Early Irish law - Knowledge

2037:. One scholar has recently suggested that there were a number of groups of six including one single tract, generally from the first third, two contiguous tracts generally in the second third, and three contiguous tracts from the third third. Each group of six is theorised as related to each other in various ways. The prologue ascribes the authorship of the book to a committee of nine appointed by St Patrick to revise the laws. It was composed of three kings, three bishops, and three professors of literature, poetry, and law. Chief among the latter was Dubthach. It became his duty to give a historical retrospect, and in doing so he exhibited "all the judgments of true nature which the Holy Ghost had spoken from the first occupation of this island down to the reception of the faith. What did not clash with the word of God in the written law and in the New Testament and with the consciences of believers was confirmed in the laws of the brehons by Patrick and by the ecclesiastics and chieftains of Ireland. This is the Senchus Mor." 2525: 2091:, a process by which one could, under certain circumstances, seize goods owned by another. In Brehon law one does not immediately own the property, rather animals are taken to an intermediary land to wait in case the original owner pays the debt. As time passes, the animals are slowly forfeited. This tract deals primarily with four types of distraint divided based on the waiting period. The waiting period apparently varies based on the circumstance although no one has yet determined what exactly those circumstances are. Other material present includes information on other aspects of legal procedure and a long section where the author asks and then answers multiple times, why the tract is called 1686:(law in accordance with proper order) occurs in some places, and even in the titles of certain texts. The laws tell stories of how truth could apparently cure a person and falsehood could cause blisters. These were two very real concepts to the jurists and the value of a given judgment with respect to them was apparently ascertainable. McLeod has also suggested that most of the specific laws mentioned have passed the test of time and thus their truth has been confirmed, while other provisions are justified in other ways because they are younger and have not been tested over time. 1556:(kin-land). Certain rights of use of land by the owner's kin seem to have existed. Moreover, it was possible that land could be redistributed if a certain branch of the family had few descendants and hence larger shares in the land per person. In such a case, even some more distant cousins could acquire the land, though they benefited less than closer kin. Apparently because of these potential claims it could apparently be difficult to alienate kin-land. Even when selling land that an individual had acquired separately from an inheritance, a portion went to his kin. 307:, a Christian Law, promulgated by the Synod of Birr in 697, sought to raise the status of women of that era, although the actual effect is unknown. Regardless, although Irish society under the Brehon Laws was male-dominated, women had greater freedom, independence and rights to property than in other European societies of the time. Men and women held their property separately. The marriage laws were very complex. For example, there were scores of ways of combining households and properties and then dividing the property and its increase when disputes arose. 3603: 243:, have been considered as survivals from earlier periods. More recently historians have come to doubt such attributions. While few historians argue that all Irish law comes from church influence, they are today much more wary as to what material is a survival and what has changed. A past may still be suggested for a certain legal concept based on Irish legal terms' being cognate with terms in other Celtic languages, although that information does not prove that the practice described by the legal term has not changed. 2225:) has been translated as both "The Ordering of Discipline" or "The Regulation of Proper Behavior". This tract describes the relationship between the Church and the people as a contract; the people have to donate tithes and first fruits and the like, while the church must provide services such as baptism and make sure that its members must be honest, devout, and qualified. This text has been used both to show church influence on Brehon law and also to point to certain aspects that canon lawyers would disapprove of. 1375:

the family be either unable or unwilling to pay, the victim's family took custody of the murderer. At this point, the victim's family had three options. They could await payment, sell the murderer into slavery, or kill the murderer. Even then, the monetary possibilities may have discouraged capital punishment in some cases. In certain cases, though, where the murderer and victim were relatives, capital punishment could not be carried out as it would make the executioner commit

1468:(head of the family). He apparently was a senior member selected from the kin group based on various qualifications. One of his main duties was to take responsibility for members of the kin-group, acting as a surety for some of the actions of members, making sure debts are paid (including for murder). If the member could not be made to pay, the fee was normally paid by members of the kin group. He was also responsible for unmarried women after the death of their fathers. 5933: 2461:. The text goes into details on the grades of commoners and nobility: what property should they own, how large should their house be, how should their clientship be arranged. The text presents a schema that could not have been used in actuality. For instance, it includes clientship information for even the highest nobility, who would not have acted as clients. The text also presents a certain amount of interesting information on the duties of a king. 2857:... the location of the Morisons was at Ness in Lewis, where the head of the Clan was Britheamh or Hereditary Judge long before Fifeshire colonists were heard of. It is not likely, as the late Captain Thomas put it, that any of the Brieves ever understood a word of English, and as the Scotch laws were never translated into Gaelic, it seems that the native or Brehon Laws must have been administered in this part of Scotland as late as the 17th century. 1191:. The lord made his client a grant of property (sometimes land, but more usually livestock) for a fixed period of time. The client owed service to his lord, and at the end of the grant period returned the grant with interest. Any increase beyond the agreed interest was his to keep. This allowed for a certain degree of social mobility as an astute free client could increase his wealth until he could afford clients of his own, thus becoming a lord. 1712:, the law tract that deals most with sureties, offers formulaic speeches the contractors may have recited ceremonially to appoint sureties and make the sureties swear to perform their duties properly. In addition to sureties appointed for specific contracts, relatives might be expected to act as sureties in cases where they were not specifically bound. There is also evidence that most sureties were either relatives or lords of the contractor. 2620: 38: 95: 1646:

while one law text tells us that they were used as a basis of judgment we know little else about them; we do not even know how exactly maxims could be used for judgment. A further complication is that we know very little about the origin of maxims (or even what the jurists thought was the origin) and similarly we do not know whether jurists were introducing new maxims regularly or whether all maxims were

783:(a man of middle huts), apparently, someone who occupied a hut on his father's land. These persons were semi-independent but did not have the full honour price of a free man until they reached 20. Even after a certain age, a "Son of a Living Father" was expected to be dutiful to his father and could only set up an independent household with his father's permission. In addition, those from outside a 1478:(kin-slaying) because it was against a group that had some right to trust. The killer had to give up their kin-land but was still liable for fines incurred by other members of the kin. An undutiful son might also be excluded from certain kin rights as well, especially as sons of a living father generally did not have significant rights of legal actions except as permitted by the father. 995:. These are given the same status as and the same honour prices as the lay grades, and hence have effectively the same rights. The qualifications for each grade is where the difference occurs. The qualifications fit into three categories, the status of the poet's parent or grandparent, their skill and their training. A particular number of compositions are given for each rank, with the 842:" who appears within the law texts. The three ranks of commoners, at least according to the status tract, vary in the type of clientship they undertook and the property they could hold, though it is unclear how this worked in practice. Commoners apparently had to co-operate in farming as they did not have enough property to own a whole plough-share or all the rights in a mill. 2445:, Fergus Kelly suggests that this might mean more loosely "court summary" or "synopsis of court procedure." The text deals with a number of topics for judicial procedure, but most importantly on the role of the various types of sureties. Interesting, it covers the ways that sureties were appointed to their duties, and hence it is informative on the way contracts were created. 521:(substitute churl) was enforced against instead, and the king was responsible for repaying the substitute churl. The laws also specified certain cases in which a king lost his honor price. These included doing the work of a commoner, moving around without a retinue, and showing cowardice in battle; again, though, it is unclear how often such stipulations were followed. 2006:, a collection of at least 47 separate tracts compiled into a single group sometime in the 8th century, though individual tracts vary in date. These tracts were almost certainly written by a variety of authors, though some suggest that certain authors wrote more than one of the included tracts. The collection was apparently made somewhere in the north midlands. The 1400:, Irish law demanded capital punishment in all cases of murder. Christianity was supposed to preach forgiveness. The two fines are apparently a compromise so that the murderer is both punished and forgiven. It is at least dubious whether or not this is a valid historical account, given the lateness of the story (originating hundreds of years after Patrick's time). 292:

of leadership, and women, like men, were Brehons. Brehon Laws have a reputation among modern scholars as rather progressive in their treatment of women, with some describing the law as providing for equality between the sexes. The Laws generally reflect a patriarchal and patrilineal society in which the rules of inheritance were based on

1948:. Other overlaps have been suggested, in many cases where biblical references seem to appear in the Brehon law. Where both texts cite the same rule, it is not always clear which came up with the rule first. In addition to substantive law, other legal aspects appear in both, such as the propensity towards the use of analogy. 2072:

again" and "Let everyone who is a criminal suffer the death of a criminal" and the duality of the mortal person and their eternal soul was referenced at the closing of the Judgement, sentencing Nuadh (the person) to death, but allowing his soul forgiveness to enter heaven, as his crime has been atoned for.

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style of poetry. The first describes the roles and status of the church, poets and various other professionals. The final primarily with the status and duties of poets although it contains other material as well. The first is also one of the few early texts scholars have assigned an author to, namely

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The above similarities have led scholars to ask what relationship did Brehons have with clerics. Some scholars, known as anti-nativists, have suggested that the Brehons were nothing more than clerics who had training in secular law. In addition to the similarities and evidence of borrowing from Canon

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suggests that the youngest son divided the land into equal parts. The eldest chose first, followed by the second and so on until the youngest received the remaining land. The intent was to make the division of land equal. Other laws suggested that the eldest son had automatic claims to the buildings.

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price owed to the kin of the victim that varied according to the status of the kinsman to whom it was owed and the closeness of his relationship to the victim. Should the murderer be unable to pay by himself, his family was normally responsible for paying any amount the murderer could not pay. Should

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does not mention anything about the practice being obsolete. It does mention that certain types of person could not be maintained because of the difficulty in doing so. Thus it was very hard to provision those of the highest rank and obviously impossible to find a substitute to do their work. Certain

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According to that text, the payment was decided by a physician after nine days. Prior to that, the victim was cared for by his family and a physician. Some suggest that the effects of the wound would be clear to a physician at that point if not before. First, either the victim would have died if such

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cover is how the king fit within the rest of the legal system. The king was not supposed to be above the law. Some stipulations applied specifically to the king. With a king being the most powerful individual, and the one with the highest honour in an area, it was difficult to enforce the law against

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was valid even though it was an uneven contract because Adam knew it was such. The second half deals with cases in which a contract may be overturned. The tract is also interesting because it is a collection of material from varying dates and places and as such much more uneven in content than other

2051:, but was actually a later addition that attempted to give historical background. There is also an original introduction distinct from this text. The Pseudo-Historical Prologue was concerned with the changes in the Brehon law, which it suggested occurred with the arrival of Christianity. In effect, 1871:

and ratified by a number of ecclesiastics and kings whose names appear in the text. The idea of the law was apparently to supplement the punishments of Brehon law for crimes against women, children, and clerics. In some ways it follows the ideas embodied in Brehon law although there are differences;

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Indications of women's status is indicated by the honour price system. A typical woman did not carry an honour price: a position shared with children, the insane, slaves, and others. However, there were many exceptions: for example, status was gained through inheritance. At times, some rose to ranks

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Another important aspect when considering the origins is that the early Irish law texts are not always consistent. Early Irish law is, like the Old Irish language, remarkably standard across an Island with no central authority; as one scholar wrote, "The edifice of the law stands above all local and

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Today, the legal system is assumed to contain some earlier law influenced by the church, and adaptation through methods of reasoning the Irish jurists would have sanctioned. There is a dispute as to just how large a role each of these aspects may have played in creating the legal texts. The evidence

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created a glossary in which he quoted from many other sources. In many cases, it is the only text that includes certain quotes as well as information about certain whole law tracts. Its primary focus is to list and define certain words, particularly legal terms, and as such has provided significant

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Scholars have found over 100 distinct texts, ranging from complete texts through various degrees of partial preservation—and in some cases only as a name in a list, and even, in one case, a tract that scholars have decided must have existed. Almost all of the secular legal texts existing in various

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As mentioned above, the actions of a member could require other kin to pay a fine. In certain cases, the kin-group could refuse liabilities, although in some cases only after they been proclaimed as a non-member, which might occur if the member did not carry out his responsibilities to the kin. One

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Early Irish law saw certain locations, known as the "twelve doors of the soul" were considered particularly severe. It has been suggested that this is because of the potential for such wounds to turn deadly, although the law texts do not suggest any reason. In such cases, the physician was entitled

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for each rank, and also increased the number of clients. In addition, when they travelled they were expected to maintain a retinue with them. A lord not only had greater ability but also needed to take greater steps to preserve their honour, lest they lose their lordship. The order of lords varies,

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giving advice to a king (in this case, advice that seems flawed but is actually correct) who then gives it as a judgment in a case. It is not clear how much kings made judgments by themselves and how much they had to follow professional advice. The kings do not appear to have stood as judges in all

