747:
dirty Jew has deceived me. He lied to me, he bamboozled me, that frightful Jew." To bring
Izvolsky to heel, Austria-Hungary threatened to release and then ultimately began leaking documents, in which, over the course of the previous 30 years, Russia had agreed that Austria-Hungary had a free hand to do as it liked with Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. These documents were an embarrassment to Russia, especially with regard to its relations with Serbia. Tsar Nicholas II wrote to Emperor Franz-Joseph and accused Austria-Hungary of betraying confidence and relations between the two countries were permanently damaged. Under Germany's advice, Austria-Hungary kept in confidence the 2 July and 23 September correspondence from Izvolsky to Aehrenthal and these were a continued threat to Izvolsky's position if Russia did not firmly and publicly accept the amendment of Article 25 of the Treaty of Berlin to accept the annexation. On 22 March, Germany put Russia on the spot, demanding that Russia give a clear and unequivocal "yes" or "no" as to whether it committed to accept this amendment. Failure to give a positive reply would cause Germany to withdraw from the diplomatic discussions "and let things take their course". Under such pressure, Izvolsky caved and advised the cabinet to accept the amendment of Article 25 for fear that otherwise Austria would be free to act against Serbia. The cabinet agreed. On 23 March the Tsar accepted the decision and communicated the decision to the German Ambassador to Russia
589:. On 14 July Aehrenthal responded with guarded acceptance of the proposed discussions. On 10 September, after long and complex discussions within the Imperial Government discussing the Izvolsky proposals to Austria-Hungary, Aehrenthal outlined a slightly different set of counter-proposals to him: he proposed that in exchange for a friendly Russian attitude when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary would then withdraw its troops from the Sanjak. The letter then went on to offer to discuss, as a separate matter, the Straits question, on a friendly basis. Aehrenthal proposed that should agreement on Bosnia-Herzegovina be reached, his Government would not – should the Russians subsequently propose to assert a right of their Black Sea fleet to both use and protect their access to the Mediterranean through the Bosporus – automatically decide with the other powers to support collectively the Ottoman Empire's opposition (up to and including war) to such a proposal.
498:, where both Germany and Russia endorsed Austria's right to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina. A bilateral commercial treaty between Austria and Serbia in the same year had a secret annexe, stating that "Serbia 'would not permit any political, religious or other intrigue to be directed from her territory against the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, including Bosnia, Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar'". However, by 1897, under the new Tsar, Nicholas II, the Russian Imperial government had managed, again, to withdraw its support for Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Russian Foreign Minister, Count Michael Muraviev, stated that an Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina would raise "an extensive question requiring special scrutiny". Serbia allowed their obligations under the commercial treaty of 1881 to lapse in 1899.
62:
561:. On September 15–16 Aehrenthal and Izvolsky held a secret meeting. No record was kept—and afterwards both sides remembered it very differently. Aehrenthal assumed he had full Russian approval for his scheme, but he did not give out planned dates. Izvolsky assumed he would be informed before any actual move happened. Aehrenthal vaguely informed all the major countries but gave no details. The world was astonished on October 6, 1908, when a press release in Vienna announced that Bosnia was fully annexed. Inside Austria there was general approval except in Czech areas—that minority strongly felt its demands had been deliberately ignored.
651:
410:
22:
565:
opposition. Mass demonstrations broke out across the continent. Rome took advantage of the situation by reversing its friendship with Vienna. Berlin officials were surprised and appalled. The
British were especially angry, denouncing the violation of an international agreement signed by both Austria and Britain. France denounced the scheme. Turkey was surprised by the unexpected development, but was quieted by the cash payment. By far the angriest reaction came from Serbia, which called for revenge, and began setting up secret guerrilla bands, plotting insurrection in Bosnia.
712:
767:
maintained in regard to the annexation since last autumn and undertakes further to change the course of her present policy towards
Austria-Hungary to live henceforward with the latter on a footing of good-neighbourliness. Conformable to these declarations and confident of the pacific intentions of Austria-Hungary, Serbia will reduce her army to the position of spring 1908 as regards its organization, its distribution and effectiveness. She will disarm and disband her volunteers and bands and will prevent the formation of new units of irregulars on its territories.
598:
642:. Izvolsky stated that his position was that annexation was a matter to be settled between the signatories to the Treaty of Berlin. With the compensation of Austro-Hungarian withdrawal from the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, Russia would not consider the annexation as reason to go to war, but Russia and other governments would insist on changes to the Treaty favorable to themselves, including opening the Straits (Russia's interest), Bulgarian independence, territorial concessions to Serbia, and abolition of restrictions on Montenegrin sovereignty under article 29.
615:, the private residence of Count Leopold Berchtold, ambassador of Austria-Hungary in Saint Petersburg. No minutes were taken during these private meetings, which lasted a total of six hours. Izvolsky accepted the responsibility to write up the conclusions of the meetings and forward them to Aehrenthal. On 21 September, Aehrenthal wrote to Izvolsky asking for this document, to which Izvolsky replied two days later that the document had been sent to the Czar for approval. This document, if it ever existed, has never been produced.
455:
659:
629:
Russian demand to revise
Article 29 of the Treaty of Berlin which restricted Montenegrin sovereignty. The parties agreed that "these changes could receive sanction after negotiation with the Porte and the Powers", but "there would be no more talk of Bosnia-Herzegovina." Annexation would probably take place at the beginning of October. The original of Aehrenthal's account has not been found and so historians have had to make do with an undated office copy of the document.
