20:
1740:
1262:
141:
1415:
742:
980:
1079:
1620:
6823:
1721:
actions, according to a number of researchers and observers, is that having a comprehensive review on the
Cultural Revolution within China would fundamentally threaten the legitimacy of CCP as China's only ruling party. Others, at the same time, have also pointed out that even though Deng and other senior CCP officials admitted that the Party had made numerous mistakes in the past, yet they were still trying to preserve CCP's
1332:") was published in 1978. Although some of the expressions associated with the Cultural Revolution were deleted from the 1978 Constitution, most of the content from the 1975 Constitution remained in the new Constitution, including recognition of the "achievement" of the Cultural Revolution and manifest statements like the "leadership of CCP" in China.
1041:. In May 1978, Deng together with Hu Yaobang and others launched a large-scale debate across China, discussing the criteria for testing truth and criticizing the "Two Whatevers". Deng along with his allies supported the opinion that "practice is the sole criterion for testing truth", which first appeared in an article published by
1758:
took place across mainland China during the
Cultural Revolution. However, in the subsequent Boluan Fanzheng period, many of the leaders and perpetrators of these massacres either received minor punishment (such as getting expelled from the Chinese Communist Party) or received no punishment at all,
1517:
China's education system came to a virtual halt during the
Cultural Revolution. In the early months of the Cultural Revolution, schools and universities were closed. Primary and middle schools later gradually reopened, but all colleges and universities were closed until 1970, and most universities
1497:
and that the core of modernization was the modernization of science and technology. Later, he also emphasized that knowledge and talented people must be respected, whereas the wrong thought such as disrespecting intellectuals must be opposed. One of Deng's notable statements was that "science and
1303:
We can't rule the majority of people by relying on law. The majority of people by relying on the cultivation of habits. The army's reliance on rule by law didn't work; what's actually worked has been the 1,400-man conference. Who could remember so many clauses of a civil code or criminal law? I
1151:
In June 1981, at the 6th
Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of CCP, the Communist Party unanimously passed a resolution drafted by Deng and others which comprehensively invalidated the Cultural Revolution, calling it "a domestic havoc launched mistakenly by the leader (Mao Zedong) and
1826:
called on the
Chinese society to establish "Cultural Revolution Museums" so that future generations may learn from the history and prevent Cultural Revolution from happening again. The proposal received support from many Chinese citizens, however there was no official response from the Chinese
1720:
After the
Cultural Revolution, the Central Committee of CCP failed to systematically clear the "elements" associated with the Revolution inside the Chinese society, meanwhile banning comprehensive reflections and reviews on this period of history within China. The main reason why CCP took such
2786:
3286:
1492:
period, Deng
Xiaoping himself was in charge of the rehabilitation of scientists and intellectuals who were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. In March 1978, Deng emphasized at the National Science Conference that intellectuals were part of the
1805:, a record of 9,093 people were killed. However, only a small number of perpetrators were ever punished, and none of them were sentenced to death. Several leaders of the massacre were either expelled from the CCP or sentenced to jail with various
1558:
was proposed during the Boluan
Fanzheng period and, with the support of Deng and others, the compulsory education was written into the "1982 Constitution" while China's nine-year compulsory education was eventually established in 1986 under law
5600:
1659:; these could be seen, for example, when Deng insisted that among all that Mao had done to the Chinese people, "70% were good and 30% were bad", whereas attributing many disasters in Cultural Revolution to Lin Biao and the Gang of Four.
1522:
were cancelled after 1966, to be replaced later by a system whereby students were recommended by factories, villages and military units. Values taught in traditional education were abandoned. In 1968, the
Communist Party instituted the
1716:
and received some support from Deng, but they were both called off eventually thanks to the persuasion and interventions from Hu
Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang, the leading reformists besides Deng within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
1085:, then General Secretary of Chinese Communist Party, helped Deng Xiaoping launch "Boluan Fanzheng" and was supported by Deng to take charge of the rehabilitation of millions of victims who were persecuted in the Cultural Revolution.
1181:, then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, was supported by Deng Xiaoping to carry out the rehabilitation of millions of victims who were persecuted in the so-called "unjust, false, erroneous cases (冤假错案)" since the
2810:
5524:
1316:
and vocabulary such as the "absolute leadership of CCP (in China)" into its main content. The Constitution also incorporated manifest descriptions of the CCP organization, abolishing top government positions including the
5034:
6798:
1051:
868:
1704:
who were persecuted during the Anti-Rightist Campaign were among the small number of exceptions who did not receive rehabilitation, and Deng played an important role in carrying out that campaign in the 1950s.
1827:
Communist Party. On the other hand, Ba Jin was subsequently criticized and attacked during the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign as well as the Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign launched in the 1980s.
1654:
and retaining the picture of Mao on Tiananmen were also disputed. Furthermore, a few scholars have pointed out that Deng Xiaoping himself revealed his personal limitations in his understanding of Mao and
1399:
the positions of President of China and Vice President of China were re-established, with a two-consecutive-term limit and five years for each term, though the term limits were removed by Xi Jinping in
1160:
and the Gang of Four)" and that it "was responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the Party, the country, and the people since the founding of the People's Republic".
1477:
in Beijing, 131 were persecuted, and among all the members of the academy nationwide, 229 were persecuted to death. As of September 1971, more than 4,000 staff members of China's nuclear center in
5010:
2274:
1396:
the statement of "all state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and undertakings must abide by the Constitution and the law" was added;
922:
dissuading its academic study and public discussion within Chinese society. Recently, there have been concerns about a potential erosion of the era's reforms and a more autocratic rule under
770:
4966:
1207:
5508:
1779:
occurred even though no famine existed. Most people who took part in the massacre and/or cannibalism received no punishment at all or relatively minor punishments afterwards——in
848:
were successfully introduced to the Chinese economy, giving rise to a period of growth often characterized as one of the most impressive economic achievements in human history.
6207:
577:
497:
19:
1794:, the leader who was in charge of this massive purge, did not receive any legal trial or punishment because he was considered by the CCP to have made achievements in past wars.
1539:) in urban areas were sent to live and work in agrarian areas to be re-educated by the peasantry and to better understand the role of manual agrarian labor in Chinese society.
4253:
2355:
2724:
902:
period also saw many controversies, such as the handling of the legacies of Mao and the Cultural Revolution—namely the light treatment of figures who had been involved in
397:
278:
150:
5848:
1743:
A number of statues of Mao Zedong established during the Cultural Revolution can still be seen in many areas of mainland China today. The image shows one such statue in
689:
140:
763:
1185:
in 1957. Within a few years after 1978, victims in over 3 million such cases were rehabilitated. Some of the notable victims who were rehabilitated are listed below.
3982:
832:'s successor before Mao's death in 1976. During this period, a far-reaching program of reforms was undertaken by Deng and his allies to "correct the mistakes of the
895:". The subsequent speed of China's transformation in this period from one of the poorest countries to one of the world's largest economies is unmatched in history.
3233:
4938:
4228:
1636:
1329:
1309:
1288:
6182:
1363:" among senior leaders to avoid the dictatorship of the General Secretary of CCP. In December 1982, the fourth Constitution of China (commonly known as the "
1344:
756:
840:
period is regarded as an inflection point in Chinese history, with its cultural adjustments later proven to be the bedrock upon which the parallel economic
6162:
1748:
1739:
671:
1328:
Soon after the Cultural Revolution ended in 1976, following the guidelines of Hua Guofeng's "Two Whatevers", a third Constitution of China (known as the "
4986:
1322:
1015:
3167:
2764:
2134:
1692:
period, Deng Xiaoping on one hand stressed the importance of "emancipating the mind", while on the other hand repeatedly warning against the so-called "
2207:
4741:
2298:
1375:, and much of its content remains effective as of today. Compared to previous versions, some of the notable changes in the 1982 Constitution include:
6690:
1364:
1256:
1217:
911:
167:
5934:
6872:
6773:
5354:
3152:
864:
4542:
4466:
2931:
3668:
3641:
3837:
3810:
2694:
6887:
5259:
5152:
4853:
3477:
3191:
2432:
1318:
4573:
4444:
6061:
5907:
3901:
2583:
1941:
1882:
1193:
446:
5748:
5549:
Sutton, Donald S. (1995). "Consuming Counterrevolution: The Ritual and Culture of Cannibalism in Wuxuan, Guangxi, China, May to July 1968".
5218:
1631:
It has been argued that the Boluan Fanzheng program launched by Deng Xiaoping had limitations and controversies, such as incorporating the "
1261:
4182:
3326:
1145:
879:
policies associated with the Cultural Revolution, and rehabilitated millions of people who had been targeted during its decade of turmoil.
710:
131:
4288:
1712:
was launched, followed by the Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign which was launched in late 1986. The two campaigns were initiated by
6493:
4677:
4638:
4353:
1838:, which was eventually opened to the public in 2005. However, the museum was forced to shut down in 2016 by Xi Jinping's administration.
