268:, al-Haytham hypothesized the existence of primary and secondary light, with primary light being the stronger or more intense of the two. The book describes how the essential form of light comes from self-luminous bodies and that accidental light comes from objects that obtain and emit light from those self-luminous bodies. According to Ibn al-Haytham, primary light comes from self-luminous bodies and secondary light is the light that comes from accidental objects. Accidental light can only exist if there is a source of primary light. Both primary and secondary light travel in straight lines. Transparency is a characteristic of a body that can transmit light through them, such as air and water, although no body can completely transmit light or be entirely transparent. Opaque objects are those through which light cannot pass through directly, although there are degrees of opaqueness which determine how much light can actually pass through. Opaque objects are struck with light and can become luminous bodies themselves which radiate secondary light. Light can be refracted by going through partially transparent objects and can also be reflected by striking smooth objects such as mirrors, traveling in straight lines in both cases.
1801:
80:
305:
image. Al-Haytham solved this problem using his theory of refraction. He argued that although the object sends an infinite number of rays of light to the eye, only one of these lines falls on the eye perpendicularly: the other rays meet the eye at angles that are not perpendicular. According to al-Haytham, this causes them to be refracted and weakened. He believed that all the rays other than the one that hits the eye perpendicularly are not involved in vision.
26:
285:
961:
256:
night sky. Using the intromission theory as a foundation, he formed his own theory that an object emits rays of light from every point on its surface which then travel in all directions, thereby allowing some light into a viewer's eyes. According to this theory, the object being viewed is considered to be a compilation of an infinite number of points, from which rays of light are projected.
304:
As objects radiate light in straight lines in all directions, the eye must also be hit with this light over its outer surface. This idea presented a problem for al-Haytham and his predecessors, as if this was the case, the rays received by the eye from every point on the object would cause a blurred
308:
In al-Haytham's structure of the eye, the crystalline humor is the part that receives light rays from the object and forms a visual cone, with the object being perceived as the base of the cone and the center of the crystalline humor in the eye as the vertex. Other parts of the eye are the aqueous
255:
offered many reasons against the extramission theory, pointing to the fact that eyes can be damaged by looking directly at bright lights, such as the sun. He wrote of the low probability that the eye can fill the entirety of space as soon as the eyelids are opened as an observer looks up into the
275:
that upheld his theories about light and its transmission. He also wrote that color acts much like light, being a distinct quality of a form and travelling from every point on an object in straight lines. Through experimentation he concluded that color cannot exist without air.
309:
humor in front of the crystalline humor and the vitreous humor at the back. These, however, do not play as critical of a role in vision as the crystalline humor. The crystalline humor transmits the image it perceives to the brain through an optic nerve.
1165:, 'Seeing Reality in Perspective: The Art of Optics and the Science of Painting’, in The Art of Science: From Perspective Drawing to Quantum Randomness, eds. Rossella Lupacchini and Annarita Angelini (Doredrecht: Springer, 2014), pp. 25-47.
803:
Alhacen's Theory of Visual
Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's "De Aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's
1049:, 'Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur', Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du centre d'histoire des sciences et des philosophies arabes et médiévales, C.N.R.S. 7 (2009), pp. 201–226.
1820:
484:
Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2001), "Alhacen's Theory of Visual
Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's
2109:
1809:
545:
Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2006), "Alhacen on the principles of reflection: A Critical
Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's
1855:
1224:
428:
The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I–II–III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with
Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables
241:
reached the object they allowed the viewer to perceive its color, shape and size. An early version of the intromission theory, held by the followers of
893:
881:
1516:
1207:
2084:
1254:
701:
Book II to
Summary from Smith 2001 p.444 for Alhazen's experiments on color; pp.343—394 for his physiological experiments on the eye
1941:
1216:
1022:
879:
Smith, A. Mark (1996) Ptolemy's Theory of Visual
Perception: An English Translation of the "Optics" with Introduction and Commentary
2094:
1862:
540:(5) Vol 2 English translation, Book I:TOCpp.339-341, Book II:TOCpp.415-6, Book III:TOCpp.559-560, Notes 681ff, Bibl. via JSTOR
372:
249:, argued that sight was caused by agents, which were transmitted to the eyes from either the object or from its surroundings.
2003:
1694:
1153:
189:, the now accepted model that vision takes place by light entering the eye. The book is also noted for its early use of the
444:
The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV–V: On
Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols
1800:
375:
by an unknown scholar at the end of the 12th (or the beginning of the 13th) century. The work was influential during the
1781:
1745:
1598:
1720:
1249:
1200:
930:
823:
765:
513:
475:
333:
present al-Haytham's ideas on the errors in visual perception with Book VI focusing on errors related to reflection.
