:Monastery of Stoudios
1616:Greek Byzantine Choir
458:instruments like the
3492:United Arab Emirates
2557:
2265:Cognitive musicology
1696:*also music theorist
1631:Konstantinos Pringos
1477:72 equal temperament
1277:Joseph the Confessor
1257:Theodore the Studite
1232:Romanos the Melodist
747:) in Italy, and the
675:) also known as the
610:is depicted without
431:(probably a type of
3642:Aesthetics of music
3457:Trinidad and Tobago
2592:Antigua and Barbuda
2076:Band (rock and pop)
2000:Musical instruments
1875:Lao classical music
1252:Stephen the Sabaite
1064:Renaissance Violins
568:classical antiquity
322:(Karpathian lyra),
137:[lijɛritsa]
83:Related instruments
23:
3704:Musical instrument
3672:Music and politics
2802:Dominican Republic
2550:By sovereign state
1870:Korean court music
1830:Azerbaijani Mugham
1626:Iakovos Nafpliotis
1621:Nikodimos Kabarnos
1580:Solon Hadjisolomos
1335:Janus Plousiadenos
1292:Nikephoros Ethikos
1114:, Personal website
842:, where SOL is a
687:, used in today's
21:
4283:
4282:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4120:
4119:
3973:
3972:
3908:
3907:
3777:
3776:
3662:Music and fashion
3657:Music and emotion
3559:
3558:
2827:Equatorial Guinea
2323:A-side and B-side
2228:Music archaeology
2203:Bachelor of Music
2051:
2050:
1985:Psychedelic music
1980:Progressive music
1900:Scottish Ceòl Mór
1715:
1714:
1678:Only-begotten Son
1595:Miloš Velimirović
1514:Papadic Octoechos
1386:Paschal troparion
1365:George Pachymeres
1328:Manuel Chrysaphes
1218:List of composers
1111:The rebec project
919:Bulgarian gadulka
677:Classical kemence
576:pear-shaped rebec
532:string instrument
527:, a 15th-century
499:Iberian Peninsula
417:Ibn Khurradadhbih
249:
248:
69:sounded by a bow)
44:String instrument
16:String instrument
4323:
4260:Greek folk music
4180:
4179:
4010:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3840:
3839:
3822:
3821:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3781:
3780:
3766:
3765:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3742:Music portal
3740:
3739:
3738:
3694:Music technology
3682:Environmentalism
3635:Related articles
3242:Papua New Guinea
3107:Marshall Islands
2554:
2553:
2500:Central American
2238:Music psychology
2123:Backing vocalist
1960:Electronic music
1803:
1802:
1757:History of music
1742:
1735:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1370:Manuel Bryennios
1347:
1331:
1302:John Koukouzelis
1297:Gregorios Glykys
1247:Cosmas of Maiuma
1242:John of Damascus
1202:
1195:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1104:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1018:
1007:
1001:
995:
990:
969:
957:A lijerica from
954:
940:
928:
916:
826:, i. e. by
722:
706:
674:
657:Byzantine empire
655:The lyra of the
266:
223:
214:
197:
144:Lira (Calabrian)
139:
134:
67:Necked bowl lute
31:
24:
20:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4301:Byzantine music
4286:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4265:Byzantine music
4255:Music of Greece
4235:
4204:
4171:
4116:
4100:
4044:
4035:Macedonian lyra
3994:
3969:
3936:
3904:
3871:
3838:
3813:
3808:
3778:
3773:
3750:
3748:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3652:Fictional music
3630:
3555:
3362:Solomon Islands
3207:North Macedonia
2559:
2545:
2407:
2405:regional genres
2404:
2396:
2362:Record producer
2306:
2295:Sociomusicology
2280:Ethnomusicology
2208:Master of Music
2188:
2147:
2129:
2086:All-female band
2069:
2047:
1994:
1931:
1924:
1880:Mandé art music
1855:Byzantine music
1801:
1751:
1746:
1716:
1711:
1688:
1662:Cappella Romana
1640:
1604:
1575:Enrica Follieri
1563:
1530:
1460:
1395:
1374:
1360:Michael Psellos
1348:
1339:
1326:
1287:Constantine VII
1282:Leo VI the Wise
1237:Andrew of Crete
1220:
1211:
1209:Byzantine music
1206:
1163:
1138:
1136:
1117:
1115:
1102:
1073:
1071:
1057:
1052:
1044:
1037:
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1002:
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984:
980:
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961:
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941:
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929:
920:
917:
908:
882:, i. e. a
653:
594:and unlike the
588:
586:Characteristics
572:medieval fiddle
540:
524:lira da braccio
397:
346:North Macedonia
154:Lira da braccio
132:
64:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4183:Membranophones
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4040:Calabrian lira
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3985:Byzantine lyra
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3759:
3745:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3721:Women in music
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3709:Classification
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Music festival
3686:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3669:
3667:Music industry
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3537:Western Sahara
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3497:United Kingdom
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Czech Republic
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2512:North American
2509:
2508:
2507:
2505:South American
2502:
2495:Latin American
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2461:Middle Eastern
2458:
2453:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Audio engineer
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:New musicology
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2091:Rhythm section
2088:
2083:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1542:Byzantine lyra
1538:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1422:Byzantine Rite
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1312:Joannes Glykys
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1161:
1144:
1123:
1105:
1100:
1079:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1035:
1032:Arkenberg 2002
1024:
1008:
996:
981:
979:
976:
975:
974:
971:
964:
962:
956:
949:
947:
944:Calabrian lira
942:
935:
933:
930:
923:
921:
918:
911:
907:
904:
844:perfect fourth
776:Calabrian Lira
745:lira Calabrese
737:Calabrian lira
731:in Serbia and
685:Constantinople
652:
649:
587:
584:
539:
536:
511:(and eventual
509:silverbasharpa
507:, the Swedish
495:Western Europe
396:
393:
367:Calabrian lira
253:Byzantine lyra
247:
246:
245:
244:
239:
226:
204:
199:
185:
180:
170:
156:
151:
148:Lira Calabrese
141:
126:
121:
116:
111:
108:Armudî kemençe
92:Classical lyra
86:
85:
79:
78:
77:9th century AD
75:
71:
70:
61:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
40:
39:
32:
22:Byzantine lyra
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4328:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Politiki lyra
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3770:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Music therapy
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:United States
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:Liechtenstein
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Guinea-Bissau
