886:
769:
341:
1292:. However, more recent scholarship has argued against this, on the basis that Japan-British imperial interests had already substantially conflicted before 1921: therefore the end of the Alliance was instead symptomatic of the already-present political reality of eroding ties between both countries, rather than its cause. Britain had for example, become increasingly suspicious of a potential Japanese threat to its Asian colonies and interests, due to growing Japanese ambitions in China, the rise in Pan-Asianism, as demonstrated by Japanese support for Indian revolutionaries and the presence of Japanese propagandists in Malaya and India.
693:
708:
whilst Japan, in addition to the interests which she possesses in China, is interested in a peculiar degree, politically as well as commercially and industrially in Korea, the High
Contracting Parties recognise that it will be admissible for either of them to take such measures as may be indispensable in order to safeguard those interests if threatened either by the aggressive action of any other Power, or by disturbances arising in China or Korea, and necessitating the intervention of either of the High Contracting Parties for the protection of the lives and properties of its subjects.
164:
200:
36:
821:
267:" while allowing for greater focus on protecting India and competing in the Anglo-German naval arms race. The alliance was part of a larger British strategy to reduce imperial overcommitment and recall the Royal Navy to defend Britain. The Japanese, on the other hand, gained international prestige from the alliance and used it as a foundation for their diplomacy for two decades. In 1905, the treaty was redefined in favor of Japan concerning Korea. It was renewed in 1911 for another ten years and replaced by the
150:
676:
187:
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1284:. The Four-Power Treaty would provide a minimal structure for the expectations of international relations in the Pacific, as well as a loose alliance without any commitment to armed alliances. The Four-Power Treaty at the Washington Conference made the Anglo–Japanese Alliance defunct in December, 1921; however, it would not officially terminate until all parties ratified the treaty on 17 August 1923.
837:. Britain also considered asking Japan to help defend India. The July 1905 renegotiations allowed for Japanese support of British interests in India and British support for Japanese progress into Korea. By November of that year, Korea was a Japanese protectorate, and in February 1906 Itō Hirobumi was posted as the Resident-General to Seoul. At the renewal in 1911, Japanese diplomat
643:. Nevertheless, both countries had their reservations. Britain was cautious about abandoning its policy of "splendid isolation", wary of antagonizing Russia, and unwilling to act on the treaty if Japan were to attack the United States. There were factions in the Japanese government that still hoped for a compromise with Russia, including the highly powerful political figure
1253:
The
American government feared that the renewal of the Anglo–Japanese Alliance would create a Japanese-dominated market in the Pacific, and close China off from American trade. These fears were elevated by the news media in America and Canada, which reported alleged secret anti-American clauses in the treaty, and advised the public to support abrogation.
3517:
1142:
Even though
Britain was the wealthiest industrialized power, and Japan was a newly industrialized power with a large export market, which would seem to create natural economic ties, those ties were somewhat limited, which provided a major limitation of the alliance. British banks saw Japan as a risky
1091:
expectations, it featured exhibitions of Ainu, Taiwanese and
Japanese 'villages'. The organizers portrayed a cultural-historical parallel between Britain and Japan as symmetrical "Island Empires" in East and West. Organized by the Japanese government, it was one of the largest such expositions at its
1032:
The alliance formed the basis for positive trading and cultural exchanges between
Britain and Japan. Japanese agencies published numerous English-language releases and publications. Rapid industrialisation and the development of the Japanese armed forces provided significant new export opportunities
1236:
supporting the immediate renewal of an alliance with Japan. The prevailing hope was for a continuance of the alliance with the
Pacific power, which could potentially provide security for British imperial interests in the area. The Australians feared that they could not fend off any advances from the
914:
broke out in 1904, as Japan sought to halt the expansion of the
Russian Empire's colonies in China. Britain did not officially join the Russo-Japanese War, but supported Japan in espionage, ship design, finance, and diplomacy during the war. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was not activated, because its
1181:
were at times skeptical of foreign investment, which led the
Japanese government to channel it through some controlled enterprises acting as intermediaries with the private sector in London and Tokyo, which was seen as excess regulation by some British industrialists. Nevertheless, Britain did lend
1138:
of Japan. Feeling desperate, the
Chinese government appealed to Britain and the U.S., which forced Japan to moderate the demands issued; ultimately, the Japanese government gained little influence in China, but lost prestige amongst the Western nations (including Britain, which was affronted and no
901:
The first version of the alliance was announced on 12 February 1902. In response, Russia sought to form alliances with France and
Germany, which Germany declined. On 16 March 1902, a mutual pact was signed between France and Russia. China and the United States were strongly opposed to the alliance.
1252:
remove itself from the treaty to avoid being forced into a war between the two nations. The rest of the delegates agreed that it was best to court America and try to find a solution that the American government would find suitable, but only Meighen called for the complete abrogation of the treaty.
654:
Hayashi and Lord Lansdowne began their discussions in July 1901, and disputes over Korea and India delayed them until November. At this point, Hirobumi Itō requested a delay in negotiations in order to attempt a reconciliation with Russia. He was mostly unsuccessful, and Britain expressed concerns
759:
Although written using careful and clear language, the two sides understood the Treaty slightly differently. Britain saw it as a gentle warning to Russia, while Japan was emboldened by it. From that point on, even those of a moderate stance refused to accept a compromise over the issue of Korea.