569:
the wisdom of annexing Bosnia; Berlin explicitly warned St
Petersburg that continued demands for an international conference constituted a hostile action and increased the risk of war with Germany. Russia backed down. Thanks to the German intervention, Austria achieved short-term diplomatic success in taking control of Bosnia. In the long run, however, Germany and Austria both made too many enemies, as the battle lines of World War I started to harden.
737:
Italy should find themselves under the necessity of modifying it by a temporary or permanent occupation on their part, this occupation shall take place only after a previous agreement between the two Powers, based upon the principle of reciprocal compensation for every advantage, territorial or other, which each of them might obtain beyond the present status quo, and giving satisfaction to the interests and well-founded claims of the two
Parties.
554:
Aehrenthal concocted a grand diplomatic deal that proposed major benefits for both sides. Austria would gain full ownership of Bosnia with
Russian approval. Turkey would get full control of the territory known as the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, plus cash. Russia would get the right of passage for its warships through the Straits. Serbia would get nothing.
772:
partially mobilize its armed forces. On 28 March
Britain committed as requested. On 31 March Serbia made its formal declaration of acceptance to Austria-Hungary representing a complete Serbian climb down. The crisis was over. The Great Powers signed the amendments to the Treaty of Berlin in the various capitals from 7 to 19 April.
775:
A little over a year later, as a result of this diplomatic defeat, Izvolsky was demoted and made ambassador to France. He was permanently embittered against
Aehrenthal and the Central Powers. The Russian diplomat and newspaperman de Schelking relates Izvolsky's political downfall: "In the Salons of
771:
The next day
Austria-Hungary asked for Britain's firm assurance that once the negotiations with Serbia were complete, Britain would accept the amendment of Article 25. Without such assurance Austria-Hungary stated it would break off negotiations with Serbia. Later that day Austria-Hungary decided to
568:
All across Europe the chief blame was placed on Berlin, not Vienna. Europeans feared the powerful German army and took the episode as proof of its expansionist intentions. Berlin now realized it stood alone, with Austria its only friend. It decided it would firmly support Austria despite doubts about
766:
created in Bosnia-Herzegovina and that consequently, she will conform to such decision as the Powers shall take in regard to Article 25 of the Treaty of Berlin. Submitting to the advice of the Great Powers, Serbia undertakes already now to abandon the attitude of protest and opposition which she has
513:
dynasty came to the throne. Power shifted to elements widely interested in expansion into Bosnia. The new Serbian government wanted to take over the Sanjak of Novi Pazar and Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Austro-Hungarians. Relations between Serbia and Austria-Hungary gradually deteriorated. However,
439:, and, after a few setbacks, drove the Turks relentlessly back to within a few miles of Constantinople. What stopped the Russians from driving the Turks completely out of Europe was the willingness of the other great powers, particularly Britain and Austria-Hungary, to enforce an earlier treaty, the
746:
British opposition to amending the Treaty of Berlin with respect to the Straits left Russia empty-handed and therefore Izvolsky and the Tsar regarded the annexation and Aehrenthal's maneuvers as made in bad faith. Cognizant of Aehrenthal's rumored Jewish heritage, Izvolsky exploded, remarking "The
679:
Serbia mobilized its army and on 7 October the Serbian Crown Council demanded that the annexation be reversed or, failing that, Serbia should receive compensation, which it defined on 25 October as a strip of land across the northernmost portion of the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. In the end these demands
670:
from the Ottoman Empire, Emperor Franz Joseph announced to the people of this Ottoman territory (that had been occupied by Austria for 30 years) his determination to recognize and grant them an autonomous and constitutional regime, under his authority as their annexing sovereign. The following day,
623:
By Aehrenthal's account given by Albertini, Izvolsky agreed that Russia would maintain "a friendly and benevolent attitude" if Austria-Hungary were to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina. Reciprocally, should Russia move to open "the Straits to single ships of war", Austria-Hungary would maintain a benevolent
553:
of 1904-1905 when it was urgently needed. Izvolsky wanted this changed to allow the passage of Russian ships through the straits. Aehrenthal wanted full control of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Austria-Hungary had administered the provinces since 1878 but the Ottoman Empire remained the nominal legal owner.
481:
The Bosniak-dominated Sanjak of Novi Pazar separated Montenegro from Serbia and prevented the geographic and political union of these two states which were often closely aligned. The Austrian occupation of the Sanjak was also significant because it provided Austria-Hungary with a staging area for
736:
However, if, in the course of events, the maintenance of the status quo in the regions of the Balkans or of the Ottoman coasts and islands in the Adriatic and in the Aegean Sea should become impossible, and if, whether in consequence of the action of a third Power or otherwise, Austria-Hungary or
628:
independent since 1878, would declare its formal independence from the Ottoman Empire. Austria-Hungary would offer no territorial concessions to Serbia or Montenegro, but if they supported the annexation then Austria-Hungary would not oppose Serbian expansion in the Balkans, and would support the
719:
The annexation and Bulgarian declaration were viewed as violations of the Treaty of Berlin. France, Britain, Russia and Italy, therefore, were in favor of a conference to consider the matter. German opposition and complex diplomatic maneuvering as to the location, nature and preconditions of the
564:
Aehrenthal had expected wide European approval and instead he faced a hostile volcanic eruption from every direction. Izvolsky vehemently denounced the action and demanded an international conference on Bosnia. After decades of low-level activity, pan-Slavic forces inside Russia mobilized in
474:. Article 25 stated that "The provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall be occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary" and continued "Austria-Hungary reserves the right to maintain garrisons and to have military and trading roads over the whole area of that portion of the ancient
692:
The Ottoman Empire protested Bulgaria's declaration of independence with more vigor than the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, which it had no practical prospects of governing. A boycott of Austro-Hungarian goods and shops did occur, inflicting commercial losses of over 100,000,000
731:
treaties with Austria-Hungary. However, this did not happen and this became one of the reasons for Italy to break its alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1915. The mutual compensation clause was article 7 of the 1909 and of 5 December 1912 versions of the same treaty:
493:
and jointly occupying the Sanjak of Novi Pazar together with the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Berlin allowed for sole Austrian occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, but did not specify a final disposition of the provinces. This omission was addressed in the
637:
On 30 September, Austria-Hungary informed Izvolsky, who was in Paris at the time, that the annexation would take place on 7 October. On 4 October, Izvolsky prepared a report at the request of the British Ambassador to France,
2910:
671:
Austria-Hungary announced its withdrawal from the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. Bulgarian independence and the Bosnian annexation were not covered by the Treaty of Berlin and set off a flurry of diplomatic protests and discussions.
