Chinese Communist Revolution

75: 2462:, immediately altering the military situation in China. The Soviet invasion, among other contemporary developments, made Japan's defeat inevitable. Both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party immediately ordered their forces to take as much territory from the Japanese as possible, which would yield not just land, but also weapons and equipment from the defeated Japanese units. Although Chiang Kai-shek was confident that he was in a strong position to win a civil war against the CCP, he also knew that if the Communists gained control of Japanese materiel, the balance of power would change. In order to buy time, and under American pressure to negotiate, Chiang Kai-shek reached out to Mao Zedong with a request that the latter fly to Chongqing to negotiate. At first, Mao demanded that Chiang grant the CCP certain conditions, but sustained pressure from Joseph Stalin made him realize the extent of the CCP's international isolation. On August 23, Mao told the 2352:

China. The influx of cheap American goods forestalled any recovery. In order to coordinate the war effort, the Nationalist government had taken over more than 70% of Chinese industry, a dramatic increase from the 15% it owned before the war. This consolidation of wealth in the regime's hands contributed to the pervasive problem of corruption. The Nationalist currency had been undergoing hyperinflation since the beginning of the war. By 1945, retail market prices had reached 3,000% of their 1937 levels. This problem was compounded by the presence of numerous other currencies printed by the Japanese, Communists, and other local authorities. The Nationalist Government failed to curb inflation after the Japanese surrender and continued to print more currency to pay for the civil war. Hyperinflation reduced the real wages of peasants, workers, and especially soldiers, and destroyed the savings of the upper-middle class that was Chiang's base of support.

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accelerated the rise of the CCP to power." The Nationalists' image had been tarnished by Chiang's original reluctance to the take on the Japanese, while the Communists willingly adopted the rhetoric of national resistance against imperialism. Using their experience in rural guerilla warfare, the Communists were able to operate behind the front lines and gain influence among the numerous peasant resistance groups set-up to fight the Japanese. In contrast with the Nationalists, the Communists undertook moderate land reform that made them extremely popular among the poorer peasants. Communist cadres worked tirelessly to organize the local population in each new village they arrived, which had the dual benefits of spreading Communist ideas and allowing for more effective administration. In the eight years of war, the CCP membership rose from 40,000 to 1,200,000. According to historian

10241: 55: 2252: 2335: 1597: 2856: 10683: 2603:. These favourable conditions also facilitated many changes inside the Communist leadership: the more radical faction who wanted a complete military take-over of China finally gained the upper hand and defeated the careful opportunists. By May 3, all Soviet troops had withdrawn, and fighting between local Communist and Nationalist forces had broken out in earnest. The conflict would escalate to the scale of a nation-wide civil war over the summer, as Chiang Kai-shek launched a large-scale assault on Communist territory in north China with 113 brigades (a total of 1.6 million troops). 10060: 2927: 1116: 10289: 10232: 8365: 10276: 2848: 2628: 2172: 10257: 10181: 1523: 374: 1976:

rush forward along the road to liberation. They will sweep all the imperialists, warlords, corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry into their graves. Every revolutionary party and every revolutionary comrade will be put to the test, to be accepted or rejected as they decide. There are three alternatives. To march at their head and lead them. To trail behind them, gesticulating and criticizing. Or to stand in their way and oppose them. Every Chinese is free to choose, but events will force you to make the choice quickly.

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influence long before the cities. The CCP also attempted to wear out the KMT forces as much as possible. This tactic seemed to be successful; after a year, the power balance became more favorable to the CCP. They wiped out 1.12 million KMT troops, while their strength grew to about two million men. In March 1947 the KMT achieved a symbolic victory by seizing Yan'an, the capital of the Yan'an Soviet. The Communists counterattacked soon afterwards; on 30 June 1947 CCP troops crossed the Yellow River and moved to the

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land and therefore had to work their land themselves alongside hired labor. Middle peasants had enough land and capital to sustain themselves without working for wages, but neither could they afford to hire laborers. The poor peasants, usually the largest group, owned some land but not enough to live on, and had to sell part of their labor to landlords in order to make ends meet. Finally, on the lowest social rung were the hired laborers, who had no land of their own and had to survive entirely off of wages.

1678: 2041:'s forces marched into Shanghai victorious. But the strike continued until Bai ordered its end on 24 March. The general disorder caused by the strike is said to have resulted in the deaths of 322 people, with 2,000 wounded, contributing to KMT feelings of unease with its rising Communist allies. The same day the Shanghai strike ended, nationalist forces entered Nanjing. Almost immediately after arrival of the NRA, mass anti-foreigner riots broke out in the city, in an event that came to be known as the 1833:, which began on 18 June, and proved a fertile recruiting ground for the CCP. Membership was catapulted to over 20,000, almost ten times what it had been earlier in the year. Concerns about the rising power of the leftist faction, and the effect of the strike on the Guangzhou government's ability to raise funds, which was largely dependent on foreign trade, led to increasing tensions within the United Front. When Sun Yat-sen had died on 12 March, his immediate successor as chairman was the moderate 2363:—officially still part of the NRA, but in reality under independent Communist command—counted between 1.2 and 1.27 million men. An additional 1.8 to 2.68 million militia brought the total Communist forces to between 3 million and 4 million. When the Japanese surrendered, the Communists' "Liberated Zone" grew to contain 19 base areas (mostly in north China), making up one-quarter of the country's territory and one-third of its population. In the south, the New Fourth Army had recovered from the 10072: 2941: 1129: 2534:. They would be willing to join and support a KMT-led coalition government, but wanted to maintain separate armed forces in their provinces. Both sides criticized the other as unreasonable. Chiang viewed the degree of local autonomy requested by the Communists as a regression to the Warlord Era, and was not willing to sacrifice his goal of reunification. The Communists, on the other hand, suspected they would be massacred if they laid down their arms. Both sides eventually signed the 10161: 1986: 64: 10223: 2836: 1849:. The rapid replacement of leadership enabled Chiang to effectively end civilian oversight of the military. At the same time, Chiang made conciliatory moves toward the Soviet Union, and attempted to balance the need for Soviet and CCP assistance in the fight against the warlords with his concerns about growing communist influence within the KMT. In the aftermath of the coup, Chiang negotiated a compromise whereby hardline members of the rightist faction, such as 10096: 11573: 2447: 2109: 2563: 2045:. British and American naval forces were sent to evacuate their respective citizens, resulting in a naval bombardment that left the city burning and at least forty people dead. He's forces arrived on 25 March, and on the next day, Cheng and He were finally able to put an end to the violence. Although it was a mix of both Nationalists and Communist soldiers within the army who had participated in the riots, Chiang Kai-shek's faction accused 1872: 1725:. The Chinese Communist Party grew slowly in its first few years. The party had 50 members at the beginning of 1921, 200 in 1922, and 2,428 in 1925. In contrast, the Kuomintang had 50,000 members already in 1923. The CCP continued to be dominated by students and urban intellectuals living in China's large cities, where exposure to Marxist ideas was strongest: three of the first four party congresses were held in Shanghai, the other in 2703: 2009:. When they arrived in Wuhan on December 10, the Nationalists found a city gripped by enthusiasm for the revolution. The rapidly-expanding, Communist-led labor movement staged near-constant demonstrations in Wuhan itself and across the nominally KMT-controlled territories. Although still prevented from participating in the KMT government, the CCP established parallel structures of administration in areas liberated by the NRA. 10084: 2498:. They also conscripted troops at an accelerated pace from the civilian population and hoarded supplies, preparing for a resumption of war with the Communists. These harsh and unpopular measures caused great hardship for the residents of cities such as Shanghai, where the unemployment rate rose dramatically to 37.5%. The Communists abstained from trying to take and hold any major cities (with the exception of 1506:, and the theft of public funds to enrich themselves and their families. They ran side businesses with the profits from farming to shore up their finances and isolate themselves from the effects of bad harvests. On holidays, funerals, and other important events, landlords had the right to demand their tenants act as servants, reinforcing the social divide and engendering resentment from the peasants. 1845:—Sun's former confidant and a leftist sympathizer—as the two main contenders for control of the party. Amidst this backdrop, Chiang began to consolidate power in preparation for an expedition against the northern warlords. On 20 March 1926, he launched a bloodless purge of hardline communists who were opposed to the proposed expedition from the Guangzhou administration and its military, known as the 2371:. Nonetheless, the CCP's forces were still numerically inferior to the rest of the NRA, which excluding the Communists counted around 4 million regulars and 1 million militia in its ranks. This was compounded by the Communists' lack of war material like trucks, artillery, and other heavy weaponry. For most of the war the Communists had operated in rural areas without factories or support from the 2777:, the Commander of the Northern China Military Region and inspected by Zhu De, the Commander-in-Chief of the PLA, the parade involved around 16,000 PLA officers and personnel. The parade, which was approved in June 1949, was the first large-scale and modern Chinese military parade, with the country having never done a public review of troops before under previous governments. 7394:

If we assume that the natural rate of increase in the population before the famine was 2 per cent, Comparison with the diminution in the size of age cohorts born during the famine years suggests that the official Nationalist figure includes population loss through excess mortality and declined fertility migration, which leaves a famine death toll of well under 1 million.