1287:
At that time, the Alliance was officially terminated, as per Article IV in the Anglo–Japanese Alliance Treaties of 1902 and 1911. The distrust between the British Empire and Japan, as well as the manner in which the Anglo–Japanese Alliance concluded, have been suggested by some as being leading
931:
and China often intercepted and read wireless and telegraph cable traffic relating to the war, which was shared with the Japanese. In their turn, the Japanese shared information about Russia with the British with one British official writing of the "perfect quality" of Japanese intelligence. In
707:
The High Contracting parties, having mutually recognised the independence of China and Korea, declare themselves to be entirely uninfluenced by aggressive tendencies in either country, having in view, however, their special interests, of which those of Great Britain relate principally to China,
1176:
from Emperor Meiji, had played a role in the expansion of industrialization and engineering in Japan as part of a significant foreign investment. Dyer criticized what he saw as widespread British skepticism of Japan's economy. Meanwhile, influential industrialists in Japan such as businessman
2859:
1264:
The British Empire decided to sacrifice its alliance with Japan in favour of goodwill with the United States, yet it desired to prevent the expected alliance between Japan and either Germany or Russia from coming into being. Empire delegates convinced America to invite several nations to
1072:(Shin no Eikoku) in 1902, was the first blind person in Japan to receive higher education, and brought some British ideas on public welfare to Japan. The clergyman Kumagai Tetsutaro (b. 1883, d. 1979) praised the book as having a major impact on opportunities for people with blindness.
932:
particular, British and Japanese intelligence gathered much evidence that Germany was supporting Russia in the war as part of a bid to disturb the balance of power in Europe, which led to British officials increasingly perceiving that country as a threat to the international order.
651:. It was thought that friendship within Asia would be more amenable to the US, which was uncomfortable with the rise of Japan as a power. Furthermore, Britain was unwilling to protect Japanese interests in Korea and likewise, the Japanese were unwilling to support Britain in India.
2168:
on the evening of 2 September, wearing the DSC he had earned as Britain's ally in the 1914–18 war, and surrendered the garrison. He fainted and was rushed to hospital; the military policemen who carried him there took his sword as a souvenir." Bayly & Harper, page
919:
power, whereas Japan was only at war with Russia. Similarly, the nature of the alliance meant that France was unable to come to Russia's aid, as this would have meant going to war with Britain. This was considered Britain's diplomatic contribution in favour of Japan.
2980:
659:" was ended as for the first time Britain saw the need for a peace-time military alliance. It was the first alliance on equal terms between East and West. For Britain, the revision of "Splendid isolation" spurred by the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, culminated in the
1256:
The press, combined with Meighen's convincing argument of Canadian fears that Japan would attack imperial assets in China, caused the Imperial Conference to shelve the alliance. The conference communicated their desire to consider leaving the alliance to the
2975:
2819:
1217:
of 1919–1920. On 8 July 1920, the two governments issued a joint statement to the effect that the alliance treaty "is not entirely consistent with the letter of that Covenant (of the League of Nations), which both Governments earnestly desire to respect".
755:
The treaty laid out an acknowledgment of Japanese interests in Korea without obligating Britain to help if a conflict arose where Japan only had one adversary. Japan was likewise not obligated to defend British interests unless there were two adversaries.
3047:
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which prompted a restatement of the Japanese-British agreement. It was also partly prompted by British suspicions about Japanese intentions in South Asia. Japan appeared to support Indian nationalism, tolerating visits by figures such as
263:. It was in operation from 1902 to 1922. The original British goal was to prevent Russia from expanding in Manchuria while also preserving the territorial integrity of China and Korea. For the British, it marked the end of a period of "
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of 1904. France supported Russia economically against Japan anyway. However, Britain siding with Japan angered the United States and some British dominions, whose opinion of the Empire of Japan worsened and gradually became hostile.
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argued that Britain was implying, through unattractive loan terms, that Japan had reverted from one of the "civilized nations" to "undeveloped nations", referring that Japan had more easily received foreign capital to fund its
2834:
2742:
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584:. While this single event was an unstable basis for an alliance, the case was strengthened by the support Britain had given Japan in its drive towards modernisation and their co-operative efforts to put down the
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1112:, was compatible with the British stance of equality for all subjects as a principle for maintaining imperial unity; however, there were significant deviations in the stated interests of Britain's
3476:
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had eight million visitors. It sought to promote knowledge of Japan's modernization and the idea of an 'alliance of peoples' between Britain and Japan. It featured Japanese fine arts, musicians,
2869:
2703:
1100:
Despite the ostensibly friendly relations between Britain and Japan during the early 20th century, the relationship started to strain over various issues. One such strain was the issue of the "
844:
Although the "second" alliance in 1905 was meant to last a decade, the alliance was renewed earlier in 1911. Over those six years, great power politics had substantially changed, following the
793:
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2762:
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1276:
Despite the growing rift, Japan joined the conference in hopes of avoiding a war with the United States. The Pacific powers of the United States, Japan, France and Britain would sign the
1229:
leaders convened to determine a unified international policy. One of the major issues of the conference was the renewal of the Anglo–Japanese Alliance. The conference began with all but
2752:
1143:
investment due to what they saw as restrictive property laws and an unstable financial situation, and offered loans to Japan with high interest rates, similar to those they offered the
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2554:
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1241:, and desired a continuance of the buildup of naval resources for a possible future conflict as they feared that an alliance with the United States (then in a state of post-war
41:
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Korea and Manchuria between Russia and Japan 1895–1904: The Observations of Sir Ernest Satow, British Minister Plenipotentiary to Japan (1895–1900) and China (1900–1906).
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wrote after 1906 that Japanese bonds "has aroused keen interest among British investors, who have always been partial to Japanese bonds." Dyer, a recipient of the
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was initially skeptical of Japan's economy; however, he would later describe Osaka as the "Manchester of Japan" and Japan as "one of the countries of the future."
2517:
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identified that Britain and Japan working in concert was the only way to challenge Russian power in the region. Negotiations began when Russia began to move into
5401:
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563:
1959:
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The alliance's provisions for mutual defence permitted Japan to enter the First World War on the British side. The Treaty made possible the Japanese seizure of
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Robert Joseph Gowen, "British Legerdemain at the 1911 Imperial Conference: The Dominions, Defense Planning, and the Renewal of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance."