384:
and bring the crisis to an end. Although the crisis ended with what appeared to be a total Austro-Hungarian diplomatic victory, it permanently damaged relations between Austria-Hungary and its neighbors, especially Serbia,
429:, and Austria-Hungary would observe a benevolent neutrality toward Russia in the pending war with the Turks. As compensation for this support, Russia agreed to Austria-Hungary's control of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
521:
began formulating a plan to solidify Austria-Hungary's position towards Serbia through annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. His opportunity came in the form of a letter from Russian Foreign Minister
577:
On 2 July 1908, Russian Foreign Minister Alexander Izvolsky sent a letter to Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Alois Aehrenthal and proposed a discussion of reciprocal changes to the
545:
strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The Treaty prohibited the passage of any warships from any country into or out of the Black Sea. This treaty bottled up the
451:
on the Ottomans, which, in part, reneged on pledges made in the Budapest Convention and declared that Bosnia-Herzegovina would be jointly occupied by Russian and Austrian troops.
417:
The mid-1870s witnessed a series of violent rebellions against Ottoman rule in the Balkans, and equally violent and repressive responses from the Turks. The Russian Tsar,
525:– proposing Austrian annexation of the provinces as part of a deal to secure better access to the Turkish Straits for Russian naval vessels – and a subsequent meeting at
98:
443:
of 1841, which stated that the Straits of Constantinople would be closed to warships during time of war. This had the effect of bottling up the Russian fleet in the
2895:
3208:
284:
720:
conference delayed and ultimately scuttled it. Instead, the Powers reached an agreement on amendments to the Treaty through consultations between capitals.
758:
On 26 March, Austria-Hungary provided Britain with the negotiated text of Serbia's March declaration committing Serbia to accept the annexation. It ran:
514:
Russia's ability to support Serbia was greatly reduced following military humiliation in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War and the ensuing internal unrest.
699:
on Austria-Hungary. On 26 February, Austria-Hungary settled the matter in a protocol. Austria-Hungary agreed to pay the Ottomans 2.2 million
1935:
1791:
447:, but would be worthless if Russian troops gained control of the straits by land. After their victory in the war, the Russians then imposed the
352:
2905:
2472:
401:– harmed by the annexation's inflaming of Serbian nationalists – continued to be strained to the point of declaring war on each other in 1914.
3238:
2920:
1849:
639:
715:
Ottoman caricature on the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the ironic title: "Advance of civilization in Bosnia and Herzegovina"
61:
1844:
486:
in Ottoman controlled Macedonia. The Bosnian population was already religiously divided into Muslims, Catholics and Orthodox Christians.
277:
2900:
2853:
2419:
1945:
490:
248:
2787:
3213:
1800:
2843:
495:
270:
727:" ruled by Austria-Hungary in exchange for its recognition of the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, as was agreed upon in the
2496:
2396:
2140:
829:
776:
Petrograd he was given the Sobriquet 'Prince of the Bosphorus'. In his conceit, Izvolsky could not see he was being mocked."
667:
359:
110:
654:
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the annexation at the location where Gavrilo Princip stood 1908.
470:. Under article 29, Austria-Hungary received special rights in the Ottoman Empire's provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the
1643:
3223:
2818:
2593:
1784:
116:
3045:
2782:
2679:
2476:
2221:
2097:
2276:
2204:
2170:
1623:
1240:
1138:
1068:
1034:
1000:
966:
932:
898:
864:
436:
3218:
2578:
134:
3161:
2797:
792:
Sources vary as to the exact date of the annexation. It is reported as having taken place on 4, 5, or 6 October.
3228:
3169:
2862:
2114:
2109:
1777:
2689:
2756:
2721:
2124:
1739:
1642:
Davidson, Rondel Van. "French diplomacy and the Balkans-1900–1914" (MA thesis, Texas Tech University, 1968);
1130:
War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia
854:
3243:
2848:
2185:
2030:
1904:
1636:
421:, wanting to intervene against the Ottomans, wanted and obtained an agreement with Austria-Hungary. In the
158:
28:
1438:
2301:
2060:
1991:
422:
2663:
557:
Before approaching the Russians, Aehrenthal met with Austrian officials and won the approval of Emperor
2792:
2751:
2092:
2065:
371:
2613:
748:
3141:
3131:
3023:
2993:
2618:
2389:
1930:
558:
518:
440:
3082:
1759:
3040:
2986:
2462:
2291:
1957:
1892:
751:. Britain, however, was not quite ready to acquiesce and stated that it would do so only once "the
398:
206:
624:
attitude. The two agreed that a likely consequence of the annexation was that Bulgaria, which was
86:
3003:
2941:
2726:
2694:
2643:
2558:
2516:
2354:
2344:
2286:
2226:
2072:
1899:
1882:
578:
538:
467:
375:
322:
200:
170:
152:
146:
650:
3119:
2946:
2766:
2746:
2573:
2145:
2082:
1865:
728:
695:
687:
418:
344:
122:
74:
2736:
1695:
Sabrosky, Alan Ned. "From Bosnia to Sarajevo: a comparative discussion of interstate crises."