2292:, who forced him to form a united front with the Communists against Japan. In return for the ceasefire, the Communists agreed to dissolve the Red Army and place their units under National Revolutionary Army command. This arrangement did not end tensions between the CCP and KMT. In January 1941, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Nationalist troops to ambush the CCP's 2312:, by the end of the war the CCP had also won the support of perhaps 100 million peasants in the regions where they had operated. The temporary truce with the Nationalists also made it possible for the Communists to once again target the urban proletariat, a policy advocated by the "internationalist" faction of the party. Led by 1778:" of revolution, which postulated that "feudal" societies such as China's needed to undergo a period of capitalist development before they could experience a successful socialist revolution. Although the CCP did agree to allow members to join the KMT, it did not disband. Sun encouraged this decision by offering praise for 1664:, Chen used his journal to publish a series of Marxist articles, including an entire issue devoted to the subject in 1919. By 1920, Li and Chen had fully converted to Marxism, and Li founded the Peking Socialist Youth Corps in Beijing. Chen had moved back to Shanghai, where he also founded a small Communist group. 2883:, Taiwan the temporary capital of the Republic, and continued to assert his government as the sole legitimate authority of all China, while the PRC government continued to call for the unification of all China. The last direct fighting between Nationalist and Communist forces ended with the Communist capture of 2163:, Xiang replaced Chen Duxiu as general secretary to the dismay of CCP leaders back in China. Upon his return to Shanghai, Xiang attempted several bureaucratic changes to consolidate centralized power, with mixed success. In 1930, the Comintern began pressuring the CCP to conduct more "anti-rightist" actions and 2710:

After achieving decisive victory at Liaoshen, Huaihai and Pingjin campaigns, the CCP wiped out 144 regular and 29 irregular KMT divisions, including 1.54 million veteran KMT troops, which significantly reduced the strength of Nationalist forces. Stalin initially favored a coalition government in

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A detailed survey organized by the Nationalist government in 1943 of the impact of the famine came up with a toll of 1,484,983, broken down by county. The official population registers of Henan show a net decline in population from 1942 to 1943 of one million people, or 3 per cent of the population.

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divides the rural population into five basic economic classes. At the top were landlords who owned large amounts of land, animals, and other capital and lived entirely off of what they collected in rents. The rich peasants took a significant portion of their income from rent, but owned slightly less

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were already in firm control of most of the countryside and surrounding areas, including the city of Jinzhou. On 15 November 1945, the Nationalists began a campaign to roll back these gains. Chiang Kai-shek's forces pushed as far as Jinzhou by 26 November 1945, meeting with little resistance. Rather

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was to bring both parties into a coalition government, with the hope that a strong, non-Communist China would act as a bulwark against the encroachment of the Soviet Union. Marshall drew both sides into negotiations which would drag on for more than a year. No significant agreements were reached, as

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and began to rally anti-Communist elements in the KMT and NRA around him. In February 1927, he launched an offensive on the last and most important cities under Sun Choufang's control: Nanjing and Shanghai. While two of Chiang's columns advanced on Shanghai, Sun was confronted with the defection of

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The land held by the landlords and rich peasants, while ample, was not enough in itself to make them the dominant group in the village. It served primarily as a solid foundation for other forms of open and concealed exploitation which taken together raised a handful of families far above the rest of

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Knowing their disadvantages in manpower and equipment, the CCP adopted a "passive defence" strategy. It avoided the strong points of the KMT army and was prepared to abandon territory in order to preserve its forces. In most cases the surrounding countryside and small towns had come under Communist

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The impact of the war on the social and economics conditions of China had been brutal. An estimated 20 to 25 million Chinese were killed in fighting, massacres, and man-made or natural disasters. By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20 percent capacity and had 25 percent of the output of pre-war

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argues that before the war, the peasantry had not been ready for revolution; economic reasons were not enough to mobilize them. But the nationalism caused by the war changed the situation: "It was the war that brought the Chinese peasantry and China to revolution; at the very least, it considerably

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that prioritized winning peasant support. This was controversial because it conflicted with traditional party doctrine and the line endorsed by the Comintern. But with the support of Zhou Enlai, Mao defeated the 28 Bolsheviks and Otto Braun, becoming chairman of the Politburo and de facto leader of

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later reflected that the May Fourth Movement "marked a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism...a powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, a camp consisting of the working class, the student masses and the new national

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Prior to the revolution, the majority of agricultural land in rural China was owned by a class of landlords and wealthy peasants, with between 50 and 65 percent of peasants owning little or no land and thus needing to rent additional land from landlords. This disparity in land ownership differed by

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in rural Guangdong, he organized a powerful peasant association that campaigned for lower rents, led anti-landlord boycotts, and organized welfare activities. By 1923, it claimed a membership of about 100,000, or one-quarter of the population of the entire county. Later that year, Peng worked with

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The conscripted peasants who filled the Nationalist ranks also were beginning to defect to the PLA in larger and larger numbers, drawn by the promise of land and much better treatment by Communist officers. The defection and capture of large numbers of well-trained KMT troops finally gave the PLA

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In a very short time, in China's central, southern and northern provinces, several hundred million peasants will rise like a mighty storm, like a hurricane, a force so swift and violent that no power, however great, will be able to hold it back. They will smash all the trammels that bind them and

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further ordered the airlifting of 100,000 Nationalist troops into Northern China. As Nationalist troops moved in to formerly occupied territories, looting and large-scale corruption were common. Under the pretext of "receiving the Japanese surrender," business interests within the KMT government

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Meanwhile, military forces on all sides continued their maneuvers. On the 20th, the last Japanese units in Manchuria surrendered to the Soviet Red Army. On the 26th, the CCP authorized army units and cadres to begin infiltrating the Manchurian countryside (a move tolerated by the Soviets). CCP

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At the same time as workers organized in the cities, peasants rose up across the countryside of Hunan and Hubei provinces, appropriating the land of the wealthy landowners, who were in many cases killed. Such uprisings angered senior KMT figures, who were themselves landowners, emphasising the

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at Tiananmen Square. Chiang Kai-shek, 600,000 Nationalist troops and about two million Nationalist-sympathizer refugees retreated to the island of Taiwan. After that, resistance to the Communists on the mainland was substantial but scattered, such as in the far south. An attempt to take the

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became the de facto paramount leader. Under the influence of Moscow, the strategy of direct confrontation with the KMT by organizing urban uprisings continued until 1933, when party leadership was finally forced to evacuate to the countryside. They fled to Jiangxi, where Mao Zedong had had

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growing class and ideological divide within the revolutionary movement. CCP leader Chen Duxiu was also upset, both from doubt in the peasants' revolutionary capabilities and fear that premature revolt would wreck the United Front. The KMT-CCP leadership dispatched prominent CCP cadre

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of Chiang Kai-shek, the administration with the strongest claim to national leadership at the time, should declare war on Japan. Chiang, despite popular disapproval, wanted to continue to focus on wiping out the Chinese Communist Party before moving on to Japan. In 1936,

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launched a major offensive against Communist bases in Manchuria. This article is focused on the political and social developments that contributed to the Revolution, rather than the military events of the Civil War, so it begins with the founding of the Communist party.

2024:. Eugene Chen successfully negotiated its evacuation by the British and handover to the Chinese. The Wuhan administration gradually drifted away from Chiang, becoming a center of leftist power and seeking to reassert civilian control over the military. On 10 March, the 2579:

than confront the advancing Nationalists head on, Lin Biao avoided decisive confrontations, and in doing so was able to preserve the strength of his army. The Nationalist advance also prompted Stalin, who did not want the CCP entirely crushed, to command Marshal

2316:, this faction advocated mobilizing labor not for revolution, but rather to support to Nationalists (at least until the war was won). Mao, in contrast, advocated continued focus on the peasantry, and ultimately managed to consolidate his position during the 1857:. Soviet aid to the KMT government would continue, as would co-operation with the CCP. A fragile coalition between KMT rightists, centrists led by Chiang, KMT leftists, and the CCP managed to hold together, laying the groundwork for the Northern Expedition. 9922: 2509:

During negotiations, Chiang's main offer was to move from the second stage of Sun Yat-Sen's stages of unification (KMT tutelage) to the third stage (constitutional government). Mao and Zhou Enlai, on the other hand, were willing to recognize Chiang as

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At the end of the 19th century, there were over ten villages and about 30,000 people in Harbin, and the economic elements such as transportation, trade and population began to develop, which laid the foundation for formation and development of the

2438:, American aid included substantial amounts of mostly surplus military supplies, and loans were made to the KMT. In the two years following the Sino-Japanese War, the KMT had received $ 4.43 billion from the US—most of which was military aid. 1330:

on August 10, 1945, which began a scramble by Communist and Nationalist forces to seize the equipment and territory left behind by the Japanese. However, full-scale warfare between the two sides did not truly recommence until June 26, 1946, when

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was promoted to propaganda chief. Li grew to become the effective paramount leader with support from Xiang and advocated for an immediate armed uprising in the cities. This was attempted in July 1930, but failed and again led to heavy losses.

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nominally stripped Chiang of much of his military authority, though refrained from deposing him as commander-in-chief. At the same time, the Communist Party became an equal partner in the Wuhan government, sharing power with the KMT leftists.