384:
177:
4796:
4511:
3573:
3264:
2561:
6638:
4595:
3347:
2716:
2021:
514:
2962:
4884:
3598:
3499:
584:
342:
3706:
3079:
2659:
1900:
1662:
After his death, Mao has been viewed as a controversial figure worldwide. In the late 1970s, political dissidents in China such as
3771:
2371:
2249:
3619:
1011:
192:
3933:
2616:
2070:
6557:
6255:
1862:
519:
474:
5959:
4310:
6465:
5917:
4605:
4320:
4026:
3996:
3847:
3820:
3678:
3651:
3296:
2986:
2403:
2179:
2004:
1519:
1308:
During the Cultural Revolution, China's Constitution was revised in 1975 and the second Constitution, commonly known as the "
479:
2319:
Chung, Yen-Lin (2019). "The Ousting of General Secretary Hu Yaobang: The Roles Played by Peng Zhen and Other Party Elders".
1393:
the statement of "the country is led by the Chinese Communist Party" was deleted, but then reinstated by Xi Jinping in 2018;
1437:" and were widely persecuted. Notable academics, scientists and educators who died due to the Cultural Revolution included
659:
352:
265:
3876:
816:"Setting Things Right") refers to a period of significant sociopolitical reforms starting with the accession of
6756:
6648:
5369:
1887:
1683:
1606:
1276:
1272:
1067:
666:
374:
260:
4703:
3223:
6852:
6192:
4930:
4671:
4632:
4347:
1933:
1835:
182:
1347:
and a systematic revision of its Constitution. Deng pointed out that the new Constitution must be able to protect the
6054:
6024:
6007:
4568:
3074:
2512:
2427:
2039:
1950:
1709:
1550:
in China and changing the life of tens of millions. Deng viewed science and education as the fundamentals of China's
1421:, a prominent Chinese missile scientist who was beaten to death during the Cultural Revolution, was recognized as a "
1368:
918:
in China. The CCP has not declassified many documents related to the Cultural Revolution, and has contributed to the
639:
484:
379:
312:
1994:
1128:
At the same time, in the late 1970s, Deng Xiaoping and his allies began to dismantle the Maoist line of "continuous
1097:, putting an end to the Cultural Revolution. From November 20, 1980, to January 25, 1981, a special court under the
6602:
6132:
6104:
5676:
2393:
2169:
2063:[1980: Comprehensively carrying out "Boluan Fanzheng" meanwhile formally launching "Reform and Opening"].
1734:
1524:
997:
892:
654:
414:
295:
240:
3620:"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China"
3128:
6700:
6486:
5175:"The "Active Rightists" of 1957 and Their Legacy: "Right-wing Intellectuals," Revisionists, and Rights Defenders"
3906:
2590:
1384:
644:
629:
305:
5625:[Massacres and sexual violence recorded in the classified documents of Cultural Revolution in Guangxi].
2834:
1783:, where at least 38 people were eaten, fifteen participants were prosecuted, receiving up to 14 years in prison.
6725:
6685:
6167:
5644:
4402:
2556:
1674:
in China while demanding democracy and freedom. However, Wei's initiatives were eventually suppressed by Deng.
968:
797:
347:
60:
2457:
6882:
6735:
6597:
6472:
4848:
4120:
Shigong, Jiang (2014). "Chinese-Style Constitutionalism: On Backer's Chinese Party-State Constitutionalism".
3472:
2746:
1340:
789:
362:
46:
2199:
883:
lasted until early the 1980s, after which the primary focus of CCP and the Chinese government shifted from "
851:
Deng, who had been in and out of favor during the Cultural Revolution, first spoke publicly of the ideas of
6857:
6826:
6552:
6542:
6109:
6047:
5402:
5284:
4905:
4731:
3988:
1380:
245:
187:
157:
5479:
2031:
1813:, the epicenter of the massacre, only 11 people were ever prosecuted, receiving up to 10 years in prison.
1474:
1070:
with stubborn mindset and blind superstition, then they would never move forward, and they would perish.
504:
5874:
3439:
5061:
4532:
4476:
2921:
1996:
Maoism and Grassroots Religion: The Communist Revolution and the Reinvention of Religious Life in China
559:
5709:
5603:[Classified Guangxi documents reveal crimes against humanity during the Cultural Revolution].
4663:
Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication
1203:
6680:
6137:
5085:
2686:
1414:
1110:
1098:
821:
634:
524:
459:
451:
5251:
5142:
4843:
3538:
3467:
3201:
2422:
1775:, 100,000-150,000 people were killed according to official investigations in the 1980s, and massive
903:
6847:
6730:
6522:
6458:
6268:
6202:
4563:
4434:
2496:
2081:
1693:
1632:
1089:
On September 9, 1976, Mao Zedong died, and on October 6, Hua Guofeng together with Ye Jianying and
956:
907:
614:
589:
564:
424:
357:
235:
207:
3911:
3727:
Lo, Carlos W. H. (1992). "Deng Xiaoping's Ideas on Law: China on the Threshold of a Legal Order".
2633:] (in Chinese). Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. 15 July 2009. Archived from
2595:
6867:
6862:
6658:
6250:
6217:
6212:
6187:
6152:
4203:
1847:
1787:
1647:
1133:
971:, asking the officials to correct the mistakes of Cultural Revolution in the field of education.
872:
599:
529:
404:
6032:
4172:
3316:
1567:, then Premier of China, the National People's Congress designated "September 10" as the annual
6877:
6670:
6084:
4278:
1182:
464:
300:
212:
4661:
4622:
4337:
6612:
6278:
5999:
5775:
4786:
4501:
3563:
3254:
2548:
1857:
1851:
1689:
1356:
1153:
1063:
841:
649:
429:
5935:"Two museums in China about the Cultural Revolution show very different versions of history"
4376:
4050:"1. Rereading Deng Xiaoping's "On the Reform of the System of Party and State Leadership"".
3367:
3129:"The charts that show how Deng Xiaoping unleashed China's pent-up capitalist energy in 1978"
2045:
6567:
6537:
6396:
6089:
4594:
Link, Perry; Link, Chancellorial Chair for Teaching Across Disciplines Perry (2000-03-05).
2952:
2065:
1867:
1806:
1640:
1555:
1352:
967:
first proposed the idea of "Boluan Fanzheng" during a meeting with senior officials of the
676:
539:
230:
162:
4874:
4085:
Finch, George (2007). "Modern Chinese Constitutionalism: Reflections of Economic Change".
3772:"The Role of Law in the People's Republic of China as Reflecting Mao Tse-Tung's Influence"
3587:
3517:
1335:
During the Boluan Fanzheng period, however, Deng Xiaoping made an important speech titled
317:
8:
6617:
6577:
6479:
6070:
5174:
3694:
3069:
2139:
1764:
1551:
1141:
1137:
1038:
1022:" ("Whatever Chairman Mao said, we will say and whatever Chairman Mao did, we will do").
888:
833:
699:
409:
329:
324:
255:
250:
6793:
6768:
6607:
6361:
6114:
6094:
5803:
5582:
5574:
5453:
5330:
4817:
4624:
Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China's New Class
4153:
4145:
4102:
3963:
3791:
3752:
3421:
3413:
3228:
3050:
3042:
2526:
2518:
2336:
2229:
2116:
1831:
1713:
1482:
1458:
1434:
725:
720:
694:
225:
197:
5427:
5305:
3192:"Emancipate the mind, seek truth from facts and unite as one in looking to the future"
2889:
2787:"With a dash of Putin and an echo of Mao, China's Xi sets himself up to rule for life"
1078:
979:
6783:
6643:
6587:
6197:
6177:
6099:
6020:
6003:
5967:
5913:
5882:
5807:
5795:
5717:
5684:
5586:
5566:
5516:
5377:
5348:
5226:
5196:
5093:
5002:
4994:
4791:
4667:
4628:
4601:
4506:
4471:
4439:
4343:
4316:
4283:
4177:
4157:
4137:
4094:
4067:
4021:
3992:
3967:
3843:
3816:
3744:
3702:
3674:
3647:
3568:
3425:
3405:
3362:
3321:
3292:
3259:
3146:
3054:
3034:
2991:
2897:
2802:
2794:
2756:
2634:
2530:
2508:
2399:
2363:
2328:
2290:
2282:
2244:
2175:
2144:
2108:
2060:
2035:
2000:
1964:
1956:
1946:
1776:
1581:
1577:
1422:
1372:
1360:
1122:
1066:
and pointed out that if the CCP, the country, and the people continued to follow the
1060:
Emancipate the Mind, Seek Truth from Facts, and Unite as One in Looking to the Future
855:
in September 1977, roughly a year after Mao's death and the subsequent arrest of the
845:
730:
441:
434:
3366:] (in Chinese). Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Archived from
1790:, 20,000-100,000 people were killed according to various records and estimates, but
6562:
6547:
6527:
6500:
6283:
6263:
6245:
5821:
5787:
5649:
5558:
5191:
5186:
4407:
4129:
4059:
3953:
3945:
3783:
3736:
3397:
3109:
3026:
2500:
2465:
1906:
1798:
1772:
1651:
1568:
1547:
1055:
715:
624:
554:
83:
24:
4339:
Chinese Politics: Fall of Hua Kuo-Feng (1980) to the Twelfth Party Congress (1982)
4254:"China Removes Presidential Term Limits, Enabling Xi Jinping To Rule Indefinitely"
4016:
2996:
1509:", the "contemplative literature (反思文学) " and the "literature of reforms (改革文学)".
