1489:
2261:
2668:
143:
115:
2269:
17:
2676:
1490:
1649:
Pear-shaped fretless stringed instrument, with five courses of two strings and a single eleventh string, a bent back and a bowl-shaped body, often with up to three soundholes, played with a pick
3437:
175:
2124:
2606:
2017:
von
Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann".
91:
3411:
71:
1485:
Fretted stringed instrument, short-necked, typically 4 courses/8 strings. The types belonging to this category have a flat or canted soundboard and round bowl-back
2954:
3372:
3065:
1664:
51:
3215:
2781:
2292:
2581:
Doubleday, Veronica (2000). "Afghanistan: Red Light at the
Crossroads". In Broughton, Simon; Mark Ellingham; James McConnachie; Orla Duane (eds.).
148:
120:
2758:
526:
2132:
2614:
2375:
2090:
1197:
stringed instrument, typical four courses/8 strings, more courses possible, also possible to string with 4-6 single strings
1583:
mandora (not the bass range instrument), mandola (not the same as the modern mandola), vandola, mandörgen, quinterne
3416:
2652:
2590:
2492:
2337:
3447:
96:
2235:
2815:
2751:
2199:
484:
1825:
1215:
2303:
2767:
1656:
1773:, with a double-chambered body, the lower part of which is covered in skin, and with three main strings
658:, usually with four or five doubled strings, with as many as eleven tunings, traditionally made from an
3442:
1705:
2744:
1305:
1223:
Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg
553:
2541:
291:
470:
197:
These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.
79:
and string bearer are physically united and can not be separated without destroying the instrument
1101:
331:
30:
3323:
2458:
299:
1051:
940:
147:: Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck (
2556:
865:
3388:
1962:-like stringed instrument with a long neck, picked or strummed, variable number of strings
1757:
1578:
819:
443:
416:
8:
3254:
1891:
with a long neck, three or four strings, plucked with the index finger of the right hand
1349:
1327:
992:
827:
823:
779:
2508:
2874:
2715:
2529:
2439:
2353:
2216:
2175:
2034:
1746:
3349:
3311:
2648:
2586:
2557:"From Camelback to Carnegie Hall: the Global Journey and Modern Makeover of the Pipa"
2488:
2333:
2098:
1146:
726:
493:
488:
tradition of ensemble playing of plucked instruments including bandurias, octavinas,
60:
3337:
2792:
2707:
2431:
2400:
2208:
2167:
2026:
1951:
896:
873:
850:
756:
646:
255:
180:
1592:
stringed instrument, strung either 4-6 single strings or 4-6 courses of 2 strings
3343:
2923:
2910:
2064:
1854:
1798:
1780:
1506:
1021:
970:
695:-like instrument, most commonly with ten strings in two courses and made from an
596:
397:
354:
842:
3382:
3329:
2644:
2422:
Golos, George S. (January 1961). "Kirghiz
Instruments and Instrumental Music".
1926:
1904:
1805:
1727:
1476:
1438:
1396:
1283:
1238:
1124:
1097:
1074:
918:
575:
511:
95:: Instruments in which the strings run in a plane parallel to the sound table (
3431:
3133:
2947:
2846:
1879:
1866:
with a long neck, pear-shaped body, and three courses of seven steel strings
1261:
684:
545:
3367:
3234:
3139:
2980:
2831:
55:: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (
2736:
2698:
Erdely, Stephen (1979). "Ethnic Music in the United States: An
Overview".
455:-like string instrument, traditionally carved from a single block of wood
3317:
3116:
3102:
3089:
3060:
2974:
2895:
2885:
232:
56:
3170:
2986:
1641:
1544:
1523:
1168:
1034:
604:
String instrument with a pear-shaped body and a long neck, played with
2719:
2706:. Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 11: 114–137.
2443:
2220:
2179:
2038:
1818:
747:
369:
3210:
3195:
2900:
2776:
1990:
1940:
1615:
1598:
1561:
1297:
1275:
888:
706:
696:
659:
389:
76:
3396:
3164:
3094:
2711:
2435:
2212:
2171:
2030:
1918:
1770:
1536:
1469:
953:
669:
635:
605:
589:
479:
462:
346:
313:
217:
2111:
The bandura will always be known as
Ukraine's national instrument.