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was provided for on a number of grounds (that ultimately deal with the inability to have a child), after which property was divided according to what contribution each spouse had made to the household. A husband was legally permitted to hit his wife to "correct" her, but if the blow left a mark she

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This tract, the "Law of Couples", deals with not only regulations for marriage but for other unions as well. It lists tens types of coupling including three types of formal marriage, five unions where there are sexual relations but no sharing of property or cohabitating, union by rape and union by

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that "the misdeed of the guilty should not affect the innocent". These maxims do say more than one might think since legal systems often have problems balancing the interests of all. The majority of maxims treat with more specific problems. The main problem with our understanding of maxims is that

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goes into great detail about this process, describing how the injurer had to find a suitable location and move the victim. Then the injurer had to pay for food for the victim and a retinue—which could be considerable depending on the victim's rank. The injurer also had to provide someone to fulfil

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Although early Irish law recognised a distinction between intentional and unintentional injury, any type of injury was still normally unlawful and requiring compensation. The main exception is injuries received when the victim has gone into a place where an injury is likely. In all other cases, an

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A poorer man could become a "base client" by selling a share in his honour price, making his lord entitled to part of any compensation due him. The lord could make him a smaller grant of land or livestock, for which the client paid rent in produce and manual labour. A man could be a base client to

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Others might be of less than full status, based on age or origin. The status of children was based on their parents, and they could not act independently. The rights of sons increased with age, but they did not fully increase until after the death of the father. A young son just out on his own was

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The most voluminous legal material written after the 8th century takes the form of notes upon that earlier material. There have been numerous questions about the degree to which such glossators understood the material they worked on. It is also possible that in some cases jurists used the earlier

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These two texts, "The Regulation of Noble Fief" and "Regulation of Base Clientship", deal with the structure of lord client relations. These two tracts regulate the circumstances of entering into clientship as well as setting forth what goods and services were given by the lord in return for what

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an assistant and charioteer to Saint Patrick and then continued to recite the rest of the law leaving unaltered those laws acceptable to God and altering those that were not. This case is also given as the reason why Brehon law did not favour capital punishment. Although it states numerous times

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The use and application of maxims is clearly a location where the principles of Irish law could be recorded. Any number of maxims may be found within the Early Irish Laws and perhaps the reason why we are unable to derive a coherent theory of law from them is that there are a great many different

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also goes into the importance of keeping a proper environment for the victim during his sick-maintenances. Largely this means that anything that might cause loud noise was prohibited in the vicinity. This included fights by men as well as by dogs, the playing of games and even the disciplining of

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descent. It has sometimes been assumed that the patriarchal elements of the law are the result of influence by canon law or continental practice displacing an older, more egalitarian ancient Celtic tradition, but this is based mainly on conjecture and there is little hard evidence to support such

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is a collection of "Heptads" or collections of seven related rules (although in some cases there are more than seven). This tract actually has no single theme, rather it is useful for what it can say about various aspects of Brehon law. The tract includes sixty-five heptads, although more appear

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children, so any recognised, even those of concubines, received a portion. On the other hand, disobedient sons were automatically excluded. In addition, adopted children could receive a portion of kin land, though status as an inheritor and the inheritance amount had to be explicitly stipulated.

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The "Primer of Stipulations" is a text on the status of poets. It includes information on compensation based on status, but it also includes information about the poetic craft such as the number of type of positions one must have to be a certain grade. It also describes the difference between a

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While the murderer of Patrick's assistant was killed and immediately sent to heaven because he was forgiven by Patrick, future murderers were to be pardoned as Patrick would not be around to assure their forgiveness and ascent to heaven, but also states "as long as they do not relapse into Evil

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Finally, if a man died with no children, the property was distributed between his nearest kin—first the descendants of his father, and if there were no such descendants, then between the descendants of his grandfather, and so on. Any extra land that daughters could not inherit because of female

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describes that the wound was measured according to how many grains of a certain plant fit in the wound. The higher the status one was, the smaller the grain used. Thus, there are nine grains mentioned in the text, from a grain of wheat to a bean. If the wound did not heal, and thus the physical

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to the time of St. Patrick while scholars have been able to determine that it was collected during the 8th century, at least three centuries after the time of St. Patrick. Some of the ideas in the tale may be correct, and it has been suggested by modern historians that the Irish jurists were an

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The ranking of lay grades has been seen by many scholars as rather schematic and not reflecting realities on the ground. Some of the texts give considerable detail on diet, tools owned, the number of livestock, and even the size of the house a person of a given status had. Modern scholars have

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has the names of many kings attached to it who apparently enacted and enforced the law. Additionally, a king could issue a temporary law in times of emergency. But kings could not, by their own authority, issue permanent law codes. Kings also acted as judges, although the extent of their power

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The early Irish laws are devoid of a state-centred enforcement mechanism and at least some of the judges were outside the state apparatus. This did not mean that the laws were ineffective, rather the methods of enforcement of legal procedures worked in such a way to fit with the conditions of

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Status in early Ireland was not entirely rigid and it was possible for a family to raise its status. If three consecutive generations—grandfather, father, and son—had the property qualifications of a lord, or the poetic qualifications of a higher level poet, etc., then the member of the third

2420:("Small primer") is a text on status and has the greatest breadth in coverage, including not only commoners, kings, churchmen and poets, but also a variety of other professional groups, including judges. It does not go into as much detail for each group and level as do other status tracts. 1957:

law and the Bible, scholars who hold this position ask how any non-Clerics could have been sufficiently literate at this period to create the texts. Other scholars, known as nativists, have asked how the differences could arise if the authors of canon and secular law were indeed the same.

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The origin of this particular legal provision is as unclear as the rest of Irish law. The so-called "Pseudo-Historical Prologue to the Senchas Már", a late introduction to the main collection of Irish law, makes a claim on how this came about. It declares that prior to the coming of

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that was quantified in an honour-price to be paid to them if their honour was violated by certain crimes. The types of food one received as a guest in another's house, or while being cared for due to injury varied based on status. Lower honour prices limited the ability to act as

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mentions some of what each individual is entitled to while being nursed according to his rank, it also mentions that the practice was no longer in use, and instead, an additional fine encompassed the same provisions the injurer would have had to pay for under sick maintenance.

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On account of the structure of early Irish society, all law was essentially civil and offenders had to answer only to the victim or the victim's representative. This is important to point out, as in case of serious injury it is in stark contrast to most modern legal systems.

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While scholars have discovered a fair amount of information about how Irish Kingship worked, relatively little is actually related to early Irish laws. In particular, very little material survives regarding succession practices, which have been reconstructed as the system of

2268:"Bee-Judgments" and "Kinship of Conducted Water" are two tracts some scholars believe were written by the same author. These two tracts both present legal information about a relatively new animal and technological introductions to Irish law from elsewhere in Europe, 1668:. This is a concept apparently borrowed from, or at least akin with, European legal theory, and reflects a type of law that is universal and may be determined by reason and observation of natural action. Neil McLeod identifies concepts that law must accord with: 568:, the world had numerous problems before the creation of that text. Among those problems was that everyone was in a state of equality. Unequal status was of great import to early Irish Christian society and it is recorded in many places in the early Irish laws. 1573:

laws were entirely in the hands of the jurists. As such, some early scholars felt that the legal system was essentially unchanging and archaic. More recently scholars have noticed that some methods of change were laid out within the Brehon laws. In particular,

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There are some hints that this only happened if a younger son challenged a division. The normal practice was that the eldest son both divided and chose first, but had to divide equally. More rarely, a father might divide the land for his sons in his lifetime.

2153:. It has appeared necessary to devote some space to this subject, inasmuch as that usually acute writer Sir Henry Maine has accepted the word " tenure " in its modern interpretation, and has built up a theory under which the Irish chief " developed " into a 1178:

for a limited time after the cessation of hostilities, although the details are unclear. A poet who had the skill and training of a rank, but not the proper familial qualifications received half the honour price that his skill and training otherwise earned.

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regional rivalries as a unified system." Even so, close examination has revealed some variations. Among these one can especially point to variations both in style and content between two of the major legal schools, as they are known: those that produced the

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is a surety who became a hostage in the case of a default. Once the hostage was in captivity, the debtor had ten days to pay the debt to have the hostage released. If the hostage was not released by then, expenses to the debtor could become exorbitant. The

202:, whose speech was "dark" and incomprehensible, to the keeping of each group who had an interest in it. The story is extremely dubious as not only is it written many centuries after the events it depicts, but it also incorrectly dates the collection of the 909:, and higher kings had yet a higher status. Having the highest status, the king especially was expected to be careful to keep his honour. Cowardice, as demonstrated in flight from battle, as well as taking up manual labour might cost him his honour-price. 2068:

that the death penalty was an option in numerous cases, including failing to intervene in a murder or attempted murder, the legal killing of trespassers and the death of criminals who violated various other sections of the law in Heptad XXXV in Vol. IV.

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states "Who is nobler, the king or the bishop? The bishop is nobler, for the king rises up before him on account of the Faith; moreover, the bishop raises his knee before the king." This relative ranking is reflected elsewhere. In addition, according to

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Early Ireland has the distinction of being one of the first areas to shun capital punishment. While a murderer might be killed for his/her crime, this was the option of last resort. Instead, the murderer typically had to pay two fines. One is the fixed

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law was produced in the vernacular language by a group of professional jurists. The exact relationship of those jurists to the church is subject to considerable debate. Brehon law at times was at odds with and at times influenced by Irish canon law.

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While most of the legal tracts were composed during the 7th and 8th centuries, there were some independent tracts, as well as a significant amount of glossing and commentary, often written within a century of when some of the tracts were composed.

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code, concerned with the payment of compensation for harm done and the regulation of property, inheritance and contracts; the concept of state-administered punishment for crime was foreign to Ireland's early jurists. They show Ireland in the early

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These grades are generally equated with the seven grades of clerics, although there is some discrepancy as to how the grades line up, with various texts doing it in different ways and selecting only certain lay grades and ignoring others.

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A number of other texts have not been grouped together as coming from either the same author or from the same school. This doesn't mean no affiliation for authors of other texts exists, only that scholars have not been able to find them.

1088:, etc., who did not have the proper qualifications, did not have that status. The grandson of a person with a certain status could have that status themselves, assuming they had the proper qualifications, even if their father did not. 515:

him. Although it might have been possible to proceed against the king as against any other, the laws also had an innovative solution to this quandary. Instead of enforcing against the king directly, a dependent of the king known as an

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The Irish law texts describe a highly segmented world, in which each person had a set status that determined what legal tasks they could undertake and what recompense they could receive when a crime was committed against them.

2486:, deals with when contracts are binding and when they are not. The first section deals with general rules regarding when contracts are binding, including an analogy to the fact that Adam's trade of an apple for access to the 156:

period to have been a hierarchical society, taking great care to define social status, and the rights and duties that went with it, according to property, and the relationships between lords and their clients and serfs.

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material for a legitimate method of explaining how the law had come to work. This material takes two main forms: glossing between the lines of a text, and mini texts that begin with a quote from earlier legal material.

1392:. It is unclear how often capital punishment was carried out in situations where it would be licit without any records other than the legal tracts. It is clear that that punishment could be avoided in most cases. 238:

as a method of shaming a wrongdoer to recover a debt, or to demand the righting of a wrong. Other legal institutions prominent in early Irish law but foreign to most contemporary legal systems, such as the use of

192:, the Saint supervised the mixing of native Irish law and the law of the church. A representative of every group came and recited the laws related to that group, and they were written down and collected into the 2768:

effectively outlawed Brehon Law. In one exceptional case, vestigial rights have been recognised in recent Irish case law, in reference to the survival of Brehon law-governed customary local fishery rights in

3401:, p. 25, 'Marriage Laws in the Early Middle Ages.' Historian Bart Jaski compares the earlier Pagan marriage law to early Roman 'manus' marriage, implying an improvement in the status of Irish women over time. 1816:

in contracts worth more than his honour-price, though it was possible that one might act as a ráth for only part of a contract, in which case they were responsible for payment only up to their honour-price.