2089:
1740:
1663:
2024:
1070:, 'Grosseteste's Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after Ibn al-Haytham', in
1699:
1658:
1643:
815:
657:
619:
575:
566:
505:
1834:
1064:
Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du centre d'histoire des sciences et des philosophies arabes et médiévales, C.N.R.S.
891:
Smith, A. Mark (1999) Ptolemy and the
Foundations of Ancient Mathematical Optics: A Source Based Guided Study
1521:
1511:
1455:
1193:
665:
627:
586:
1239:
535:
456:
The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Books I–II–III: On Direct Vision. English
Translation and Commentary. 2 vols
1956:
862:
2104:
1926:
1905:
1653:
1623:
1400:
1314:
1279:
1608:
1360:
805:
364:, while the description of the anatomy and physiology of the eye was based upon an account by Galen.
1169:
Lindberg, David (1971) "Lines of
Influence in Thirteenth-Century Optics: Bacon, Witelo, and Pecham"
1679:
1638:
1506:
1390:
873:
405:
222:
172:
1365:
2114:
2048:
2043:
2033:
1340:
1335:
874:
Smith, A. Mark (1988) "Ptolemy, Optics" Isis Vol. 79, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 188-207, via JSTOR
810:. Vol. 1: Introduction and Latin text; Vol. 2: English translation. Translated by A. Mark Smith.
387:. This included a book on twilight falsely attributed to Alhazen, as well as a work on optics by
2099:
1972:
1648:
1633:
1567:
1496:
126:
1145:
1786:
1613:
1577:
1185:
1133:
636: : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's
598: : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen's
297:
2079:
2074:
1951:
1900:
1776:
1755:
1628:
1536:
1129:
1072:
Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages
467:
198:
1029:
8:
1921:
1848:
1370:
1274:
1128:(2010). "Classical Optics and the Perspectiva Traditions Leading to the Renaissance". In
186:
1309:
2053:
2008:
1982:
1931:
1572:
1450:
1385:
1141:
180:
979:
736:
1998:
1977:
1415:
1304:
1149:
1134:
984:
926:
919:
829:
819:
761:
519:
509:
471:
463:
410:
400:
190:
99:
1876:
1750:
1725:
1430:
1410:
1319:
1299:
1284:
380:
149:
2037:
2029:
1936:
1689:
1552:
1471:
1355:
117:
1869:
1582:
1481:
1476:
1425:
1294:
1264:
1162:
1125:
1102:
1067:
1059:
1046:
776:
194:
161:
137:
79:
43:
2068:
1684:
1603:
1244:
1084:
296:. —Manuscript copy of his Kitāb al-Manāẓir (MS Fatih 3212, vol. 1, fol. 81b,
1557:
1074:, eds. J. Cunningham and M. Hocknull (Dordrecht: Springer, 2016), pp. 21-39.
833:
523:
25:
1715:
1531:
1289:
811:
653:
615:
571:
562:
501:
293:
238:
1827:
1771:
1526:
1491:
1420:
1113:
Smith, A. Mark (1981), "Getting the Big Picture in Perspectivist Optics"
458:, Studies of the Warburg Institute, vol. 40, translated by Sabra, A. I.,
439:
423:
376:
206:
1168:
661:
623:
579:
359:
1735:
1562:
1435:
1405:
1380:
1375:
1089:
Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 1100 - 1700
890:
878:
527:
252:
103:
1112:
740:
339:
provide experimental evidence for al-Haytham's theories on reflection.
1730:
1618:
1486:
1445:
1395:
1350:
1345:
1269:
289:
242:
233:, who asserted that certain forms of radiation are emitted from the
1501:
1440:
1259:
1045:
A detailed study on Ibn al-Haytham's theory of colors is noted in:
171:
presented experimentally founded arguments against the widely held
95:
1136:
Renaissance Theories of Vision (Visual Culture in Early Modernity)
1946:
1106:
780:
726:
Opticae Thesaurus: Alhazeni Arabis Libri Septem Nunc Primum Editi
388:
230:
221:
was written, two theories of vision existed. The extramission or
202:
164:, known in the West as Alhazen or Alhacen (965–c. 1040 AD).
160:
and other fields of study composed by the medieval Arab scholar
1821:
The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
784:
459:
447:
431:
226:
176:
157:
321:
deals with al-Haytham's theories on light, colors, and vision.
284:
1215:
1010:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 103.
327:
is where al-Haytham presents his theory of visual perception.
246:
84:
689:"And this can be tried anytime". Book I Smith 2001, p.379
234:
201:. The book extensively affected the development of optics,
1883:
624:
Book 6 (2008) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR
583:(#2) Books 4-5 Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR
279:
662:
Book 7 (2010) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR
648:(#3, section 1 — Vol 1, Introduction and Latin text);
590:(#3) Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR
292:
according to Ibn al-Haytham. Note the depiction of the
1856:
Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures
1023:"What is the History of Medieval Optics Really About?"