1984:-like stringed instrument with an extended neck and two pegboxes.
3007:
1968:
1839:
1697:
1678:
1452:
1182:
1138:
1006:
910:
811:
793:
435:
1388:
489:
3303:
3078:
2091:"Roman Hrynkiv hopes to give the bandura international stature"
1769:
with sympathetic and drone strings, fretted and plucked with a
1430:
1368:
1230:
1160:
1089:
1033:, fretless, long-necked and double-waisted with rosette-shaped
984:
932:
771:
764:
Fretted pear-shaped bowl lute with a neck, played by plucking.
692:
18:
List of musical instruments by
Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.321
3294:
2857:
1897:
1872:
1410:
1341:
1319:
1204:
1116:
1043:
962:
614:
503:
33:
system, covering those instruments that are classified under
119:: Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle (
3181:
3158:
1981:
1959:
1888:
1863:
1766:
1736:
1719:
1358:
1253:
1066:
1030:
949:
655:
567:
452:
406:
2485:
Manual of Guitar
Technology: Chords Especially for Lefties
2376:"'Spinning Out of Control': Rhetoric and Violent Conflict"
1633:
2016:
3438:
Lists of musical instruments by
Hornbostel–Sachs number
2327:
3412:
List of musical instruments by
Hornbostel–Sachs number
29:
This is a list of instruments sorted according to the
2482:
2062:
37:
under that system. These instruments may be known as
2638:
2195:Bolivie: Charangos et guitarrillas du Norte Potosi
2156:Musikkens Tjenere - Instrument - Forsker - Musiker
2125:"Rondalla maestro makes strong pitch for banduria"
3429:
2728:... is the national instrument of the Croatians.
2700:Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council
1188:guitarra, guiterne or guiterre, Italy, quintern
179:: Instrument whose body is shaped like a bowl (
2463:Grinnell College Musical Instrument Collection
2752:
2627:Considered the national instrument of Turkey.
2025:. The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 14: 3–29.
952:with a round body, played by plucking with a
2639:Koprulu, Mehmed Fuad; Devin DeWeese (2006).
2430:(1). Ethnomusicology, Vol. 5, No. 1: 42–48.
2766:
2197:by Florindo Alvis and Jean-Marc Grassler".
2058:
2056:
2759:
2745:
2290:
2580:
2328:Broughton, Simon; Mark Ellingham (2000).
307:Pear-shaped, plucked, with 15-17 strings
2456:
2302:. World Literature Today. Archived from
2053:
2483:Jahnel, Franz; Nicholas Clarke (2000).
2192:
14:
3430:
2697:
2193:Baumann, Max Peter (1997). "Review of
2154:Grahn, Göran (April 1999). "Review of
2088:
2740:
2613:. National Geographic. Archived from
2421:
2153:
2122:
1059:Long-necked, two-stringed instrument
2554:
2641:Early Mystics in Turkish Literature
2332:. James McConnachie. Rough Guides.
2233:
2123:Aning, Jerome (November 23, 2007).
24:
2158:by Mette Müller and Lisbet Torp".
1479:. Spread to Europe and worldwide.
1361:, made from wood with gut strings
25:
3459:
3417:Musical instrument classification
2259:
881:Plucked four-stringed instrument
1739:with a neck, played by plucking
281:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
2691:
2673:National Geographic World Music
2661:
2632:
2599:
2574:
2548:
2501:
2476:
2450:
2415:
2393:
2368:
2346:
2266:National Geographic World Music
1246:Two-stringed, bowed instrument
1109:Two-stringed, bowed instrument
1082:Two-stringed, bowed instrument
519:Two-stringed, bowed instrument
2585:. Rough Guides. pp. 3–7.
2321:
2284:
2253:
2227:
2200:Yearbook for Traditional Music
2186:
2147:
2116:
2082:
2065:"Glossary of Folk Instruments"
858:Bowed two-stringed instrument
482:-like instrument, part of the
13:
1:
2643:. Translated by Gary Leiser;
2291:Mirseitova, Sapargul (2005).