1407:". Successive administrations within the imperial administration of the Qing dynasty failed to address the mounting problems of economic stagnation, official corruption, and military weakness. Massive peasant rebellions, most notably the 2699:(then "Beiping"). The CCP brought 890,000 troops from the northeast to oppose some 600,000 KMT troops. There were 40,000 PLA casualties at Zhangjiakou alone. They in turn killed, wounded or captured some 520,000 KMT during the campaign. 7318:(tusi) from the Sichuan-Qinghai border; and Su Yonghe, a Khampa native-chieftain from Nagchuka on the Qinghai–Tibetan border. According to Nationalist intelligence reports, these leaders altogether commanded about 80000 irregulars. 1632:, large protests erupted in major cities across China. Although led by students, these protests were significant because they included the first mass participation by those outside the traditional intellectual and cultural elites. 3387: 2682:

and Shandong province on 24 September 1948. The Huaihai Campaign of late 1948 and early 1949 secured east-central China for the CCP. The outcome of these encounters were decisive for the military outcome of the civil war. The

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with the KMT to repel their mutual enemy. The CCP made effective use of the situation to rebuild their movement around the Chinese peasantry. Following the Japanese surrender in 1945, China became an early hot spot in the

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to oppose the Communists. Kuomintang intelligence reported that some Tibetan tusi chiefs and the Khampa Su Yonghe controlled 80,000 troops in Sichuan, Qinghai and Tibet. They hoped to use them against the Communist army.

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China's far northwest.23 A simultaneous proposal suggested that, with the support of the new Panchen Lama and his entourage, at least three army divisions of anti-Communist Khampa Tibetans could be mustered in southwest

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under the command of Marshal Rodion Malinovsky continued to delay pulling out of Manchuria, while Malinovsky secretly told the CCP forces to move in behind them. Mao quickly seized the opportunity, ordering Lin Biao and

11148: 2754: 977: 7294: 7256: 2224:. Here, Mao Zedong denounced the party leadership for its dogmatic adherence to urban revolution in the face of repeated defeats. He also criticized Otto Braun's conventional tactics. Instead, Mao put forward 1469:. Proponents of peasant exploitation as a cause of the Chinese Communist Revolution argue that these rents were often exorbitant and contributed to the extreme poverty of the peasantry. Agricultural economist 2909:

The Kuomintang also made several last-ditch attempts to use Khampa troops against the Communists in southwest China. The Kuomintang formulated a plan in which three Khampa divisions would be assisted by the

11390: 10649: 2478:. Chiang Kai-shek ordered the Japanese troops to remain at their post to receive the Kuomintang and not surrender their arms to the Communists. Chiang called on the Americans for assistance, and the 2136:. Despite initial success they were unable to withstand direct pressure from the NRA. The immediate effect was to make it clear to CCP leaders that a formal military apparatus was needed, and during 2078:. That May, tens of thousands of Communists and those suspected of being communists were killed, and the CCP lost approximately 15,000 of its 25,000 members. Only in Wuhan, where leftist sympathizer 8340: 1951:, for example, more than 300,000 had joined trade unions by the end of the year. The All-China Federation of Labor (ACFL), founded by the Communists in 1925, reached 2.8 million members by 1927. 2711:

postwar China, and tried to persuade Mao to stop the CCP from crossing the Yangtze and attacking the KMT positions south of the river. Mao rejected Stalin's position and on 21 April, began the

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that the tide turned decisively in favour of the Communists. That said, it is not entirely clear when the second half of the civil war began. The earliest possible date would be the end of the

2200:. Established in November 1931, the Soviet had helped expand CCP membership to over 300,000 and supported 100,000 Red Army soldiers. Mao's guerilla tactics had successfully repulsed three KMT 1604:

radicalized the New Culture Movement. For the first time, the general urban population became involved in political demonstrations and many future Communist leaders were converted to Marxism.

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Many historians agree with the Chinese Communist Party official history that the Chinese Revolution dates to the founding of the Party in 1921. A few consider it to be the latter part of the

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quickly turned the population against the Americans and contributed to growing support for the Communists. The Americans were anxious to have the Nationalists take over their duties, and so

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the party. Although the party survived the Long March, it had lost about 90% of its membership and was on the brink of destruction. But the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War gave the

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The Nationalists attempted two currency reforms in 1948 and 1949, but as discussed below, by then the lack of confidence in the Nationalist Government undermined the reforms' effectiveness.

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was sent as the CCP's representative to celebrations of the Bolshevik Revolution's 10th Anniversary. While in Moscow, Xiang was able to convince the Soviet leadership to hold the CCP's

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observed how even within a short distance from Shanghai, rural landlords operated essentially as feudal lords, paying for private armies, dominating local politics, and keeping numerous

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After the capture of Wuhan, the Central Committee of the Kuomintang voted to move to their government to this more central location. Headed in Chiang's absence by Minister of Justice

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Atwood, Christopher (2005). "Poems of Fraternity: Literary Responses to the Attempted Reunification of Inner Mongolia and the Mongolian People's Republic". In Kara, György (ed.).

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of the Sixth Army, part of the forces that captured Nanjing. Whatever was responsible, the Nanjing Incident represented the culmination of tensions within the First United Front.

1043: 322: 10971: 1438:(about 0.14 acres) and so spent most of their time working rented land. Even in north China, where most peasants owned at least some land, the plots they owned were so small and 1391:

worked with the CIA and KMT to finance anti-Communist activities with drug trafficking well into the 1980s. No formal peace between the ROC and the PRC has ever been negotiated.

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personally convinced that the peasantry had revolutionary potential, and over the course of 1926 had established himself as an authority on rural issues while lecturing at the

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in opposition to foreign interference in China. Specifically, with the support of the KMT, they called for the boycott of foreign goods and an end to the Settlement, which was

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effectively ended any substantive co-operation between the Nationalists and the Communists, although open fighting between the two sides remained sporadic throughout the war.

1158: 3396:, pp. 303–307, "In Gansu the estimated mortality was 2.5 to 3 million In Shaanxi, out of a population of 13 million, an estimated 3 million died of hunger or disease.". 7150: 6641:

A Rape in Beijing, December 1946: GIs, Nationalist Protests, and U.S. Foreign Policy by Robert Shaffer, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Feb., 2000), pp. 31–64

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had investigated the possibility of American support for the Communists, but although its findings were favorable, cooperation was stubbornly blocked by American Ambassador

10679: 1465:, where landlords owned all agricultural capital and expected 80% of the harvest as rent. The amount of fixed rents varied, but in most areas averaged about $ 4 a year per 10896: 10206: 9703: 9698: 9693: 1272: 904: 152: 2545:

The outbreak of fighting in Manchuria (see next section) proved to Ambassador Hurley that negotiations had failed, and he resigned in disgust. He was replaced by General

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Now with tanks, heavy artillery, and other combined-arms assets, the PLA was prepared to execute offensive operations south of the Great Wall. In April 1948 the city of

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to give most captured Japanese weapons to the CCP. This was decisive; from this point onwards the Communist forces were no longer just an army of "millet plus rifles".

11118: 9605: 11546: 11499: 982: 3634:, which was compiled by Ma Junwu who used the pseudonym "an independent individual". This translation is based on chapter 10, "Anarchism," in the second edition of 2687:

resulted in the Communist conquest of northern China. It lasted 64 days, from 21 November 1948 to 31 January 1949. The PLA suffered heavy casualties while securing

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offered a unique and compelling model of modernization and revolutionary social change in semi-colonial nation. One of the most influential study groups was led by

10602: 2818: 2715:. On 23 April they captured the KMT's capital, Nanjing. The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until 15 October, Chongqing until 25 November, and then 1853:, were removed from their posts in compensation for the purged leftists. By doing so, Chiang was able to prove his usefulness to the CCP and their Soviet sponsor, 1352: 1048: 74: 2213: 194: 6951: 6297: 2706:

Areas colored yellow represent the final expansion of the CCP after the three campaigns and prior to the formal establishment of the People's Republic of China.

1251:. The United States continued to funnel large amounts of money and weapons to Chiang Kai-shek, but corruption and low morale fatally undermined the Nationalist 11457: 10708: 987: 7175: 942: 7679: 1997:, the executive committee was a mix of liberals and conservatives who had not been subject to Chiang's purge of leftists. They included Minister of Finance 2830: 2152: 2087: 2032:

Chiang Kai-shek declined to join the rest of the KMT in Wuhan, wary of the influence the CCP had there. Instead, he stayed at his military headquarters in

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was held in Guangzhou later that year, and the Comintern instructed the CCP to disband and join the KMT as individuals. This was justified in view of the "

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disagreed, arguing that landlords' return on investment was not especially high in comparison to the standard rates of interest in China at the time.

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that gave them territorial concessions and allowed them to exploit the Chinese economy. China had been turned into a "semi-colony" by the time of the

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By 1920, "skepticism about suitability as vehicles for reform had become widespread." Instead, most Chinese Marxists had determined to follow the

1099: 5713: 3886: 1806:, financed with Soviet funds. Chiang Kai-shek, who the year prior had spent three months in the Soviet Union, was appointed commandant of the new 10961: 6798: 2220:, a 9,000 kilometer retreat to Northern China, where Chiang Kai-shek's authority was weaker. In January 1935, the CCP paused the march to hold a 1829:, largely operated by the British, opened fire on the crowd of demonstrators. This incident sparked outrage throughout China, culminating in the 1191:(1644–1912). Cyclical famines and an oppressive landlord system kept the large mass of rural peasantry poor and politically disenfranchised. The 270: 6083:

The mission of General of the Army George C. Marshall to China to arrange for cessation of civil strife and to bring about political unification

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Chow Tse-Tsung: The May Fourth Movement. Intellectual Revolution in Modern China (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University), 1960. pp. 86–93

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bourgeoisie." Many political, and social leaders of the next five decades emerged at this time, including those of the Chinese Communist Party.