610:(#1, section 1— Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text);
596:
Alhacen on Image-formation and distortion in mirrors
450:: The National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters
131:
730:
Eiusdem Liber De Crepusculis Et Nubium Asensionibus
1109:'s considerable influence on the Perspectivists:
918:
894:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
882:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
845:
843:
666:Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR
642:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
628:Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR
604:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
555:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
494:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1062:, 'Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur',
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
549:, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's
488:, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's
102:to set ships on fire, distorted images caused by
16:11th century treatise on optics by Ibn al-Haytham
2110:Mathematical works of the medieval Islamic world
2066:
912:
910:
908:
652:(#3, section 2 — Vol 2 English translation). (
434:: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters
237:onto the object which is being seen. When these
840:
752:
750:
748:
614:(#1, section 2 — Vol 2 English translation). (
209:in Europe between the 13th and 17th centuries.
966:Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan
939:
532:(4)) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR
1201:
962:"Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography"
905:
741:Sabra, the authorship of Liber de crepusculis
1014:
925:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
745:
53:
1208:
1194:
758:Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler
358:was most strongly influenced by Ptolemy's
24:
1942:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din
1217:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
271:Al-Haytham presented many experiments in
259:
1124:
916:
794:
720:
718:
283:
78:
1083:
800:
734:Item Vitellonis Thuringopoloni Libri X.
416:
2067:
1863:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1176:(1) (Jan., 1971), pp. 66-83, via JSTOR
1091:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 147
801:Alhacen (2001). Smith, A. Mark (ed.).
632:Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2010)
594:Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2008)
1189:
1020:
1005:
999:
850:
715:
544:
483:
438:
422:
345:deals with the concept of refraction.
280:Anatomy of the eye and visual process
225:was forwarded by the mathematicians
106:in water, and other optical effects.
383:in 1572, as part of his collection
121:
13:
2085:11th-century Arabic-language books
779:, 'A Philosophical Perspective on
760:, Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press
14:
2126:
968:. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
921:The Beginnings of Western Science
1799:
212:
156:) is a seven-volume treatise on
54:
30:Cover page for Ibn al-Haytham's
2095:Historical physics publications
1101:David Lindberg, Mark Smith and
1095:
1077:
1052:
1039:
972:
867:
856:
816:American Philosophical Society
789:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
770:
724:Friedrich Risner, publ. 1572.
692:
683:
658:American Philosophical Society
620:American Philosophical Society
576:American Philosophical Society
567:American Philosophical Society
506:American Philosophical Society
34:in the print edition from 1572
1:
1835:Principles of Hindu Reckoning
1132:; Carman, Charles H. (eds.).
671:
1066:7 (2009): 201–226; see also
708:
561:(2–3), translated by Smith,
500:(4–5), translated by Smith,
349:
7:
2025:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
1957:University of al-Qarawiyyin
1120:(4) (Dec., 1981). via JSTOR
1006:Osler, Margaret J. (2010).
917:Lindberg, David C. (1992).
394:
185:), and proposed the modern
132:
90:, which included Alhazen's
10:
2131:
1927:Al-Mustansiriya University
1906:Islamic geometric patterns
1654:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
312:
2017:
1991:
1965:
1914:
1893:
1808:
1797:
1764:
1708:
1672:
1591:
1545:
1464:
1328:
1232:
1223:
197:, and its formulation of
193:, its description of the
69:
61:
49:
39:
23:
1680:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
1639:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
676:
2090:11th century in science
2049:History of trigonometry
2044:Trigonometric functions
2038:Western Arabic numerals
2034:Eastern Arabic numerals
1599:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
1021:Smith, A. Mark (2004).