2063:ARC music; Peter McClelland.
2010:
753:çiftelia, qifteli or qyfteli
377:Middle East and Central Asia
2583:World Music: The Rough Guide
1765:Short-necked three-stringed
654:Fretted, hollow-bodied bowl
7:
2293:"Kazakhstan and Its People"
75:: Instruments in which the
10:
3464:
2160:The Galpin Society Journal
2131:. Inquirer. Archived from
2019:The Galpin Society Journal
835:Wooden plucked instrument
263:: Using a mechanical drive
3407:
3364:
3284:
3224:
3208:
3148:
3074:
3057:
3036:
3016:
3000:
2963:
2945:
2921:
2872:
2829:
2790:
2774:
2381:. June 1, 2006. p. 4
719:Small fretted instrument
362:Pear-shaped, long-necked
2046:
1418:Armenia, Greece, Turkey
1357:Three-stringed fretless
210:: Bare hands and fingers
3448:Lute family instruments
3244:412.1. Idiophonic/reed
2768:Hornbostel–Sachs system
2459:"Mandolin - Neapolitan"
332:Western classical music
283:
280:
277:
274:
267:
31:Hornbostel-Sachs number
3264:412.2. Non-idiophonic
2129:Inquirer Entertainment
583:Short-necked, fretted
300:French classical music
948:Fretted, long-necked
628:Long-necked, fretted
2679:on December 26, 2007
2617:on December 26, 2007
2272:on December 14, 2007
2101:on December 19, 2006
1492:Mandolin performance
451:Diatonic, unfretted
204:: Hammers or beaters
3259:412.14. Band/Ribbon
2820:112.2. Scraped/rasp
2354:"Montenegrin Music"
2260:Levin, Theodore C.
2234:Bennett, Caroline.
2089:Jarosewich, Irene.
1826:Southeastern Europe
1216:Southeastern Europe
3393:53. Radioelectric
3250:412.12. Percussive
3247:412.11. Concussive
3241:412. Interruptive
3231:411. Displacement
2561:AAS Annual Meeting
2356:. Visit Montenegro
2240:Viva Travel Guides
734:Renaissance Italy
61:string instruments
3443:Necked bowl lutes
3425:
3424:
3360:
3359:
3299:421.1. Non-fipple
3204:
3203:
3053:
3052:
2941:
2940:
2806:111.2. Percussion
2803:111.1. Concussion
2555:Millward, James.
2487:. Bold Strummer.
2207:(1997): 200–201.
2008:
2007:
1735:Pear-shaped bowl
727:chitarra Italiana
409:-type instrument
319:Italian arciliuto
181:necked bowl lutes
40:necked bowl lutes
16:(Redirected from
3455:
3270:412.21. Whirling
3267:412.21. Rotating
3222:
3221:
3072:
3071:
3046:242. Tube/vessel
2961:
2960:
2811:112. Indirectly
2788:
2787:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2675:. Archived from
2665:
2659:
2658:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2268:. Archived from
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2097:. Archived from
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2042:
1507:mandolin, octave
1497:
1496:
1495:
1493:
405:Triangle-shaped
272:
271:
246:: Using a ribbon
21:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3403:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3286:
3280:
3213:
3200:
3150:
3144:
3086:311. Bar/stick
3076:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3032:
3012:
2996:
2952:
2949:
2937:
2917:
2911:Glass harmonica
2868:
2825:
2779:
2770:
2765:
2735:
2734:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2637:
2633:
2620:
2618:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2553:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2510:Project Results
2507:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2455:
2451:
2424:Ethnomusicology
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2403:. Eliznik. 2005
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2309:on May 25, 2011
2306:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2236:"Music in Peru"
2232:
2228:
2191:
2187:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2135:on May 27, 2008
2121:
2117:
2104:
2102:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2069:Hobgoblin Music
2061:
2054:
2049:
2013:
2003:
1994:
1972:
1945:
1923:
1901:
1876:
1844:
1822:
1802:
1799:Saraswati veena
1785:
1751:
1724:
1702:
1683:
1661:
1638:
1619:
1602:
1582:
1565:
1548:
1527:
1510:
1499:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1473:
1456:
1435:
1415:
1393:
1373:
1346:
1324:
1302:
1280:
1258:
1235:
1209:
1187:
1165:
1143:
1121:
1094:
1071:
1048:
1029:Seven-stringed
1011:
989:
967:
937:
915:
893:
870:
847:
816:
797:
776:
752:
731:
711:
674:
640:
622:Middle Eastern
619:
593:
572:
550:
531:
508:
492:, guitars, and
467:
440:
421:
394:
374:
351:
317:
296:
270:
240:: Using a wheel
46:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3461:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3228:
3226:
3219:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3069:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2970:211. Directly
2967:
2965:
2958:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:122.2. Cut out
2861:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2814:112.1. Shaken/
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:111. Directly
2797:
2795:
2785:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2712:10.2307/767568
2690:
2660:
2653:
2645:Robert Dankoff
2631:
2598:
2591:
2573:
2547:
2500:
2493:
2475:
2457:Roger Vetter.