2457:"Branched Purchase" is the title of what is perhaps the most well-known tract on status and certainly the most accessible, as a modern printed edition (though not a translation) has been published by the 1030:

Other professions could give status based on the profession and the skill, but no professions besides poets could have a status as high as the bishop, king, or highest poet. For instance, in one text the

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puts the lector in a third position. The seven grades are subsumed into the Irish law of status, but it is unclear to what degree they conformed to all of the various status stipulations. According to

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In the centuries that followed, a cultural and military "Gaelic revival" eventually came to cover the larger portion of the island. The majority of Norman barons eventually adopted Irish culture and

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A fair amount of the material on kings relates to their position within the Irish laws of status, which see, of which the king is ranked at the top, parallel with the Bishops and the highest level of

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legal texts. On the other hand, this is not regarded as unquestionable evidence that the practices described by such terms are unchanged or even have their origins in the same period as do the terms.

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was likely, or it would be clear that the patient was in danger. If the first was the case, the injurer had to face punishment for murder, and in the second he had to pay a heavy fine called a

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had to open his house to any guests. This included feeding them, no matter how large the group—he could lose his status if he ever refused a guest. Because of that stipulation, the position of

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At the same time, it is clear that the two legal systems have borrowed from each other. Much Latin terminology has entered into Old Irish and into the legal system, such as a type of witness

715:, the seven grades of the church are the basis for the theoretical seven lay and poetic grades (see below). At the same time it is clear that the number seven is an insular invention, in the 1496:

whereby each of the sons received equal portions, and any grandsons whose father predeceased their grandfather equally split their father's portion. When the Normans entered Ireland and saw

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In addition, there were ways that, in an extraordinary circumstance, an individual could achieve higher status without having parents with such qualifications. Someone who chose to become a

182:, or judges, guided entirely by an oral tradition. Some of these laws were recorded in writing by Christian clerics. The earliest theory to be recorded is contained in the Prologue to the 747:

Irish law recognised a number of classes, from unfree to king, which were ranked within the status tracts. Little space was given to the unfree, which reflects the lack of dependence upon

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in parallel with English law. Early Irish law was often mixed with Christian influence and juristic innovation. These secular laws existed in parallel, and occasionally in conflict, with

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Another situation where the murderer could be killed was when the murderer was at large and the fines had not been paid. The victim's family apparently was responsible to launch a blood

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professionals could similarly be difficult. On the other hand, a number of persons could cause difficulty to the people maintaining the victim. Such troublesome individuals included the

331:

church law, women were still largely subject to their fathers or husbands and were not normally permitted to act as witnesses, their testimony being considered "biased and dishonest".

761:, became a broader currency term. As unfree, slaves could not be legal agents either for themselves or others. In addition to the wholly unfree, a few individuals were semi-free. The 1751:

s responsibility to attempt to make the contractor pay. If he does not act or does not put in sufficient effort he loses his honour price. In attempting to extract payment, the

362:. Likewise, the laws only once mention the practice of individuals being ineligible for kingship if they are blemished (a practice more widely evident elsewhere, especially in 1140:(hospitaller) could have twice the normal property qualifications of a lord of whatever grade (and this can extend, in theory, up to the qualifications of a king). Further, a 1550:

The potential for inheritance by even distant kin meant that, in Early Irish law, those kin all had some sort of right in the land. Land that had been inherited was known as

903:, but his prime claim to higher status was that he would one day be king. Kings held the highest status that the laws describe. The basic king had an honour price of seven 2149:

These arrangements did not in any way affect that which we understand by the word " tenure", that is, a man's farm, but they related solely to cattle, which we consider a

1706:

were the prime enforcers in early Irish law. They were not government officials, but rather sureties who were appointed to enforce a contract or other legal relationship.

2580:

afterwards. The text deals with how a court case should proceed based on the substance of the intended argument. It is not clear what distinctions are made in this text.

845:

Above these are a series of lords who apparently had clients of their own—the primary factor in lordship—as well as more property and a higher honour price. According to

2120: 1127:, these individuals had status in between a commoner and a full lord. In the case of poets, a poet with skill qualifications but who did not have proper training was a 4794: 1936:

There are a number of places where it is clear that law was borrowed in one direction or another. Large sections on the Church have been translated wholesale from the

3353: 1977: 1071:). Finally, a few professions received only meagre ranks, as with the lowest poets, and the authors may be actively making fun of some of the professions, such as 1091:

This created an interesting in-between stage. A commoner who had the property qualifications but not the parentage to become a lord is variously referred to as a

1804:

could mean a financial loss that might not be repaid, the law tracts apparently see the position as dangerous, as one of three "dark things of the world." The

2704:

in 1172, which required single marriages to partners that were not closely related, and exempted clergy from paying their share of a family's eraic payments.

923:

contains the fee a client paid to a lord, according to rank from the lowest free man through the noble ranks, even though no noble would be another's client.

1542:

inheritance limits also went to the wider kin. The head of a kin group was entitled to extra property since he was liable for debts a kinsman could not pay.

5176:

Senchus Mor Part II. Law of Distress (completed) ; Laws of Hostage-Sureties, Fosterage, Saer-Stock Tenure, Daer-Stock Tenure, and of Social Connexions

2075:

There is no reason to think that the events described actually occurred although they do provide insight into how the Brehons thought about their own law.

1421:(bright-kin)—descendants of a common grandfather (including the grandfather's relationships to his descendants and his children). This is followed by the 4524:, vol. 1: 90.33 – 93.30; vol. 2: 520.1 – 536.27; vol. 3: 903.37 – 905.5; 411–1479; vol. 5: 1812.33 – 1821.27; vol. 6: 2045.37 – 2046.28, 2045.37 – 2046.28 2464:

In addition to the main text, a poem immediately follows in the manuscript, but there has been debate as to whether this is actually a part of the tract.

2326:

only survives as a fragment. These tracts give us most of our knowledge on the law regarding injury, while a few other tracts cover specific situations.

2276:. Hence they show the Brehons adapting to new legal challenges. In particular, this is one area where it is possible to see a legal analogy in action. 1269: 324:

was also supported, and regulated with complex codes. Later it was justified by reference to the Old Testament although church authorities opposed it.

1833:

had to pay his own ransom by paying his body price, which was expensive, and the debtor had to pay twice that fee plus the surety's honour price. The

5125: 401: 524:

Finally, the laws commented on how the king was to arrange his life and holdings and how many individuals should be in his retinue. In particular,

250:

In one area, scholars have found material that is clearly old. A number of legal terms have been shown to have originated in the period before the

2700:. Following the Norman invasion (from 1171), areas under Anglo-Norman control were subject to English law. One of the first changes came with the 5329: 4894:

Six Volumes: Vol. I: Introduction + pages 1–337; Vol. II: 339–744; Vol. III: 745–1138; Vol. IV: 1139–1531; Vol. V: 1532–1925; Vol. VI: 1926–2343.

4360:, (1990) number 19 and Kim McCone, "Dubthach maccu Lugair and a Matter of Life and Death in the Pseudohistorical Prologue to the Senchas Már" in 2029:

The text has been arranged into thirds; three was apparently an important number to the Irish. A number of laws were grouped into threes, called

318:

in compensation and could, if she wished, divorce him. The property of a household could not be disposed of without the consent of both spouses.

739:

the ranking of the lay grades was modeled after the ecclesiastical grades in that there should be seven grades, a number rarely met perfectly.

198:, excepting that any law that conflicted with church law was replaced. The story also tells how the law transitioned from the keeping of the 350:

tract on status was apparently devoted to succession, although little survives. Most early material on succession was collected by Domhnal

2592:. What exists are a few brief references in a number of texts, both legal and non-legal, which reference the laws in action. For instance 2737:, married in with the native Irish, and adopted Irish legal custom. By the 15th century, in the areas outside of the English controlled 1187:

A member of the property-owning classes could advance himself by becoming a "free client" of a more powerful lord, somewhat akin to the

1810:, like other sureties, were paid a fee when hired, which potentially made up for the risk they undertook. A person could not act as a 1524:. In a case where there are no sons, some of the law tracts allow the daughter to inherit a limited portion. Unless her husband was a 2832: 2320:. The first two deal with the practice of sick maintenance (see above) and the third deals with payments for injuries. Unfortunately 2016:

and commentary in later manuscripts. Moreover, one of the few examples of Old Irish glossing has been given to the various texts of

1761:

the contractor's property, imprison or even violently attack the contractor. Apparently, as with witnessing, someone could not be a

1613: 1047:

was based on his skill and whether he knew all three components of law (here: traditional law, poetry, and canon law), or fewer. A

441: 2201:

two who are mentally incompetent. The text then goes on to deal with common property as well as how it is divided upon divorce.

5379: 3308: 2719: 1268:

If it seemed that the patient would recover but still needed nursing, the injurer was responsible for that. This was known as

5029: 5002: 2458: 1680:(right or entitlement). These two terms occur frequently, though Irish law never strictly defines them. Similarly, the term 128:

of 1169, but underwent a resurgence from the 13th until the 17th century, over the majority of the island, and survived into

4798: 5883: 3361: 2000:

A number of the legal texts may be categorised together on account of related authorship. The largest such grouping is the

3216:

Indo-European and Indo-Europeans: Papers Presented at the Third Indo-European Conference at the University of Pennsylvania

1538:

kin group. There was apparently pressure for a woman with land to marry a relative to keep the land within the kin group.

1786:

had to pay the debt from his own property. He could then attempt to extract the money from the contract. Assumedly, the

1241:, "blood-lying of death." If the victim had recovered but his wound was still present, it was measured and a fine paid. 475:

To a certain degree, kings acted as agents of the law. While other kings in Europe were able to promulgate law, such as

5058: 4984: 4778: 3223: 129: 2752:

Nevertheless, the Brehon Laws could never be adopted on an official basis by the English-controlled government of the

2524: 1161: 5165:

Senchus Mor. Introduction to Senchus Mor, and Athgabail; or, Law of Distress, as contained in the Harleian Manuscript

4878: 2667: 2141:

which had been called "tenure" had led to the false impression that the early Irish had already evolved or developed

2064: 2045:

A few specific texts may be usefully mentioned here. The Pseudo-Historical Prologue was not an original part of the

1624:(scriptural testimony)). It has not yet been studied in detail how exactly these three innovative methods were used. 170:. The oldest surviving law tracts were first written down in the seventh century and compiled in the eighth century. 81: 4411: 3028: 2874:

in about 1619. It is probable that it was the last operative in Lewis by about 1595 or so. See the later history of

2649: 63: 5962: 3941: 2972: 2641: 2576:(the Five Paths of Judgment) was originally written during the earliest period but received a number of subsequent 2383:

These two texts, the "First Judgment of Privileged Ones" and the "Final Judgment of Privileged Ones" are the later

1727:) refers to a surety who is expected to enforce payment from the contractor. Apparently, in standard contracts two 1061:

could achieve, and the honour price apparently did not vary based on skill. Other professionals, such as makers of

1051:

who worked with wood could have similar honour prices but these were based on his craftsmanship. A physician and a

137: 133: 125: 121: 5301: 1618:, a type of legal verse jurists were trained to create to mark a statement made by someone who knows the law and 1504:, the Jute inheritance in Kent to which it seemed similar. Early Irish law typically did not distinguish between 1004:

In addition to the seven main ranks, variously named ranks below these seem to be names for unskilled poets, the

1520:

While a daughter with brothers did not normally receive a portion of the inheritance in land, she could inherit

5010: 4965: 4916: 3183: 2645: 1745:

might also refer to the "binding" of a contract. If the contractor whom he is appointed for defaults it is the

48: 2800:, two cornerstones of the Brehon Laws, to be specifically outlawed in 1600. The extension of English law into 1859:

A number of law tracts that originated from the church were written in Old Irish. The most famous of these is

1534:

and had no land of his own, the land did not descend to her sons but instead went to the other members of her

1041:

had three ranks, and the highest was given an honour price only halfway up the other scales. The ranking of a

5758: 3442: 2956: 2952: 2718:

within his empire, and started to centralise the administration of justice and abolish local customary laws.

1883: 5101: 5091: 3269: 3059: 726:

Although the various groups were theoretically on par with each other, the church apparently had supremacy.

226:, the laws were held to be conservative and useful primarily for reconstructing the laws and customs of the 5354: 2789: 2570:

deals with extracting fines from a killer and dividing a dead man's property. Additionally, the legal text

530:

gives a highly schematized and unrealistic account of how the king spends his week: Sunday is for drinking

366:). That mention is only incidental to a regulation on the compensation for bee stings when the legal tract 231: 2345:, scholars have detected a few other legal schools that produced texts. The next most fully formed is the 2947:, which was still under the rule of native kings. It came into being in the late 13th century, when King 1303:

the victim's duties while he was incapacitated. He also had to pay a fine for the missed opportunity for

1131:. According to Breatnach poets who were not allied with the church were given this rank for that reason. 1580:

mentions five bases on which a judge must base judgment, and at least three offer some room for change:

483:, Irish kings had very little authority to do so. They could collaborate on law authored by the church. 5657: 5494: 5490: 2697: 812:

is a recent offshoot of the latter, who had less property but was still a freeman. In addition are the

17: 5829: 2831:) of Uig in Lewis, and Sliochd a' Bhreitheimh, later Morrison) continued to hold office as hereditary 2715: 789:

normally had a low status, as status was based not only on property but also on familial connections.