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that appeared in the British press after the treaty was renewed in 1905 illustrates the positive light that the alliance was seen in by the British public.
4579:
3394:
1261:, which stated that the alliance would continue, as originally stated with the leaving party giving the other a twelve-month notice of their intentions.
2500:
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headed the British side of the negotiation, and various intelligence cooperation agreements were signed between the two in July. Fukushima represented
983:
279:
155:
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Meanwhile, even before the war, British and Japanese intelligence had co-operated against Russia due to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. During the war,
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for British shipyards and arms manufacturers. Japanese educated in Britain were also able to bring new technology to Japan, such as advances in
3424:
1295:
According to Zoltan Buzas, racially shaped threat perceptions led the British and the Americans to push for the termination of the alliance.
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The signatories promise to communicate frankly and fully with each other when any of the interests affected by this treaty are in jeopardy.
340:
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2164:"After some delay, and a failure to attend an earlier meeting, the Japanese local commander, Rear Admiral Jisaku Uzumi, came aboard HMS
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on 9 August and stayed until September 1902 to work on the details. The existence and contents of the agreements were not made public.
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304:. France was concerned about war with Britain and, in cooperation with Britain, abandoned its ally, Russia, to avoid blame for the
294:
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Vinson, J. C. "The Imperial Conference of 1921 and the Anglo-Japanese alliance." Pacific Historical Review 31, no. 3 (1962): 257
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Vinson, J. C. "The Imperial Conference of 1921 and the Anglo-Japanese alliance." Pacific Historical Review 31, no. 3 (1962): 258
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The possibility of an alliance between Great Britain and Japan had been canvassed since 1895, when Britain refused to join the
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Treaty to remain in force for five years and then at one years' notice, unless notice was given at the end of the fourth year.
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2003:
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2436:(LSE), Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD) Paper No. IS/2003/443: Read
864:. In this context, Japan and Britain augmented a "third" Anglo-Japanese alliance to reassure each other of their interests.
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in 1915. The demands would have drastically increased Japanese influence in China and transformed the Chinese state into a
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Kennedy, Malcolm D. The Estrangement of Great Britain and Japan. (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969), 54
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Nish, Ian H. Alliance in Decline: A Study in Anglo-Japanese Relations 1908–23. (London: The Athlone Press, 1972), 337.
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Nish, Ian H. Alliance in Decline: A Study in Anglo-Japanese Relations 1908–23. (London: The Athlone Press, 1972), 334
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Spinks, Charles N. "The Termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance." Pacific Historical Review 6, no. 4 (1937): 326.
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capital to Japan during the Russo-Japanese War, while Japan provided major loans to the Entente during World War I.
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Davis, Christina L. "Linkage diplomacy: economic and security bargaining in the Anglo-Japanese alliance, 1902–23."
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Spinks, Charles N. "The Termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance." Pacific Historical Review 6, no. 4 (1937): 337
2231:
Spinks, Charles N. "The Termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance." Pacific Historical Review 6, no. 4 (1937): 324
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to participate in talks regarding Pacific and Far East policies, specifically naval disarmament. Japan came to the
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in Malta is dedicated to the 72 Japanese sailors who died in the conflict, including in the 1917 torpedoing of the
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The Anglo-Japanese alliance was renewed and expanded in scope twice, in 1905 and 1911, playing a major role in
732:
Signatories promise not to enter into separate agreements with other Powers to the prejudice of this alliance.
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1314:
1214:
1120:, and the British delegation ultimately acceded to imperial opposition and declined to support the clause.
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continuing after the Boxer Rebellion. This was made clear as early as the 1890s, when the British diplomat
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Gowen, Robert (1971). "Great Britain and the Twenty-One Demands of 1915: Cooperation versus Effacement".
1496:"The Color of Threat: Race, Threat Perception, and the Demise of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902–1923)"
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In the end, the common interest truly fuelling the alliance was opposition to Russian expansion, such as
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in 1900, was sent to London to wrap up informal discussions on military intelligence cooperation.
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Unique cultural exchanges included that the author Yoshimoto Tadasu (b. 1878, d. 1973), who wrote
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3212:
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2452:
Fry, Michael G. "The North Atlantic Triangle and the Abrogation of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance."
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Meighen, fearing that a conflict could develop between Japan and the United States, demanded the
1173:
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856:, including a 1907 partitioning of Manchuria with Russia; as well as increasing British-American
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with a deep mistrust of Britain, feeling that London no longer wanted what was best for Japan.
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were the driving force behind such support, while in Japan the pro-alliance mood of politician
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South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)
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1864:. John Erickson, Ljubica Erickson, Mark Erickson. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2005.
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2357:"THE 'GHOST' OF THE ANGLO-JAPANESE ALLIANCE: AN EXAMINATION INTO HISTORICAL MYTH-MAKING"
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A History of Russo-Japanese Relations: Over Two Centuries of Cooperation and Competition
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Promise of support if either signatory becomes involved in war with more than one Power.
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Declaration of neutrality if either signatory becomes involved in war through Article 1.
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over duplicity on Japan's part, so Hayashi hurriedly re-entered negotiations in 1902. "
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US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)
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on 2 September 1945. He fainted shortly afterward and was rushed to hospital. Note the
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Vinson, J. C. "The Imperial Conference of 1921 and the Anglo-Japanese alliance," 258.
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ribbon on Uozumi's uniform, which he had earned from the British during the alliance.
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Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)
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Brebner, J. B. "Canada, The Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the Washington Conference."
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Brebner, J. B. "Canada, The Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the Washington Conference."