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2403:Cultural and
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:Extended play
2328:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2300:Zoomusicology
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Ecomusicology
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Biomusicology
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Music history
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Improvisation
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Lead vocalist
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:Military band
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Hip hop music
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Country music
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Ottoman music
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:Oliver Strunk
1588:
1586:
1585:Peter Jeffery
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1322:John Laskaris
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Xenos Korones
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1162:0-226-42548-7
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1101:0-19-311334-1
1097:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1048:, p. 109
1047:
1042:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1006:, p. 124
1005:
1000:
994:
989:
987:
982:
968:
963:
960:
953:
948:
945:
939:
934:
927:
922:
915:
910:
909:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Mount Olympus
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
718:
714:
710:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:πολίτικη λύρα
670:
666:
665:Politiki lyra
662:
658:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
630:semi-circular
627:
624:): they were
623:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:ancient Greek
549:
545:
535:
533:
530:
526:
525:
520:
516:
515:
510:
506:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:
478:
474:
471:
466:
464:
462:
457:
453:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:
376:politiki lyra
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
262:
258:
254:
243:
240:
237:
234:
230:
227:
224:
219:
215:
208:
205:
203:
200:
193:
189:
186:
184:
181:
178:
174:
171:
168:
164:
160:
159:Lyra (Cretan)
157:
155:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
109:
105:
101:
100:Πολίτικη Λύρα
97:
93:
90:
89:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
36:
30:
25:
19:
4275:Greek dances
4132:Askomandoura
3984:
3761:
3747:
3733:
3522:Vatican City
3472:Turkmenistan
3372:South Africa
3342:Sierra Leone
3322:Saudi Arabia
2697:Burkina Faso
2357:Record label
2243:Music school
2103:Concert band
2013:Angular harp
1940:Circus music
1825:Arabic music
1676:
1657:Protopsaltes
1600:Egon Wellesz
1541:
1519:Nana (echos)
1170:
1148:
1137:, retrieved
1128:
1116:, retrieved
1110:
1085:
1074:22 September
1072:, retrieved
1063:
1027:
1004:Kartomi 1990
999:
931:Cretan lyra
899:
895:
879:
875:
863:
859:
839:
835:
823:
819:
817:
765:
753:Pontic Greek
705:κρητική λύρα
664:
654:
651:In use today
619:
589:
579:
575:
571:
555:
547:
543:
541:
522:
512:
508:
502:
490:
480:
473:trade routes
467:
459:
448:
443:(probably a
440:
428:
424:
420:
398:
384:
374:
356:
339:
295:
256:
252:
250:
235:
216:
210:
176:
166:
147:
107:
99:
34:
18:
4025:Pontic lyra
4020:Cretan lyra
3960:Water organ
3626:Terminology
3606:Instruments
3412:Switzerland
3382:South Sudan
3377:South Korea
3302:Saint Lucia
3257:Philippines
3202:North Korea
3182:New Zealand
3177:Netherlands
2982:Ivory Coast