1291:", came into effect in 1954. However, in 1958, Mao Zedong publicly advocated the "
6808:
6720:
6710:
6663:
6290:
6238:
6015:
1972:
1893:
1744:
1671:
1656:
1589:
1528:
1506:
1287:
The first Constitution of the People's Republic of China, commonly known as the "
1266:
1129:
1102:
1043:
919:
915:
604:
469:
5509:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)"
1834:
decided to establish the first Cultural Revolution museum in mainland China—the
6778:
6705:
6675:
6653:
6572:
6532:
6340:
6157:
5791:
5039:
4063:
3866:
3113:
2864:
2493:
Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions
2230:"Dèng Xiǎopíng shì zhēnlǐ biāozhǔn wèntí dà tǎolùn de fǎdòngzhě yú lǐngdǎozhě"
1877:
1872:
1802:
1722:
1667:
1639:
which forbid Chinese citizens from challenging China's socialist path, Maoism,
1614:
1610:
1585:
1118:
951:
884:
419:
334:
202:
104:
5562:
3401:
3388:
Onate, Andres D. (1978). "Hua Kuo-feng and the Arrest of the "Gang of Four"".
3030:
960:
of ancient China. The idiom means "correcting chaos and returning to normal".
871:
in December 1978, where he had ascended to the paramount leadership role. The
6841:
6788:
6582:
6381:
6326:
6147:
6142:
5994:
5971:
5886:
5799:
5721:
5688:
5570:
5520:
5381:
5306:"Communist Party Says Anti-Liberalism Campaign Applies to Writers, Consumers"
5230:
5200:
5097:
5006:
4998:
4141:
4133:
4098:
4071:
3748:
3409:
3038:
2901:
2798:
2760:
2367:
2332:
2294:
2286:
2148:
2112:
1968:
1929:
1780:
1663:
1494:
1470:
1438:
1390:
the descriptions of the organization of Chinese Communist Party was excluded;
1304:
participated in the formulation of the Constitution, even I can't remember .
1106:
1090:
1050:
On December 13, 1978, Deng delivered a speech at the closing ceremony of the
1019:
964:
817:
609:
3949:
2395:
Social Mobilisation in Post-Industrial China: The Case of Rural Urbanisation
1976:
1619:
6715:
6416:
6350:
6331:
5622:
4968:
Wénhuàdàgémìng: Lìshǐ de Zhēn Xiànghé Jítǐ Jìyì: Wéngé 40 Zhōunián Lùnwénjí
4335:
4204:"Constitution Of The People's Republic Of China, 1982 | US-China Institute"
2806:
2751:
1791:
1466:
1430:
1348:
1140:". In 1980–1981, Hua Guofeng eventually resigned from his positions as the
1094:
856:
746:
594:
285:
90:
2522:
875:(CCP) and the Chinese government gradually dismantled the many distinctly
6695:
6592:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6421:
6356:
6345:
6172:
5753:
5744:
5618:
5504:
5147:
4987:"If Chairman Mao's wish was to be cremated, why was he embalmed instead?"
4962:
4736:
4537:
3196:
2926:
1697:
1564:
1418:
1296:
1292:
1280:
1223:
1199:
1026:
1007:
825:
619:
534:
369:
217:
4762:
4149:
4106:
3958:
2340:
6761:
6633:
6426:
6411:
6391:
6335:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6233:
5329:
China (Taiwan), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of (1987-05-01).
3795:
3756:
2687:"Beijing Revises 'Correct' Version of Party History Ahead of Centenary"
2504:
2275:"Hu Yaobang: an icon of China's reform – and of how little has changed"
2120:
2096:
1810:
1701:
1442:
1227:
1189:
1178:
1114:
1082:
1003:
984:
923:
860:
829:
509:
172:
6039:
5578:
3417:
3168:"Analysis | 40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world"
3046:
2248:] (in Chinese). Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.
1505:
period, various new genres of literature have emerged, including the "
6517:
6406:
6386:
6376:
6366:
4879:
4597:
The Uses of Literature: Life in the Socialist Chinese Literary System
3463:
2957:
2717:"The Chinese Communist Party is playing dangerous games with history"
1624:
1462:
544:
5654:
4412:
4229:"7 things you need to know about lifting term limits for Xi Jinping"
3787:
3740:
3500:"Zuì gēnběn de bōluànfǎnzhèng: Fǒudìng "yǐ jiējídǒuzhēng wéi gāng""
3017:
Schoenhals, Michael (1991). "The 1978 Truth Criterion Controversy".
1688:
During the Boluan Fanzheng period as well as the early phase of the
6696:
Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
6401:
6321:
5217:
Wren, Christopher S.; Times, Special To the New York (1984-01-24).
2664:
2470:
1755:
1450:
1237:
1157:
1030:
28:
1960:
1759:
sparking public outrage. Tens of thousands of people travelled to
1473:. As of 1968, among the 171 senior members at the headquarters of
6371:
5776:"The Burden of Memory: The Cultural Revolution and the Holocaust"
3871:
3595:
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
1760:
1627:
was one of the main controversies after the Cultural Revolution.
1584:
once proposed to Deng to raise the basic salary of professors in
1478:
1446:
1243:
1233:
1213:
1132:", diverting the focus of the CCP and the Chinese government to "
946:
4533:""Science and technology are primary productive forces" in 1988"
6751:
6208:
Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
5849:"China's first Cultural Revolution museum exposes Mao's war on"
5219:"China Is Said to End a Campaign to Stop 'Spiritual Pollution'"
4906:"" UPHOLD THE FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES " (SPEECH, MARCH 30, 1979)"
1823:
1543:
1454:
1313:
876:
5117:
4564:"Science and Technology Constitute a Primary Productive Force"
4336:
James T. Myers; Jürgen Domes; Erik von Groeling, eds. (1995).
4087:
Willamette Journal of International Law and Dispute Resolution
1542:
In 1977, Deng Xiaoping restored the university entrance exam (
1481:
were persecuted: among them, 40 committed suicides, five were
5285:"What Zhao Ziyang Tells Us about Elite Politics in the 1980s"
1220:, who was persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution.
1196:, who was persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution.
1034:
991:
549:
1210:, who was persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution
6016:
Decision-making in Deng's China: Perspectives from Insiders
5143:"Bourgeois liberalization means taking the capitalist road"
4017:"ON THE REFORM OF THE SYSTEM OF PARTY AND STATE LEADERSHIP"
3588:"Guānyú jiànguó yǐlái dǎng de ruògān lìshǐ wèntí de juéyì"
2171:
Decision-making in Deng's China: Perspectives from Insiders
2135:"40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world"
1351:
of Chinese nationals and must demonstrate the principle of
1025:
In July 1977, with the support of senior officials such as
5960:"Fate Catches Up to a Cultural Revolution Museum in China"
2622:["Cultural revolution" era records declassified].
1643:
as well as the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.
1144:, the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and the
1047:
and gained widespread support within the Chinese society.
1018:. Hua largely continued Maoist policies and proposed the "
5252:"Take a clear-cut stand against bourgeois liberalization"
3934:"The 1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China"
1337:
On the Reform of the System of Party and State Leadership
1279:
reaching its peak. At the time, China's Constitution and
4822:
The Central Government of the People's Republic of China
1677:
1670:" in Beijing, criticizing Mao as well as Maoism and the
1052:
3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of CCP
5403:"Reflecting on the Cultural Revolution, 50 Years Later"
3539:"China lays to rest Mao's chosen successor Hua Guofeng"
2193:
2191:
1747:, where tens of thousands of people were killed due to
1073:
950:(Chinese literary idiom) that references a line in the
4704:"Historical Background: Expansion of Public Education"
836:", and restore order in the country. The start of the
6013:
Carol Lee Hamrin, Suisheng Zhao and A. Doak Barnett.
4732:"China's education reforms and strive for innovation"
3981:
Zhu, Guobin; Lin, Laifan; Xu, Mengzhou (2007-07-01).
3670:
Hu Yao-Bang: A Chinese Biography: A Chinese Biography
1054:, during which he replaced Hua Guofeng to become the
810:'Eliminating chaos and returning to normal';
109:
95:
4931:"The Communist Party of China and the "Party-State""
4883:(in Chinese). Tonight News Paper (今晚报). 2004-11-04.
2188:
2097:"The Chinese Economic Miracle: Lessons to Be Learnt"
1735:
Cultural Revolution § Massacres and cannibalism
4666:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 195.
5370:"Opinion | Confessions of the Cultural Revolution"
4312:The Stinking Old Ninth: A Tale of The Coal Capital
3643:Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography Volume 4
1339:(党和国家领导制度改革) on August 18, 1980, proposing to the
1062:(解放思想，实事求是，团结一致向前看), Deng urged Chinese people to
6691:Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group
1822:In the 1980s, notable Chinese scholars including
869:3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee
6839:
6774:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
2168:Hamrin, Carol Lee; Zhao, Suisheng (1995-01-15).