2449:
2436:10.2307/924307
2414:
2392:
2367:
2345:
2338:
2320:
2283:
2252:
2226:
2213:10.2307/768327
2185:
2172:10.2307/842547
2146:
2115:
2095:Ukraine Weekly
2081:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2031:10.2307/842168
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1774:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1446:Four-stringed
1444:
1441:
1436:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1001:
1000:
998:
995:
990:
979:
978:
976:
973:
968:
957:
956:
946:
943:
938:
927:
926:
924:
921:
916:
905:
904:
902:
899:
894:
883:
882:
879:
876:
871:
860:
859:
856:
853:
848:
837:
836:
833:
830:
817:
806:
805:
803:
800:
798:
789:
788:
785:
782:
777:
766:
765:
762:
759:
754:
742:
741:
738:
735:
732:
721:
720:
717:
714:
712:
701:
700:
690:
687:
682:
664:
663:
652:
649:
644:
630:
629:
626:
623:
620:
609:
608:
602:
599:
597:Greece, Modern
594:
585:
584:
581:
578:
573:
562:
561:
559:
556:
551:
540:
539:
537:
534:
532:
521:
520:
517:
514:
509:
498:
497:
476:
473:
468:
457:
456:
449:
446:
441:
430:
429:
427:
424:
422:
411:
410:
403:
400:
395:
384:
383:
381:
378:
375:
364:
363:
360:
357:
352:
341:
340:
337:
334:
329:
309:
308:
305:
302:
297:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
269:
266:
265:
264:
258:
249:
248:
247:
241:
235:
220:
211:
205:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
83:
82:
81:
80:
65:
64:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3460:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3389:Amplification
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2862:
2859:
2856:122.1. Lace (
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2656:
2654:0-415-36686-0
2650:
2647:. Routledge.