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Quddus, Munir; Liu, Jin-Tan; Butler, John S. (Summer 1989). "Money, Prices, and causality: the Chinese Hyperinflation, 1946–1949, reexamined".

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of planning the unrest in order to turn international opinion against the KMT. Lin, a member of both the CCP and the KMT, had been serving as

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Depending on the system of tenancy, peasants renting land might have been expected to pay in kind or in cash, either as a fixed amount or as a

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Zhang, Chunhou. Vaughan, C. Edwin. (2002). Mao Zedong as Poet and Revolutionary Leader: Social and Historical Perspectives. Lexington books.

4162: 2406:

of the KMT as the sole legitimate government of China. In that way, the Communists appeared to have lost their most likely ally. The American

1187:, China had faced escalating social, economic, and political problems as a result of Western and Japanese imperialism, and the decline of the 11051: 11046: 7043:

Finkelstein, David Michael. Ryan, Mark A. McDevitt, Michael. (2003). Chinese Warfighting: The PLA Experience Since 1949. M.E. Sharpe. China.

4273:[The mystery of the "Unconfirmed attendee" in the 2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party - Theories - People's Daily]. 2786: 2403: 1628:, but also as a failure by the Chinese Republican government to properly defend the country against imperialism. In what became known as the 1144: 3703: 10723: 10462: 9855: 9688: 7598: 6097: 4820:

Xuyin, Guo. "Reconsideration of Chen Duxiu's Attitude toward the Peasant Movement." Chinese Law & Government 17, no. 1-2 (1984): 51-67.

2083: 1989:

Leaders of Wuhan Nationalist government, from left to right: Mikhail Borodin (second from left), Wang Jingwei, T. V. Soong and Eugene Chen.

1649: 7401: 5809:

Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Local Revolution, Grassroots Mobilization and Wartime Power Shift to the Rise of Communism", in Xiaobing Li (ed.),

5046: 2485:

in northern China to occupy the major cities until the Nationalists could arrive. Although greeted with enthusiasm, incidents such as the

11422: 11344: 11077: 10718: 10133: 9715: 6594: 5381: 2720: 1025: 187: 8429: 7344: 6242: 6204: 1841:'s far-right faction likely orchestrated Liao's assassination. Hu was arrested for his connections to the murderers, leaving Chiang and 11400: 11103: 10774: 10408: 10251: 8762: 4492: 879: 6616: 5644:

Ray Huang, 從大歷史的角度讀蔣介石日記 (Reading Chiang Kai-shek's Diary from a Macro History Perspective) China Times Publishing Company, 1994-1-31

2502:), focusing instead on gaining control over the countryside. Nevertheless, as Mao left for negotiations he simultaneously ordered the 1971:

made the case that a peasant-led revolution was not only justified, but practically possible and even inevitable. Mao predicted that:

1967:. Mao spent just over a month in Hunan and published his report in March. Rather than condemning the peasant movement, his now-famous 1571:

to improve social conditions or modernize the country led scholars to take a greater interest in Western ideas such as socialism. The

102: 2723:

on 7 December. By late 1949 the People's Liberation Army was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China, and only

2574:

By the time that Nationalist units had been able to arrive in the major cities of northeastern China, Communist forces commanded by

1660:. His study group included Mao Zedong and Chen Duxiu, the latter of who was now working as dean at the university. As the editor of 11551: 11541: 11123: 11001: 10821: 9897: 9877: 2463: 1640:

Many of the May Fourth protests were led and organized by students, who had become increasingly radical in the past few years. The

7406:[An Elementary Study about the Characteristics and the Effect of the Great Drought in Northwest China from 1928 to 1930]. 7142: 4004: 458: 9929: 9917: 9912: 8192: 4687: 2758: 2538:, but this was mostly for show and the major issues were left unresolved. Negotiations between Chiang and Zhou would continue in 1791: 1705:

around a core group of professional revolutionaries. The Chinese Communist Party was founded on 23 July 1921 in Shanghai, at the

2112:

After the Shanghai Massacre, the Communists retreated to the countryside and began a series of rural insurgencies, organized as

1555:

ideas into Chinese. However, this happened on a very small scale, and had no immediate impacts. This would change following the

1286:. The People's Republic offered direct and indirect support to communist movements around the world, and inspired the growth of 11299: 11133: 10154: 8382: 448: 180: 1428:

region, and was more extreme in southern China where the commercialization of agriculture was more developed. For example, in

11622: 11494: 11153: 10891: 10744: 10311: 10188: 9804: 9623: 9295: 8950: 8810: 8772: 8539: 8459: 8423: 8177: 8149: 7909: 7876: 7715: 7304: 7299:. Vol. 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. xxi. 7266: 7261:. Vol. 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 117. 6161: 6130: 6056: 5538: 5357: 4532: 3682: 3661: 2329: 855: 353: 255: 1794:

in 1924. The Soviets began sending the support the KMT needed for its planned expansion out of Guangdong. Military advisers

11452: 11304: 11294: 10833: 10664: 10240: 10039: 7230: 6968:(Reading Chiang Kai-shek's diary from a macro-history perspective), China Times Publishing Press, Taipei, 1994, pp. 441–443 6178: 4734: 1195:(CCP) was formed by young urban intellectuals in 1921, inspired by European socialist ideas and the success of the Russian 536: 4830:

Womack, Brantly (2010). "From Urban Radical to Rural Revolutionary: Mao From the 1920s to 1937". In Cheek, Timothy (ed.).

4360: 1015: 54: 11536: 10198: 9982: 9095: 8499:

Perry, Elizabeth J. (2018). "Is the Chinese communist regime legitimate?". In Rudolph, Jennifer; Szonyi, Michael (eds.).

7198: 2911: 2303:

The war with Japan and the Second United Front created an enormous opportunity to expand CCP influence. French historian

1964: 1739: 1450:. Between 1900 and the end of WWII, China experienced no less than six major famines, costing tens of millions of lives. 837: 737: 541: 486: 1457:. Where a share of the harvest was paid, as in much of north China, rates of 40%, 50%, and 60% were common. A system of 11026: 9860: 9014: 8751: 8693: 8605: 8277: 8005: 7957: 7738: 1020: 7828: 3912: 11597: 11183: 9882: 9140: 9079: 9061: 8984: 8923: 8866: 8841: 8725: 8657: 8634: 8571: 8325: 8300: 8258: 8231: 8119: 8111: 8079: 7934: 7771: 7119: 7085: 7048: 7026: 6947: 6934: 6912: 6895: 6739: 6509: 6485: 6422: 5746: 5649: 5510: 5491: 5468: 5240: 5168: 4524: 4435: 4315: 2959: 1959:

to investigate and report on the nature of the unrest. Mao had returned from a previous visit to his rural home town

1814: 1568: 1447: 11526: 10739: 9997: 9760: 9175: 5563: 2954: 2317: 827: 394: 220: 3482: 11576: 10657: 10591: 10126: 9449: 9331: 7676: 7535:. Cambridge University Press for the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, UK.: 379–399. 5980:

Tang, De-Piao; Hu, Teh-Wei (Autumn 1983). "Money, Prices, and causality: the Chinese Hyperinflation, 1945–1949".

4910: 2712: 1790:, which in effect turned the CCP into the left-wing of the larger KMT. The KMT ratified this United Front at its 1089: 290: 7479: 1434: 11612: 11427: 11385: 11380: 10809: 10202: 9789: 9777: 9615: 8042: 7980: 6690: 6574: 5275: 2296:, one of the Communist armies that had been placed under Nationalist command, for alleged insubordination. The 2276: 1783: 692: 243: 2470:

dominance in northern China seriously concerned Chiang, who was not in a position to stop the CCP from taking

2251: 1593:

quickly became the most popular and widely distributed journal amongst the intelligentsia during this period.

11607: 10991: 10794: 10789: 10779: 10631: 10428: 9887: 6462:

Nguyễn, Anh Thái; Nguyễn, Quốc Hùng; Vũ, Ngọc Oanh; Trần, Thị Vinh; Đặng, Thanh Toán; Đỗ, Thanh Bình (2002).

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to defeat as many KMT units in Shanxi as possible and thereby gain a stronger hand at the negotiating table.

2334: 2160: 2071: 1360: 385: 327: 8160: 7109: 7075: 6929:

Westad, Odd Arne. (2003). Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950. Stanford University Press.