1008:Reconfiguring the World
756:D. C. Lindberg (1976),
1973:Babylonian mathematics
1664:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
1649:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1644:al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
1568:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
1497:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
1240:'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
301:
260:Light and color theory
175:of vision (as held by
153:
141:
107:
1999:Byzantine mathematics
1787:Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi
1614:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
1578:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
1130:Hendrix, John Shannon
980:"Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū"
634:Alhacen on Refraction
528:Books I-III (2001 —
373:translated into Latin
288:The structure of the
287:
82:
2004:European mathematics
1952:Maragheh observatory
1777:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
1756:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
1629:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1537:Muhammad al-Baghdadi
900:(3) (1999) via JSTOR
887:(2) (1996) via JSTOR
468:University of London
417:English translations
379:. It was printed by
331:Book III and Book VI
1922:Al-Azhar University
1849:The Book of Healing
1255:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
1140:. Farnham, Surrey:
187:intromission theory
173:extramission theory
50:Original title
20:
2054:History of algebra
2009:Indian mathematics
1983:Indian mathematics
1932:House of Knowledge
1386:Brethren of Purity
1280:Banū Mūsā brothers
1142:Ashgate Publishing
791:15 (2005), 189–218
337:Book IV and Book V
302:
300:Library, Istanbul)
298:Süleymaniye Mosque
108:
83:Front page of the
19:
2105:History of optics
2062:
2061:
1978:Greek mathematics
1901:Alhazen's problem
1795:
1794:
1416:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
1366:Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ
1155:978-1-409400-24-0
985:HighBeam Research
606:, 2 vols: Vol 1
464:Warburg Institute
411:Scientific method
401:History of optics
385:Opticae thesaurus
199:Alhazen's problem
191:scientific method
130:
100:parabolic mirrors
88:Opticae Thesaurus
77:
76:
2122:
1877:Tabula Rogeriana
1803:
1751:Sibt al-Maridini
1411:Sinan ibn Thabit
1320:Abu Said Gorgani
1310:Thābit ibn Qurra
1300:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
1285:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
1230:
1229:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1159:
1139:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1056:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1028:. Archived from
1027:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
976:
970:
969:
958:
937:
936:
924:
914:
903:
871:
865:
860:
854:
853:, p. lxxix)
847:
838:
837:
806:Kitāb al-Manāẓir
798:
792:
774:
768:
754:
743:
722:
702:
696:
690:
687:
569:
551:Kitāb al-Manāẓir
526:
490:Kitāb al-Manāẓir
480:
451:
435:
381:Friedrich Risner
135:
133:Kitāb al-Manāẓir
125:
123:
57:
28:
21:
18:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2030:Arabic numerals
2013:
1987:
1961:
1937:House of Wisdom
1910:
1889:
1811:
1804:
1791:
1760:
1704:
1690:Ibn al-Durayhim
1668:
1587:
1553:Jabir ibn Aflah
1541:
1472:Abu Nasr Mansur
1460:
1356:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
1324:
1219:
1214:
1184:
1183:
1156:
1126:El-Bizri, Nader
1100:
1096:
1082:
1078:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1004:
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990:
988:
978:
977:
973:
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959:
940:
933:
915:
906:
872:
868:
863:Euclid's Optics
861:
857:
848:
841:
826:
799:
795:
775:
771:
755:
746:
723:
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693:
688:
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674:
516:
478:
454:
419:
397:
352:
315:
282:
262:
223:emission theory
215:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2115:Ibn al-Haytham
2112:
2107:
2102:
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2087:
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2057:
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1909:
1908:
1903:
1897:
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1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1870:Toledan Tables
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1842:Book of Optics
1838:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1805:
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1593:
1589:
1588:
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1583:Ibn al-Yasamin
1580:
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1539:
1534:
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1514:
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1489:
1484:
1482:Kushyar Gilani
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1426:Nazif ibn Yumn
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
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1085:Crombie, A. C.
1076:
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1047:Nader El-Bizri
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1035:on 2011-10-18.
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1765:16th century
1716:Ibn al-Majdi
1709:15th century
1673:14th century
1592:13th century
1546:12th century
1532:Omar Khayyam
1465:11th century
1361:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
1329:10th century
1290:Al-Khwarizmi
1173:
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1746:al-Qalaṣādī
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1421:Al-Isfahani
1401:al-Uqlidisi
1371:al-Khojandi
1336:Abu al-Wafa
1275:al-Dinawari
1233:9th century
1144:. pp.
991:26 December
737:e-rara link
644:, 2 vols:
377:Middle Ages
217:Before the
207:mathematics
146:Perspectiva
2069:Categories
1992:Influenced
1966:Influences
1736:Ali Qushji
1695:Al-Khalili
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1558:Al-Kharaqī
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1381:Al-Saghani
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1250:al-Jawharī
1058:Refer to:
851:Smith 2001
672:References
660:), 2010.
578:), 2006 —
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104:refraction
94:, showing
1741:al-Wafa'i
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1573:al-Hassar
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1456:al-Jabali
1446:Al-Karaji
1396:Ibn Yunus
1351:Abu Kamil
1346:Al-Qabisi
1341:al-Khazin
1270:Al-Mahani
709:Citations
622:), 2008.
350:Influence
290:human eye
243:Aristotle
127:romanized
70:Published
1894:Concepts
1726:al-Kāshī
1700:al-Umawi
1502:Avicenna
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1391:Ibn Sahl
1260:Al-Kindi
1171:Speculum
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395:See also
343:Book VII
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