1323:Vice President of the People's Republic of China
867:, Deng was able to launch his reforms after the
5822:"Ba Jin: A Museum of the "Cultural Revolution""
2028:Looking back at 1978—a turning point in history
1767:for justice from top officials in the country.
1546:) after its ten-year halt, re-establishing the
1409:
6000:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China.
5328:
1817:
1592:, and the proposal was soon approved by Deng.
1429:During the Cultural Revolution, academics and
1257:Constitution of the People's Republic of China
1218:Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China
1033:, Deng Xiaoping was rehabilitated after being
132:History of the People's Republic of China
6055:
3127:Lahiri, Dan Kopf, Tripti (18 December 2018).
1942:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China
939:
764:
65:
51:
5353:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4620:
3151:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2747:"Xi Jinping's brand new Cultural Revolution"
2458:"Dèng Xiǎopíng de qiúshí yù fǎnsī jīngshén"
1830:In 1996, the local government of Shantou in
1250:
1168:
1105:and six other people, eventually announcing
6494:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits
3100:"Practice Is the Sole Criterion of Truth".
2549:"Dèng Xiǎopíng de gòngxiàn hé júxiàn xìng"
2451:
2449:
1588:, increasing their monthly payments by 100
1498:technology are primary productive forces".
1016:Chairman of the Central Military Commission
805:
385:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
178:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
6062:
6048:
5551:Comparative Studies in Society and History
4627:. Stanford University Press. p. 164.
3016:
2353:
2167:
1404:
1194:Chairman of the People's Republic of China
1121:, and imprisonment of various terms up to
992:Debate over the criteria for testing truth
771:
757:
5216:
5190:
4702:Tao, Liqing; Berci, Margaret; He, Wayne.
4329:
3957:
2417:
2415:
1146:Premier of the People's Republic of China
6799:3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee
6036:. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Ltd. 2014.
5872:
5773:
5544:
5542:
4593:
3980:
3835:
3348:"Huíshǒu 1978—Lìshǐ zài zhèlǐ zhuǎnzhé"
2887:
2446:
1738:
1618:
1413:
1379:Cultural Revolution vocabulary such as "
1260:
1077:
978:
926:, who became General Secretary in 2012.
18:
6873:Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party
6069:
5843:
5841:
5739:
5737:
5707:
5674:
5638:
5636:
5278:
5276:
4659:
4119:
3931:
3776:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
3070:"An article influences Chinese history"
1563:). In 1985, upon the recommendation of
1216:, one of the ten marshals of China and
1012:Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
193:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
6840:
5957:
5932:
5909:A New Literary History of Modern China
5548:
5212:
5210:
5029:
5027:
4984:
4957:
4955:
4924:
4922:
4725:
4723:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4653:
4495:
4493:
4342:. University of South Carolina Press.
4251:
4045:
4043:
4010:
4008:
3895:
3893:
3861:
3859:
3808:
3310:
3308:
3288:Democracy and the Rule of Law in China
3126:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2829:
2827:
2784:
2653:
2651:
2542:
2540:
2412:
1883:1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign
1863:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
1728:
1600:
1425:(烈士)" in the Boluan Fanzheng period.
906:, as well as the enshrinement of the "
844:could take place. As such, aspects of
6888:Persecution of intellectuals in China
6043:
5539:
5400:
4308:
4226:
4170:
4084:
3695:"1989年6月1日 吴林泉、彭飞：胡耀邦同志领导平反"六十一人案"追记"
3639:
3462:
3387:
3067:
2981:
2979:
2657:
2391:
2318:
2272:
2268:
2266:
1928:
1901:Deng Xiaoping at History's Crossroads
1678:Limited liberation and one-party rule
1623:Keeping the picture of Mao Zedong on
1561:Law on Nine-Year Compulsory Education
1485:, and 310 were permanently disabled.
1236:, senior member of CCP and father of
1226:, senior member of CCP and father of
5905:
5838:
5743:
5734:
5677:"A Tale of Red Guards and Cannibals"
5633:
5617:
5513:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence
5503:
5497:
5451:
5425:
5419:
5394:
5361:
5282:
5273:
5249:
5172:
5140:
4961:
4499:
4276:
4173:"把"中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征"写入宪法的重大意义"
4014:
3769:
3666:
3601:from the original on 18 October 2014
2714:
2073:from the original on 26 October 2008
2019:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1924:
1922:
1749:massacres in the Cultural Revolution
1696:". In addition, notable people like
1265:During the Cultural Revolution, the
1074:Invalidating the Cultural Revolution
660:2020 Hong Kong national security law
353:Campaign against spiritual pollution
5958:Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (2016-10-02).
5675:Kristof, Nicholas D. (1993-01-06).
5527:from the original on April 25, 2019
5367:
5207:
5024:
5013:from the original on 25 August 2018
4985:Hutton, Mercedes (24 August 2018).
4952:
4919:
4898:
4729:
4720:
4692:
4490:
4356:from the original on April 28, 2016
4040:
4005:
3890:
3856:
3612:
3580:
3497:
3314:
3305:
3165:
2852:
2824:
2648:
2537:
2490:
2094:
1888:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
1684:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
1512:
1163:
1068:Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong
811:
375:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
16:Post-Mao transition period in China
13:
6193:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
5988:
5906:Wang, David Der-wei (2017-05-22).
5477:
5401:Beach, Sophie (25 February 2016).
5062:"Visions of China: Democracy Wall"
4730:Chi, Luke Shen-Tien (2018-08-24).
4641:from the original on June 17, 2016
3726:
3516:] (in Chinese). Archived from
3491:
3468:"最高人民法院特别法庭关于审判林彪、江青反革命集团案主犯的情况报告"
3444:UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-KANSAS CITY
3340:
3284:
2976:
2785:Denyer, Simon (26 February 2018).
2744:
2385:
2354:Schiavenza, Matt (16 April 2014).
2263:
2059:Lǐ, Èrqìng, ed. (7 October 2008).
2058:
2013:
1836:Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum
1714:left-wing conservative politicians
859:. With the help of allies such as
520:South–North Water Transfer Project
447:US bombing of the Belgrade embassy
343:Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign
183:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
14:
6899:
5749:"The Dao County Massacre of 1967"
4974:(in Chinese). 典籍出版社. p. 450.
4680:from the original on May 19, 2016
4569:China Internet Information Center
4208:University of Southern California
3075:China Internet Information Center
2428:China Internet Information Center
2423:"50 flashbacks signal reform (I)"
2221:
2161:
1983:
1919:
1710:Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign
1355:; he also described the idea of "
1273:quotations of Chairman Mao Zedong
485:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
480:Forum on China–Africa Cooperation
380:Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration
6822:
6821:
6757:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
6603:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture
6133:Down to the Countryside Movement
6105:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
5951:
5926:
5899:
5866:
5814:
5767:
5701:
5668:
5611:
5593:
5471:
5445:
5322:
5298:
5243:
4841:
4464:
4400:
4227:Bader, Jeffrey A. (2018-02-27).
3576:from the original on 2020-09-30.
3221:
2356:"China's Forgotten Liberal Hero"
2227:
2197:
1607:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
1595:
1525:Down to the Countryside Movement
1277:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
998:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy
740:
296:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy
241:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
139:
6487:Six Articles of Public Security
6033:To be a Secretary of Hu Yaobang
5708:RUDOLPH, BARBARA (2001-06-24).
5642:
5262:from the original on 2020-08-07
5166:
5155:from the original on 2019-12-30
5134:
5110:
5078:
5054:
4978:
4941:from the original on 2022-12-21
4928:
4887:from the original on 2021-01-03
4867:
4856:from the original on 2021-01-03
4835:
4810:
4799:from the original on 2021-01-08
4779:
4755:
4744:from the original on 2020-05-20
4614:
4587:
4576:from the original on 2020-07-06
4556:
4545:from the original on 2020-08-01
4525:
4514:from the original on 2021-01-03
4458:
4447:from the original on 2021-01-03
4426:
4394:
4381:Chinese University of Hong Kong
4374:
4368:
4302:
4291:from the original on 2020-04-12
4270:
4252:Doubek, James (11 March 2018).
4245:
4220:
4196:
4185:from the original on 2020-06-04
4164:
4113:
4078:
4029:from the original on 2020-11-15
3974:
3925:
3907:Chinese University of Hong Kong
3899:
3879:from the original on 2021-01-07
3829:
3802:
3763:
3720:
3709:from the original on 2021-01-03
3687:
3660:
3633:
3556:
3531:
3498:Hán, Gāng (29 September 2014).
3480:from the original on 2021-01-03
3456:
3432:
3381:
3329:from the original on 2021-01-03
3278:
3267:from the original on 2021-01-03
3247:
3236:from the original on 2021-01-03
3215:
3184:
3159:
3120:
3093:
3082:from the original on 2020-10-24
3061:
3010:
2965:from the original on 2021-01-15
2945:
2934:from the original on 2020-08-24
2914:
2881:
2778:
2767:from the original on 2021-11-15
2738:
2727:from the original on 2022-08-20
2715:Cole, J. Michael (2021-04-22).