5799: 4452: 2982: 2785: 2562:

While the majority of legal texts were written before the 9th century, a few were written later. The

1188: 1415:, based on a belief that there was a common male ancestor. The closest kin group that is defined is 5957: 5559: 2871: 2630: 2598:

mentions the case of a king who lost his throne because he was blinded by a bee. Additionally, the

2129: 917:

generally assumed such details rarely match exactly what someone of a given rank had. In addition,

105:, was later occupied by the MacEgan juristic family and served as a school of Irish law under them. 5864: 5824: 3939:

Baumgarten 1985. It should be mentioned that the translation of the last name is uncertain in the

5456: 5389: 5374: 3339: 2634: 2060: 1505: 1022:

Their honour prices are no more than a pittance, and their poetry is apparently painful to hear.

59: 4935:

Baumgarten, Rolf (1985). "The Kindred Metaphors in 'Bechbretha' and 'Coibnes Uisci Thairidne'".

4840: 4672:, where it is misleadingly termed the Crith Gablach, and the translation attributed to D.Binchy. 1252:

to a greater share of the fine—one half. Similarly, if the wound is one of "the seven principal

632:) although their position in Ireland has been shaped by local thinking. The grades are given in 612:

and as witnesses. Those of higher status could "over-swear" the oaths of those of lower status.

5780: 5652: 5486: 5399: 5339: 4669: 3080: 2828: 2824: 2606:

refers to the case of a man who killed another and the subsequent punishment he was to endure.

2177:

relate solely to what we now call chattels, and did not in any way affect what we now call the

2056: 1982:

and a few texts left out of that work made it into another book intended as a companion to the

590:

landholders, the latter of which also briefly covers the status of skilled individuals and of

554:, and Saturday is for judging (a different word from Monday, but the distinction is unclear). 5809: 5529: 5467: 5273: 2911: 2907: 2850: 2765: 2357:

school, named after two of the texts it produced. This school, which has been referred to as

1493: 354:

in the 16th century. Another seemingly important omission is that the laws never mention the

5849: 5534: 3175: 3168: 897:, who was supposed to be heir to the throne. He had higher property qualifications than the 5913: 5834: 5645: 5640: 5394: 5369: 5334: 5186:

Senchus Mor (conclusion), being the Corus Bescna, or Customary Law. and The Book of Aichill

4093: 3207: 2797: 2761: 2722:

was assigned large parts of Leinster in 1170 under the Brehon law by his new father-in-law

1497: 1487: 1319:

It is clear from the law tracts that the practice of Sick Maintenance was being discarded.

1172:(lord of violence). Such a person helped individuals to avenge deaths committed in another 773:

had no independent status or land of his own, but could at least leave as he might desire.

355: 328: 227: 3331: 939:(poets). Each poetic rank corresponds to a particular lay (and ecclesiastical) rank, from 8: 5672: 5554: 5477: 5409: 5364: 5294: 5263: 4227:

Breatnach, Liam (1984). "Canon law and secular law in early Ireland: the significance of

2948: 2928: 2922: 2906:(early 16th century). They are also the underlying principles seen in such Irish saga as 2805: 2757: 2753: 2711: 2707: 2161:

to warrant this theory of social Darwinism, and believe further study will show that the

657: 55: 5524: 5214: 5204: 5908: 5819: 5569: 5080: 4479: 4442: 4434: 3148: 3104: 2013: 1862: 1152:

was potentially ruinous, and this outcome is portrayed in a number of tales such as in

547: 486: 302: 3495:, p. 207 quoting and translating Binchy 1978, p. 45, line 3, and p. 1421, line 30 1933:. The latter also suggests more substantive borrowing from Brehon Law into canon law. 234:. For instance, historians have seen similarities between Irish and Indian customs of 117: 5879: 5519: 5482: 5054: 5025: 5006: 4980: 4961: 4912: 4874: 4774: 4446: 4248: 3300: 3219: 3179: 3152: 2960: 2723: 2269: 2150: 1227:" goes into considerable detail in describing the fines based on the location of the 5194: 5184: 5163: 4647:

Binchy 1979. The only reliable translation of the text is Mac Neill 1923 pp. 265–316

3085: 5859: 5804: 5599: 5359: 4944: 4426: 4240: 3140: 3135: 2134: 1521: 1048: 476: 251: 210: 5424: 3030:

Ancient Laws of Ireland: Din tectugad and Certain Other Selected Brehon Law Tracts

755:. The laws discuss slaves, both male and female, and the term for a female slave, 5894: 5854: 5662: 5615: 5578: 5498: 5450: 5349: 5174: 4766: 2936: 2836: 2727: 2701: 2681: 2362: 2310: 1888:(Irish Collection of Canons), than with Vernacular Church law. Brehon law allows 1569:

Ireland had no regular central authority capable of making new law and hence the

1224: 1084:

generation became a lord. On the other hand, the son or grandson of a lord, or a

363: 5725: 373: 5936: 5814: 5696: 5605: 5544: 5509: 5462: 5414: 5404: 5324: 5287: 3211: 3203: 2959:. Since the two areas were often intermingled in the border regions, as in the 2944: 2891: 2887: 2816: 2734: 2685: 2487: 2415: 2178: 1513: 1248:

blemish was a problem for the victim's honour, further payments were required.

1214: 716: 635: 581: 259: 98: 5744: 5729: 5156:, on behalf of the Brehon Law Commission, edited by W.N. Hancock, T. O'Mahony 4902:. Early Irish law. Vol. 1. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1639:

that "no-one is obliged to give something to another for nothing" and that in

5951: 5918: 5898: 5775: 5684: 5610: 5472: 5269: 5068: 4252: 3423: 2927:

March law was a set of laws and customs obtaining in the border areas of the

2895: 2875: 2820: 2477: 2052: 1893: 1597: 235: 209:

offshoot from the poetic class that had preserved the laws. According to the

5712: 2943:, which was the portion of Ireland ruled directly by the English crown, and 1055:, among other ranks, had an even lower honour price—less than half what the 458: 5902: 5844: 5592: 5539: 5245: 4994: 4080:

D.A. Binchy, "Linguistic and Historical Value of the Irish Law Tracts", in

3199: 3130: 3083:(1994). "An Edition of the Pseudo-historical Prologue to the Senchas Már". 2756:, although some modernised concepts have been readopted in the laws of the 2691: 2563: 2550: 2529: 2154: 2034: 1257: 752: 720: 629: 625: 551: 359: 351: 223: 161: 148: 5752: 5721: 5688: 5344: 4820: 836:("land man"). Either of the last, according to Binchy, may be the "normal 492:

compared to that of professional jurists has been debated. One law tract,

5702: 5692: 5632: 5504: 5235: 5111:

Power, Patrick C. (1976). "Sex and Marriage in Ancient Ireland", Mercier.

5071:(17 December 1923). "Ancient Irish Law: the law of status or franchise". 4948: 4866: 4773:. Translated by Sharpe, Richard. National Geographic Books. p. 189. 3202:(1971). "Celtic Suretyship, a Fossilized Indo-European Institution?". In 3144: 2932: 2142: 1971: 1967: 1665: 1607: 1587: 1525: 1397: 1304: 1253: 621: 315: 189: 144: 5084: 4637:

The Road to Judgment: From Custom to Court in Medieval Ireland and Wales

4244: 3468: 3399:

The Fragility of Her Sex: Medieval Irish Women in their European Context

2279: 767:(hereditary serf) was bound to work the land of his master, whereas the 5384: 5128:(2007). "The poetic Brehon lawyers of early sixteenth-century Ireland" 4911:. Early Irish Law. Vol. 4. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 4438: 2903: 2778: 2770: 2730:

could claim a continuous title that just predated the Lordship itself.

2158: 2063:, who then gave judgment on a particular case regarding the killing of 1633:

topics. Some do seem to represent a legal theory, such as the maxim in

1052: 677: 620:

In part, the seven ecclesiastical grades originate outside Ireland (as

587: 120:

meaning judge), comprised the statutes which governed everyday life in

1868: 1441:(end-kin), all of which contain the old Irish word for kin or family, 383:. Three levels of kings are referred to in the status tracts, such as 5839: 5748: 5680: 5585: 5419: 2977: 2812: 2577: 2273: 2138: 2088: 1896:) and divorce, among other actions that canon law expressly forbids. 1758: 1501: 1435:(after-kin)—descendants of a common great-great-grandfather, and the 480: 255: 5514: 4430: 2745:, and some notable areas of joint tradition in northern and eastern 2619: 801: 66:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 5039: 4747: 4279: 2940: 2881: 2793: 2774: 2738: 2589: 1889: 1872:

for instance, it uses capital punishment, which Brehon law avoids.

1424: 667: 537: 507:

cases, and in some cases, the professional jurists took that role.

341: 321: 153: 5706: 5549: 2368: 1349: 1166:. A commoner might also ascend to the status of a lord if he is a 409: 4847:, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 2002 ), retrieved 2016-03-28. 2746: 2603: 2023: 1412: 1361: 1065:

or engravers, had still lower honour prices (less than that of a

1062: 719:

there were normally five or six grades (sometimes more), and the

455:(the ultimate king of every individual) who is known also as the 310: 293: 102: 94: 2361:, apparently was located in Munster, based on references to the 5735: 5717: 2899: 2801: 2742: 2680:

The first attempt to encroach on Brehon law in Ireland came in

2384: 1930: 1880:

More contradictions exist with Latin Canon Law, such as in the

1847: 1703: 1570: 1535: 1409: 1371: 1334: 1032: 931:

Paralleling the status of the lay grades are the grades of the

687: 647: 609: 604: 591: 501: 240: 179: 4330:

Neil McLeod "A True Companion to the Corpus Iuris Hibernici",

178:

Early Irish law consisted of the accumulated decisions of the

5889: 5740: 5440: 5310: 5116:

Gaelic military history and the later Brehon law commentaries

4650: 4605: 4196: 4053: 2811:

Elements of Brehon law operated in dwindling remnants in the

2599: 1867:, which was apparently created in 697 under the influence of 1340: 1228: 990: 748: 543: 4367: 3640: 2963:, the applicability and content of march law varied widely. 1842: 466: 449: 426: 417: 392: 5206:

Uraicecht Becc and Certain other selected Brehon Law Tracts

5040:"From Brouhahas to Brehon Laws: Poetic Impulse in the Law" 4264: 4262: 3443:"Polygyny and Multiple Marriages in Later Medieval Ireland" 3237: 3235: 2870:

The last Morrison to exercise the office was put down with

2513: 2507: 1389: 1128: 1085: 1072: 934: 380: 199: 188:. According to that text, after a difficult case involving 5196:

Din Techtugao and Certain other selected Brehon Law Tracts

3615: 3555: 3342:

from the original on 22 December 2021 – via YouTube.

2726:

that were then regranted by Henry. Landowners such as the

1951: 1337:

and women likely to cause trouble for those nursing them.

4711: 4593: 4569: 4539: 3170:

Erin's blood royal: the Gaelic noble dynasties of Ireland

1429:(certain-kin)—descendants of a common great-grandfather, 531: 398:, (the king of peaks) who is identified elsewhere as the 5279: 4312: 4300: 4259: 4184: 4172: 4148: 4102: 3996: 3921: 3839: 3742: 3232: 2387:

names of two texts are written primarily in the obscure

376:, who was deposed on account of being blinded by a bee. 4977:

Uraicecht na Ríar: the poetic grades in early Irish law

4890:

Corpus iuris Hibernici: ad fidem codicum manuscriptorum

3869: 3867: 3829: 3827: 3730: 3593: 3591: 3252: 3250: 2253: 603:

Much depended on status, and each rank was assigned an

4687: 4490: 3984: 3960: 3790: 3709: 3676: 3567: 3543: 3524: 3522: 2528:

Ruins of the O'Davoren law school at Cahermacnaghten,

2314:

are three contiguous tracts in the final third of the

4898:

Charles-Edwards, Thomas; Kelly, Fergus, eds. (1983).