1230:
1058:
1024:
990:
956:
888:
3035:
3008:
2761:
2653:
2603:
2583:
2548:
2486:
2429:
2231:
2087:
1909:
1819:
1128:
922:
448:
409:
212:
194:
34:
3077:
711:
3187:
3018:
2731:
2382:
2236:
2155:
2150:
1870:
1598:
586:
471:
459:
104:
92:
510:
8:
3233:
2936:
2741:
2684:
2553:
2481:
2457:
2216:
2025:
1979:
1950:
1707:
724:
703:
for the public land in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Bulgarian independence could not be reversed.
502:
80:
3156:
21:
3124:
3114:
3109:
3092:
3013:
2998:
2638:
2623:
2608:
2568:
2563:
2446:
2349:
2316:
2281:
2160:
2077:
2055:
2035:
2001:
1763:
1718:
1654:
1566:
1558:
550:
522:
182:
140:
2915:
1769:
1060:
For Peace and Money: French and British Finance in the Service of Tsars and Commissars
3136:
3102:
2981:
2706:
2628:
2588:
2511:
2501:
2336:
2321:
2197:
2165:
2119:
1751:
1725:
1674:
1634:
Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy
1619:
1602:
1570:
1236:
1134:
1064:
1030:
996:
962:
928:
894:
860:
835:
825:
608:
601:
597:
526:
506:
475:
367:
236:
224:
176:
128:
3087:
3028:
2877:
2872:
2802:
2658:
2648:
2598:
2533:
2331:
2211:
2006:
1940:
1887:
1829:
1550:
752:
386:
314:
188:
164:
3151:
3050:
16:
Crisis triggered by Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908
2976:
2966:
2867:
2452:
2424:
2311:
2306:
1974:
1834:
1814:
1736:
Folly and Malice: The Habsburg Empire, the Balkans and the Start of World War One
1613:
1585:
582:
546:
340:
306:
3146:
3057:
2633:
2439:
2102:
1984:
1969:
1877:
1839:
1704:
The history of the Balkan Peninsula; from the earliest times to the present day
585:
and Austro-Hungarian interests in the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the
433:
390:
348:
42:
839:
3202:
3173:
2971:
2521:
2248:
2243:
1914:
1824:
380:
230:
755:
had been settled in a pacific manner." France fell in line behind Britain.
688:
Financial compensation in exchange for Ottoman recognition of the annexation
454:
2956:
2951:
2467:
700:
363:
38:
3097:
3067:
2961:
2857:
2434:
2405:
2363:
2326:
2296:
2260:
2191:
2176:
2020:
1604:
Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914
681:
658:
542:
394:
254:
242:
53:
362:
from the Ottoman Empire on 5 October—sparked protestations from all the
3072:
2506:
1996:
1962:
1562:
426:
37:
declares independence and is proclaimed Tsar, and the Austrian Emperor
856:
The art of the possible: documents on great power diplomacy, 1814–1914
819:
2011:
444:
1554:
762:
Serbia recognizes that she has not been injured in her right by the
3062:
1764:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
483:
612:
549:, a major portion of the Russian Navy, making it useless in the
1518:
924:
The Origins of the First World War: Controversies and Consensus
2374:
1727:
Recollections of a Russian Diplomat: The Suicide of Monarchies
1484:
1482:
992:
The Failure to Prevent World War I: The Unexpected Armageddon
680:
were rejected. Serbia took control of the Sanjak after the
607:
On 16 September, Izvolsky and Aehrenthal met face-to-face at
1753:
The Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary
1615:
The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics
1479:
1455:
1408:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1336:
1312:
1300:
1162:
1152:
1150:
41:
annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the Ottoman Sultan
1494:
1467:
1443:
1396:
1348:
1324:
618:
1799:
1506:
1198:
1174:
1147:
1280:
M.B. Cooper, "British Policy in the Balkans, 1908-9."
1420:
1023:
Hinsley, Francis Harry; Hinsley (15 September 1977).
482:
possible future expansion towards the Aegean port of
466:
The Treaty of San Stefano was overturned by the 1878
347:, territories formerly within the sovereignty of the
706:
330:
1249:
1228:
1210:
1186:
1108:
1096:
1084:
890:Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904-1914
393:, and in the long term helped lay the grounds for
1016:
3200:
1723:
1524:
425:, the two powers agreed that Russia would annex
353:under Austro-Hungarian administration since 1878
3209:Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1596:
1541:"Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Turkey".
1126:
413:Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar
1022:
741:
723:Italy expected compensations in the areas of "
358:This unilateral action—timed to coincide with
2390:
1785:
1607:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
1297:(Harvard University Press, 1965) pp. 412-424.