2708:
2697:from the original on 2023-01-04
2679:
2609:
2591:Chinese University of Hong Kong
2581:
2575:
2564:from the original on 2022-09-29
2546:
2484:
2435:from the original on 2021-11-15
2392:Gao, Jia; Su, Yuanyuan (2019).
2347:
2312:
2252:from the original on 2008-06-18
2210:from the original on 2021-01-03
1518:did not reopen until 1972. The
1385:dictatorship of the proletariat
863:, who later became the party's
645:China International Import Expo
6726:Worker-Peasant-Soldier student
6686:Central Case Examination Group
6168:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
5192:10.4000/chinaperspectives.2553
4600:. Princeton University Press.
4432:
4377:"文革中的中科院：131位科学家被打倒，229人遭迫害致死"
3842:. Cambridge University Press.
3839:The Cambridge History of China
3646:. Berkshire Publishing Group.
3108:(2): 31–42. 18 December 2014.
2557:Unirule Institute of Economics
2455:
2127:
2088:
2052:
1369:5th National People's Congress
1345:China needed political reforms
969:Ministry of Education of China
929:
801:
793:
348:Sino-British Joint Declaration
110:
96:
66:
52:
1:
6736:Xiang River Storm and Thunder
6598:Learn from Daqing in industry
6473:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
5873:Gittings, John (2005-10-18).
5774:Schwarcz, Vera (March 1996).
5452:Hong, Zhenkuai (2016-08-16).
5250:Deng, Xiaoping (1986-12-30).
4971:文化大革命：历史的真相和集体记忆: ——文革40周年论文集
4500:Shen, Qianfang (2019-01-30).
4467:"1978年3月18日邓小平在全国科学大会开幕式上的讲话"
4015:Deng, Xiaoping (1980-08-18).
3809:Potter, Pitman (2013-10-14).
3667:Yang, Zhongmei (2016-07-08).
3102:Chinese Studies in Philosophy
3068:Zhang, Ming'ai (2008-01-19).
2888:Gittings, John (2008-08-20).
2617:""Wéngé" shíqī dàngàn jiěmì"
2273:Huang, Cary (14 April 2019).
2101:Economic and Political Weekly
2030:] (in Chinese). Beijing:
1912:
822:paramount leadership in China
640:China–United States trade war
313:China–United States relations
6553:Continuous Revolution Theory
6543:Cow demons and snake spirits
6466:Quotations from Chairman Mao
6110:Socialist Education Movement
5912:. Harvard University Press.
4277:Peng, Jieqing (2012-07-05).
4052:Chinese Law & Government
3989:City University of Hong Kong
3836:Fairbank, John King (1978).
3597:(in Chinese). 23 June 2008.
2594:(in Chinese). Archived from
2469:(in Chinese). Archived from
1945:. Harvard University Press.
1410:Scientists and intellectuals
1208:Minister of National Defense
828:, who had been appointed as
655:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
246:Socialist Education Movement
7:
5605:Radio France Internationale
5173:Chen, Zeming (2007-12-15).
4315:. Independently Published.
3640:Brown, Kerry (2015-05-01).
3315:Liu, Jintian (2015-01-05).
2755:. The Liberty Times Group.
2745:Yu, Kung (23 August 2018).
2398:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
1999:. Oxford University Press.
1841:
1818:Cultural Revolution museums
1556:compulsory education system
1475:Chinese Academy of Sciences
974:
23:Statue of Deng Xiaoping in
10:
6904:
5792:10.1177/0920203X9601100101
5331:"Bourgeois Liberalization"
4849:National People's Congress
4763:"China - EDUCATION POLICY"
4064:10.2753/CLG0009-4609200115
3902:""八二宪法"的宪政因素——几部宪草宪法的比较研究"
3572:(in Chinese). 2016-07-05.
3473:National People's Congress
3263:(in Chinese). 2018-05-31.
3114:10.2753/CSP1097-1467250231
2961:(in Chinese). 2015-03-10.
2953:"陈云1977年发言：强调实事求是 呼吁邓小平复出"
2491:Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023).
1732:
1681:
1604:
1371:, embodying Chinese-style
1341:National People's Congress
1254:
1152:taken advantage of by the
1037:(twice) by Mao during the
995:
912:the country's constitution
6853:Cold War history of China
6817:
6744:
6681:Cultural Revolution Group
6626:
6510:
6450:
6299:
6226:
6138:Cleansing the Class Ranks
6125:
6077:
5607:(in Chinese). 2017-08-06.
5563:10.1017/S0010417500019575
5426:Qian, Gang (2012-09-24).
4171:Huang, Jin (2018-05-07).
3770:LENG, SHAO-CHUAN (1977).
3402:10.1017/S0305741000042557
3285:Yu, Keping (2010-05-20).
3031:10.1017/S0305741000005191
2658:Zhang, Wei (2016-05-16).
1520:university entrance exams
1283:were largely overlooked.
1275:was widely popular, with
1251:The Constitution of China
1169:Rehabilitation of victims
1103:trial of the Gang of Four
1056:paramount leader of China
940:
635:Xinjiang internment camps
610:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou
460:China Western Development
452:Persecution of Falun Gong
121:
103:
89:
82:
77:
73:
59:
45:
41:
36:
6731:May Seventh Cadre School
6523:Newborn socialist things
6459:Bombard the Headquarters
6269:Shaoyang County Massacre
6203:1975 Banqiao Dam failure
5368:Han, Xiao (2014-01-26).
5043:(in Chinese). 2012-04-07
4991:South China Morning Post
4970:
4818:"中华人民共和国义务教育法（主席令第五十二号）"
4134:10.1177/0097700413511313
4058:(1): 15–20. 1987-04-01.
3589:
3509:
3501:
3357:
3349:
2865:"History for the Masses"
2626:
2618:
2585:"八二宪法"的宪政因素——几部宪草宪法的比较研究
2584:
2550:
2497:Harvard University Press
2459:
2279:South China Morning Post
2239:
2231:
2082:China Central Television
2061:"1980年：拨乱反正全面展开改革开放正式起步"
1694:Bourgeois liberalization
1633:Four Cardinal Principles
1006:died in September 1976,
957:Spring and Autumn Annals
908:Four Cardinal Principles
615:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit
590:Belt and Road Initiative
585:Anti-corruption campaign
425:One country, two systems
358:Bourgeois liberalization
236:Two Bombs, One Satellite
208:Hundred Flowers Campaign
61:Traditional Chinese
6701:Revolutionary committee
6251:Inner Mongolia incident
6218:1976 Tiananmen Incident
6188:Black Painting incident
6153:February Countercurrent
5478:Hu, Ping (2010-08-20).
5141:Deng, Xiaoping (1985).
4309:Jihui, Yu (July 2019).
3950:10.1163/157303578X00218
3938:Review of Socialist Law
2890:"Obituary: Hua Guofeng"
2495:. The Belknap Press of
1993:Wang, Xiaoxuan (2020).
1848:Chinese economic reform
1788:Inner Mongolia Incident
1668:Democracy Wall Movement
1648:Mausoleum of Mao Zedong
1548:higher education system
1405:Academics and education
1246:, senior member of CCP.
1058:. In the speech titled
963:On September 19, 1977,
904:the period's atrocities
873:Chinese Communist Party
535:Three Links with Taiwan
530:2008 Sichuan earthquake
505:2002–2004 SARS outbreak
405:Shanghai Stock Exchange
47:Simplified Chinese
6671:May Sixteenth elements
6085:Anti-Rightist Campaign
5933:Quartz (16 May 2016).
5086:"Walling up democracy"
2020:Tong, Qinglin (2008).
1752:
1628:
1576:In addition, renowned
1570:National Teacher's Day
1433:were regarded as the "
1426:
1367:"), was passed by the
1306:
1284:
1183:Anti-rightist Campaign
1099:Supreme People's Court
1086:
988:
672:2020–2021 reform spree
630:Persecution of Uyghurs
560:West–East Gas Pipeline
465:Hainan Island incident
306:Special economic zones
301:Reforms and Opening Up
213:Anti-Rightist Campaign
31:
6706:8341 Special Regiment
6613:Five Black Categories
6279:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
6213:1976 Nanjing incident
4844:"国务院关于提请审议建立"教师节"的议案"
4621:Joel Andreas (2009).
2232:邓小平是真理标准问题大讨论的发动者与领导者
1932:(26 September 2011).
1858:Seek truth from facts
1852:Reform and Opening-up
1807:terms of imprisonment
1742:
1690:Reform and Opening-up
1622:
1417:
1381:continuous revolution
1357:collective leadership
1301:
1264:
1204:ten marshals of China
1154:counter-revolutionary
1134:economic construction
1081:
1064:seek truth from facts
1010:succeeded Mao as the
982:
893:economic construction
889:further modernization
842:reform and opening up
525:Qinghai–Tibet railway
430:Handover of Hong Kong
22:
6883:Political repression
6639:Conservative Faction
6568:One Divides into Two
6538:Big-character poster
6090:Great Chinese Famine
5710:"Unspeakable Crimes"
5035:"中南海更应反思"文革"和毛泽东的罪恶"
4787:"不抓科学、教育，四个现代化就没有希望"
3932:de Heer, Ph (1978).