6849: 11467: 11442: 11339: 11178: 11163: 10845: 10838: 10804: 10799: 10784: 10620: 9809: 9228: 4754: 2459: 2121: 2013: 1302:. The CCP remains in government in mainland China, and is the second-largest political party in the world. 1264: 1260: 1005: 817: 599: 310: 2735:

Cavalry, was sent by the Chinese government to attack Mongol and Soviet positions along the border in the

1411:, cost millions of lives and ravaged the countryside. Japan and the Western powers forced China to accept 11557: 11489: 11354: 11284: 11168: 11041: 10913: 10279: 10184: 9799: 9509: 8531: 7687: 7172:

Resolution on the Capital, Calendar, National Anthem, and National Flag of the People's Republic of China

6766:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, the Far East: China, Volume VII – Office of the Historian" 3729: 3628:一是署名"独立之个人"即马君武编译的《俄罗斯大风潮》。该译本是根据《社会主义史》1900年第二版中的第十章"无政府主义"编译的他仅选择《社会主义史》中的"无政府主义"一章进行翻译，并在行文中加入了自己的大量评论 2895: 2640: 2494:

occupied most of the banks, factories and commercial properties, which had previously been seized by the

2279:, which had nominally been under Chinese sovereignty. This triggered debates inside China on whether the 1928: 1904: 1830: 1807: 1609: 1294:

postulating its spread across East Asia led the United States to stage successive military interventions

1268: 1252: 922: 794: 579: 2615:. At the same time, Communist forces also began to counterattack in Northeastern China, North China and 2175:

Eventually, the Communist insurgents were defeated and the CCP was forced to withdraw northwards in the

1927:

put up a stronger resistance, but popular support for the KMT and opposition to the warlords helped the

1226:

Early Nationalist military dominance forced the CCP to abandon their strategy of appealing to the urban

11602: 11531: 11484: 11472: 11229: 11016: 10918: 10908: 10865: 10119: 9203: 8858: 8626: 8451: 8223: 8034: 7755: 5721: 5564:"The Making of the Guomindang's Japan Policy, 1932–1937: The Roles of Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei" 4752:

Wu, Tien-wei (November 1969). "A Review of the Wuhan Debacle: The Kuomintang-Communist Split of 1927".

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proved decisive. The CCP was able to mobilize a massive army of peasants with their program of radical

1053: 7833: 6811: 6591:"Operation BELEAGUER: The Marine III Amphibious Corps in North China, 1945-1949: Marine Corps Gazette" 4110:"Democracy, Enlightenment, and Revolution: Cantonese Marxists and Chinese Social Democracy, 1920–1922" 1837:, who supported the United Front and the KMT's close relationship with the Soviet Union. On August 20 1432:

more than half the rural population owned no land at all. Poor peasants owned an average of only 0.87

11239: 11011: 10981: 9902: 9819: 9321: 9280: 8802: 8491: 8349: 8201: 7926: 7868: 7671: 7522:"Qinghai and the Emergence of the West: Nationalities, Communal Interaction and National Integration" 5741:

Schoppa, R. Keith. (2000). The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History. Columbia University Press.

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was a disaster for the Communists, and forced them to abandon South China altogether. They began the

2125: 1826: 9044: 4179: 2659:, regarded as the best KMT army, was forced to surrender after the CCP conducted a brutal six-month 2212:, they replaced cautious guerilla tactics with a more traditional military strategy. The subsequent 1238:, which saw the party narrowly avoid complete destruction. With a Japanese invasion setting off the 11617: 11447: 11405: 11269: 11264: 11158: 11143: 10870: 10370: 10366: 9892: 9639: 9631: 9255: 8685: 8509: 6437:

p. 23, U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, William Blum, Zed Books 2004 London.

6081: 2364: 2297: 2242: 2183:

Under pressure from Zhou Enlai and many others in the party, the Comintern sent Soviet functionary

2074:

spread nationwide and the United Front collapsed. In Beijing, 19 leading Communists were killed by

2042: 1803: 1596: 1443: 1323: 1315: 1259:'s decision to allow the Communists control of Japanese weapons and supplies left behind after the 1239: 1058: 822: 799: 769: 619: 614: 7111:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

7077:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

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The Communist victory had a major impact on the global balance of power: China became the largest

19:

This article is about the social revolution in China. Not to be confused with the contemporaneous

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The Third Chinese Revolutionary War, 1945–1949: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership

8881: 7521: 3849: 1522: 11349: 10966: 10687: 10495: 10491: 10175: 9767: 8708: 8445: 7422: 6709:(in Chinese). The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. 30 August 2007 5050: 4900:

Wright, Mary C. "The Chinese peasant and communism." Pacific Affairs 24, no. 3 (1951): 256–265.

4519:

Gao. James Zheng. (2009). Historical dictionary of modern China (1800–1949). Scarecrow press.

4450:"Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: Sun Yatsen and the International Development of China" 4270: 2822: 2667:

material superiority over the Nationalist army. Manpower continued to grow as well; during the

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issued in January 1923 formalized cooperation between the KMT and the Soviet Union. The CCP's

11504: 11173: 11087: 11006: 10946: 10505: 9290: 9128: 9004: 8525: 8409: 8311: 8065: 8020: 7991: 6258: 6220: 6116: 4697: 3152: 2736: 2612: 1625: 1356: 932: 9454: 7920: 7622:

Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War

6993:(General Zeng Kelin Tells His Story), Liaoning renmin chubanshe, Shenyang, 1997. pp. 112–113 4500: 4178: 3789: 2395: 2355:

The power of the CCP had grown considerably by the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The

10996: 10759: 10231: 9950: 9865: 9735: 9581: 9265: 9245: 9168: 8246: 7997: 6907:

Lilley, James R. China Hands: Nine Decades of Adventure, Espionage, and Diplomacy in Asia.

6620: 4430:

Tung, William L. (1968). The political institutions of modern China. Springer publishing.

3850:"May 4th and June 4th Compared: A Sociological Study of Chinese Social Movements" 2017: 1907:

and set out to defeat the warlords one at a time. The campaign saw massive success against

1822: 1572: 1536: 1290:

parties in a number of countries. Shock at the CCP's success and the emerging geopolitical

476: 4582: 8: 11511: 11417: 11274: 11219: 11214: 11209: 10986: 10754: 10529: 10458: 10275: 10248: 10034: 9907: 9794: 9772: 9745: 9740: 9305: 9233: 8597: 8250: 4850: 2979: 2873: 2847: 2482: 2434:. By mid-1945, the United States was firmly committed to supporting Chiang. According to 2422:" who favored cutting ties with the Nationalists or supporting the Communists, including 2246: 2050: 1866: 1629: 1624:

rather than returning it to China. The Chinese public saw this not only as a betrayal by

1601: 1319: 1243: 884: 760: 589: 481: 305: 262: 24: 6353:

The Black Master: Essays on Central Eurasia in Honor of György Kara on His 70th Birthday

2375:, which the Kuomintang received in abundance. As Mao Zedong said to an American Colonel 1535:

played a major role in publicizing Marxist ideas to a wider Chinese audience during the

1223:

between Nationalists and Communists that would ultimately last more than three decades.

11359: 11289: 11082: 11036: 10956: 10398: 10336: 9992: 9945: 9824: 9782: 9730: 9504: 9424: 9399: 9300: 9198: 9032: 8970: 8194:

Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power: The Emergence of Revolutionary China 1937-1945

7777: 7560: 7466: 7384: 7336: 7143:"Reds Proclaim a Republic in China; Chou is Premier; Chinese Republic Launched by Reds" 6706: 6320: 6179:"The Situation and Our Policy After the Victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan" 6149:

China's Political Economy in Modern Times: Changes and Economic Consequences, 1800–2000

5962: 5695: 5687: 5583: 5363: 4863: 4779: 4771: 4473: 4465: 4401: 4393: 4131: 3996: 2826: 2678:

fell, cutting the KMT army off from Xi'an. Following a fierce battle, the CCP captured

2671:

alone the CCP was able to mobilize 5,430,000 peasants to fight against the KMT forces.

2660: 2627: 2503: 2380: 2147:

The defeat left an opening for machinations within the party leadership. In late 1927,

2016:

proved its competency when, in January 1927, violent protests broke out in the British

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to prevent either side from attacking the other. However, the CCP and Kuomintang kept

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Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s–1990s

8321: 8296: 8273: 8254: 8227: 8173: 8145: 8115: 8075: 8061: 8038: 8021:"China's Campaign to 'Open Up the West': National, Provincial and Local Perspectives" 8001: 7976: 7953: 7930: 7905: 7872: 7781: 7767: 7734: 7711: 7552: 7501: 7458: 7388: 7376: 7300: 7262: 7115: 7081: 7044: 7022: 6930: 6908: 6891: 6735: 6686: 6570: 6505: 6481: 6418: 6250: 6212: 6157: 6126: 6023: 5993: 5966: 5742: 5699: 5679: 5645: 5587: 5534: 5487: 5464: 5353: 5271: 5236: 5164: 4867: 4783: 4528: 4520: 4477: 4431: 4405: 4311: 4278: 4170: 4135: 3770: 3678: 3657: 2644: 2635:, Huaihai, and Pingjin Campaigns that decisively turned the war in favour of the CCP. 2632: 2580: 2411: 2356: 2285: 2260: 2205: 2171: 2137: 2129: 2067: 1880: 1690: 1657: 1617: 1482: 1470: 1408: 1311: 1283: 1220: 1212: 1176: 937: 889: 789: 784: 742: 664: 659: 642: 624: 295: 275: 205: 172: 37: 20: 9439: 7564: 6324: 3972:

Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Assessing Li Dazhao's Role in the New Cultural Movement", in

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be organized in the Soviet format, having personally witnessed a military parade on

1943:. As the NRA advanced, workers in the cities organized themselves into left-leaning 11334: 11259: 11072: 10951: 10769: 10749: 10574: 10570: 10519: 10382: 10244: 10088: 10076: 10017: 9565: 9519: 9213: 9208: 8585: 7897: 7759: 7629: 7617: 7544: 7536: 7491: 7450: 7368: 7359:

Garnaut, Anthony (2013). "A Quantitative Description of the Henan Famine of 1942".