674:
662:Bosnia and Herzegovina within Austria-Hungary
458:Austrian-occupied Bosnia-Herzegovina and the
278:
1026:British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey
880:
489:Austria-Hungary exercised its legal rights,
26:
1665:. Milwaukee: University of Milwaukee Press.
1639:; pp 643–99; written for advanced students.
1029:. Cambridge University Press. p. 178.
914:
517:By 1907, Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister
2397:
2383:
1792:
1778:
1690:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914
1679:
1449:
982:
846:
285:
271:
1724:Shelḱīng, E. N.; Makovskī, L. W. (1918).
1611:
1584:
1543:The American Journal of International Law
1500:
1488:
1473:
1461:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1204:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1050:
948:
886:
581:in favour of the Russian interest in the
491:taking firm control of Bosnia-Herzegovina
2788:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
1660:
1590:The Origins of the War of 1914, volume I
1512:
1063:. Oxford University Press. p. 150.
920:
710:
657:
649:
596:
453:
408:
366:and Austria-Hungary's Balkan neighbors,
20:
988:
852:
3201:
1439:Amended Version of the Triple Alliance
1056:
961:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 284.
954:
572:
360:Bulgaria's declaration of independence
2378:
1773:
1255:
1216:
1192:
1114:
1102:
1090:
817:
666:On 6 October, the day after Bulgaria
632:
619:Aehrenthal’s version of the agreement
592:
496:Three Emperors' League treaty of 1881
1680:Joll, James; Martel, Gordon (2007).
1578:
1269:Before the war: studies in diplomacy
1235:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 753.
1057:Siegel, Jennifer (3 November 2014).
927:. Taylor & Francis. p. 18.
921:Mombauer, Annika (2 December 2013).
2916:Initial phase of the Greek genocide
2819:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
1801:International relations (1814–1919)
1715:The annexation of Bosnia, 1908–1909
13:
1682:The Origins of the First World War
1534:
958:A Companion to Europe, 1900 - 1945
532:
14:
3255:
2420:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
1745:
707:France, Britain, Russia and Italy
339:, erupted on 5 October 1908 when
3239:Austria-Hungary–Serbia relations
1673:(1939) pp 368–438 on Aehrenthal
1295:The Habsburg Monarchy 1867- 1914
955:Martel, Gordon (21 March 2011).
893:. Clarendon Press. p. 112.
249:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
60:
2404:
1432:
1287:
1274:
1261:
1222:
1120:
989:Gardner, Hall (16 March 2016).
853:Menning, Ralph Richard (1996).
25:Cover of the French periodical
3214:1908 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2906:Bulgarians deportation program
2477:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
1697:Journal of Conflict Resolution
811:
786:
541:, the Ottomans controlled the
505:of Serbia was assassinated in
33:on the Bosnian Crisis: Prince
1:
2757:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
2171:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
2125:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
2115:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
824:. HarperCollins. p. 85.
799:
645:
529:in Moravia, Austria-Hungary.
404:
2849:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
2031:Second Industrial Revolution
1905:League of the Three Emperors
1713:Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly.
1688:MacMillan, Margaret (2013).
1651:The Origins of the World War
1632:Carroll, E. Malcolm. (1938)
1612:Bataković, Dušan T. (1996).
1525:Shelḱīng & Makovskī 1918
1229:Peter Francis Kenny (2016).
1133:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 40–43.
859:. McGraw-Hill. p. 339.
804:
423:Budapest Conventions of 1877
343:announced the annexation of
159:Anglo-German naval arms race
7:
2844:Autonomy of Northern Epirus
2061:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
818:Clark, Christopher (2013).
742:Russia and Serbia back down
602:Buchlovice (Buchlau) Castle
378:was amended to reflect the
10:
3260:
3224:1908 in the Ottoman Empire
2863:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
2110:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
1684:. London: Pearson/Longman.
995:. Routledge. p. 165.
675:Protests and compensations
3183:
3024:Konstantinos Sapountzakis
2929:
2888:
2836:
2827:
2811:
2775:
2714:
2703:
2672:
2541:
2530:
2463:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
2412:
2269:
2133:
2046:
1931:European balance of power
1923:
1858:
1807:
1661:Goldberg, Harvey (1968).
1646:; bibliography pp 95–104.
1592:. New York: Enigma Books.
1271:(vol 1 1936) pp 366–438.
887:Stevenson, David (1996).
668:declared its independence
583:Straits of Constantinople
441:London Straits Convention
331:
2798:Treaty of Constantinople
2690:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
2222:Venezuela Naval Blockade
1893:Anglo-Russian Convention
1653:(2 vols. 2nd ed. 1930).
1618:. Dialogue Association.
1127:Richard C. Hall (2014).
779:
432:Shortly thereafter, the
399:Austro-Serbian relations
311:Bosnische Annexionskrise
207:Anglo-Russian Convention
87:Second Concert of Europe
3219:1908 in Austria-Hungary
2868:Balkans campaign of WWI
2517:Albanian revolt of 1912
2227:Alaska boundary dispute
1900:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
1883:Franco-Russian Alliance
1663:The Life of Jean Jaurès
171:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
153:First Sino-Japanese War
147:Franco-Russian Alliance
117:Austro–Serbian Alliance
3142:Crown Prince Alexander
3120:Crown Prince Ferdinand
3083:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
2911:Massacres of Civilians
2901:Massacres of Albanians
2854:Sarajevo Assassination
2783:Greek–Serbian Alliance
2776:Diplomacy and politics
2673:Diplomacy and politics
2497:Bulgarian Independence
2146:Unification of Germany
2093:Taft–Katsura agreement
1730:. New York: Macmillan.