1671:"First World War.com – Primary Documents – Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 30 January 1902"
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The alliance was revamped in 1905. This was partly prompted by Japan's gains in the
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The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations 1600–2000: Social and Cultural Perspectives
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Steiner, Zara S. "Great Britain and the Creation of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance."
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Zara S. Steiner, "Great Britain and the Creation of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance."
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1819:"British Assistance to the Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–5"
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Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)
2024:"Cultural exchange at the time of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance: and blind people"
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588:. Newspapers of both countries voiced support for such an alliance; in Britain,
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Russia : war, peace and diplomacy : essays in honour of John Erickson
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had also paved the way for equal relations and the possibility of an alliance.
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Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)
2610:
2372:
5350:
5220:
5215:
4886:
4796:
4196:
3917:
3907:
3735:
3700:
3273:
Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935)
2523:
2397:, The Greater War (Oxford, 2016; online edn, Oxford Academic, 22 Dec. 2016),
2380:
2143:
2035:
1927:
1834:
1567:
G. W. Monger, "The End of Isolation: Britain, Germany and Japan, 1900–1902."
1519:
1461:
1088:
1034:
955:
890:
861:
857:
801:
509:
4297:
2976:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)
2820:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)
2484:
2437:
1879:
1190:
3793:
3670:
3262:
3048:
Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905)
2840:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)
2550:
2519:
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance: The diplomacy of two island empires 1894–1907.
1544:
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance: The Diplomacy of Two Island Empires, 1894–1907
1289:
1242:
1135:
915:
terms stipulated a promise of support only if a signatory entered war with
640:
599:
4367:
3984:
5335:
5298:
5268:
5232:
5163:
5148:
4992:
4440:
3994:
1859:
1015:
788:
and the initial commander of the Japanese Army sent to China to stop the
533:
521:
332:
3457:
Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)
1960:"Japanese lieutenant's son visits Japanese war dead at Kalkara cemetery"
1935:
1911:
1842:
1818:
1695:(in Japanese) (First ed.). Tokyo: Kaibundo Publishing. p. 52.
1151:, which was disappointing to Japan. The banker and later Prime Minister
4968:
4934:
4242:
3858:
2627:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2564:
2559:
Tokyo: Sophia University Press/Tallahassee, Florida: Diplomatic Press.
2457:
2423:
1763:
1585:
1469:
1169:
970:
in the Pacific north of the equator during the War. Japan attacked the
849:
317:
4151:
2491:
Great Britain and Japan 1911–15: A Study of British Far Eastern Policy
1385:
Anglo-Japanese Alliance: The Diplomacy of Two Island Empires 1984–1907
752:
Articles 2 and 3 were most crucial concerning war and mutual defense.
4983:
4569:
4544:
4539:
4352:
4223:
4156:
3828:
2809:
2763:
Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)
2753:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)
2678:
2577:
Spinks, Charles N. "The Termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance."
1117:
594:
580:
of France, Germany and Russia against the Japanese occupation of the
2641:
1453:
1280:, and adding on various other countries such as China to create the
978:). Japanese officers aboard British warships were casualties at the
4648:
4081:
3772:
3716:
3502:
3384:
2885:
Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)
2496:
2428:
Daniels, Gordon, Janet Hunter, Ian Nish, and David Steeds. (2003).
2135:
1226:
1113:
3548:
3102:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)
2900:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)
3823:
2996:
Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)
2890:
Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)
2502:
Alliance in Decline: A Study in Anglo-Japanese Relations 1908–23.
89:
2991:
Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)
1397:
760:
Extremists saw it as an open invitation for imperial expansion.
4501:
3675:
3527:
3011:
Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903)
1050:
940:
85:
42:
Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
3085:
Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909)
1602:
Shimamoto, Mayako; Ito, Koji; Sugita, Yoneyuki (1 July 2015).
297:
before the alliance's demise in 1921 and termination in 1923.
3868:
3492:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)
3362:
Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941)
2845:
Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874
2790:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)
2768:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)
1912:"Financing a Foreign War: Jacob H. Schiff and Japan, 1904–05"
987:
959:
2915:
Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895)
2835:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)
2758:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)
2743:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)
19:"Anglo-Japanese Treaty" redirects here. For other uses, see
2800:
Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)
2795:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)
1084:
62:
Mutual defence in the event of open war with another nation
3395:
Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)
2971:
Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
794:
Director General of Mobilisation and Military Intelligence
2738:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)
2479:
Lister-Hotta, Ayako, Ian Nish, and David Steeds. (2002).
2342:. (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969), 56
897:
in 1906, as a consequence of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
3233:
German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)
2966:
Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
2939:
German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
1724:, Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–4,
905:
4771:
3107:
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)
2905:
Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
2895:
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
986:
and assisted in the protection of Allied shipping near
1948:
1916 newspaper casualty lists, Toronto Public Library.
1213:
The alliance was viewed as an obstacle already at the
852:; continuing Japanese negotiations in the wake of the
841:
played a key role to restore Japan's tariff autonomy.
982:
in 1916. In 1917, Japanese warships were sent to the
3201:
Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922)
2954:
Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
2350:
2348:
3430:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958)
2748:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)
2430:Studies in the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902–1923)
1601:
3487:Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976)
2462:Harcreaves, J. D. "The Anglo-Japanese Alliance."
2345:
1139:longer trusted the Japanese as a reliable ally).
974:in 1914 and forced the Germans to surrender (see
880:
5348:
4726:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3435:Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959)
2830:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871)
1605:Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy
1320:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation
1104:" as proposed by the Japanese delegation at the
872:were major organizers during the 1911 revision.
626:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation
624:newspapers into pro-alliance advocacy. The 1894
5362:Military alliances involving the United Kingdom
4696:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
3538:American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023)
1655:J.D. Harcreaves, "The Anglo-Japanese Alliance"
1635:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 100.