2822:El Salvador
2567:Afghanistan
2534:Micronesian
2335:Compilation
2248:Composition
2143:Composition
2108:Disc jockey
2081:Backup band
2008:Arched Harp
1765:Prehistoric
1652:Akolouthiai
1547:Cretan lyra
1535:Instruments
1317:John Kladas
1139:20 February
1046:Baines 1992
993:Butler 2003
888:major sixth
884:minor third
870:lower), in
832:Cretan lyra
808:Cretan lyra
768:Cretan lyra
749:Pontic lyra
697:Cretan lyra
645:Cretan lyra
641:fingerboard
626:pear-shaped
621:see gallery
616:abstraction
604:pear-shaped
538:Terminology
514:nyckelharpa
487:South Asian
415:geographer
381:Pontic lyra
316:Cretan lyra
280:pear-shaped
177:terminology
50:Other names
4290:Categories
4209:Idiophones
4190:Tambourine
4176:Percussion
3942:Percussion
3512:Uzbekistan
3432:Tajikistan
3337:Seychelles
3317:San Marino
3152:Mozambique
3142:Montenegro
3112:Mauritania
3077:Madagascar
3072:Luxembourg
3027:Kyrgyzstan
3002:Kazakhstan
2807:East Timor
2757:Costa Rica
2722:Cape Verde
2632:Bangladesh
2617:Azerbaijan
2539:Polynesian
2529:Melanesian
2311:Production
2290:Organology
2255:Musicology
1990:Soul music
1945:Folk music
1930:Vernacular
1609:Performers
1434:Koinonikon
1417:Cherubikon
1055:References
856:Dodecanese
804:soundholes
800:soundboard
733:Montenegro
709:Dodecanese
633:soundholes
612:soundholes
608:soundboard
439:) and the
328:Montenegro
146:(Italian:
63:321.321–71
4270:Nisiotika
4216:Koudounia
4195:Toubeleki
4142:Tsampouna
4091:Tambouras
3927:Pan flute
3885:Epigonion
3647:Album era
3527:Venezuela
3392:Sri Lanka
3347:Singapore
3232:Palestine
3187:Nicaragua
3117:Mauritius
3067:Lithuania
2952:Indonesia
2907:Guatemala
2607:Australia
2597:Argentina
2517:Caribbean
2471:Southeast
2196:and study
2194:Education
2184:Technique
2065:Ensembles
1975:Pop music
1807:Art music
1785:Religious
1492:Octoechos
1456:Sticheron
1451:Troparion
1439:Kontakion
1407:Aposticha
1391:Octoechos
1353:Theorists
1225:Composers
890:) on the
876:MI–SOL–MI
852:Karpathos
836:LA–RE–SOL
830:) on the
820:LA–RE–SOL
796:monoblock
784:Macedonia
780:Karpathos
757:Black Sea
717:Bulgarian
661:archetype
470:Byzantine
427:(organ),
354:Dalmatian
320:Karpathos
304:Black Sea
218:Ukrainian
211:Russian:
192:Bulgarian
74:Developed
4248:See also
4167:Souravli
4152:Karamuza
4147:Floghera
4112:Santouri
4096:Thaboura
4086:Psaltery
4076:Mandolin
4056:Bouzouki
3978:Medieval
3955:Crotalum
3950:Cochilia
3900:Trigonon
3867:Phorminx
3852:Barbiton
3768:Category
3581:Timeline
3552:Zimbabwe
3442:Thailand
3437:Tanzania
3402:Suriname
3357:Slovenia
3352:Slovakia
3267:Portugal
3247:Paraguay
3222:Pakistan
3137:Mongolia
3092:Maldives
3087:Malaysia
3012:Kiribati
2932:Honduras
2847:Ethiopia
2842:Eswatini
2797:Dominica
2792:Djibouti
2747:Colombia
2712:Cameroon
2707:Cambodia
2692:Bulgaria
2677:Botswana
2637:Barbados
2524:Oceanian
2478:European
2434:Southern
2367:Sampling
2164:Notation
2098:Big band
2060:Musician
1790:Biblical
1707:Category
1568:Scholars
1554:Thaboura
1444:Akathist
1427:Kathisma
1118:10 March
959:Dalmatia
896:LA–RE–LA
860:LA–LA–MI
854:and the
725:Bulgaria
580:kemanche
519:talharpa
429:shilyani
405:bouzouki
379:and the
358:lijerica
336:Bulgaria
292:Florence
288:Bargello
269:medieval
267:) was a
129:Lijerica
119:Kemenche
4226:Trigono
4200:Tympano
4162:Mantura
4157:Lalitsa
4071:Mandola
4049:Plucked
3990:Organon
3965:Sistrum
3932:Salpinx
3895:Sambuca
3890:Magadis
3862:Kithara
3834:Pandura
3818:Ancient
3677:Warfare
3576:Outline
3532:Vietnam
3517:Vanuatu
3507:Uruguay
3487:Ukraine
3462:Tunisia
3367:Somalia
3327:Senegal
3282:Romania
3197:Nigeria
3162:Namibia
3157:Myanmar
3147:Morocco