2646:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2594:
2592:1-85828-636-0
2588:
2584:
2577:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2531:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2494:0-933224-99-0
2490:
2486:
2479:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2402:
2396:
2377:
2371:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2339:1-85828-636-0
2335:
2331:
2324:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:, especially
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
988:
987:
986:
981:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
966:
965:
964:
959:
958:
955:
951:
947:
944:
942:
939:
936:
935:
934:
929:
928:
925:
922:
920:
917:
914:
913:
912:
907:
906:
903:
900:
898:
895:
892:
891:
890:
885:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
869:
868:
867:
862:
861:
857:
854:
852:
849:
846:
845:
844:
839:
838:
834:
831:
829:
825:
821:
818:
815:
814:
813:
808:
807:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
791:
790:
786:
783:
781:
778:
775:
774:
773:
768:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
751:
750:
749:
744:
743:
739:
736:
733:
730:
729:
728:
723:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
703:
702:
698:
694:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
677:
673:
672:
671:
666:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
639:
638:
637:
632:
631:
627:
624:
621:
618:
617:
616:
611:
610:
607:
603:
600:
598:
595:
592:
591:
587:
586:
582:
579:
577:
574:
571:
570:
569:
564:
563:
560:
557:
555:
552:
549:
548:
547:
542:
541:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
523:
522:
518:
515:
513:
510:
507:
506:
505:
500:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:
481:
477:
474:
472:
469:
466:
465:
464:
459:
458:
454:
450:
447:
445:
442:
439:
438:
437:
432:
431:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
418:
413:
412:
408:
404:
401:
399:
396:
393:
392:
391:
386:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
371:
366:
365:
361:
358:
356:
353:
350:
349:
348:
343:
342:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
311:
310:
306:
303:
301:
298:
295:
294:
293:
288:
287:
273:
262:
259:
257:
253:
250:
245:
242:
239:
236:
234:
230:
227:
226:
224:
221:
219:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
198:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
150:
146:
145:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
78:
74:
73:
69:
68:
67:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
47:
44:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
3368:Electrophone
3277:413. Plosive
3189:322.2. Frame
3175:321.3.Handle
3095:Stick zither
3017:23. Friction
2907:133. Vessel
2892:132. Plaque
2842:121.1. Clack
2725:
2723:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2683:December 17,
2681:. Retrieved
2677:the original
2672:
2663:
2640:
2634:
2626:
2621:December 22,
2619:. Retrieved
2615:the original
2610:
2601:
2582:
2576:
2566:December 22,
2564:. Retrieved
2560:
2550:
2520:December 26,
2518:. Retrieved
2509:
2503:
2484:
2478:
2468:September 5,
2466:. Retrieved
2462:
2452:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2407:December 21,
2405:. Retrieved
2395:
2385:December 21,
2383:. Retrieved
2370:
2360:December 21,
2358:. Retrieved
2348:
2329:
2323:
2313:February 18,
2311:. Retrieved
2304:the original
2299:
2286:
2276:December 17,
2274:. Retrieved
2270:the original
2265:
2262:"Kazakhstan"
2255:
2245:December 17,
2243:. Retrieved
2239:
2229:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2139:December 22,
2137:. Retrieved
2133:the original
2128:
2118:
2110:
2105:December 17,
2103:. Retrieved
2099:the original
2094:
2084:
2074:December 17,
2072:. Retrieved
2068:
2022:
2018:
2002:
1989:
1967:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1917:
1916:
1896:
1887:Pear-shaped
1871:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1817:
1797:
1779:
1778:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1718:
1717:
1696:
1695:
1677:
1676:
1655:
1654:
1632:
1631:
1614:
1597:
1577:
1560:
1543:
1522:
1505:
1498:
1468:
1451:
1429:
1428:
1409:
1408:
1387:
1386:
1367:
1366:
1340:
1339:
1318:
1317:
1296:
1295:
1274:
1273:
1252:
1251:
1229:
1228:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1181:
1180:
1159:
1158:
1137:
1136:
1115:
1114:
1088:
1087:
1065:
1064:
1052:Central Asia
1042:
1041:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1004:
983:
982:
961:
960:
941:Central Asia
931:
930:
909:
908:
887:
886:
864:
863:
841:
840:
810:
809:
792:
770:
769:
746:
745:
725:
724:
705:
704:
679:
675:
668:
667:
641:
634:
633:
613:
612:
588:
566:
565:
544:
543:
525:
524:
502:
501:
483:
478:Pear-shaped
461:
460:
434:
433:
415:
414:
388:
387:
368:
367:
345:
344:
326:
322:
318:
312:
290:
289:
284:Description
260:
251:
243:
237:
228:
222:
213:
207:
201:
196:
174:
149:necked lutes
142:
121:handle lutes
114:
90:
70:
57:chordophones
50:
45:
39:
38:
34:
28:
26:
3324:Single reed
3318:Double reed
3186:322.1. Open
3124:Heterochord
3090:Musical bow
3061:Chordophone
3037:24. Singing
3001:22. Plucked
2993:212. Shaken
2934:142. Plaque
2896:Musical saw
2886:Nail violin
2882:131. Stick
2839:121. Frame
2538:|work=
2516:. p. 2
2330:World Music
2166:: 367–368.