4735: 4723: 4699: 4617: 4581: 2890:

series of historical (7th century AD) crime books by

2172: 2164: 2012:

tracts have been subjected to the greatest amount of

1798:

was unable to make the debtor pay. Since acting as a

4897: 4753: 4527: 4379: 4160: 4114: 4098:

Dark Speech: the Performance of Law in Early Ireland

3909: 3888: 3864: 3824: 3688: 3588: 3280: 3247: 4391: 3972: 3948: 3766: 3754: 3664: 3652: 3519: 3507: 3404: 3042: 3040: 2100: 1453:is, by far, the kin-group most commonly mentioned. 4502: 4297:Charles-Edwards and Kelly 1983, pp. 27 and forward 3633:Binchy 1979 line 604–606. Partially translated by 3167: 1472:particularly heinous crime in early Irish law was 1408:Early Irish law recognised a number of degrees of 160:The secular legal texts of Ireland were edited by 5226:Thurneysen, Rudolf; Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (eds.), 5073:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C 4900:Bechbretha: an Old Irish law-tract on bee-keeping 4134:The Concept of Law in Ancient Irish Jurisprudence 1715:Three types of sureties appear in Irish law. The 5949: 4222: 4220: 3037: 2882:Fictional references and Ulster cycle of legends 2588:Early Irish Law is almost completely lacking in 1767:to a contract worth more than his honour-price. 1456:The leader of the kin group was known either as 534:, Monday is for judging, Tuesday is for playing 5330:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups 5225: 5144: 4765: 2137:, was commenting on how a system for borrowing 1917:also borrows terms found in Brehon law such as 1658:Early Irish law mentions in a number of places 423:(the king of bands) who is identified with the 3119:– via CELT (Corpus of Electronic Texts). 1564: 1512:The division of land is somewhat obscure. One 222:For some time, especially through the work of 5295: 4566:Charles-Edwards and Kelly 1983, p. 32 forward 4217: 2749:, Brehon law became the de facto legal writ. 2609: 2532:, which was occupied in the later Middle Ages 2055:is supposed to have blessed the mouth of the 2040: 594:. Other texts describe other groups, such as 254:split up, because they are preserved both in 4834: 4419:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 3301:"Women in the Brehon Law – An Seanchas Beag" 2339:In addition to the school that produced the 2237:At the beginning of the second third of the 2130:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1231:, the severity, and in some cases the type. 4520:The text can be found in D.A. Binchy, ed., 4462: 4460: 3360:. Courts Service of Ireland. Archived from 3075: 3073: 3011: 3003: 2951:drained resources from Ireland to fund his 2840: 2689: 2648:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2593: 2571: 2505: 2495: 2468: 2449: 2433: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2388: 2375: 2369: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2330: 2321: 2315: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2260: 2254: 2245: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2214: 2205: 2192: 2170: 2162: 2107: 2101: 2092: 2079: 2078: 2046: 2017: 2007: 2001: 1992: 1983: 1975: 1943: 1937: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1881: 1860: 1834: 1828: 1821: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1771: 1762: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1707: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1659: 1640: 1634: 1619: 1611: 1601: 1591: 1581: 1575: 1551: 1529: 1473: 1463: 1457: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1422: 1416: 1376: 1365: 1355: 1347: 1327: 1320: 1310: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1260:the physician also received a greater fee. 1242: 1236: 1218: 1173: 1167: 1159: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1098: 1092: 1066: 1056: 1042: 1036: 1017: 1011: 1005: 996: 988: 982: 976: 970: 964: 958: 952: 946: 940: 932: 918: 904: 898: 892: 883: 877: 871: 865: 859: 852: 846: 837: 831: 825: 819: 813: 807: 799: 793: 792:There are two main ranks of commoners, the 784: 778: 768: 762: 756: 734: 727: 710: 703: 697: 691: 681: 671: 661: 651: 641: 633: 595: 579: 573: 563: 535: 525: 516: 499: 493: 484: 464: 456: 447: 439: 433: 424: 415: 407: 399: 390: 384: 367: 345: 300: 273: 267: 214: 203: 193: 183: 165: 5302: 5288: 5153:The Ancient Laws and Institutes of Ireland 4934: 4480:"Keltische talen en cultuur – Students UU" 4059: 2985:(15th century), Professor of Jurisprudence 2863:Dan Iain Ghobha: The poems of John Morison 1892:(albeit while citing the authority of the 1839:could enforce the debt to him by himself. 1341:Murder and avoidance of capital punishment 101:, County Tipperary, although built by the 4979:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 4974: 4958:A Companion to the Corpus Iuris Hibernici 4955: 4717: 4693: 4656: 4611: 4575: 4557:Charles-Edwards and Kelly 1983, pp. 27–28 4545: 4496: 4373: 4318: 4285: 4226: 3748: 3736: 3621: 3268: 3159: 3058: 2886:The Brehon laws play a large role in the 2668:Learn how and when to remove this message 2540: 2400:, who are a bishop, a poet, and a judge. 1843:Relationship to the church and church law 1739:) were appointed by each party. The word 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 5067: 4457: 3597: 3329: 3070: 2523: 2022:. These glosses were apparently made in 1854: 1256:," or if it causes constant vomiting or 824:of quality who had an honour-price of 5 615: 600:, which focuses on the status of poets. 230:just as linguists had reconstructed the 93: 5172: 4843:, "March Law", in S. J. Connolly, ed., 4412:"The History of Landholding in Ireland" 3440: 3298: 3133:(1975). "Irish History and Irish Law". 3026: 2804:became possible and led in part to the 2788:in the mid-16th century, ending in the 2554:help in understanding the oldest laws. 1952:Relationship of jurists with the church 1207: 806:("cow lord"), though Binchy thinks the 751:as opposed to other societies, such as 14: 5950: 5380:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 4887: 4865: 4466: 4409: 3198: 3129: 1360:, that is either a "body fine" or a " 586:are two of the main texts focusing on 314:was entitled to the equivalent of her 124:. They were partially eclipsed by the 27:Legal system of early medieval Ireland 5283: 5048: 5019: 4993: 4906: 4845:The Oxford Companion to Irish History 4821:"Cora Harrison, The Burren Mysteries" 4741: 4729: 4705: 4623: 4599: 4587: 4533: 4508: 4397: 4385: 4306: 4202: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4120: 4108: 4002: 3990: 3978: 3966: 3954: 3927: 3915: 3894: 3873: 3845: 3833: 3796: 3772: 3760: 3715: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3609: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3528: 3513: 3492: 3466: 3410: 3286: 3256: 3241: 3165: 3079: 3046: 2865:, cit. – Arch. Scot., Vol. V., p. 366 2557: 2459:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 2125:The History of Landholding in Ireland 1780:. Should the contractor default, the 1757:had a wide range of powers. He might 1545: 1213:injurer was responsible for paying a 562:According to the introduction to the 446:(overking), who in turn is below the 286: 5631: 5001:. Early Irish Law Series 3. Dublin: 3218:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2646:adding citations to reliable sources 2613: 2494: 2116:goods and services the client gave. 723:typically had eight or nine grades. 31: 5671: 5230:, Corpus of Electronic Texts (CELT) 5022:Early Irish Kingship and Succession 4795:"Brehon Law, Court Service Ireland" 4403: 4354:The two laws in Dubthach's judgment 3311:from the original on 16 August 2018 1263: 1078: 851:, each grade of lord increase by 5 247:leaves important scope for debate. 24: 5139:, 5th ed, Bloomsbury Professional. 3383:Duffy, Sean (ed.). "Brehon Laws". 2815:in the west of Ireland and in the 2432: 1689: 1198: 281: 25: 5974: 5264:The Brehon Laws: A Legal Handbook 5257: 5053:. Roundhall Sweet & Maxwell. 4358:Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 3385:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia 3382: 2568:The Distribution of Cró and Dibad 2403: 5932: 5931: 4813: 4787: 4759: 4754:Charles-Edwards & Kelly 1983 4675: 4662: 4641: 4629: 4560: 4551: 4514: 4472: 4343:Senchus Mor, Rolls ed. pp. 5–16. 3942:Dictionary of the Irish Language 3299:Unknown, Eoin (27 August 2017). 3274:Early Medieval Ireland, 400–1200 3064:Early Medieval Ireland, 400–1200 2973:Category:Customary legal systems 2773:, but these also amounted to an 2618: 2549:The 16th-century jurist Domnall 2467: 2448: 2365:and two monasteries in Munster. 2204: 1942:into a section of the Law tract 926: 891:After the normal lords were the 888:("lord of superior testimony"). 882:("lord of precedence"), and the 830:). The highest commoner was the 36: 5106:Early Medieval Ireland 400–1200 5096:Early Medieval Ireland 400–1200 4346: 4337: 4324: 4291: 4208: 4139: 4126: 4087: 4074: 4065: 4044: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3933: 3900: 3879: 3851: 3811: 3802: 3778: 3721: 3706:Binchy 1979, pp. 76–77, 101–102 3700: 3627: 3579: 3534: 3504:Jaski 2013, Appendices 1 and 2. 3498: 3486: 3460: 3434: 3416: 3391: 3376: 3346: 3323: 3292: 3262: 2827:(earlier, Clann mhic Amhlaigh ( 2823:. On Lewis, the chiefs of the 2191: 2033:—a practice also common in the 1559: 1506:"legitimate" and "illegitimate" 1025: 3192: 3123: 3097: 3052: 3020: 2995: 2935:. These regions were ruled by 2519: 2423: 2329: 2133:. Fisher, who coined the term 1991: 1960: 1776:is generally referred to as a 1653: 1481: 1195:several lords simultaneously. 13: 1: 4272:, "The Laws of the Irish" in 4136:, in "Irish Jurist" 17 (1982) 3330:Flannery, Pat (4 June 2007). 2989: 2181:, the possession of the land. 1939:Collectio Canonum Hibernensis 1914:Collectio Canonum Hibernensis 1884:Collectio canonum Hibernensis 1698: 1182: 1103:(a man of withdrawal), or an 742: 5145:Transcripts and translations 4084:, (Aberystwyth, 1971) p. 93. 3001:Historically referred to as 2916: 2301:Sections on Sick-Maintenance 2157:. I can find nothing in the 2087:Literally the four paths of 1875: 1650:to be from time immemorial. 542:, Wednesday is for watching 232:Proto-Indo-European language 7: 4888:Binchy, D. A., ed. (1978). 4668:This poem is translated at 3585:Binchy 1979 pp. 21, 37, 105 3469:"Marriage in Early Ireland" 2966: 2583: 2484:On the Binding of Contracts 2127:which was published in the 1565:Changes in the legal system 334: 62:the claims made and adding 10: 5979: 4999:A Guide to Early Irish Law 4853: 3473:Corpus of Electronic Texts 3017:(English: Law of Freemen). 3009:(English: Freeman-ism) or 2920: 2764:in 1367 and the policy of 2698:Norman Invasion of Ireland 2610:Decline of the Brehon laws 2475: 2228: 2041:Pseudo-historical Prologue 1485: 1462:(pillar of the family) or 1403: 1189:Roman system of clientship 173: 5927: 5872: 5791: 5624: 5568: 5433: 5317: 5309: 5266:by Laurence Ginnell, 1894 5135:Wylie, John C.W. (2013). 5020:Jaski, Bart (June 2013). 4453:Oxford English Dictionary 3447:Women's Museum of Ireland 3397:C. E. Meek and K. Simms, 3111:. University College Cork 3033:. H.M. Stationery Office. 2902:(investigating judge) of 2786:Tudor conquest of Ireland 2760:. The imposition of the 2305:Judgments of Blood-Lyings 1627: 557: 116:(from the old Irish word 5560:Gaelic Christian mission 5114:Katherine Simms (2004). 4975:Breatnach, Liam (1987). 4956:Breatnach, Liam (2005). 4683:Early Irish Contract Law 4205:, pp. 234–235, 281. 2872:Letter of Fire and Sword 2213:The vaguely named tract 2094:Cethairslicht Athgabálae 2081:Cethairslicht Athgabálae 1492:Early Ireland practised 1364:", and the other is the 798:(lit. "young lord") and 624:, later subdivided into 463:(king of overkings) and 5963:Customary legal systems 5830:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh 5390:Jacobite rising of 1745 5216:Glossary to Volumes I–V 5038:Kleefeld, John (2010). 