1221:The demise of the alliance was signaled by the
784:, who was a senior intelligence officer of the
312:
246:
3685:
3420:Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956)
3415:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954)
3410:Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952)
3340:Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940)
2927:Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895)
2553:, Ernest and George Alexander Lensen. (1968).
2067:
1108:. The clause, which was to be attached to the
240:
4757:
3564:
2657:
1668:
557:
3146:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918)
2870:Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884)
2704:Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
2605:Main points of the Anglo-Japanese agreements
1608:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 32–33.
1569:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
4048:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
3477:Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973)
3300:Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936)
2611:Text of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902
2340:The Estrangement of Great Britain and Japan
1998:. Routledge. pp. 5, 181–182, 190–192.
1991:
684:cartoon (1905) accompanied by a quote from
670:
5402:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
4764:
4750:
3571:
3557:
3533:Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022)
3075:Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916)
2721:Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856)
2664:
2650:
2483:: LSE STICERD Paper No. IS/2002/432: Read
1438:"British Foreign Policy and the Dominions"
763:
564:
550:
40:Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 30 January 1902.
4446:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
4061:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
3425:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
3335:Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940)
3112:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
2689:Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
2403:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658190.001.0001
1547:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 229–245.
3834:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
3352:Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)
3156:Covenant of the League of Nations (1919)
2395:Asia and the Great War: A Shared History
1801:Sydney Morning Herald, 13 February 1902.
1715:
1189:
1014:
939:
884:
819:
767:
691:
674:
316:
300:The main threat for both sides was from
5357:Japan–United Kingdom military relations
3374:Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945)
3295:Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935)
3228:Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925)
2694:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)
2532:The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902–1922.
2094:
990:from U-boat attacks. A memorial at the
824:Toyama Mitsuru honours Rash Behari Bose
5349:
4644:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
3357:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941)
3161:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
2471:The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890–1902
2307:Nish, Ian H. Alliance in Decline, 378.
2285:Nish, Ian H. Alliance in Decline, 354.
2276:Nish, Ian H. Alliance in Decline, 381.
2028:The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902–1922
2022:Eikoku, Noboru Koyama Shin no (2003),
2021:
1995:The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902-1922
1992:O'Brien, Phillips (25 December 2003).
1957:
1781:. BRILL. 7 June 2019. pp. 97–98.
1628:
1622:
1435:
1424:The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890–1902
1037:. British artists of the time such as
1028:, shows significant Japanese influence
860:and the UK's growing rivalry with the
4745:
3552:
3445:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement
2733:Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858)
2671:
2645:
2119:
2063:
2061:
2017:
2015:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1905:
1903:
1854:
1852:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1690:
1493:
1330:History of Japanese foreign relations
1194:Rear Admiral Jisaku Uozumi signs the
1004:
906:Unofficial role in Russo-Japanese War
274:The alliance was signed in London at
4053:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
3809:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
3513:US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991)
3462:Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968)
3243:Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930)
3028:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
2354:
2130:(1). University of Chicago: 76–106.
1916:American Jewish Historical Quarterly
1909:
1632:Cecil Spring Rice: A Diplomat's Life
1597:
1595:
1593:
1540:
1489:
1487:
1398:"a home away from home – since 1935"
1185:
324:, Japanese signatory of the alliance
5387:Treaties entered into force in 1902
4773:International relations (1814–1919)
4716:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
3963:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
3578:
3472:Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972)
3253:Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932)
1718:"Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-23)"
1245:) would provide little protection.
700:The treaty contained six articles:
13:
5367:Military alliances involving Japan
3482:Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974)
3467:Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971)
3166:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919)
2529:O'Brien, Phillips Payson. (2004).
2412:
2058:
2012:
1974:
1958:Zammit, Roseanne (27 March 2004).
1900:
1849:
1804:
1087:demonstrations, and influenced by
1049:were heavily inspired by Japanese
14:
5423:
2949:Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896)
2850:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
2716:Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855)
2598:
2473:(2nd ed. 1950), pp. 745–86.
2068:Daniels, G.; Tsuzuki, C. (2002).
1691:Usami, Shozo (15 February 2007).
1590:
1484:
1442:American Political Science Review
1288:causes in Japan's involvement in
1110:Covenant of the League of Nations
4416:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
3684:
3320:Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938)
1716:Sugawara, Takeshi (3 May 2018),
1669:Michael Duffy (22 August 2009).
1404:from the original on 13 May 2010
815:
665:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
528:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
339:
198:
185:
162:
148:
34:
5397:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
5392:20th-century military alliances
4431:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
3258:Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932)
2387:
2332:
2323:
2310:
2301:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2180:League of Nations Treaty Series
2172:
2158:
2113:
2088:
1951:
1942:
1795:
1769:
1752:
1709:
1684:
1662:
1649:
1345:Japanese entry into World War I
647:, who had served four terms as
21:Anglo-Japanese (disambiguation)
4686:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
3804:Imperial Rescript on Education
3400:Treaty of San Francisco (1951)
3325:Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939)
3310:Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937)
3213:Washington Naval Treaty (1922)
3141:Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917)
3080:Root–Takahira Agreement (1908)
3065:Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907
3006:Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
2944:Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896)
1730:10.1002/9781118885154.dipl0010
1693:Japan as seen from Kasato Maru
1574:
1561:
1534:
1429:
1416:
1390:
1377:
1340:Japan–United Kingdom relations
1095:
935:
881:Forming alliance and rivalries
1:
5407:Japan–United Kingdom treaties
5143:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
5097:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
5087:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
4137:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
4043:Imperial General Headquarters
3634:Foreign commerce and shipping
3315:India-Japan Agreement of 1937
3290:Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935)
3268:India-Japan Agreement of 1934
3060:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
3038:Taft–Katsura agreement (1905)
2880:Convention of Tientsin (1885)
2123:The Journal of Modern History
1722:The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy
1659:(April 1952) 2#4 pp. 252–258.