3812:China's Legal System
3502:最根本的拨乱反正：否定"以阶级斗争为纲"
3440:"Gang of Four Trial"
2200:"《亲历拨乱反正》：拨乱反正的日日夜夜"
2066:China Economic Times
1868:Deng Xiaoping Theory
1353:separation of powers
987:'s former residence.
677:2022 Winter Olympics
578:2012–present: Xi era
540:2008 Summer Olympics
475:Accession to the WTO
415:Deng's southern tour
398:1989–2002: Jiang era
231:Great Chinese Famine
188:First five-year plan
163:Land Reform Movement
6858:Cultural Revolution
6618:Five Red Categories
6480:May 16 Notification
6183:10th Party Congress
6071:Cultural Revolution
5623:"广西文革绝密档案中的大屠杀和性暴力"
5601:"广西机密档案续编揭露文革反人类罪行"
5480:"从邓小平的一句惊人之语谈起（胡平）"
5407:China Digital Times
4913:Columbia University
4279:""两弹一星"元勋姚桐斌的一生【4】"
3390:The China Quarterly
3255:"解放思想，实事求是，团结一致向前看"
3224:"解放思想，实事求是，团结一致向前看"
3019:The China Quarterly
2839:www.chinakongzi.org
2813:on 26 February 2018
2140:The Washington Post
1729:Legal controversies
1601:Views on Mao Zedong
1552:Four Modernizations
1142:Chairman of the CCP
1125:for other members.
1039:Cultural Revolution
952:Gongyang commentary
834:Cultural Revolution
798:traditional Chinese
410:Pudong New District
330:Sino-Vietnamese War
325:Four Modernizations
279:1976–1989: Deng era
266:Richard Nixon visit
256:Cultural Revolution
6794:Morning Sun (film)
6769:Great Leap Forward
6659:Ultra-Left Faction
6608:Stinking Old Ninth
6256:Guangdong Massacre
6163:9th Party Congress
6115:Taoyuan Experience
6095:Great Leap Forward
5964:The New York Times
5875:"Obituary: Ba Jin"
5681:The New York Times
5458:The New York Times
5432:The New York Times
5374:The New York Times
5283:Fewsmith, Joseph.
5223:The New York Times
5179:China Perspectives
4935:The New York Times
4708:The New York Times
3564:"邓小平在中共十一届六中全会上讲话"
3166:Denmark, Abraham.
2660:"点评中国：中国人需要认真反思文革"
2505:10.2307/jj.2915805
2095:Ray, Alok (2002).
1832:Guangdong Province
1753:
1629:
1469:, Yao Tongbin and
1435:Stinking Old Ninth
1427:
1285:
1087:
989:
790:simplified Chinese
515:Visit of Lien Chan
226:Great Leap Forward
198:Bandung Conference
151:1949–1976: Mao era
32:
6835:
6834:
6784:Sino-Soviet split
6644:Little Red Guards
6588:Capitalist roader
6578:Eight model plays
6275:Yunnan Massacres
6198:Hangzhou incident
6178:Lin Biao incident
6100:Lushan Conference
5919:978-0-674-96791-5
5780:China Information
5627:China News Digest
4965:(26 April 2020).
4767:countrystudies.us
4607:978-0-691-00198-2
4322:978-1-0721-7605-3
3998:978-962-937-092-3
3849:978-0-521-21447-6
3822:978-0-7456-6268-8
3680:978-1-315-49339-8
3653:978-1-61472-900-6
3590:关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议
3520:on 4 October 2014
3298:978-90-04-19031-3
3229:Phoenix New Media
2405:978-1-78643-259-9
2181:978-0-7656-3694-2
2107:(37): 3835–3848.
2006:978-0-19-006938-4
1637:1982 Constitution
1582:Shiing-Shen Chern
1529:"Educated Youths"
1373:constitutionalism
1365:1982 Constitution
1361:one man, one vote
1330:1978 Constitution
1310:1975 Constitution
1289:1954 Constitution
1123:life imprisonment
865:General Secretary
846:market capitalism
814:
808:
781:
780:
667:COVID-19 pandemic
498:2002–2012: Hu era
435:Handover of Macau
318:Three Communiqués
261:UN representation
125:
124:
117:
116:
111:po-luan-fan-cheng
84:Standard Mandarin
6895:
6825:
6824:
6563:Violent Struggle
6558:Seizure of power
6548:Bloodline theory
6528:Struggle session
6501:On Class Origins
6284:Shadian incident
6264:Daoxian massacre
6260:Hunan Massacres
6246:Guangxi Massacre
6064:
6057:
6050:
6041:
6040:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5845:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5741:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5653:. Archived from
5650:Yanhuang Chunqiu
5640:
5631:
5630:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5546:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5428:""文革"：彻底否定与刻意遗忘"
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5352:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5292:Hoover Institute
5289:
5280:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5214:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5118:"Democracy Wall"
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5031:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4959:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4727:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4660:Xing Lu (2004).
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4502:"邓小平: 尊重知识，尊重人才"
4497:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4475:. Archived from
4465:Deng, Xiaoping.
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4411:. Archived from
4408:Yanhuang Chunqiu
4401:Wang, Jingheng.
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4012:
4003:
4002:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3910:. Archived from
3897:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3222:Deng, Xiaoping.
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3200:. Archived from
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3025:(126): 243–268.
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2995:. Archived from
2983:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2861:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2809:. Archived from
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2466:Yanhuang Chunqiu
2453:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:on 17 April 2014
2370:. Archived from
2351:
2345:
2344:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:on 14 April 2019
2297:. Archived from
2270:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2228:Lóng, Píngpíng.
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2198:Shen, Baoxiang.
2195:
2186:
2185:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2044:. Archived from
2017:
2011:
2010:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1938:
1926:
1907:De-Stalinization
1799:Daoxian Massacre
1773:Guangxi Massacre
1652:Tiananmen Square
1641:Marxism–Leninism
1578:Chinese American
1513:Education system
1164:Politics and law
1109:with a two-year
943:
942:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
795:
773:
766:
759:
747:China portal
745:
744:
743:
625:9th BRICS summit
555:Three Gorges Dam
143:
134:
127:
126:
113:
112:
99:
98:
75:
74:
69:
68:
55:
54:
34:
33:
25:Lianhuashan Park
6903:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6848:Reform in China
6838:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6813:
6809:Scar literature
6804:Boluan Fanzheng
6740:
6721:Barefoot doctor
6711:Sent-down youth
6664:Xiaoyao Faction
6622:
6506:
6446:
6295:
6291:Ruijin Massacre
6239:Daxing Massacre
6222:
6121:
6073:
6068:
5991:
5989:Further reading
5986:
5985:
5976:
5974:
5956:
5952:
5943:
5941:
5931:
5927:
5920:
5904:
5900:
5891:
5889:
5871:
5867:
5858:
5856:
5853:The Independent
5847:
5846:
5839:
5830:
5828:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5772:
5768:
5759:
5757:
5742:
5735:
5726:
5724:
5706:
5702:
5693:
5691:
5673:
5669:
5660:
5658:
5645:"我参与处理广西文革遗留问题"
5641:
5634:
5616:
5612:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5547:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5502:
5498:
5489:
5487:
5484:Radio Free Asia
5476:
5472:
5463:
5461:
5450:
5446:
5437:
5435:
5424:
5420:
5411:
5409:
5399:
5395:
5386:
5384:
5366:
5362:
5346:
5345:
5339:
5337:
5327:
5323:
5314:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5287:
5281:
5274:
5265:
5263:
5248:
5244:
5235:
5233:
5215:
5208:
5171:
5167:
5158:
5156:
5139:
5135:
5126:
5124:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5102:
5100:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5070:
5068:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5046:
5044:
5033:
5032:
5025:
5016:
5014:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4960:
4953:
4944:
4942:
4927:
4920:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4890:
4888:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4859:
4857:
4840:
4836:
4827:
4825:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4802:
4800:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4771:
4769:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4747:
4745:
4728:
4721:
4712:
4710:
4700:
4693:
4683:
4681:
4674:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4635:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4592:
4588:
4579:
4577:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4548:
4546:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4517:
4515:
4498:
4491:
4482:
4480:
4463:
4459:
4450:
4448:
4431:
4427:
4418:
4416:
4399:
4395:
4386:
4384:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4350:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4307:
4303:
4294:
4292:
4275:
4271:
4262:
4260:
4250:
4246:
4237:
4235:
4225:
4221:
4212:
4210:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4188:
4186:
4169:
4165:
4118:
4114:
4083:
4079:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4032:
4030:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3979:
3975:
3930:
3926:
3917:
3915:
3898:
3891:
3882:
3880:
3867:"共和国辞典42期：七五宪法"
3865:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3807:
3803:
3788:10.2307/1142585
3768:
3764:
3741:10.2307/2644947
3725:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3638:
3634:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3604:
3602:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3548:
3546:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3523:
3521:
3511:
3503:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3481:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3396:(75): 540–565.