4410:Fisher, Joseph (1877). 4071:Kelly 1997, pp. 399–400 3885:Binchy 1979, pp. 91–92. 3649:, pp. 95, 112–113. 2853:into the 17th century. 2696:, which sanctioned the 2061:Dubhthach moccu Lughair 1155:Togail Bruidne Da Derga 1097:, (a commoner lord), a 219:was written in AD 438. 5049:Lyall, Andrew (2000). 4907:Kelly, Fergus (1997). 4635:Robin Chapman Stacey, 4522:Corpus Iuris Hibernici 4041:Kelly 1997 pp. 413–414 3808:Binchy 1979, pp. 70–72 3467:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh. 3012: 3004: 2868: 2841: 2690: 2688:issued the papal bull 2684:when the English pope 2594: 2572: 2541:Glosses and commentary 2533: 2506: 2496: 2469: 2450: 2434: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2389: 2377:Bretha Nemed Déidenach 2376: 2370: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2331: 2322: 2316: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2261: 2255: 2246: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2215: 2206: 2193: 2189: 2171: 2163: 2108: 2102: 2093: 2080: 2057:Chief Ollam of Ireland 2047: 2018: 2008: 2002: 1993: 1985:Corpus Iuris Hibernici 1984: 1978:Corpus Iuris Hibernici 1976: 1944: 1938: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1882: 1861: 1835: 1829: 1822: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1772: 1763: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1721:(and in earlier texts 1717: 1708: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1660: 1641: 1635: 1620: 1612: 1602: 1592: 1582: 1576: 1552: 1530: 1474: 1464: 1458: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1423: 1417: 1377: 1366: 1356: 1348: 1328: 1321: 1311: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1272:, rendering variously 1243: 1237: 1219: 1174: 1168: 1162:Scela Mucce Meic Datho 1160: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1067: 1057: 1043: 1037: 1018: 1012: 1006: 997: 989: 983: 977: 971: 965: 959: 953: 947: 941: 933: 919: 905: 899: 893: 884: 878: 872: 866: 860: 853: 847: 838: 832: 826: 820: 814: 808: 800: 794: 785: 779: 769: 763: 757: 735: 728: 711: 704: 698: 692: 682: 672: 662: 652: 642: 634: 596: 580: 574: 564: 546:hunt, Thursday is for 536: 526: 517: 500: 494: 485: 472:(king of a province). 465: 457: 448: 440: 434: 425: 416: 408: 400: 391: 385: 368: 346: 301: 274: 268: 215: 204: 194: 184: 167:Corpus Iuris Hibernici 166: 138:early Christian period 122:Early Medieval Ireland 106: 5865:An Coimisinéir Teanga 5825:An Comunn Gàidhealach 5530:Oireachtas na Gaeilge 5274:Catholic Encyclopedia 5024:. Four Courts Press. 3564:, pp. 23–25, 52. 3208:Hoenigswald, Henry M. 3174:. Constable. p. 3166:Ellis, Peter (1999). 2855: 2851:MacLeod clan of Lewis 2766:Surrender and regrant 2527: 2443:Shearing of the Court 2262:Coibes Uisci Thairdne 2147: 1970:have been printed in 1855:Vernacular church law 1610:) (the other two are 1494:partitive inheritance 870:("lord of vassals"), 616:Ecclesiastical grades 510:One subject the laws 372:relates the story of 97: 5914:Kingdom of the Isles 5835:Seachtain na Gaeilge 5800:Údarás na Gaeltachta 5555:Insular Christianity 5370:Plantation of Ulster 5335:High King of Ireland 4949:10.1484/J.Peri.3.112 4841:Gearóid Mac Niocaill 4268:Donnchadh Ó Corráin 4094:Robin Chapman Stacey 3540:Binchy 1979, 104–105 3441:O'Meara, Katherine. 3332:"Brehon Laws part 2" 3145:10.3828/sh.1975.15.1 3109:The Annals of Ulster 2983:William Ó Deorádhain 2792:(1594–1603), caused 2762:Statutes of Kilkenny 2642:improve this section 2371:Bretha Nemed Toísech 1488:Gavelkind in Ireland 1296:in different texts. 1208:Payment for wounding 414:), who is below the 356:High King of Ireland 228:Proto-Indo-Europeans 130:Early Modern Ireland 5410:Highland Clearances 5365:Flight of the Earls 5219:, vol. 6, 1901 5209:, vol. 5, 1901 5199:, vol. 4, 1879 5189:, vol. 3, 1873 5168:, vol. 1, 1865 5051:Land Law in Ireland 4909:Early Irish farming 4771:Life of St. Columba 4659:, pp. 242–243. 4614:, pp. 316–317. 4602:, pp. 268–269. 4451:, as quoted in the 4376:, pp. 286–287. 4309:, pp. 242–243. 4245:10.1484/J.Peri.3.78 4193:, pp. 172–173. 4181:, pp. 168–171. 4157:, pp. 171–172. 4111:, pp. 196–197. 4050:Jaski 2013, 119–120 4032:Kelly 1997, 416–417 4023:Kelly 1997, 412–413 4005:, pp. 102–105. 3930:, pp. 125–127. 3848:, pp. 129–130. 3727:Binchy 1979, p. xix 3244:, pp. 231–232. 2949:Edward I of England 2929:Lordship of Ireland 2923:March law (Ireland) 2849:) or judges of the 2806:Flight of the Earls 2758:Republic of Ireland 2754:Lordship of Ireland 2712:Lordship of Ireland 2123:'s 1877 article on 951:these are given as 344:. A section of the 5909:Kingdom of Munster 5850:Comunn na Gàidhlig 5820:Conradh na Gaeilge 5457:Lebor Gabála Érenn 5120:Unity in diversity 5042:Law and Humanities 4469:, pp. 249–250 4145:Binchy 1979, p. 70 4062:, p. 312–313. 3906:Binchy 1979 p. 93. 3859:Bretha Déin Chécht 3819:Uraiccecht na Ríar 3786:Uraiccecht na Ríar 2894:, and in those of 2710:, who created the 2573:Cóic Conara Fugill 2558:Later legal tracts 2534: 2294:Bretha Déin Chécht 1577:Cóic Conara Fugill 1546:Land rights of kin 1498:the Irish practice 1244:Bretha Déin Chécht 1223:"The Judgments of 1220:Bretha Déin Chécht 1106:aire iter da airig 864:it is as follows: 705:Bretha Déin Chécht 702:(bishop) although 495:Gubretha Caratniad 287:Women and marriage 164:in his six-volume 107: 47:possibly contains 5945: 5944: 5880:Haplogroup R-M269 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5520:Gaelic folk music 5483:Gaelic literature 5031:978-1-84682-426-5 4288:, Appendices 2–7. 4214:Binchy 1978, p ix 4082:Celtic Law Papers 3993:, pp. 80–81. 3969:, pp. 13–14. 3799:, pp. 36–37. 3718:, pp. 18–19. 3685:, pp. 81–82. 3624:, pp. 85–86. 3576:, pp. 25–26. 3552:, pp. 21–22. 3270:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí 3060:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí 2961:Wicklow Mountains 2953:conquest of Wales 2819:, notable on the 2724:Dermot McMurrough 2678: 2677: 2670: 2497:Uraicecht na Ríar 2482:A two-part text, 2244:elsewhere in the 1792:only paid if the 1217:. The legal text 948:Uraicecht na Ríar 597:Uraicecht na Ríar 92: 91: 84: 49:original research 16:(Redirected from 5970: 5935: 5934: 5873:Related subjects 5860:Clans of Ireland 5810:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 5805:Foras na Gaeilge 5669: 5668: 5653:Medical families 5629: 5628: 5600:Classical Gaelic 5525:Sean-nós singing 5468:Gaelic astrology 5451:Gaelic mythology 5360:Statutes of Iona 5304: 5297: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5250: 5241: 5231: 5220: 5210: 5200: 5190: 5180: 5173:Ireland (1869), 5169: 5155: 5102:Dáibhí Ó Cróinín 5092:Dáibhí Ó Cróinín 5088: 5064: 5035: 5016: 4990: 4971: 4952: 4922: 4903: 4893: 4884: 4848: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4801:on 10 April 2018 4797:. Archived from 4791: 4785: 4784: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4670:ancienttexts.org 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4455: 4450: 4416: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4266: 4257: 4256: 4224: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4091: 4085: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3862: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3822: 3817:Liam Breatnach, 3815: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3784:Liam Breatnach, 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3305:seanchasbeag.com 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3173: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3136:Studia Hibernica 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3027:Ireland (1879). 3024: 3018: 3015: 3007: 2999: 2957:wars in Scotland 2912:Táin Bó Cuailnge 2908:Táin Bó Flidhais 2866: 2844: 2695: 2673: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2622: 2614: 2597: 2575: 2511: 2499: 2472: 2453: 2437: 2419: 2408: 2399: 2394:three brothers, 2392: 2379: 2373: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2334: 2325: 2319: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2264: 2258: 2249: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2218: 2209: 2196: 2187: 2176: 2168: 2135:social Darwinism 2111: 2105: 2096: 2083: 2050: 2021: 2011: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1981: 1947: 1941: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1887: 1866: 1838: 1832: 1825: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1775: 1766: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1711: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1663: 1644: 1638: 1623: 1617: 1605: 1595: 1585: 1579: 1555: 1533: 1522:movable property 1477: 1467: 1461: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1420: 1380: 1369: 1359: 1353: 1331: 1324: 1314: 1307:if appropriate. 1301: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1270:sick maintenance 1264:Sick maintenance 1246: 1240: 1222: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1126: 1121:). According to 1120: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1079:Change in status 1070: 1060: 1046: 1040: 1021: 1015: 1009: 1000: 994: 986: 980: 974: 968: 962: 956: 950: 944: 938: 922: 908: 902: 896: 887: 881: 875: 869: 863: 856: 850: 841: 835: 829: 823: 817: 811: 805: 797: 788: 782: 772: 766: 760: 738: 731: 714: 707: 701: 695: 685: 675: 665: 655: 645: 639: 599: 585: 577: 567: 550:, Friday is for 541: 529: 520: 505: 497: 490: 477:Alfred the Great 471: 462: 454: 452:bunaid cach cinn 445: 437: 431: 422: 413: 405: 397: 388: 371: 349: 329:Western Catholic 306: 277: 271: 252:Celtic languages 218: 211:Annals of Ulster 207: 197: 187: 169: 143:The laws were a 87: 80: 76: 73: 67: 64:inline citations 40: 39: 32: 21: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5958:Early Irish law 5948: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5923: 5868: 5855:Columba Project 5793: 5787: 5763: 5667: 5620: 5616:Scottish Gaelic 5579:Primitive Irish 5564: 5495:Scottish Gaelic 5429: 5355:Nine Years' War 5318:General history 5313: 5308: 5270:The Brehon Laws 5260: 5255: 5244: 5234: 5213: 5203: 5193: 5183: 5162: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5126:Katherine Simms 5061: 5032: 5013: 4987: 4968: 4919: 4881: 4869:, ed. (1979) . 4856: 4851: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4767:Adomnan of Iona 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4458: 4431:10.2307/3677953 4414: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4267: 4260: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4092: 4088: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4060:Baumgarten 1985 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4014:Jaski 2013, 115 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3865: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3825: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697:, pp. 5–6. 