1717:(Cambridge UP, 1937).
1450:Joll & Martel 2007
769:
739:
716:
663:
655:
604:
463:
414:
345:Bosnia and Herzegovina
326:
318:
310:
231:Second Moroccan Crisis
75:Unification of Germany
46:
27:
3229:Causes of World War I
3168:Other Balkan states:
3009:Eleftherios Venizelos
2685:Albanian Independence
2487:Young Turk Revolution
2232:First Moroccan Crisis
1946:Spread of nationalism
1910:Eight-Nation Alliance
1702:Schevill, Ferdinand.
1671:Before The War Vol I
1599:Hershey, Amos Shartle
760:
734:
714:
661:
653:
600:
457:
449:Treaty of San Stefano
412:
374:. In April 1909, the
213:Young Turk Revolution
195:First Moroccan Crisis
35:Ferdinand of Bulgaria
24:
3019:Pavlos Kountouriotis
2237:Algeciras Conference
2217:Annexation of Hawaii
2156:Great Eastern Crisis
2151:Unification of Italy
2141:Formation of Romania
1958:French–German enmity
1758:Marc Stefan Peters:
1284:7.2 (1964): 258-279.
587:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
509:and the pro-Russian
472:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
460:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
301:, also known as the
93:Great Eastern Crisis
3244:October 1908 events
3046:Crown Prince Danilo
2896:Carnegie Commission
2793:Treaty of Bucharest
2482:Macedonian Struggle
2458:Serbo-Bulgarian War
2302:Philippine–American
2287:First Sino-Japanese
2120:Racconigi agreement
2066:Treaty of Frankfurt
2026:Great Rapprochement
1980:Scramble for Africa
1549:(4): 286–89. 1909.
573:Exchange of letters
503:Alexander Obrenovic
337:First Balkan Crisis
81:Franco-Prussian War
3125:Alexandru Averescu
3093:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
3014:Panagiotis Danglis
2921:Places burned down
2447:Congress of Berlin
2161:Congress of Berlin
2078:Reinsurance Treaty
2056:Congress of Vienna
2036:Industrial warfare
2002:Scramble for China
1699:19.1 (1975): 3–24.
1491:, pp. 291–92.
1464:, pp. 285–86.
1417:, pp. 225–85.
1393:, pp. 222–23.
1381:, pp. 218–19.
1369:, pp. 207–08.
1345:, pp. 206–07.
1321:, pp. 201–02.
1309:, pp. 195–96.
1282:Historical Journal
717:
664:
656:
633:Izvolsky’s version
605:
593:Meeting at Buchlau
551:Russo-Japanese War
523:Alexander Izvolsky
464:
415:
183:Russo-Japanese War
141:Reinsurance Treaty
99:Campaign in Bosnia
52:Events leading to
47:
3196:
3195:
3103:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
2982:Stiliyan Kovachev
2707:Second Balkan War
2680:London Conference
2512:Italo-Turkish War
2502:31 March Incident
2372:
2371:
2341:Albanian Revolts
2198:German Naval Laws
2182:Naval arms races
2166:Berlin Conference
2098:Hague Conventions
1597:Anderson, F. M.;
1579:Secondary sources
1171:, pp. 22–23.
831:978-0-06-219922-5
476:Vilayet of Bosnia
303:Annexation Crisis
295:
294:
237:Italo-Turkish War
225:Racconigi Bargain
129:Berlin Conference
3251:
3162:Božidar Janković
3157:Stepa Stepanović
3029:Viktor Dousmanis
2878:Macedonian front
2873:Serbian campaign
2803:Treaty of Athens
2752:Southern Dobruja
2695:Treaty of London
2534:First Balkan War
2399:
2392:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2292:Spanish–American
2212:Fashoda Incident
2088:Treaty of Björkö
2073:Treaty of Berlin
2007:Open Door Policy
1941:Eastern question
1888:Entente Cordiale
1794:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1734:Zametica, John.
1731:
1685:
1666:
1629:
1608:
1593:
1586:Albertini, Luigi
1574:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
952:
946:
945:
943:
941:
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
850:
844:
843:
821:The Sleepwalkers
815:
793:
790:
753:Serbian question
725:Italia Irredenta
579:Treaty of Berlin
539:Treaty of Berlin
519:Alois Aehrenthal
468:Treaty of Berlin
376:Treaty of Berlin
334:
333:
287:
280:
273:
189:Entente Cordiale
165:Fashoda Incident
135:Bulgarian Crisis
64:
49:
48:
32:
29:Le Petit Journal
3259:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3179:
2977:Radko Dimitriev
2967:Vasil Kutinchev
2925:
2884:
2832:
2823:
2807:
2771:
2722:Kilkis–Lachanas
2710:
2699:
2668:
2537:
2526:
2453:Eastern Rumelia
2408:
2403:
2373:
2368:
2307:Boxer Rebellion
2265:
2129:
2083:Treaty of Paris
2048:
2042:
1975:New Imperialism
1936:Ottoman decline
1919:
1866:Triple Alliance
1854:
1815:Austria-Hungary
1803:
1798:
1748:
1649:Fay, Sidney B.
1626:
1601:, eds. (1918).