1436:Dennis, Alfred L. P. (1922).
846:Anglo-Russian entente of 1907
5003:Second Industrial Revolution
4877:League of the Three Emperors
4464:Hirohito surrender broadcast
3864:Greater East Asia Conference
2986:Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898)
2910:Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
2619:The Modern History of Japan.
1629:Burton, David Henry (1990).
1512:10.1080/09636412.2013.844514
1315:Anglo-German naval arms race
438:Anglo-German naval arms race
313:Motivations and reservations
7:
5033:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
3849:Supreme Court of Judicature
3151:Treaty of Versailles (1919)
3033:Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
2485:Full paper (pdf) – May 2008
2438:Full paper (pdf) – May 2008
2420:Political Science Quarterly
2211:Political Science Quarterly
2074:. Springer. pp. 9–10.
1720:, in Martel, Gordon (ed.),
1426:(2nd ed. 1950), pp. 745–86.
1298:
1271:Washington Naval Conference
1207:Distinguished Service Cross
848:settling the Russo-British
780:In May 1902, Major General
696:Commemorative postcard 1905
247:
29:The Anglo-Japanese Alliance
10:
5428:
5382:Treaties concluded in 1902
5372:1902 in the United Kingdom
5082:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
4555:Second Philippine Republic
4333:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
3305:Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)
3248:London Naval Treaty (1930)
3238:Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)
3223:Klaipėda Convention (1924)
3136:Japan-China Treaty of 1915
3097:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
3070:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
3043:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
3023:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
2875:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
2865:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
2855:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
2434:London School of Economics
1335:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
1310:List of military alliances
1008:
944:Japanese armoured cruiser
875:
18:
5241:
5105:
5018:
4903:European balance of power
4895:
4830:
4779:
4663:
4636:
4578:
4532:
4489:
4482:
4436:Japan during World War II
4396:Pacification of Manchukuo
4366:
4296:
4288:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
4283:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
4221:
4214:
4165:
4152:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
4105:
4031:
4024:
3971:
3889:
3882:
3874:Imperial Japanese Airways
3781:
3728:
3693:
3682:
3586:
3528:Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016)
3500:
3382:
3285:He–Umezu Agreement (1935)
3218:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
3176:Gongota Agreement of 1920
3120:
2808:
2778:Agreement of Paris (1864)
2677:
2589:Journal of Modern History
2579:Pacific Historical Review
2454:Journal of Modern History
2373:10.1017/S0018246X06005528
2178:Text of the statement in
1760:Journal of Modern History
1582:Journal of Modern History
1494:Búzás, Zoltán I. (2013).
1047:Charles Rennie Mackintosh
868:and later Prime Minister
633:the invasion of Manchuria
241:
213:
178:
139:
124:
119:Four-Power Pacific Treaty
114:
103:31 January 1902
99:
81:
70:30 January 1902
66:
58:
48:
33:
5194:Venezuela Naval Blockade
4865:Anglo-Russian Convention
4411:Second Sino-Japanese War
4358:Racial Equality Proposal
3938:Agriculture and Commerce
3196:Nine-Power Treaty (1922)
3191:Four-Power Treaty (1921)
3186:Treaty of Trianon (1921)
2699:Treaty of Shimoda (1855)
2505:London: Athlone Press.
2405:, accessed 11 Jan. 2024.
2097:Japan, Race and Equality
2036:10.4324/9780203316672-15
1910:Best, Gary Dean (1972).
1370:
1350:Japan during World War I
1223:1921 Imperial Conference
1077:Japan–British Exhibition
671:Terms of the 1902 treaty
486:Anglo-Russian Convention
366:Second Concert of Europe
255:was an alliance between
128:17 August 1923
5199:Alaska boundary dispute
4872:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
4855:Franco-Russian Alliance
4328:Washington Naval Treaty
4273:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
4258:First Sino-Japanese War
4077:Nuclear weapons program
3819:Great Japan Youth Party
3746:National seals of Japan
3452:Tokyo Convention (1963)
3405:Treaty of Taipei (1952)
3181:Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
2616:Beasley, W. G. (1962).
2481:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
2095:Shimazu, Naoko (1998).
1355:Root–Takahira Agreement
1231:Canadian Prime Minister
1225:, in which British and
1174:Order of the Rising Sun
1158:First Sino-Japanese War
1127:issued by Japan to the
1123:Another strain was the
764:Intelligence Agreements
663:(1904) with France and
649:Prime Minister of Japan
450:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
432:First Sino-Japanese War
426:Franco-Russian Alliance
396:Austro–Serbian Alliance
236:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
5118:Unification of Germany
5065:Taft–Katsura agreement
4376:Shōwa financial crisis
4168:Imperial Japanese Navy
4108:Imperial Japanese Army
3839:Peace Preservation Law
3330:Tripartite Pact (1940)
3171:Svalbard Treaty (1920)
2773:London Protocol (1862)
2607:– by FirstWorldWar.com
2446:33.3 (2009): 143–179.
2444:International Security
2361:The Historical Journal
1892:: CS1 maint: others (
1400:. The Lansdowne Club.
1239:Imperial Japanese Navy
1215:Paris Peace Conference
1210:
1198:aboard the battleship
1106:Paris Peace Conference
1102:racial equality clause
1039:James McNeill Whistler
1029:
992:Kalkara Naval Cemetery
972:German base at Qingdao
963:
952:Imperial Japanese Navy
898:
825:
777:
697:
689:
510:Second Moroccan Crisis
354:Unification of Germany
325:
278:on 30 January 1902 by
16:1902–1922 defence pact
5204:First Moroccan Crisis
4918:Spread of nationalism
4882:Eight-Nation Alliance
4318:Siberian Intervention
4127:Railways and Shipping
3943:Commerce and Industry
3639:Industrial production
3523:Kyoto Protocol (1997)
3001:Boxer Protocol (1901)
2581:6#4 (1937): 321–340.