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3439: 3435: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3392: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3364:on 14 July 2015 3352: 3351: 3347: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3212:Senn, Alfred E. 3204:Cardona, George 3197: 3193: 3186: 3164: 3160: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3078: 3071: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3038: 3025: 3021: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2969: 2925: 2919: 2884: 2867: 2861: 2790:Nine Years' War 2728:Earl of Kildare 2702:Synod of Cashel 2674: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2639: 2623: 2612: 2586: 2560: 2543: 2522: 2501: 2480: 2474: 2455: 2439: 2435:Berrad Airechta 2426: 2410: 2381: 2363:King of Munster 2337: 2298: 2266: 2235: 2211: 2198: 2188: 2185: 2113: 2085: 2043: 1998: 1963: 1954: 1923:from Old Irish 1878: 1857: 1845: 1701: 1692: 1690:Legal procedure 1656: 1630: 1567: 1562: 1548: 1500:they called it 1490: 1484: 1406: 1343: 1281:folog n-othrusa 1266: 1210: 1201: 1199:Physical injury 1185: 1081: 1028: 929: 876:("high lord"), 745: 618: 560: 364:Irish mythology 337: 289: 284: 282:Substantive law 176: 136:throughout the 126:Norman invasion 110:Early Irish law 88: 77: 71: 68: 53: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5976: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5892: 5887: 5884:human genetics 5876: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5815:Culture Vannin 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5738: 5733: 5715: 5710: 5700: 5677: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5641:Royal families 5637: 5635: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5545:Highland games 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5510:Insular script 5507: 5502: 5480: 5475: 5473:Gaelic kinship 5470: 5465: 5463:Gaelic warfare 5460: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5434:Gaelic culture 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5415:Gaelic Revival 5412: 5407: 5405:Irish diaspora 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5375:1641 Rebellion 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5340:Irish kingdoms 5337: 5332: 5327: 5325:Gaelic Ireland 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5307: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5267: 5259: 5258:External links 5256: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5242: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5211: 5201: 5191: 5181: 5170: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5137:Irish Land Law 5133: 5123: 5112: 5109: 5099: 5089: 5069:MacNeill, Eoin 5065: 5060:978-1858001999 5059: 5046: 5036: 5030: 5017: 5011: 4991: 4986:978-0901282897 4985: 4972: 4966: 4953: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4917: 4904: 4895: 4885: 4879: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4833: 4812: 4786: 4780:978-0140444629 4779: 4758: 4746: 4744:, p. 280. 4734: 4732:, p. 279. 4722: 4720:, p. 100. 4718:Breatnach 2005 4710: 4708:, p. 251. 4698: 4694:Breatnach 1987 4686: 4674: 4661: 4657:Breatnach 2005 4649: 4640: 4628: 4626:, p. 278. 4616: 4612:Breatnach 2005 4604: 4592: 4590:, p. 246. 4580: 4578:, p. 303. 4576:Breatnach 2005 4568: 4559: 4550: 4548:, p. 291. 4546:Breatnach 2005 4538: 4526: 4513: 4501: 4497:Breatnach 2005 4489: 4486:. 6 July 2023. 4484:students.uu.nl 4471: 4456: 4402: 4390: 4388:, p. 178. 4378: 4374:Breatnach 2005 4366: 4345: 4336: 4323: 4321:, p. 344. 4319:Breatnach 2005 4311: 4299: 4290: 4286:Breatnach 2005 4278: 4258: 4216: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4169:, p. 169. 4159: 4147: 4138: 4125: 4123:, p. 236. 4113: 4101: 4086: 4073: 4064: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3995: 3983: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3932: 3920: 3918:, p. 133. 3908: 3899: 3897:, p. 130. 3887: 3878: 3876:, p. 132. 3863: 3850: 3838: 3836:, p. 131. 3823: 3810: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3751:, p. 113. 3749:Breatnach 1987 3741: 3737:Breatnach 1987 3729: 3720: 3708: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3626: 3622:Breatnach 1987 3614: 3602: 3587: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3533: 3518: 3506: 3497: 3485: 3459: 3433: 3424:"Cáin Lánamna" 3415: 3403: 3390: 3375: 3345: 3322: 3291: 3289:, p. 242. 3279: 3261: 3259:, p. 232. 3246: 3231: 3225:978-0812275742 3224: 3191: 3184: 3158: 3122: 3096: 3069: 3051: 3036: 3019: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2975: 2968: 2965: 2945:Gaelic Ireland 2939:lords between 2921:Main article: 2918: 2915: 2892:Peter Tremayne 2888:Sister Fidelma 2883: 2880: 2859: 2817:Scottish Isles 2716:legal reformer 2676: 2675: 2626: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2585: 2582: 2559: 2556: 2542: 2539: 2521: 2518: 2500: 2493: 2488:Garden of Eden 2476:Main article: 2473: 2466: 2454: 2447: 2438: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2416:Uraicecht Becc 2409: 2406:Uraicecht Becc 2402: 2397:hua Búirecháin 2380: 2367: 2336: 2328: 2323:Slicht Othrusa 2297: 2288:Bretha Crólige 2282:Slicht Othrusa 2278: 2265: 2252: 2234: 2227: 2210: 2203: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2112: 2103:Cáin Sóerraith 2099: 2084: 2077: 2042: 2039: 1997: 1990: 1974:'s six-volume 1962: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1877: 1874: 1856: 1853: 1844: 1841: 1709:Berad Airechta 1700: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1655: 1652: 1642:Bretha Crólige 1629: 1626: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1547: 1544: 1483: 1480: 1405: 1402: 1342: 1339: 1329:Bretha Crólige 1312:Bretha Crólige 1299:Bretha Crólige 1265: 1262: 1254:bone-breakings 1209: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1184: 1181: 1080: 1077: 1027: 1024: 928: 925: 744: 741: 721:Western Church 717:Eastern Church 696:(priest), and 636:Uraicecht Becc 617: 614: 582:Uraicecht Becc 559: 556: 518:aithech fortha 498:, describes a 336: 333: 288: 285: 283: 280: 175: 172: 147:rather than a 112:, also called 99:Redwood Castle 90: 89: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5975: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5938: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5920: 5919:Gaelicisation 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5794:organisations 5790: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5478:Bardic poetry 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5425:Gàidhealtachd 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5179:, vol. 2 5178: 5177: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4995:Kelly, Fergus 4992: 4988: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4880:1-85500-002-4 4876: 4872: 4871:Críth gablach 4868: 4867:Binchy, D. A. 4864: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4822: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4756:, p. 68. 4755: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4681:Neil McLeod, 4678: 4671: 4665: 4658: 4653: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4563: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4536:, p. 42. 4535: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4400:, p. 29. 4399: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4340: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4221: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4142: 4135: 4132:Neil McLeod, 4129: 4122: 4117: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4068: 4061: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3981:, p. 13. 3980: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3957:, p. 12. 3956: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3912: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3857:D.A. Binchy, 3854: 3847: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3820: 3814: 3805: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775:, p. 28. 3774: 3769: 3763:, p. 52. 3762: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3739:, p. 81. 3738: 3733: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3673:, p. 82. 3672: 3667: 3661:, p. 11. 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3630: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3598:MacNeill 1923 3594: 3592: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3563: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3537: 3531:, p. 19. 3530: 3525: 3523: 3516:, p. 18. 3515: 3510: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3413:, p. 79. 3412: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3387:. p. 72. 3386: 3379: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3336:Irish history 3333: 3326: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200:Binchy, D. A. 3195: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3131:Binchy, D. A. 3126: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3076: 3074: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3023: 3016: 3014: 3008: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896:Cora Harrison 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2876:Clan Morrison 2873: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825:Morrison clan 2822: 2821:isle of Lewis 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2714:, was also a 2713: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2672: 2669: 2661: 2658:November 2010 2651: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2627:This section 2625: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2538: 2531: 2526: 2517: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2478:Di Astud Chor 2471: 2470:Di Astud Chor 2465: 2462: 2460: 2452: 2451:Críth Gablach 2446: 2444: 2436: 2430: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2391: 2386: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2359:poetico-legal 2355: 2349: 2343: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2309:Judgments of 2306: 2302: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2241: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2222:Córus Béscnai 2217: 2216:Córus Bésgnai 2208: 2207:Córus Bésgnai 2202: 2195: 2186:Joseph Fisher 2182: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2173:Cáin Aigillne 2167: 2166: 2165:Cáin Saerrath 2160: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2121:Joseph Fisher 2117: 2110: 2109:Cáin Aicillne 2104: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:Saint Patrick 2049: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2004: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1973: 1969: 1958: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1894:Old Testament 1891: 1886: 1885: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1863:Cáin Adomnáin 1852: 1849: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1824: 1820:Finally, the 1818: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1779: 1778:paying surety 1774: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1696: 1687: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1651: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1598:legal analogy 1594: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1557: 1554: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1479: 1476: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1401: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1338: 1336: 1330: 1323: 1322:Críth Gablach 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1245: 1239: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1205: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1124:Críth Gablach 1119: 1115:between two 1113: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1094:flaith aithig 1089: 1087: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1039: 1034: 1023: 1020: 1014: 1008: 1002: 999: 993: 992: 985: 979: 973: 967: 961: 955: 949: 943: 937: 936: 927:Poetic grades 924: 921: 920:Críth Gablach 914: 910: 907: 901: 895: 889: 886: 880: 874: 868: 862: 861:Críth Gablach 855: 849: 848:Críth Gablach 843: 840: 834: 828: 822: 816: 810: 804: 803: 796: 790: 787: 781: 774: 771: 765: 759: 754: 750: 740: 737: 736:Críth Gablach 730: 729:Críth Gablach 724: 722: 718: 713: 712:Críth Gablach 706: 700: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 638: 637: 631: 627: 623: 613: 611: 606: 601: 598: 593: 589: 584: 583: 576: 575:Críth Gablach 569: 566: 555: 553: 552:racing horses 549: 545: 540: 539: 533: 528: 527:Críth Gablach 522: 519: 513: 508: 504: 503: 496: 489: 488: 487:Cáin Adomnáin 482: 478: 473: 470: 468: 461: 460: 453: 451: 444: 443: 436: 430: 428: 421: 419: 412: 411: 404: 403: 396: 394: 387: 386:Críth Gablach 382: 377: 375: 370: 365: 361: 357: 353: 348: 343: 332: 330: 325: 323: 319: 317: 312: 308: 305: 304: 303:Cáin Adomnáin 298: 295: 279: 276: 270: 263: 261: 257: 253: 248: 244: 242: 237: 233: 229: 225: 220: 217: 212: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 171: 168: 163: 158: 155: 150: 146: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 104: 100: 96: 86: 83: 75: 72:November 2019 65: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 5903:Clan MacLeod 5845:ULTACH Trust 5726:Corcu Loígde 5598: 5593:Middle Irish 5591: 5584: 5577: 5540:Gaelic games 5491:Modern Irish 5455: 5445: 5400:Great Hunger 5246: 5236: 5228:Cáin Lánamna 5227: 5215: 5205: 5195: 5185: 5175: 5164: 5157: 5152: 5136: 5132:57, 212–132. 