3386:
3382:
3373:
3371:
3359:
3351:
3350:回首1978——历史在这里转折
3346:
3345:
3341:
3332:
3330:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3237:
3220:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3176:
3174:
3172:Washington Post
3164:
3160:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3125:
3121:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3085:
3083:
3066:
3062:
3015:
3011:
3002:
3000:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2966:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2935:
2922:"Deng Xiaoping"
2920:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2791:Washington Post
2783:
2779:
2770:
2768:
2743:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2698:
2691:Radio Free Asia
2685:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2637:on 21 June 2009
2628:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2515:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2352:
2348:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2241:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:. M.E. Sharpe.
2166:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2093:
2089:
2076:
2074:
2057:
2053:
2042:
2023:回首1978——历史在这里转折
2018:
2014:
2007:
1991:
1984:
1953:
1936:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1894:Story of Spring
1844:
1820:
1745:Yunnan Province
1737:
1731:
1686:
1680:
1657:totalitarianism
1617:
1603:
1598:
1533:zhishi qingnian
1515:
1507:scar literature
1503:Boluan Fanzheng
1490:Boluan Fanzheng
1412:
1407:
1359:", advocating "
1268:Little Red Book
1259:
1253:
1175:Boluan Fanzheng
1171:
1166:
1130:class struggles
1107:death penalties
1076:
1044:Guangming Daily
1000:
994:
977:
936:Boluan Fanzheng
932:
920:chilling effect
914:, which upheld
900:Boluan Fanzheng
881:Boluan Fanzheng
853:Boluan Fanzheng
838:Boluan Fanzheng
785:Boluan Fanzheng
777:
741:
739:
682:
681:
605:APEC China 2014
580:
570:
569:
565:High-speed rail
500:
490:
489:
470:APEC China 2001
456:
400:
390:
389:
339:
291:Boluan Fanzheng
281:
271:
270:
222:
153:
130:
37:Boluan Fanzheng
17:
12:
11:
5:
6901:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6868:1980s in China
6865:
6863:1970s in China
6860:
6855:
6850:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6779:Class struggle
6776:
6771:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6754:
6748:
6746:
6745:Related topics
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6676:Five Man Group
6673:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6654:Scarlet Guards
6651:
6646:
6641:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6573:Democracy Wall
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6533:Feudal fascism
6530:
6525:
6520:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6343:
6341:Zhang Chunqiao
6338:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6158:Wuhan incident
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6067:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6028:
6011:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5950:
5925:
5918:
5898:
5865:
5837:
5813:
5766:
5747:(2009-03-25).
5733:
5700:
5667:
5632:
5621:(2017-04-03).
5610:
5592:
5557:(1): 136–172.
5538:
5496:
5470:
5444:
5418:
5393:
5360:
5321:
5297:
5272:
5242:
5206:
5165:
5133:
5122:www.tsquare.tv
5109:
5077:
5053:
5040:Deutsche Welle
5023:
4977:
4951:
4918:
4897:
4866:
4852:(in Chinese).
4842:Zhao, Ziyang.
4834:
4809:
4795:. 2017-07-11.
4778:
4754:
4719:
4691:
4673:978-1570035432
4672:
4652:
4634:978-0804760782
4633:
4613:
4606:
4586:
4555:
4541:. 2008-10-30.
4524:
4489:
4457:
4443:(in Chinese).
4435:"邓小平与科技界的拨乱反正"
4425:
4393:
4367:
4349:978-1570030635
4348:
4328:
4321:
4301:
4287:(in Chinese).
4269:
4244:
4219:
4195:
4181:(in Chinese).
4163:
4128:(2): 133–167.
4112:
4077:
4039:
4022:People's Daily
4004:
3997:
3987:(in Chinese).
3973:
3924:
3889:
3875:(in Chinese).
3855:
3848:
3828:
3821:
3801:
3782:(3): 356–373.
3762:
3735:(7): 649–665.
3719:
3705:. 1989-06-01.
3703:People's Daily
3701:(in Chinese).
3686:
3679:
3659:
3652:
3632:
3611:
3579:
3555:
3530:
3490:
3466:(1981-03-03).
3455:
3431:
3380:
3363:People's Daily
3339:
3325:(in Chinese).
3317:"邓小平推动冤假错案的平反"
3304:
3297:
3277:
3246:
3232:(in Chinese).
3214:
3183:
3158:
3119:
3092:
3060:
3009:
2975:
2944:
2913:
2880:
2869:www.tsquare.tv
2851:
2823:
2777:
2737:
2707:
2678:
2647:
2631:People's Daily
2608:
2574:
2536:
2513:
2483:
2456:Yu, Guangren.
2445:
2431:. 2014-10-15.
2411:
2404:
2384:
2346:
2311:
2262:
2245:People's Daily
2220:
2206:(in Chinese).
2187:
2180:
2160:
2143:. 2021-12-07.
2126:
2087:
2051:
2048:on 2008-05-11.
2040:
2032:People's Press
2012:
2005:
1982:
1951:
1930:Vogel, Ezra F.
1917:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1878:Democracy Wall
1875:
1873:Beijing Spring
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1843:
1840:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1803:Hunan Province
1795:
1784:
1730:
1727:
1723:one-party rule
1679:
1676:
1672:one-party rule
1615:Beijing Spring
1611:Democracy Wall
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1586:mainland China
1580:mathematician
1514:
1511:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:" was deleted;
1255:Main article:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1197:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1119:Zhang Chunqiao
1101:carried out a
1075:
1072:
996:Main article:
993:
990:
976:
973:
931:
928:
916:one-party rule
885:class struggle
779:
778:
776:
775:
768:
761:
753:
750:
749:
736:
735:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
705:
704:
703:
702:
697:
692:
684:
683:
680:
679:
674:
669:
664:
663:
662:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
600:Supercomputing
597:
592:
587:
581:
576:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
501:
496:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
455:
454:
449:
444:
439:
438:
437:
432:
422:
420:1992 consensus
417:
412:
407:
401:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
366:
365:
355:
350:
345:
338:
337:
335:Beijing Spring
332:
327:
322:
321:
320:
310:
309:
308:
298:
293:
288:
282:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
203:Sufan movement
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
154:
149:
148:
145:
144:
136:
135:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
107:
101:
100:
97:bōluànfǎnzhèng
93:
87:
86:
80:
79:
78:Transcriptions
71:
70:
63:
57:
56:
49:
43:
42:
39:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6900:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6878:Deng Xiaoping
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6828:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6789:Two Whatevers
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6649:Rebel Faction
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6583:Loyalty dance
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6382:Wang Dongxing
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6327:Deng Xiaoping
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:January Storm
6146:
6144:
6143:12-3 incident
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6060:
6058:
6053:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6026:
6025:9781563245022
6022:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6009:
6008:9780674725867
6005:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5995:Ezra F. Vogel
5993:
5992:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5954:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5921:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5902:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5842:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5657:on 2020-11-24
5656:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5639:
5637:
5629:(in Chinese).
5628:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5543:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5459:
5455:
5454:""新文革"使中国人不安"
5448:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5356:
5350:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5277:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5211:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5181:(in French).
5180:
5176:
5169:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5137:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5090:The Economist
5087:
5081:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4923:
4914:
4907:
4901:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4838:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4726:
4724:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4696:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4656:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4590:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4496:
4494:
4479:on 2020-06-04
4478:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4461:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4433:Wu, Yuenong.
4429:
4415:on 2020-07-14
4414:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4397:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4305:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4093:(1): 75–110.
4092:
4088:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4044:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4011:
4009:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3914:on 2021-07-23
3913:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3894:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3682:
3676:
3673:. Routledge.
3672:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3629:. 1981-06-27.
3628:
3627:Wilson Center
3621:
3615:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3544:
3540:
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3515:
3508:
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3494:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3459:
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3441:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3370:on 2008-05-11
3369:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3343:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3281:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3204:on 2020-02-20
3203:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3115:
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3107:
3103:
3096:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
2999:on 2020-09-11
2998:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2933:
2929:
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2870:
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2800:
2796:
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2758:
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2726:
2722:
2718:
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2692:
2688:
2682:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2598:on 2021-02-11
2597:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2578:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2514:9780674271913
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2473:on 2020-05-07
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2401:
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2396:
2388:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:(1): 89–122.
2326:
2322:
2315:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2224:
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2173:
2172:
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2142:
2141:
2136:
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2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2041:9787010068954
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:9780674055445
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
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1886:
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1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
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1869:
1866:
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1861:
1859:
1856:
1853:
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1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:Wuxuan County
1778:
1774:
1770:
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1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:In 1983, the
1706:
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1666:started the "
1665:
1664:Wei Jingsheng
1660:
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1646:Erecting the
1644:
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1596:Controversies
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1495:working class
1491:
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1471:Zhao Jiuzhang
1468:
1464:
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1439:Xiong Qinglai
1436:
1432:
1431:intellectuals
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1093:arrested the
1092:
1091:Wang Dongxing
1084:
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1020:Two Whatevers
1017:
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1009:
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966:
965:Deng Xiaoping
961:
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896:
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799:
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650:Space program
648:
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6716:61 Renegades
6499:
6492:
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6478:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6417:Yang Chengwu
6351:Wang Hongwen
6332:Gang of Four
6126:Major events
6031:
6014:
5998:
5975:. Retrieved
5963:
5953:
5942:. Retrieved
5938:
5928:
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5901:
5890:. Retrieved
5879:The Guardian
5878:
5868:
5857:. Retrieved
5855:. 2006-02-21
5852:
5829:. Retrieved
5825:
5816:
5783:
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5769:
5758:. Retrieved
5752:
5745:Song, Yongyi
5725:. Retrieved
5713:
5703:
5692:. Retrieved
5680:
5670:
5659:. Retrieved
5655:the original
5648:
5643:Yue, Lebin.