2516:__________. (1966).
2475:online free to borrow
2466:(1952) 2#4 pp 252–258
2355:Best, Antony (2006).
1762:52.3 (1980): 385–413
1325:Eight-Nation Alliance
1193:
1018:
943:
888:
823:
771:
695:
678:
492:Young Turk Revolution
474:First Moroccan Crisis
320:
290:, Japanese diplomat.
5209:Algeciras Conference
5189:Annexation of Hawaii
5128:Great Eastern Crisis
5123:Unification of Italy
5113:Formation of Romania
4930:French–German enmity
4731:Political dissidence
4580:Occupied territories
4323:General Election Law
4147:Taiwan Army of Japan
2624:Frederick A. Praeger
2591:31.1 (1959): 27–36.
2499:, Ian Hill. (1972).
2456:39.1 (1967): 46–64.
2422:50#1 (1935): 45–58.
2338:Kennedy, Malcolm D.
2213:50, no. 1 (1935): 52
1584:31.1 (1959): 27–36.
1365:Treaty of Portsmouth
1166:Nathaniel Rothschild
1147:, Chile, China, and
1011:Anglo-Japanese style
372:Great Eastern Crisis
5412:January 1902 events
5274:Philippine–American
5259:First Sino-Japanese
5092:Racconigi agreement
5038:Treaty of Frankfurt
4998:Great Rapprochement
4952:Scramble for Africa
4550:Wang Jingwei regime
4460:Potsdam Declaration
4451:Soviet–Japanese War
4406:Anti-Comintern Pact
4401:January 28 incident
4386:London Naval Treaty
4263:Triple Intervention
4092:Supreme War Council
3976:deliberative bodies
3263:Tanggu Truce (1933)
2318:Alliance in Decline
2296:Alliance in Decline
1571:13 (1963): 103–121.
1196:surrender of Penang
996:Japanese destroyer
895:Order of the Garter
578:Triple Intervention
360:Franco-Prussian War
30:
5133:Congress of Berlin
5050:Reinsurance Treaty
5028:Congress of Vienna
5008:Industrial warfare
4974:Scramble for China
4278:Russo-Japanese War
4248:Two Lords Incident
3903:Imperial Household
2469:Langer, William.
1829:(1): 44–54. 1980.
1541:Nish, Ian (2012).
1387:(1985) pp 203–228.
1211:
1162:Russo-Japanese War
1153:Takahashi Korekiyo
1125:Twenty-One Demands
1081:White City, London
1030:
1005:Cultural exchanges
968:German possessions
964:
912:Russo-Japanese War
899:
854:Russo-Japanese War
830:Russo-Japanese War
826:
786:Army General Staff
782:Fukushima Yasumasa
778:
774:Fukushima Yasumasa
698:
690:
657:Splendid isolation
582:Liaodong Peninsula
462:Russo-Japanese War
420:Reinsurance Treaty
378:Campaign in Bosnia
331:Events leading to
326:
306:Russo-Japanese War
265:splendid isolation
28:
5344:
5343:
5313:Albanian Revolts
5170:German Naval Laws
5154:Naval arms races
5138:Berlin Conference
5070:Hague Conventions
4739:
4738:
4711:Socialist thought
4659:
4658:
4598:Dutch East Indies
4560:Empire of Vietnam
4478:
4477:
4253:Satsuma Rebellion
4233:Meiji Restoration
4210:
4209:
4020:
4019:
3958:Greater East Asia
3844:Political parties
3799:Foreign relations
3546:
3545:
2672:Treaties of Japan
2636:978-0-03-037931-4
2545:978-0-415-32611-7
2511:978-0-485-13133-8
2493:(Springer, 1969).
2081:978-0-230-37360-0
2045:978-0-203-31667-2
2005:978-1-134-34122-1
1788:978-90-04-40085-6
1739:978-1-118-88791-2
1702:978-4-303-63440-7
1642:978-0-8386-3395-3
1615:978-1-4422-5067-3
1554:978-1-4725-5354-6
1305:Military alliance
1282:Nine-Power Treaty
1278:Four-Power Treaty
1259:League of Nations
1186:End of the treaty
1129:Republic of China
1021:The Peacock Skirt
980:Battle of Jutland
976:Siege of Tsingtao
798:William Nicholson
637:Cecil Spring Rice
574:
573:
516:Italo-Turkish War
504:Racconigi Bargain
408:Berlin Conference
284:Foreign Secretary
269:Four-Power Treaty
232:
231:
53:Military alliance
5419:
5264:Spanish–American
5184:Fashoda Incident
5060:Treaty of Björkö
5045:Treaty of Berlin
4979:Open Door Policy
4913:Eastern question
4860:Entente Cordiale
4766:
4759:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4701:Shinmin no Michi
4691:Internment camps
4603:French Indochina
4487:
4486:
4338:Taishō Democracy
4219:
4218:
4142:Japanese holdout
4029:
4028:
3953:Colonial Affairs
3887:
3886:
3814:Yokusan Sonendan
3720:
3712:
3704:
3688:
3687:
3614:Economic history
3573:
3566:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3370:
3348:
3281:
3209:
3093:
3056:
3019:
2962:
2935:
2923:
2786:
2729:
2712:
2679:Bakumatsu period
2666:
2659:
2652:
2643:
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2406:
2391:
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2384:
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2343:
2336:
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2220:
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2198:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2182:, vol. 1, p. 24.