5129: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5095: 5076: 5072: 5050: 5044:4(1): 21–61. 5041: 5021: 4998: 4976: 4957: 4940: 4936: 4908: 4899: 4889: 4870: 4844: 4836: 4824:. Retrieved 4815: 4803:. Retrieved 4799:the original 4789: 4770: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4664: 4652: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4562: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4521: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4422: 4418: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4352:John Carey, 4348: 4339: 4331: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4293: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4236: 4232: 4229:Bretha Nemed 4228: 4210: 4198: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4150: 4141: 4133: 4128: 4116: 4104: 4097: 4089: 4081: 4076: 4067: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3950: 3940: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3902: 3890: 3881: 3861:, pp. 22–23. 3858: 3853: 3841: 3821:, pp. 96–97. 3818: 3813: 3804: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3723: 3711: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3637:, p. 41 3629: 3617: 3605: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3536: 3509: 3500: 3488: 3476:. Retrieved 3472: 3462: 3450:. Retrieved 3446: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3406: 3398: 3393: 3384: 3378: 3366:. 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Retrieved 3108: 3099: 3090: 3084: 3063: 3054: 3029: 3022: 3013:Dlí na Féine 3010: 3002: 2997: 2926: 2885: 2869: 2862: 2856: 2846: 2810: 2783: 2751: 2732: 2706: 2692:Laudabiliter 2679: 2664: 2655: 2640:Please help 2628: 2602:Life of St. 2587: 2567: 2564:Middle Irish 2561: 2548: 2544: 2535: 2530:County Clare 2502: 2483: 2481: 2463: 2456: 2442: 2440: 2427: 2411: 2382: 2358: 2354:Bretha Nemed 2338: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2267: 2236: 2212: 2199: 2194:Cáin Lánamna 2155:feudal baron 2148: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2086: 2074: 2070: 2044: 2030: 2028: 1999: 1964: 1955: 1945:Bretha Nemed 1935: 1929:, a type of 1898: 1879: 1858: 1846: 1819: 1777: 1769: 1714: 1702: 1693: 1674:(truth) and 1661:recht aicned 1657: 1647: 1631: 1568: 1560:Legal theory 1549: 1540: 1519: 1511: 1491: 1470: 1455: 1407: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1344: 1318: 1309: 1267: 1258:bloody urine 1250: 1238:crólige báis 1233: 1211: 1202: 1193: 1186: 1133: 1090: 1082: 1029: 1026:Other grades 1003: 1001:having 350. 945:to king. In 930: 915: 911: 900:aire forgill 890: 885:aire forgill 844: 815:bóaire febsa 791: 775: 753:Ancient Rome 746: 725: 630:major orders 626:minor orders 619: 602: 570: 561: 548:sexual union 523: 511: 509: 474: 406:(king of a 378: 374:Congal Cáech 338: 326: 320: 309: 299: 290: 269:Bretha Nemed 264: 249: 245: 224:D. A. Binchy 221: 177: 162:D. A. Binchy 159: 142: 113: 109: 108: 78: 69: 46: 29: 5895:Norse–Gaels 5745:Dál nAraidi 5730:Dál Fiatach 5703:Dalcassians 5693:Clan Donald 5505:Gaelic type 5487:Early Irish 5079:: 265–316. 4943:: 307–327. 4826:12 February 4467:Fisher 1877 4425:: 228–326. 4239:: 439–459. 3612:, p. . 3105:"Year U438" 3081:Carey, John 2937:Anglo-Irish 2933:Middle Ages 2931:during the 2520:Later texts 2424:Other texts 2342:Senchas Már 2317:Senchas Már 2247:Senchas Már 2240:Senchas Már 2159:Brehon laws 2143:land tenure 2065:Saint Odran 2048:Senchas Már 2019:Senchas Már 2009:Senchas Már 2003:Senchas Már 1994:Senchas Már 1972:D.A. Binchy 1968:manuscripts 1961:Legal texts 1905:from Latin 1733:(plural of 1666:natural law 1654:Natural law 1608:natural law 1588:legal maxim 1482:Inheritance 1398:St. Patrick 1383:kin-slaying 1305:procreation 1100:fer fothlai 894:tánaise ríg 879:aire tuíseo 780:fer midboth 764:senchléithe 673:subdeochain 622:holy orders 565:Senchas Már 358:centred at 347:Senchas Már 316:bride-price 275:Senchas Már 258:and in the 216:Senchas Már 205:Senchas Már 195:Senchas Már 190:St. Patrick 185:Senchas Már 5952:Categories 5713:Eóganachta 5689:Clan Colla 5446:Brehon law 5395:Penal Laws 5385:Jacobitism 5240:(in Irish) 5108:, Longman. 5098:, Longman. 5012:0901282952 4967:1855001845 4918:1855001802 4742:Kelly 1988 4730:Kelly 1988 4706:Kelly 1988 4624:Kelly 1988 4600:Kelly 1988 4588:Kelly 1988 4534:Kelly 1988 4509:Kelly 1988 4398:Kelly 1988 4386:Kelly 1988 4307:Kelly 1988 4203:Kelly 1988 4191:Kelly 1988 4179:Kelly 1988 4167:Kelly 1988 4155:Kelly 1988 4121:Kelly 1988 4109:Kelly 1988 4003:Kelly 1988 3991:Kelly 1988 3979:Kelly 1988 3967:Kelly 1988 3955:Kelly 1988 3928:Kelly 1988 3916:Kelly 1988 3895:Kelly 1988 3874:Kelly 1988 3846:Kelly 1988 3834:Kelly 1988 3797:Kelly 1988 3773:Kelly 1988 3761:Kelly 1988 3716:Kelly 1988 3695:Kelly 1988 3683:Kelly 1988 3671:Kelly 1988 3659:Kelly 1988 3647:Kelly 1988 3635:Kelly 1988 3610:Kelly 1988 3574:Kelly 1988 3562:Kelly 1988 3550:Kelly 1988 3529:Kelly 1988 3514:Kelly 1988 3493:Kelly 1988 3411:Kelly 1988 3287:Kelly 1988 3257:Kelly 1988 3242:Kelly 1988 3185:0312230494 3047:Lyall 2000 3005:Féineachas 2990:References 2904:the Burren 2779:Common Law 2771:Tyrconnell 2595:Bechbretha 2578:recensions 2441:Literally 2311:Dían Cécht 2274:Watermills 2270:Honey Bees 2256:Bechbretha 1699:Suretyship 1636:Bechbretha 1593:cosmailius 1486:See also: 1367:Log nEnech 1316:children. 1225:Dían Cécht 1183:Clientship 1169:aire échta 1053:blacksmith 960:macfuirmid 743:Lay grades 678:sub-deacon 663:exarcistid 658:doorkeeper 459:rí ruirech 432:(king of 402:rí túaithe 369:Bechbretha 114:Brehon law 56:improve it 18:Brehon law 5840:Gael Linn 5753:Cíarraige 5749:Conmaicne 5722:Dál Riata 5697:Uí Mháine 5681:Connachta 5663:Genealogy 5586:Old Irish 5420:Gaeltacht 5345:Dál Riata 4927:Secondary 4447:145423812 4334:19 (2005) 4253:0332-1592 3338:. 6m55s. 3153:242894003 2978:Kritarchy 2917:March law 2898:'s Mara, 2842:bretheamh 2829:Macaulays 2813:Gaeltacht 2808:in 1607. 2798:Gavelkind 2720:Strongbow 2686:Adrian IV 2629:does not 2551:O'Davoren 2139:livestock 2089:distraint 1876:Canon law 1695:society. 1621:teistimin 1526:foreigner 1502:gavelkind 1465:cenn fine 1459:ágae fine 1049:craftsman 1019:oblaires. 867:aire déso 777:called a 653:aistreóir 481:Doom book 352:O'Davoren 256:Old Irish 134:canon law 60:verifying 5937:Category 5899:Uí Ímair 5776:Scottish 5685:Uí Néill 5658:Nobility 5570:Language 5122:, 51–67. 5104:(2013), 5094:(1995), 5085:25504234 4997:(1988). 4960:. DIAS. 4873:. DIAS. 4805:31 March 4769:(1995). 4364:5 (1986) 4276:3 (1984) 3478:30 April 3452:30 April 3358:Heritage 3340:Archived 3309:Archived 3272:(2013). 3214:(eds.). 3062:(2013). 2967:See also 2955:and his 2941:The Pale 2860:— 2794:Tanistry 2775:easement 2735:language 2708:Henry II 2590:case law 2584:Case law 2491:tracts. 2184:— 2179:freehold 2169:and the 2014:glossing 1890:polygyny 1759:distrain 1730:naidmain 1704:Sureties 1648:supposed 1450:derbfine 1425:derbfine 1075:makers. 1063:chariots 873:aire ard 833:mruigfer 683:deochain 668:exorcist 643:liachtor 610:sureties 538:fidchell 479:and his 342:Tanistry 335:Kingship 322:Polygamy 297:claims. 241:sureties 154:medieval 149:criminal 118:breithim 5897:(incl. 5792:Related 5743:(incl. 5720:(incl. 5705:(incl. 5683:(incl. 5276:article 5247:T102030 5237:G102030 4937:Peritia 4892:. DIAS. 4860:Primary 4854:Sources 4439:3677953 4362:Peritia 4332:Peritia 4274:Peritia 4233:Peritia 3093:: 1–32. 2833:brieves 2747:Munster 2741:around 2650:removed 2635:sources 2604:Columba 2385:scribal 2231:Sechtae 2151:chattel 2024:Munster 1869:Adomnán 1600:), and 1553:finntiu 1536:agnatic 1528:to the 1438:indfine 1432:iarfine 1418:gelfine 1413:kinship 1410:agnatic 1404:Kinship 1362:wergild 1275:crólige 1058:brithem 1044:brithem 1038:brithem 1013:drisiuc 954:fochloc 858:but in 758:Cumhall 592:clerics 502:brithem 311:Divorce 294:agnatic 236:fasting 180:Brehons 174:Origins 103:Normans 54:Please 5759:Ulster 5751:, and 5736:Laigin 5732:, etc) 5718:Érainn 5699:, etc) 5535:Am Mòd 5515:Fáinne 5497:& 5083: 5057: 5028: 5009: 4983: 4964: 4915: 4877: 4777: 4445: 4437: 4270:et al. 4251: 3368:6 July 3315:29 May 3222: 3182: 3151: 3115:23 May 2900:Brehon 2847:brehon 2802:Ulster 2777:under 2743:Dublin 2566:text, 2512:and a 2390:roscad 2031:triads 1931:surety 1911:. The 1908:testis 1848:Brehon 1836:aitire 1830:aitire 1823:aitire 1677:dliged 1628:Maxims 1614:roscad 1603:aicned 1583:fásach 1571:Brehon 1475:fingal 1447:. The 1378:fingal 1372:honour 1335:insane 1293:othrus 1149:briugu 1143:briugu 1137:briugu 1068:bóaire 1033:jurist 1016:, and 987:, and 984:ánruth 942:Bóaire 906:cumals 839:bóaire 821:bóaire 809:ócaire 802:bóaire 795:ócaire 770:fuidir 749:slaves 693:sacart 688:deacon 648:lector 605:honour 558:Status 544:hounds 469:cóicid 435:túaths 420:buiden 327:Under 213:, the 5890:Celts 5741:Ulaid 5707:Déisi 5646:Kings 5633:Irish 5625:Clans 5606:Irish 5550:Túath 5441:Ogham 5311:Gaels 5158:et al 5081:JSTOR 4443:S2CID 4435:JSTOR 4415:(PDF) 4356:, in 3149:S2CID 2837:Scots 2600:Latin 2348:Nemed 2335:texts 2332:Nemed 2035:Welsh 1902:teist 1795:naidm 1764:naidm 1754:naidm 1748:naidm 1742:naidm 1736:naidm 1718:naidm 1683:córus 1531:túath 1514:maxim 1370:, an 1350:éraic 1290:, or 1287:folog 1229:wound 1175:túath 1118:aires 1007:taman 998:ollam 991:ollam 935:filid 786:túath 699:escop 442:ruiri 438:) or 429:túath 410:túath 381:poets 260:Welsh 200:poets 145:civil 5901:and 5781:List 5673:List 5611:Manx 5499:Manx 5350:Alba 5130:Eiru 5055:ISBN 5026:ISBN 5007:ISBN 5003:DIAS 4981:ISBN 4962:ISBN 4913:ISBN 4875:ISBN 4828:2014 4807:2018 4775:ISBN 4249:ISSN 3480:2020 3454:2020 3428:CELT 3370:2015 3317:2021 3220:ISBN 3180:ISBN 3117:2021 3086:Ériu 2910:and 2839:for 2796:and 2784:The 2739:Pale 2682:1155 2633:any 2631:cite 2514:bard 2508:fili 2412:The 2374:and 2307:and 2291:and 2272:and 2259:and 2219:(or 2119:See 2106:and 1926:rath 1920:rata 1813:ráth 1807:ráth 1801:ráth 1789:ráth 1783:ráth 1773:ráth 1770:The 1724:macc 1444:fine 1390:feud 1215:fine 1158:and 1129:bard 1112:aire 1109:(an 1086:poet 1073:comb 972:cano 854:séts 827:séts 628:and 578:and 395:benn 360:Tara 272:and 4945:doi 4427:doi 4241:doi 4231:". 3141:doi 2845:or 2644:by 2351:or 1671:fír 1664:or 1590:), 1381:or 1357:cró 1354:or 1035:or 978:clí 966:dos 818:(a 690:), 680:), 670:), 660:), 650:), 640:as 588:lay 532:ale 512:did 58:by 5954:: 5747:, 5728:, 5724:, 5695:, 5691:, 5687:, 5493:, 5489:, 5272:– 5118:, 5077:36 5075:. 5005:. 4939:. 4482:. 4459:^ 4441:. 4433:. 4421:. 4417:. 4261:^ 4247:. 4235:. 4219:^ 4096:, 3866:^ 3826:^ 3590:^ 3521:^ 3471:. 3445:. 3426:. 3356:. 3334:. 3307:. 3303:. 3249:^ 3234:^ 3210:; 3206:; 3178:. 3176:11 3147:. 3107:. 3091:45 3089:. 3072:^ 3039:^ 2878:. 2781:. 2516:. 2303:, 2285:, 2250:. 2145:: 2097:. 2059:, 2026:. 1988:. 1385:. 1284:, 1278:, 1010:, 981:, 975:, 969:, 963:, 957:, 467:rí 450:rí 427:rí 418:rí 393:rí 389:: 278:. 140:. 5905:) 5886:) 5882:( 5755:) 5709:) 5501:) 5485:( 5303:e 5296:t 5289:v 5087:. 5063:. 5034:. 5015:. 4989:. 4970:. 4951:. 4947:: 4941:4 4921:. 4883:. 4830:. 4809:. 4783:. 4696:. 4511:. 4499:. 4449:. 4429:: 4423:V 4255:. 4243:: 4237:3 3944:. 3600:. 3482:. 3456:. 3430:. 3372:. 3319:. 3276:. 3228:. 3188:. 3155:. 3143:: 3066:. 3049:. 2835:( 2671:) 2665:( 2660:) 2656:( 2652:. 2638:. 1606:( 1596:( 1586:( 686:( 676:( 666:( 656:( 646:( 85:) 79:( 74:) 70:( 52:. 20:)

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