1581:
1555:10.2307/2212637
1540:
1537:
1535:Primary sources
1532:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:Arthur J. May,
1292:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1003:
987:
983:
973:
971:
969:
953:
949:
939:
937:
935:
919:
915:
905:
903:
901:
885:
881:
871:
869:
867:
851:
847:
832:
816:
812:
807:
802:
797:
796:
791:
787:
782:
744:
729:Triple Alliance
709:
690:
677:
648:
635:
621:
595:
575:
547:Black Sea Fleet
535:
533:Buchlau bargain
407:
341:Austria-Hungary
332:Анексиона криза
327:Aneksiona kriza
291:
262:
123:Triple Alliance
17:
12:
11:
5:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:Radomir Putnik
3144:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Ali Rıza Pasha
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3058:Ottoman Empire
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:Georgi Todorov
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2664:Second Çatalca
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Bosnian Crisis
2489:
2484:
2479:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:Annexation of
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2317:Russo-Japanese
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:Anglo-Egyptian
2279:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2256:Bosnian Crisis
2253:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:Austro-Italian
2202:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:Martens Clause
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1985:Egyptian Lever
1972:
1970:Pax Britannica
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1951:Sovereign debt
1948:
1943:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1878:Triple Entente
1875:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1845:United Kingdom
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1760:Bosnian Crisis
1756:
1747:
1746:External links
1744:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1721:
1711:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1677:
1667:
1658:
1647:
1640:
1630:
1624:
1609:
1594:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:, p. 183.
1517:
1515:, p. 430.
1505:
1503:, p. 289.
1501:Albertini 2005
1493:
1489:Albertini 2005
1478:
1476:, p. 287.
1474:Albertini 2005
1466:
1462:Albertini 2005
1454:
1442:
1431:
1427:Albertini 2005
1419:
1415:Albertini 2005
1407:
1405:, p. 277.
1403:Albertini 2005
1395:
1391:Albertini 2005
1383:
1379:Albertini 2005
1371:
1367:Albertini 2005
1359:
1357:, p. 208.
1355:Albertini 2005
1347:
1343:Albertini 2005
1335:
1333:, p. 207.
1331:Albertini 2005
1323:
1319:Albertini 2005
1311:
1307:Albertini 2005
1299:
1286:
1273:
1260:
1248:
1241:
1221:
1209:
1205:Albertini 2005
1197:
1185:
1181:Albertini 2005
1173:
1169:Albertini 2005
1161:
1157:Albertini 2005
1146:
1139:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1069:
1049:
1035:
1015:
1001:
981:
967:
947:
933:
913:
899:
879:
865:
845:
830:
809:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
795:
794:
784:
783:
781:
778:
743:
740:
708:
705:
689:
686:
676:
673:
647:
644:
640:Francis Bertie
634:
631:
620:
617:
609:Buchlau Castle
594:
591:
574:
571:
559:Franz Joseph I
534:
531:
527:Buchlau castle
406:
403:
349:Ottoman Empire
323:Serbo-Croatian
299:Bosnian Crisis
293:
292:
290:
289:
282:
275:
267:
264:
263:
261:
260:
259:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
222:
219:Bosnian Crisis
216:
210:
204:
198:
192:
186:
180:
174:
168:
162:
156:
150:
144:
138:
132:
126:
120:
114:
108:
102:
96:
90:
84:
78:
69:
66:
65:
57:
56:
43:Abdul Hamid II
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3256:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Petar Bojović
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3051:Janko Vukotić
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Constantine I
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Nikola Ivanov
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:First Çatalca
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Pente Pigadia
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2522:Balkan League
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Italo-Turkish
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Russo-Turkish
2275:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2249:Treaty of Fes
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:Agadir Crisis
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1915:Balkan League
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:Dual Alliance
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1850:United States
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:Gooch, G. P.
1668:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1625:9782911527104
1621:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1513:Goldberg 1968
1509:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1452:, p. 69.
1451:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1258:, p. 36.
1257:
1252:
1244:
1242:9781514443750
1238:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1219:, p. 29.
1218:
1213:
1207:, p. 94.
1206:
1201:
1195:, p. 28.
1194:
1189:
1183:, p. 37.
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1159:, p. 16.
1158:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1140:9781610690317
1136:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1117:, p. 33.
1116:
1111:
1105:, p. 86.
1104:
1099:
1093:, p. 24.
1092:
1087:
1072:
1070:9780199387830
1066:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1038:
1036:9780521213479
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1004:
1002:9781317032175
998:
994:
993:
985:
970:
968:9781444391671
964:
960:
959:
951:
936:
934:9781317875833
930:
926:
925:
917:
902:
900:9780198202080
896:
892:
891:
883:
868:
866:9780070415744
862:
858:
857:
849:
841:
837:
833:
827:
823:
822:
814:
810:
789:
785:
777:
773:
768:
765:
764:fait accompli
759:
756:
754:
750:
738:
733:
730:
726:
721:
713:
704:
702:
698:
697:
685:
683:
672:
669:
660:
652:
643:
641:
630:
627:
616:
614:
610:
603:
599:
590:
588:
584:
580:
570:
566:
562:
560:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
530:
528:
524:
520:
515:
512:
508:
504:
501:In 1903 King
499:
497:
492:
487:
485:
479:
477:
473:
469:
461:
456:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
411:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
382:
381:fait accompli
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
288:
283:
281:
276:
274:
269:
268:
266:
265:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:Dual Alliance
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
44:
40:
36:
31:
30:
23:
19:
3174:Ismail Kemal
2957:Mihail Savov
2952:Stoyan Danev
2930:Participants
2829:
2747:Kresna Gorge
2705:
2574:Kirk Kilisse
2532:
2491:
2468:Cretan State
2255:
2190:
2186:Anglo-German
2175:
2047:Treaties and
1808:Great powers
1752:
1735:
1726:
1714:
1710:pp 455–462.