1758:Afghanistan
1220:321.321-71
820:Afghanistan
471:Philippines
275:Instrument
3432:Categories
3129:314. Board
3075:31. Simple
3023:231. Stick
2964:21. Struck
2931:141. Stick
2853:122. Comb
2726:tamburitza
2011:References
1947:tamburitza
1859:321.321-6
1762:321.321-6
1732:321.321-5
1646:321.321-6
1545:mandocello
1524:mando-bass
1350:Kyrgyzstan
1328:Kazakhstan
1035:sound hole
993:Bangladesh
945:321.321-6
828:Uzbekistan
824:Tajikistan
780:Cape Verde
761:321.321-5
689:321.321-6
651:321.321-6
278:Tradition
231:: Using a
3350:Chromatic
3255:Free reed
3211:Aerophone
3196:Harp lute
3151:Composite
3121:Idiochord
3043:241. Free
3029:233. Hand
3026:232. Cord
2901:Daxophone
2847:Guimbarde
2777:Idiophone
2669:"Croatia"
2540:ignored (
2530:cite book
1991:tricordia
1941:tamburica
1616:orpharion
1599:mandriola
1562:mandolute
1298:kamancheh
1276:jing erhu
1102:Cantonese
889:dangubica
866:Đàn tỳ bà
707:chillador
697:armadillo
680:chillador
660:armadillo
390:balalaika
327:Архилютня
292:angélique
225:: Bowing
77:resonator
3397:Theremin
3330:Reedpipe
3287:Non-free
3253:412.13.
3225:41. Free
2948:Membran-
2875:Friction
2611:Glossary
2300:WLT Kids
1999:321.321
1978:321.321
1956:321.321
1931:321.321
1919:surbahar
1909:321.321
1884:321.321
1862:Fretted
1830:321.321
1810:321.321
1790:321.321
1781:sallaneh
1771:plectrum
1710:321.321
1688:321.321
1669:321.321
1665:Chechnya
1624:321.321
1607:321.321
1589:321.321
1570:321.321
1553:321.321
1537:mandolin
1532:321.321
1515:321.321
1482:321.321
1470:mandolin
1461:321.321
1443:321.321
1421:321.321
1401:321.321
1379:321.321
1354:321.321
1332:321.321
1310:321.321
1288:321.321
1266:321.321
1243:321.321
1194:321.321
1173:321.321
1151:321.321
1147:Bulgaria
1129:321.321
1106:321.321
1079:321.321
1056:321.321
1026:321.321
1017:dramnyen
997:321.321
975:321.321
954:plectrum
923:321.321
901:321.321
878:321.321
855:321.321
832:321.321
802:321.322
784:321.322
740:Plucked
737:321.322
716:321.321
676:charanga
670:charango
642:charanga
636:charango
625:321.321
606:plectrum
601:321.321
590:bouzouki
580:321.321
558:321.321
536:321.321
527:banzouki
516:321.321
485:rondalla
480:mandolin
475:321.321
463:banduria
448:321.321
426:321.321
402:321.321
380:321.321
359:321.321
347:baglamas
339:Plucked
336:321.321
323:Erzlaute
314:archlute
304:321.321
256:Keyboard
218:Plectrum
3344:Natural
3328:422.3.
3322:422.2.
3316:422.1.
3302:421.2.
3169:321.2.
3163:321.1.
3008:Nyatiti
2985:211.3.
2981:Tubular
2979:211.2.
2973:211.1.
2845:121.2.