2176:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2019:
2010:
2009:
1989:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1962:. Times of Malta
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1823:The Great Circle
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1802:
1799:
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1559:
1558:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1500:Security Studies
1491:
1482:
1481:
1433:
1427:
1422:William Langer,
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1360:Open Door Policy
1179:Iwasaki Yanosuke
1043:Aubrey Beardsley
1026:Aubrey Beardsley
835:Rash Behari Bose
661:Entente Cordiale
590:Francis Brinkley
566:
559:
552:
468:Entente Cordiale
444:Fashoda Incident
414:Bulgarian Crisis
343:
328:
327:
254:
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250:
244:
243:
204:
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201:
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189:
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158:, United Kingdom
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135:
133:
110:
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77:
75:
38:
31:
27:
5427:
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5347:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5279:Boxer Rebellion
5237:
5101:
5055:Treaty of Paris
5020:
5014:
4947:New Imperialism
4908:Ottoman decline
4891:
4838:Triple Alliance
4826:
4787:Austria-Hungary
4775:
4770:
4740:
4735:
4721:Yasukuni Shrine
4655:
4632:
4574:
4528:
4474:
4426:Tripartite Pact
4421:Rape of Nanking
4362:
4348:Tapani incident
4292:
4268:Boxer Rebellion
4226:
4206:
4170:
4161:
4110:
4101:
4036:
4016:
4010:Representatives
3978:
3975:
3974:Legislative and
3967:
3933:Foreign Affairs
3896:
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3878:
3777:
3756:Government Seal
3741:Rising Sun Flag
3724:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3689:
3680:
3582:
3580:Empire of Japan
3577:
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3364:
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3275:
3203:
3128:
3116:
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2723:
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2628:ASIN B000HHFAWE
2601:
2537:RoutledgeCurzon
2415:
2413:Further reading
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2013:
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1990:
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1965:
1963:
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1454:10.2307/1943639
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1405:
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1378:
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1301:
1188:
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1013:
1007:
938:
908:
883:
878:
818:
810:King Edward VII
790:Boxer Rebellion
766:
686:Rudyard Kipling
673:
610:Ōkuma Shigenobu
586:Boxer Rebellion
570:
541:
402:Triple Alliance
315:
276:Lansdowne House
251:
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206:Japanese Empire
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5289:Russo-Japanese
5286:
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5261:
5256:
5254:Anglo-Egyptian
5251:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:
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5235:
5230:
5228:Bosnian Crisis
5225:
5224:
5223:
5213:
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5196:
5191:
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5177:Austro-Italian
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5075:Martens Clause
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4959:
4957:Egyptian Lever
4944:
4942:Pax Britannica
4939:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4923:Sovereign debt
4920:
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4850:Triple Entente
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4817:United Kingdom
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4565:State of Burma
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4413:
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4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:Musha Incident
4388:
4383:
4381:Jinan incident
4378:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
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4238:Beipu uprising
4235:
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4202:Treaty Faction
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5260:
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5249:Russo-Turkish
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5221:Treaty of Fes
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4070:military code
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4000:Imperial Diet
3998:
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3990:Privy Council
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3751:Imperial Seal
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2524:Athlone Press
2521:
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2492:
2489:Lowe, Peter.
2488:
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2464:History Today
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2326:
2319:
2316:Nish, Ian H.
2313:
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2297:
2294:Nish, Ian H.
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2106:0-415-17207-1
2102:
2099:. Routledge.
2098:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:, Routledge,
2029:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1986:
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1982:
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1961:
1954:
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1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
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1871:0-297-84913-1
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1657:History Today
1652:
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1036:
1035:ophthalmology
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1002:
1000:
999:
993:
989:
985:
984:Mediterranean
981:
977:
973:
969:
961:
957:
956:Mediterranean
953:
949:
948:
942:
933:
930:
926:
921:
918:
917:more than one
913:
903:
896:
892:
891:Meiji Emperor
887:
873:
871:
867:
866:Komura Jutarō
863:
862:German Empire
859:
858:rapprochement
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
839:Komura Jutarō
836:
831:
822:
816:1905 and 1911
813:
811:
807:
803:
802:Emperor Meiji
799:
795:
791:
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761:
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384:Dual Alliance
382:
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364:
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57:
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37:
32:
26:
22:
5162:
5158:Anglo-German
5147:
5019:Treaties and
4871:
4780:Great powers
4664:Other topics
4500:
4343:Taishō Roman
4097:Conscription
4067:
4059:
4034:Armed Forces
3894:(ministries)
3794:Charter Oath
3789:Constitution
3671:State Shinto
3654:Essentialism
3604:Demographics
3005:
2618:
2588:
2578:
2555:
2531:
2518:
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1392:
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1132:
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1031:
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612:stirred the
603:
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5299:Balkan Wars
5284:Second Boer
5269:Banana Wars
5233:July Crisis
5164:Dreadnought
5149:Weltpolitik
4993:Pan-Slavism
4706:Shōwa Modan
4681:Hakkō ichiu
4618:Philippines
4505:after 1943)
4483:Territories
4441:Pacific War
4306:World War I
4182:Air Service
4122:Air Service
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3649:Nationalism
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1079:in 1910 in
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925:Indian Army
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522:Balkan Wars
333:World War I
295:World War I
142:signatories
115:Replaced by
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4969:Great Game
4935:Revanchism
4470:Occupation
4298:Taishō era
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712:Article 2
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125:Expiration
107:1902-01-31
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4224:Meiji era
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1114:dominions
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595:The Times
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482:1906–1908
476:1905–1906
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440:1898–1912
434:1894–1895
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416:1885–1888
398:1881–1903
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390:Boer Wars
374:1875–1878
362:1870–1871
356:1866–1871
271:in 1922.
214:Languages
156:Lansdowne
100:Effective
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4025:Military
3928:Treasury
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3503:Cold War
3385:Cold War
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3729:Symbols
3709:Taishō
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3609:Economy
3506:(1989–)
2638:(paper)
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1586:onlinme
1470:1943639
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172:, Japan
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