1703:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1670:
1662:
1650:
1633:
1614:
1603:
1589:
1546:
1542:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1267:G.P. Gooch,
1263:
1251:
1231:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1129:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1059:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1025:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
991:
984:
972:. Retrieved
957:
950:
938:. Retrieved
923:
916:
904:. Retrieved
889:
882:
870:. Retrieved
855:
848:
820:
813:
788:
774:
770:
763:
761:
757:
745:
735:
722:
718:
701:Ottoman lira
694:
691:
678:
665:
636:
625:
622:
606:
576:
567:
563:
556:
536:
516:
511:Karađorđević
500:
488:
480:
465:
437:declared war
431:
419:Alexander II
416:
379:
364:Great Powers
357:
336:
302:
298:
296:
218:
39:Franz Joseph
18:
3068:Nazim Pasha
2962:Ivan Fichev
2947:Ivan Geshov
2942:Ferdinand I
2858:World War I
2584:Lule Burgas
2549:Sarantaporo
2406:Balkan Wars
2364:World War I
2327:Balkan Wars
2312:Second Boer
2297:Banana Wars
2261:July Crisis
2192:Dreadnought
2177:Weltpolitik
2021:Pan-Slavism
1675:online free
682:Balkan Wars
543:Dardanelles
395:World War I
319:Bosna Krizi
255:July Crisis
243:Balkan Wars
54:World War I
3234:Annexation
3203:Categories
3078:Esad Pasha
3073:Zeki Pasha
3041:Nicholas I
3036:Montenegro
2889:Atrocities
2732:Bregalnica
2594:Adrianople
2507:Goudi coup
2413:Background
2049:agreements
1997:Great Game
1963:Revanchism
1692:pp 404–38.
1657:pp 353–547
1256:Clark 2013
1217:Clark 2013
1193:Clark 2013
1115:Clark 2013
1103:Clark 2013
1091:Clark 2013
840:1002090920
800:References
646:Annexation
537:Under the
427:Bessarabia
405:Background
372:Montenegro
3098:Enver Bey
2837:Aftermath
2742:Kalimanci
2737:Knjaževac
2554:Kardzhali
2430:Bulgarian
2012:Meiji era
1859:Alliances
1571:246012353
1076:4 October
1042:4 October
1008:4 October
974:4 October
940:4 October
906:4 October
872:4 October
805:Citations
749:Pourtalès
445:Black Sea
335:) or the
245:1912–1913
239:1911–1912
221:1908–1909
203:1906–1908
197:1905–1906
185:1904–1905
161:1898–1912
155:1894–1895
143:1887–1890
137:1885–1888
119:1881–1903
113:1880–1902
111:Boer Wars
95:1875–1878
83:1870–1871
77:1866–1871
45:looks on.
3188:Category
3063:Mehmed V
2999:George I
2937:Bulgaria
2624:Merhamli
2619:Kaliakra
2609:Monastir
2569:Kumanovo
2564:Sorovich
2425:Albanian
1588:(2005).
1232:Monarchs
626:de facto
484:Salonika
434:Russians
177:May Coup
3170:Albania
3137:Peter I
3115:Carol I
3110:Romania
2830:General
2715:Battles
2639:Korytsa
2629:Driskos
2589:Yenidje
2579:Scutari
2542:Battles
2440:Serbian
1992:In Asia
1825:Germany
1740:excerpt
1738:(2017)
1706:(1922)
1563:2212637
613:Moravia
462:in 1904
315:Turkish
201:Pig War
3132:Serbia
2994:Greece
2727:Doiran
2659:Bizani
2654:Şarköy
2649:Bulair
2644:Lemnos
2604:Himara
2599:Prilep
2475:&
2350:Second
2337:Second
2134:Events
1924:Trends
1840:Russia
1820:France
1762:, in:
1719:online
1708:online
1655:online
1644:online
1637:online
1622:
1569:
1561:
1239:
1137:
1067:
1033:
999:
965:
931:
897:
863:
838:
828:
696:kronen
507:a coup
391:Russia
368:Serbia
307:German
2812:Other
2767:Pirot
2762:Vidin
2435:Greek
2355:Third
2345:First
2332:First
1835:Japan
1830:Italy
1567:S2CID
1559:JSTOR
780:Notes
387:Italy
2856:and
2634:Elli
2473:IMRO
2270:Wars
1620:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1078:2018
1065:ISBN
1044:2018
1031:ISBN
1010:2018
997:ISBN
976:2018
963:ISBN
942:2018
929:ISBN
908:2018
895:ISBN
874:2018
861:ISBN
836:OCLC
826:ISBN
389:and
370:and
351:but
297:The
257:1914
251:1914
233:1911
227:1909
215:1908
209:1907
191:1904
179:1903
173:1902
167:1898
149:1894
131:1884
125:1882
107:1879
101:1878
89:1871
1551:doi
611:in
478:."
3205::
1565:.
1557:.
1545:.
1481:^
1149:^
834:.
684:.
397:.
355:.
329:,
325::
321:;
317::
313:,
309::
3176:)
3172:(
2398:e
2391:t
2384:v
1793:e
1786:t
1779:v
1766:.
1628:.
1573:.
1553::
1547:3
1429:.
1245:.
1143:.
1080:.
1046:.
1012:.
978:.
944:.
910:.
876:.
842:.
305:(
286:e
279:t
272:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