5626:
5619:Song, Yongyi
5613:
5604:
5595:
5554:
5550:
5529:. Retrieved
5512:
5505:Song, Yongyi
5499:
5488:. Retrieved
5486:(in Chinese)
5483:
5473:
5462:. Retrieved
5460:(in Chinese)
5457:
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5436:. Retrieved
5434:(in Chinese)
5431:
5421:
5410:. Retrieved
5406:
5396:
5385:. Retrieved
5373:
5363:
5338:. Retrieved
5335:Taiwan Today
5334:
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5313:. Retrieved
5309:
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5264:. Retrieved
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5222:
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5146:
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5121:
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5089:
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5069:. Retrieved
5065:
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5045:. Retrieved
5038:
5015:. Retrieved
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4963:Song, Yongyi
4943:. Retrieved
4934:
4912:
4900:
4889:. Retrieved
4878:
4869:
4858:. Retrieved
4847:
4837:
4826:. Retrieved
4824:(in Chinese)
4821:
4812:
4801:. Retrieved
4792:People's Net
4790:
4781:
4770:. Retrieved
4766:
4757:
4746:. Retrieved
4735:
4711:. Retrieved
4707:
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4662:
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4623:
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4589:
4578:. Retrieved
4567:
4558:
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4536:
4527:
4516:. Retrieved
4507:People's Net
4505:
4481:. Retrieved
4477:the original
4472:People's Net
4470:
4460:
4449:. Retrieved
4440:People's Net
4438:
4428:
4417:. Retrieved
4413:the original
4406:
4396:
4385:. Retrieved
4383:(in Chinese)
4380:
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4358:. Retrieved
4338:
4331:
4311:
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4293:. Retrieved
4284:People's Net
4282:
4272:
4261:. Retrieved
4257:
4247:
4236:. Retrieved
4232:
4222:
4211:. Retrieved
4207:
4198:
4187:. Retrieved
4178:People's Net
4176:
4166:
4125:
4122:Modern China
4121:
4115:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4055:
4051:
4031:. Retrieved
4020:
3983:
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3959:11299/164762
3941:
3937:
3927:
3916:. Retrieved
3912:the original
3905:
3881:. Retrieved
3870:
3838:
3831:
3811:
3804:
3779:
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3765:
3732:
3729:Asian Survey
3728:
3722:
3711:. Retrieved
3699:www.hybsl.cn
3698:
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3669:
3662:
3642:
3635:
3626:
3614:
3603:. Retrieved
3594:
3582:
3569:People's Net
3567:
3558:
3547:. Retrieved
3545:. 2008-08-31
3542:
3533:
3522:. Retrieved
3518:the original
3513:
3507:Xuéxí Shíbào
3506:
3493:
3482:. Retrieved
3471:
3458:
3447:. Retrieved
3443:
3434:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3372:. Retrieved
3368:the original
3361:
3355:Rénmín Rìbào
3354:
3342:
3331:. Retrieved
3322:People's Net
3320:
3287:
3280:
3269:. Retrieved
3260:People's Net
3258:
3249:
3238:. Retrieved
3227:
3217:
3206:. Retrieved
3202:the original
3195:
3186:
3175:. Retrieved
3171:
3161:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:
3122:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3084:. Retrieved
3073:
3063:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:the original
2992:People's Net
2990:
2967:. Retrieved
2956:
2947:
2936:. Retrieved
2925:
2916:
2905:. Retrieved
2894:The Guardian
2893:
2883:
2872:. Retrieved
2868:
2843:. Retrieved
2841:(in Chinese)
2838:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:the original
2790:
2780:
2769:. Retrieved
2752:Taipei Times
2750:
2740:
2729:. Retrieved
2720:
2710:
2699:. Retrieved
2690:
2681:
2670:. Retrieved
2668:(in Chinese)
2663:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:the original
2630:
2624:Rénmín Rìbào
2623:
2611:
2600:. Retrieved
2596:the original
2589:
2577:
2566:. Retrieved
2555:
2547:Mao, Yushi.
2492:
2486:
2475:. Retrieved
2471:the original
2464:
2437:. Retrieved
2426:
2394:
2387:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:the original
2360:The Atlantic
2359:
2349:
2324:
2321:China Review
2320:
2314:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:the original
2278:
2254:. Retrieved
2243:
2237:Rénmín Rìbào
2236:
2223:
2212:. Retrieved
2204:www.hybsl.cn
2203:
2170:
2163:
2152:. Retrieved
2138:
2129:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2080:– via
2075:. Retrieved
2064:
2054:
2046:the original
2027:
2022:
2015:
1995:
1940:
1899:
1829:
1821:
1792:Teng Haiqing
1754:
1719:
1707:
1687:
1661:
1645:
1630:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1516:
1502:
1500:
1489:
1487:
1467:Wu Dingliang
1428:
1349:civil rights
1336:
1334:
1327:
1312:", absorbed
1307:
1302:
1295:" over the "
1286:
1267:
1206:and the 1st
1174:
1172:
1150:
1127:
1095:Gang of Four
1088:
1059:
1049:
1042:
1024:
1001:
962:
955:
945:
935:
933:
899:
897:
880:
857:Gang of Four
852:
850:
837:
824:, replacing
784:
783:
782:
690:Constitution
290:
286:Gang of Four
168:Proclamation
91:Hanyu Pinyin
6593:Yiku sitian
6442:Ye Jianying
6437:Hua Guofeng
6432:Mao Yuanxin
6422:Chen Zaidao
6357:Peng Dehuai
6346:Yao Wenyuan
6300:Key figures
6173:Project 571
5826:www.cnd.org
5786:(1): 1–13.
5754:Sciences Po
5256:China Daily
5148:China Daily
4929:Xia, Ming.
4737:China Daily
4538:China Daily
4403:"青海核武基地的劫难"
3944:: 309–322.
3900:Jin, Ping.
3514:Study Times
3197:China Daily
2927:China Daily
2582:Jin, Ping.
2460:邓小平的求实与反思精神
1898:TV series:
1777:cannibalism
1765:petitioning
1763:in person,
1698:Zhang Bojun
1635:" into the
1565:Zhao Ziyang
1527:, in which
1488:During the
1419:Yao Tongbin
1297:rule of law
1293:rule of man
1281:rule of law
1224:Xi Zhongxun
1200:Peng Dehuai
1173:During the
1027:Ye Jianying
1008:Hua Guofeng
930:Terminology
826:Hua Guofeng
442:1998 floods
370:863 Program
251:Third Front
218:Canton Fair
6842:Categories
6762:Mango cult
6634:Red Guards
6427:Kang Sheng
6412:Qiu Huizuo
6392:Ji Dengkui
6336:Jiang Qing
6317:Zhou Enlai
6312:Liu Shaoqi
6307:Mao Zedong
6234:Red August
6030:Gao Yong.
5977:2020-04-30
5944:2020-04-30
5892:2020-04-30
5859:2020-04-30
5831:2020-04-30
5760:2020-04-30
5727:2020-04-30
5694:2020-04-30
5661:2020-04-30
5490:2020-04-30
5464:2020-04-30
5438:2020-04-30
5412:2020-04-30
5387:2020-04-30
5340:2020-04-30
5315:2020-04-30
5266:2020-04-30
5236:2020-04-30
5185:(2007/4).
5159:2020-04-30
5127:2020-04-30
5103:2020-04-30
5071:2020-04-30
5047:2020-04-30
5017:2020-04-30
4945:2020-04-30
4891:2020-04-30
4875:"陈省身回忆邓小平"
4860:2020-06-24
4828:2020-04-30
4803:2020-04-30
4772:2020-04-30
4748:2020-04-30
4713:2020-04-30
4580:2020-04-30
4549:2020-04-30
4518:2020-04-30
4483:2020-04-30
4451:2020-04-30
4419:2020-08-06
4387:2020-02-23
4295:2020-04-30
4263:2020-04-30
4238:2020-04-30
4213:2020-04-30
4189:2020-04-30
4033:2020-04-29
3918:2020-04-29
3883:2020-04-29
3815:. Polity.
3713:2020-04-29
3605:2020-04-23
3549:2020-05-27
3524:2020-12-26
3484:2020-05-27
3464:Jiang, Hua
3449:2020-05-27
3374:2020-04-29
3333:2020-04-30
3271:2020-04-29
3240:2020-04-29
3208:2020-04-30
3177:2020-04-30
3138:2020-04-29
3086:2020-04-29
3003:2020-04-29
2969:2021-02-14
2938:2021-02-14
2907:2020-04-29
2874:2020-04-30
2845:2020-04-29
2817:2020-04-30
2771:2020-04-30
2731:2021-05-20
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