3127:Moldova
3052:Liberia
3047:Lesotho
3042:Lebanon
2987:Jamaica
2967:Ireland
2942:Iceland
2937:Hungary
2902:Grenada
2887:Germany
2882:Georgia
2862:Finland
2837:Estonia
2832:Eritrea
2812:Ecuador
2787:Denmark
2762:Croatia
2752:Comoros
2702:Burundi
2667:Bolivia
2647:Belgium
2642:Belarus
2627:Bahrain
2622:Bahamas
2612:Austria
2602:Armenia
2582:Andorra
2577:Algeria
2572:Albania
2451:Central
2419:Central
2414:African
1797:Secular
1780:Martial
1770:Ancient
1645:Related
1559:Organon
1472:Petasti
1379:Liturgy
1173:, Paris
906:Gallery
892:gadulka
850:and on
772:Gadulka
741:Italian
721:Гъдулка
713:gadulka
681:Turkish
578:, or a
574:, or a
562:of the
491:sarangi
461:sarangi
445:bagpipe
441:salandj
413:Persian
401:pandura
395:History
389:Armenia
385:kemençe
350:Croatia
341:gadulka
324:Albania
300:Balkans
284:strings
196:Гъдулка
188:Gadulka
114:Pandura
104:Turkish
4221:Stamna
4105:Struck
4081:Oudola
4066:Laouto
4061:Guitar
4006:String
3999:Modern
3857:Chelys
3826:String
3586:Albums
3547:Zambia
3482:Uganda
3477:Tuvalu
3467:Turkey
3427:Taiwan
3407:Sweden
3332:Serbia
3292:Rwanda
3287:Russia
3262:Poland
3237:Panama
3212:Norway
3132:Monaco
3122:Mexico
3082:Malawi
3037:Latvia
3022:Kuwait
3017:Kosovo
2997:Jordan
2972:Israel
2922:Guyana
2912:Guinea
2897:Greece
2877:Gambia
2867:France
2772:Cyprus
2717:Canada
2687:Brunei
2682:Brazil
2662:Bhutan
2652:Belize
2587:Angola
2558:
2488:Nordic
2483:Balkan
2318:Single
2223:Method
2174:Lyrics
2138:Theory
1497:Nenano
1465:Theory
1267:Kassia
1159:
1098:
886:and a
868:octave
848:Thrace
828:fifths
806:. The
788:Thrace
774:, the
770:, the
759:. The
735:, the
727:, the
711:, the
695:, the
693:Greece
689:Turkey
592:fiddle
477:fiddle
456:Indian
425:urghun
387:) and
371:Turkey
332:Serbia
308:Greece
242:Violin
236:الرباب
233:Arabic
183:Fiddle
4231:Zilia
4137:Gaida
4013:Bowed
3922:Aulos
3621:Songs
3571:Index
3564:Lists
3542:Yemen
3452:Tonga
3417:Syria
3397:Sudan
3387:Spain
3312:Samoa
3272:Qatar
3227:Palau
3192:Niger
3172:Nepal
3167:Nauru
3102:Malta
3057:Libya
3007:Kenya
2992:Japan
2977:Italy
2947:India
2927:Haiti
2892:Ghana
2872:Gabon
2817:Egypt
2742:China
2737:Chile
2657:Benin
2466:South
2446:Asian
2429:North
2392:Remix
2387:Cover
2345:Remix
2159:Genre
2028:Nafir
1950:Blues
1932:music
1775:Dance
1749:Music
1487:Echos
1412:Canon
1400:Forms
978:Notes
900:a–d–a
880:e–g–e
872:Drama
864:a–a–e
840:a–d–g
824:a–d–g
812:Crete
761:gudok
729:gusle
723:) in
701:Greek
669:Greek
637:drone
600:rebec
596:rabāb
529:bowed
504:rebec
482:rabāb
450:rebab
373:(the
365:(the
363:Italy
338:(the
312:Crete
272:bowed
261:Greek
229:Rabāb
222:гудок
213:гудок
207:Gudok
202:Gusle
163:Greek
124:Cello
96:Greek
4125:Wind
3914:Wind
3877:Harp
3844:Lyre
3714:Folk
3447:Togo
3252:Peru
3217:Oman
3097:Mali
3032:Laos
2962:Iraq
2957:Iran
2857:Fiji
2767:Cuba
2732:Chad
2456:East
2439:West
2424:East
2340:Live
2179:Song
2154:Form
1970:Jazz
1526:Ison
1157:ISBN
1141:2009
1129:lira
1120:2009
1096:ISBN
1076:2006
838:(or
822:(or
790:and
691:and
598:and
560:lyre
556:lyra
544:lyra
437:lyre
433:harp
421:lūrā
403:, a
265:λύρα
257:lira
251:The
173:Lyre
167:Λύρα
2218:PhD
566:of
435:or
409:bow
383:or
369:),
361:),
344:),
318:),
290:in
255:or
94:, (
4292::
1155:,
1151:,
1132:,
1094:,
1090:,
1067:,
1038:^
1011:^
985:^
894:;
874:;
858:;
834:;
786:,
782:,
743::
719::
703::
671::
647:.
391:.
348:,
334:,
330:,
326:,
310:,
263::
220::
194::
165::
106::
102:,
98::
3803:e
3796:t
3789:v
1741:e
1734:t
1727:v
1330:*
1201:e
1194:t
1187:v
898:(
878:(
862:(
739:(
715:(
699:(
679:(
546:(
463:—
452:—
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