2832:Plucked
2401:"Cobza"
1975:Europe
1969:theorbo
1952:Croatia
1846:bağlama
1819:Šargija
1706:Georgia
1698:panduri
1679:pandura
1586:Europe
1579:mandore
1453:mandola
1376:Greece
1306:Persian
1191:Europe
1183:gittern
1139:gadulka
1013:dranyen
1007:dramyin
911:dilruba
897:Croatia
874:Vietnam
851:Vietnam
843:Đàn gáo
812:dambura
794:cittern
757:Albania
748:çifteli
647:Bolivia
554:Persian
444:Ukraine
436:bandura
417:bandora
370:bağlama
176:321.321
35:321.321
3383:Action
3348:423.2
3342:423.1
3304:Fipple
3134:Trough
3079:zither
2950:ophone
2816:rattle
2793:Struck
2720:767568
2718:
2651:
2589:
2491:
2444:924307
2442:
2336:
2221:768327
2219:
2180:842547
2178:
2039:842168
2037:
1855:Turkey
1657:pandur
1431:liuqin
1369:laouto
1231:huluhu
1161:gambus
1090:erxian
1022:Bhutan
985:dotara
971:Russia
933:dombra
787:Bowed
772:cimboa
693:Guitar
662:shell
546:barbat
494:basses
398:Russia
355:Greece
144:321.32
3338:Brass
3336:423.
3310:422.
3295:Flute
3293:421.
3194:323.
3180:322.
3157:321.
3140:Frame
3138:316.
3132:315.
3115:313.
3107:Whole
3101:312.
2987:Frame
2924:Blown
2858:Mbira
2716:JSTOR
2607:"Saz"
2514:(PDF)
2440:JSTOR
2379:(PDF)
2307:(PDF)
2296:(PDF)
2217:JSTOR
2176:JSTOR
2047:Notes
2035:JSTOR
1927:India
1905:India
1898:sitar
1873:setar
1850:kopuz
1806:India
1753:rabab
1747:rubab
1728:China
1535:Bass
1477:Italy
1439:China
1411:lavta
1397:Spain
1342:komuz
1320:kobyz
1284:China
1239:China
1211:gusla
1205:gusle
1125:India
1117:esraj
1098:China
1075:China
1044:dutar
963:domra
919:India
699:back
615:buzuq
576:Japan
512:China
504:banhu
490:laúds
116:321.3
97:lutes
3387:52.
3381:51.
3373:list
3312:Reed
3235:Whip
3216:list
3182:Harp
3171:Yoke
3159:Lute
3117:Raft
3110:Half
3103:Tube
3066:list
2975:Bowl
2955:list
2922:14.
2873:13.
2830:12.
2791:11.
2782:list
2724:The
2685:2007
2649:ISBN
2623:2007
2587:ISBN
2568:2007
2542:help
2522:2007
2489:ISBN
2470:2015
2409:2007
2387:2007
2362:2007
2334:ISBN
2315:2008
2278:2007
2247:2007
2141:2007
2107:2007
2076:2007
1982:Lute
1960:Lute
1889:lute
1880:Iran
1864:lute
1767:lute
1737:lute
1720:pipa
1642:Arab
1389:laúd
1359:lute
1262:Tuva
1254:igil
1169:Arab
1067:erhu
1031:lute
950:lute
826:and
685:Peru
656:lute
568:biwa
453:lute
407:lute
268:List
3285:42.
3209:4.
3165:Bow
3149:32.
2946:2.
2775:1.
2708:doi
2432:doi
2209:doi
2168:doi
2027:doi
1840:saz
1634:oud
233:bow
92:321
3434::
3365:5.
3077:/
3058:3.
2722:.
2714:.
2704:11
2702:.
2671:.
2625:.
2609:.
2559:.
2534::
2532:}}
2528:{{
2461:.
2438:.
2426:.
2298:.
2264:.
2238:.
2215:.
2205:29
2203:.
2174:.
2164:52
2162:.
2127:.
2109:.
2093:.
2067:.
2055:^
2033:.
2023:14
2021:.
1848:,
1015:,
822:,
678:,
496:.
325:,
321:,
254::
244:73
238:72
229:71
216::
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43:.
3375:)
3371:(
3218:)
3214:(
3068:)
3064:(
2957:)
2953:(
2860:)
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2753:t
2746:v
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2595:.
2570:.
2544:)
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2497:.
2472:.
2446:.
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2428:5
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2364:.
2342:.
2317:.
2280:.
2249:.
2223:.
2211::
2182:.
2170::
2143:.
2078:.
2041:.
2029::
261:9
252:8
223:7
214:6
208:5
202:4
183:)
151:)
123:)
99:)
52:3
20:)
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