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Campbell, Colin D.; Tullock, Gordon C. (1954). "Hyperinflation in China, 1937–49".

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Berkley, Gerald W. (April 1975). "The Canton Peasant Movement Training Institute".

4121: 3861: 3760: 2946: 2903: 2762: 2684: 2668: 2596: 2550: 2431: 2390:, the Allies had agreed to recognize USSR claims in the Far East in exchange for a 2387: 2376: 2309: 2230: 2221: 2141: 2113: 2091: 2025: 1899:. After purging his opponents in the KMT leadership, Chiang Kai-shek was appointed 1775: 1560: 1412: 1400: 1133: 1010: 899: 894: 732: 722: 285: 280: 106: 88: 7686:(). -- hosted at CÉRIUM (Centre d’études et de recherches internationales) at the 6337:

Zhang Shengfa, "Return of the Chinese Changchun Railway to China by the USSR." In

5431: 4068: 2863:

On October 1, 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong officially proclaimed the founding of the

2367:

of its forces and established a serious Communist presence along the banks of the

1543:

In the first decade of the twentieth century, young Chinese intellectuals such as

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Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People

10976: 10923: 10509: 10268: 10264: 10100: 9829: 9369: 9336: 9275: 9270: 9161: 9132: 9122: 9110: 8901: 8852: 8827: 8735: 8616: 8590: 8561: 8317: 8292: 8217: 8097: 8025: 7949: 7817: 7683: 5256:

Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. p. 38. Retrieved 12 March 2011.

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in April 1950, though shelling and guerrilla raids continued for several years.

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both sides used the time to further prepare themselves for the ensuing conflict.

2546: 2531: 2486: 2427: 2360: 2293: 2259:, one of the Communist units that joined the National Revolutionary Army was the 2225: 2066:

On April 12, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek and his right-wing faction of the KMT ordered

1799: 1795: 1621: 1556: 1454: 1416: 1332: 1279: 1216: 927: 832: 779: 697: 609: 425: 4738: 4358: 1343:

on 1 October 1949. Nonetheless, the Nationalist Government had not evacuated to

1267:

and gradually began winning open battles against the KMT. In 1948 and 1949, the

11364: 11309: 11249: 11224: 11199: 11021: 9955: 9671: 9539: 9489: 9479: 9434: 5579: 5340:

Rhoads, Edward J. M.; Friedman, Edward; Joffe, Ellis; Powell, Ralph L. (1964).

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that without Soviet backing, the CCP would have to make concessions to Chiang.

2339: 2264: 1779: 1734: 1645: 1439: 717: 9103: 8742:

From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920–1927

7540: 7372: 7192: 6366: 6341:, 171–194. 1st ed. Vol. 1. New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. p, 171. 4859: 4310:

Fairbank, John King. (1994). China: A New History. Harvard University Press.

3985:

Murray, Stuart. The Library: An Illustrated History. New York: Skyhorse, 2009.

3865: 3608: 2128:, the CCP attempted a series of uprisings and military mutinies in Guangzhou, 11591: 11314: 11244: 10901: 10860: 10473: 9814: 9755: 9484: 9444: 9394: 9260: 9024: 8071: 7993:

The Secret Army: Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle

7661: 7556: 7505: 7462: 7380: 7002: 6254: 6216: 5683: 4174: 4126: 4109: 3774: 2999: 2974: 2969: 2899: 2884: 2770: 2766: 2732: 2479: 2407: 2304: 2272: 2156: 2148: 1924: 1900: 1875:

Shanghai workers posing with weapons in 1927. After successfully ousting the

1854: 1834: 1613: 1507: 1458: 1291: 551: 5367: 1733:, who became the first CCP leader to seriously engage with the peasants. In 1677: 1275:. Mao formally proclaimed the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949. 11204: 11031: 10160: 10064: 9850: 9524: 9514: 9389: 9384: 8929: 8872: 8785: 8577: 8552: 8465: 8331: 8183: 8011: 7887: 7838: 7496: 7179: 5268:

The Long March to Power – a History of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921–72

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The international situation for the Communists was unfavorable in 1945. At

2079: 2075: 1985: 1876: 1842: 1648:

had inspired many of them to join study groups centered on Marxist theory.

1564: 1548: 1359:

in 1951. While never posing a serious threat to the People's Republic, the

1282:

by population, as well as a third force in the Cold War following the 1956

1256: 1188: 1120: 8052:

Hayford, Charles (2009). "The May Fourth Movement". In Pong, David (ed.).

7901: 7763: 1551:, and Zhao Bizhen were the first to translate and summarize socialist and 63: 11432: 11391:

Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council

11329: 10346: 10007: 9573: 9529: 9429: 9379: 9326: 7969:

Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism

6707:"中国共产党大事记 1945年 (Record of major events of the Communist Party of China)" 6316: 5533:, p. 294, Peter Duus,John Whitney Hall, Cambridge University Press: 1989 5504: 5349: 2840: 2778: 2702: 2688: 2419: 2415: 2187:

to replace Li Lisan and Xiang Zhongfa with members of the 28 Bolsheviks.

2038: 2006: 2002: 1944: 1850: 1846: 1755: 1713:(Comintern), although the CCP would only formally become a member at its 1702: 1299: 1227: 1208: 546: 430: 10095: 8939:

The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis

7749: 6946:

Pomfret, John. "Red Army Starved 150,000 Chinese Civilians, Books Says"

6526:

China hands: nine decades of adventure, espionage, and diplomacy in Asia

6118:

Revival: The People's Liberation Army and China's Nation-Building (1973)

2795:

Northern Military Region Band (now the Central Military Band of the PLA)

1494:

the inhabitants economically and hence politically and socially as well.

11324: 11319: 10552: 10438: 10164: 10029: 9750: 9720: 9678: 9534: 9494: 9464: 9459: 9374: 9364: 9359: 7893: 7634:

Imperial Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China's Last Golden Age

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A Century of Student Movements in China: The Mountain Movers, 1919–2019

3734: 2891: 2835: 2790: 2728: 2692: 2616: 2236: 2217: 2176: 1956: 1759: 1633: 1580: 1526: 1511: 1503: 1403:'s reign, China began a long period of decline popularly known as the " 1295: 1235: 1231: 1204: 727: 381: 248: 96: 7599:"Factbox: A hundred years on, how the Communist Party dominates China" 7548: 6298:"Lost Chance for Peace: The 1945 CCP-Kuomintang Peace Talks Revisited" 4397: 2446: 11254: 10222: 9965: 9419: 9414: 9250: 9238: 9223: 8942: 8833: 8399:

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6153: 6122: 3765: 3748: 2769:(the Five-starred Red Flag) was officially unveiled and hoisted to a 2652: 2562: 2451: 2313: 2192: 2184: 2108: 1888: 1838: 1751: 1726: 1686: 1653: 1585: 1531: 1429: 10111: 7454: 5813:, Lexington and Rowman & Littlefield, 2013, pp. 3–25. 5675: 4883:

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4767: 4461: 2663:

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2773:. The ceremony was followed by a PLA military parade. Commanded by 2648: 2586:

In March 1946, despite repeated requests from Chiang Kai-shek, the

2575: 2519: 2289: 2164: 2046: 2037:

his navy and a communist general strike. On 22 March, NRA General

2033: 1960: 1940: 1908: 1730: 1698: 1576: 1544: 1388: 1376: 1248: 41: 11129:

China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification

2208:

from Mao when they arrived from Shanghai. Following the advice of

2094:

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1879:

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1203:, the Communists initially allied themselves with the nationalist 8219:

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From Revolution to Politics: Chinese Communists on the Long March

3638:, 1900He chose to translate only the chapter on "Anarchism" from 2716: 2696: 2675: 2539: 2499: 2475: 2471: 2368: 1994: 1932: 1896: 1552: 1486: 1372: 1368: 92: 7021:

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2441: 1887:

By 1926, the Kuomintang (KMT) had solidified their control over

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5509:[Yan'an Organizational History]. XZQH.org. 2016-07-15. 4493:"Chinese Students and Anti-Japanese Protests, Past and Present" 3887:"Chinese Students and Anti-Japanese Protests, Past and Present" 3267: 3195: 2880: 2869: 2600: 2592: 2021: 1998: 1936: 1462: 1380: 1344: 1339:

The most common date used for the end of the Revolution is the

1287: 1230:, instead basing themselves in the countryside as advocated by 10083: 7194:

The Rise Of Mao Zedong | Parade Of The Waking Giant | Timeline

6466:(in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City: Giáo Dục. pp. 320–322. 6086:. US Department of State Office of the Historian. p. 448. 4942: 4203:"1st. National Congress of The Communist Party of China (CPC)" 2097: 10972:

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10682: 10294: 9971: 8911: 7654:

The Strange Connection: U.S. Intervention in China, 1944-1972

6567:

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5136: 5134: 4959: 4957: 3411: 2724: 2679: 2523: 2338:

Starting in 1937 and lasting until the end of the Civil War,

2188: 1948: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1499: 1384: 1364: 1234:. Mao rose to a position of leadership in the CCP during the 10897:

Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan

6753:

Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost

6501:

Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan

6389:

Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost

3171: 2549:, who arrived in China on 20 December 1945. The goal of the 1672: 1273:

retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan

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Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan

11396:

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5811:

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4333: 3291: 2647:. The PLA finally captured for good the northern cities of 2527: 2256: 2056: 11119:

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8502:

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5131: 5065: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4954: 4737:. Washington State University. 6 June 1996. Archived from 4715: 3103:"The Chinese Communist Revolution in a Global Perspective" 2120:

In 1927, immediately after the collapse of Wang Jingwei's

11547:

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9153: 8067:

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6381: 5339: 5109: 5107: 5094: 5092: 5026: 3807: 3255: 2742: 1489:

on how the Revolution impacted a village in north China:

7590:

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6888:

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6644: 6035: 6033: 5940: 5938: 4703: 4675: 4624: 4550: 4086: 3942: 3753:

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3642:, and added his own extensive comments to the text.] 2323: 1517: 7747: 6394: 5858: 5856: 5816: 5788: 5776: 4981: 4665: 4663: 4648: 3553: 3363: 3207: 3153:"Milestones: 1945–1952: The Chinese Revolution of 1949" 2450:

Mao and Chiang Kai-shek toast to victory over Japan in

2090:. However, under pressure from Chiang, Wang eventually 1750:

At the same time as CCP was developing in Shanghai, in

1446:

were common during both the Qing dynasty and the later

11458:

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1709:. The dozen delegates resolved to affiliate with the 1183:(PRC) in 1949. For the preceding century, termed the 8488:

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1683:

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1667: 1476: 1363:

continued until as late as 1958 in the provinces of

1179:

in China that began in 1927 and culminated with the

11114:

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9124:

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7865:

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7793:. Taipei: Biographical Literature Publishing House. 7581:

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7107: 7073: 5662:Benton, Gregor (1986). "The South Anhui Incident". 5049:. Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Archived from 4930: 4321: 4238: 3954: 3930: 3589: 3423: 3351: 3315: 3243: 9054:A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985 8794: 8739: 8677: 8589: 7996:. Contributor Wen H. Chen (illustrated ed.). 7176:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 6461: 5321: 5215: 5213: 5002: 4727: 4636: 4221: 3565: 3541: 3435: 3231: 3031: 2797:provided musical accompaniment which included the 2639:In late 1948, the CCP and the newly rechristened " 2557: 2418:orchestrated the recall or dismissal of American " 2402:, which Chiang reluctantly accepted in return for 2155:there, rather than in China. With the help of the 1802:arrived in May to oversee the construction of the 1786:"a form of communism". This was the basis of the 1383:. ROC soldiers who had fled into the mountains of 1347:until December, and significant fighting (such as 1326:the New Fourth Army. Another possible date is the 9002: 7946:Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949) 7802:. Shanghai: China Institute of Pacific Relations. 7060:Donggil Kim, "Stalin and the Chinese Civil War." 6497: 6243:"The Liberation War and the "Millet Plus Rifles"" 5454: 5452: 5399: 4069:"Chen Duxiu: Role in the intellectual revolution" 3447: 3399: 3303: 3279: 3201: 3067: 2622: 1813:On 30 May 1925, Chinese students gathered at the 1498:Landlords utilized forms of exploitation such as 527:Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International 11589: 11057:2024 Kinmen Chinese motorboat capsizing incident 10765:2004 Taiwanese cross-strait relations referendum 10714:Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong 9648:Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat 8618:A Road Is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920-1927 8401:Chronology of Officials in the Republic of China 8163:Intellectuals in Revolutionary China, 1921-1949: 7114:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 225. 7080:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 215. 6583: 6005: 6003: 5929:China's Wartime Finance and Inflation, 1937–1945 5344:. Vol. 16. Harvard University Asia Center. 5318:, Harper & Row (New York: 1951), p. 93. 4927:Section: "The Importance Of The Peasant Problem" 4880: 3375: 3339: 3327: 3133: 1271:(PLA) won three major campaigns that forced the 10962:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 7751:Chinese Communist Party: A Century in Ten Lives 7697:. New York City: Garland Publishing. p. 1. 6877:, Princeton University Press, 1997, pp. 132–135 6009: 5944: 5210: 3043: 2800:Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army 2767:national flag of the People's Republic of China 2655:and consolidated control of the Northeast. The 2566:Communist soldiers wait in trenches during the 1980: 1758:was building the Chinese Nationalist Party, or 11139:Cross-Strait Economic, Trade and Culture Forum 11109:Alumni Association of Huangpu Military Academy 8829:The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923-1928 8720:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 8398: 8313:Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War 7292: 7254: 6667:. Beijing: Social Scientific Publishing House. 6609: 6058:An inquiry into the rise of communism in China 5449: 5195:Chen Lifu, Columbia interviews, part 1, p. 29. 4948: 4292: 4163:"On Party Anniversary, China Rewrites History" 2904:clashing in Southeast Asia during the cold war 2894:led the United States government to place the 2859:Poster of Chinese rebels in Sarawak, Malaysia. 2749:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 2691:, Tianjin along with its port and garrison at 1442:that they remained on the edge of starvation. 1341:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 1181:proclamation of the People's Republic of China 377:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 148:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 11052:2023 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan 11047:2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan 10665: 10127: 9169: 7578: 7367:(6). Cambridge University Press: 2034, 2044. 6848:. Harbin Municipal Government. Archived from 6656: 6491: 6415:The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6000: 5047:"The Fate of Revolutionary Militias in China" 4834:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–75. 4268: 3677:, Volume 3. Taylor & Francis publishing. 3177: 3082: 2761:Mao Zedong on October 1, 1949, at 3:00 pm in 2442:Japanese surrender and attempted negotiations 1701:model, which they understood as organizing a 1152: 188: 127:1 August 1927 – 1 October 1949 11500:Timeline of diplomatic relations with Taiwan 10724:Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau 10463:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists 9923:International Conference of Marxist–Leninist 9856:National Democratic Front of the Philippines 9003:Allatson, Paul; McCormack, Jo, eds. 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Taylor & Francis Publishing. p. 3884: 3878: 3827:The Far Eastern Policy of the United States 2159:, Chinese students studying Marxism at the 2098:Failed insurrections and the Chinese Soviet 1766:and sought help from the Soviet Union. The 1242:in 1937, Mao's Communists entered into the 1215:targeting Communists ordered by KMT leader 11401:Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council 11104:All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots 10672: 10658: 10134: 10120: 9873:Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist 9176: 9162: 9115:A Century of Chinese Revolution, 1851–1949 8972:The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present 8734: 8523: 8138:The World Transformed: 1945 to the present 7039: 7037: 7035: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6831: 6829: 6755:, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 p. 459 6272: 6073: 4630: 4092: 3948: 3696:"Before and After the May Fourth Movement" 2414:. Hurley and the powerful pro-Nationalist 2226:a strategy based on rural guerilla warfare 1860: 1583:began to publish the left-leaning journal 1159: 1145: 195: 181: 9606:On the Correct Handling of Contradictions 9556:Report on an Investigation of the Peasant 8936: 7651: 7495: 6650: 6295: 6139: 6079: 5922: 5920: 5878:W.W. 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The new 2518:autonomy in the provinces of Shanxi, 2342:skyrocketed in the Republic of China. 2330:Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War 2324:Second Phase of Civil War (1945–1949) 2191:became nominal party secretary while 2092:purged Communists from his government 1745: 1575:was especially strong in cities like 1518:Radicalization of urban intellectuals 1026:Suppression of counterrevolutionaries 256:Resumption of hostilities (1945–1949) 176: 11453:Chinese intelligence activity abroad 11305:Special non-state-to-state relations 11295:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang 10834:Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement 10040:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang 9898:Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun 9102:(6th ed.). 2001. 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Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 8165:Leaders, Heroes and Sophisticates 8112:National Defense University Press 8106:] (in Chinese) (1 ed.). 7791:Chronology of Mr. Chiang Kai-shek 7153:from the original on June 8, 2021 6797:Yang Kuisong (24 November 2011). 6296:Radchenko, Sergey (August 2017). 5266:Harrison, James Pinckney (1972). 4269:Shuanghai, Zhou (周霜梅); Minggang. 4007:from the original on 12 June 2020 3706:from the original on 29 June 2020 2960:Timeline of the Chinese Civil War 2868:Nationalist-controlled island of 2514:President of China in return for 1815:Shanghai International Settlement 1668:Cooperation with the Nationalists 1477:Other forms of rural exploitation 11572: 11571: 10740:Opening of the South-North route 10691: 10681: 10603:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan 10287: 10274: 10255: 10239: 10230: 10221: 10210: 10192: 10179: 10169: 10159: 10094: 10082: 10070: 10058: 9761:Down to the Countryside Movement 9117:(Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1970). 7990:Gibson, Richard Michael (2011). 7286: 7248: 7223: 7135: 7101: 7067: 7054: 6996: 6983: 6971: 6955: 6901: 6867: 6790: 6781: 6772: 6758: 6745: 6699: 6671: 6635: 6531: 6431: 6406: 6359: 6344: 6331: 6170: 5908: 5899: 5890: 5881: 5828: 5803: 5706: 5655: 5638: 5625: 5524: 5374: 5333: 5308: 5259: 5225: 5198: 5189: 5038: 4921: 4911:"Commanding Heights: Mao Zedong" 4903: 4894: 4874: 4838: 4823: 4802: 4745: 4066: 3656:. University Press of Kentucky. 3159:. United States State Department 3006: 2955:Outline of the Chinese Civil War 2939: 2925: 1707:1st National Congress of the CCP 1127: 1114: 395:Outline of the Chinese Civil War 221:Outline of the Chinese Civil War 73: 62: 53: 11577:Category:Cross-strait relations 10592:Yangtze River Crossing campaign 8615:Smith, Stephen Anthony (2000). 8432:from the original on 2016-01-02 7347:from the original on 2017-04-20 6950:Accessed: 2009-10-02. Archived 6528:. PublicAffairs, New York, 2004 5513:from the original on 2020-08-06 5463:. Westview Press. p. 233. 5429: 5270:. 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Belknap Press. p. 298. 4832:A Critical Introduction to Mao 3995:Ash, Alec (6 September 2009). 3483:"The Third Chinese Revolution" 2643:" (PLA) launched the decisive 2623:The Three Campaigns, 1948–1949 1738:the KMT to establish a joint " 1399:During the final years of the 1314:, since it was only after the 1255:(NRA). On the other hand, the 244:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 83:Left to right, top to bottom: 1: 10992:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 10780:Cross-strait high-level talks 10632:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency 10607:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang 10199:Constitutional ROC Government 9888:Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party 9056:. New York: Greenwood Press. 8908:History of Anarchism in China 8893:Tragedy of Chinese Revolution 8669:China: Understanding Its Past 8411:The Chinese Civil War 1945–49 8367:China at War: An Encyclopedia 8191:Johnson, Chalmers A. (1962). 7592:. Hong Kong University Press. 6476:Bright, Richard Carl.(2007). 6080:Robertson, Walter S. 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Forbes (1986). 6948:Seattle Times 2 October 2009 6875:Battling Western Imperialism 6024:10.1016/0164-0704(89)90070-0 5994:10.1016/0164-0704(83)90037-X 5947:Journal of Political Economy 5714:"政治垃圾張蔭梧曾欲為國民黨奪回北平_历史-多維新聞網" 5664:The Journal of Asian Studies 4755:The Journal of Asian Studies 3024: 2214:fourth encirclement campaign 1981:Wuhan Nationalist Government 1261:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 1207:(KMT) against the forces of 1173:Chinese Communist Revolution 1100:100th Anniversary of the CCP 914:Urban support for Communists 905:Retreat of the ROC to Taiwan 403: 31:Chinese Communist Revolution 7: 11558:Go and Reclaim the Mainland 11490:Foreign relations of Taiwan 11355:Under the Roof of One China 11285:Republic of China on Taiwan 11169:Straits Exchange Foundation 11042:2021 Solomon Islands unrest 10914:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 10217:Republic of China on Taiwan 10185:National Revolutionary Army 10153:Principal belligerents and 9998:National Democracy Movement 9800:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 9790:New People's Army rebellion 8703:Thomas, S. 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A Chinese Muslim 2398:and joint control over the 1929:National Revolutionary Army 1905:National Revolutionary Army 1808:National Revolutionary Army 1754:the seasoned revolutionary 1610:Versailles Peace Conference 1253:National Revolutionary Army 978:Central People's Government 795:Hundred Regiments Offensive 10: 11639: 11532:G99 Taiwan Ring Expressway 11485:Political status of Taiwan 11473:Foreign relations of China 11386:Hong Kong–Taiwan relations 11381:Fujian–Taiwan relationship 11230:Cross-Strait Economic Zone 11017:Sunflower Student Movement 10919:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 10909:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 10866:Shanghai-Taipei City Forum 10810:Seventh Chen–Chiang summit 10429:Fujian People's Government 10295:People's Republic of China 9778:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 9689:People's Republic of China 9204:Antagonistic contradiction 9183: 9121:Wortzel, Larry M. (1999), 8859:Cambridge University Press 8826:Wilbur, C. 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London: Allen Lane. 7725:Carter, Peter (1976). 7688:Université de Montréal 7597:Tian, Yew Lun (2021). 7497:10.5130/portal.v2i1.83 7408:Gùyuán Shīzhuān Xuébào 7400:Chen, Sherong (2002). 6846:"Historical Evolution" 6665:Liberation War History 6569:. 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One exception was 1656:, head librarian at 1612:had decided to give 1573:New Culture Movement 1537:New Culture Movement 1134:Communism portal 1016:First five-year plan 809:Communist base areas 570:1922 seamen's strike 477:New Culture Movement 11512:Anti-Communist Hero 11418:Taiwan Entry Permit 11275:Propaganda in China 11220:Chinese irredentism 11215:Chinese nationalism 11210:Chinese unification 10987:1987 Lieyu massacre 10851:2015 Xi–Chu meeting 10459:Second United Front 10379:Nanjing–Wuhan split 10327:Sun–Joffe Manifesto 10176:National Government 10101:Politics portal 10035:Red Star Over China 9908:Black Panther Party 9795:Sino-Albanian split 9773:Cambodian Civil War 9746:16 May Notification 9741:Cultural Revolution 9306:Three Worlds Theory 9234:Cultural Revolution 9106:on 12 October 2004. 8964:. Taiyuan: 山西人民出版社. 8251:Schiffer Publishing 8140:(Second ed.). 7944:Gao, James (2009). 7529:The China Quarterly 7421:(1). Archived from 6886:Hu, Jubin. 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Chen was elected 1630:May Fourth Movement 1602:May Fourth Movement 1423:The landlord system 1320:Second United Front 1306:Start and end dates 1244:Second United Front 1049:Annexation of Tibet 885:Operation Beleaguer 761:Second United Front 590:Northern Expedition 532:Sun–Joffe Manifesto 482:May Fourth Movement 388:on October 1, 1949. 32: 25:Cultural Revolution 11360:Xi Jinping Thought 11290:Self-determination 11083:Anti-Secession Law 11037:Freedom pineapples 10957:Battle of Dong-Yin 10399:Guangzhou Uprising 10337:First United Front 9993:National communism 9946:Anarchism in China 9825:Nepalese Civil War 9783:Naxalbari uprising 9731:Great Leap Forward 9455:İbrahim Kaypakkaya 9425:Pushpa Kamal Dahal 9400:Charles Bettelheim 9301:Social imperialism 9281:Proletarian nation 9199:Agrarian socialism 8975:(First ed.). 8880:Xiang, Ah (1998). 8384:978-1-59884--416-0 7892:. Berlin, Boston: 7856:Dictionary of Wars 7789:Chen, Bui (1978). 7682:2016-03-07 at the 7656:. Greenwood Press. 7636:. 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April 1961. p8 4330:, pp. 54–66. 4067:Chow, Tse-tsung. 3683:978-0-419-22160-9 3662:978-0-8131-2438-4 3598:, pp. 41–42. 3586:, pp. 23–28. 3584:Xu & Liu 1989 3562:, pp. 30–31. 3514:, pp. 12–13. 2998:Social scientist 2645:Liaoshen Campaign 2581:Rodion Malinovsky 2491:General Wedemeyer 2460:invaded Manchuria 2412:Patrick J. Hurley 2357:Eighth Route Army 2347:Postwar situation 2261:Eighth Route Army 2206:quickly took over 2140:they founded the 2062:Shanghai Massacre 1723:General Secretary 1691:French Concession 1685:in July 1921, on 1658:Peking University 1483:William H. Hinton 1471:John Lossing Buck 1448:Republic of China 1409:Taiping Rebellion 1312:Chinese Civil War 1284:Sino-Soviet split 1221:Chinese Civil War 1213:Shanghai massacre 1177:social revolution 1169: 1168: 1067: 1066: 1035:Foreign relations 988:1954 Constitution 951: 950: 938:Yu Zisan Incident 890:Liaoshen campaign 864:Military conflict 856:Resumed Civil War 846: 845: 790:East River Column 785:Eighth Route Army 751: 750: 665:Little Long March 633: 632: 495: 494: 363:Chinese Communist 346: 345: 207:Chinese Civil War 204:Campaigns of the 171: 170: 143:Communist victory 38:Chinese Civil War 21:Chinese Civil War 11630: 11575: 11574: 11335:Taiwan consensus 11260:One-China policy 11073:Cross-Strait Act 10952:Kashmir Princess 10770:May 17 Statement 10750:Kinmen Agreement 10702:Diplomatic posts 10696: 10695: 10686: 10685: 10674: 10667: 10660: 10651: 10650: 10575:Pingjin campaign 10571:Huaihai campaign 10520:Marshall Mission 10485: 10484: 10371:Shanghai Commune 10367:Nanking incident 10320: 10319: 10305: 10304: 10293: 10291: 10290: 10278: 10259: 10243: 10234: 10225: 10215: 10214: 10203:ROC Armed Forces 10197: 10196: 10183: 10174: 10173: 10163: 10136: 10129: 10122: 10113: 10112: 10099: 10098: 10087: 10086: 10075: 10074: 10073: 10065:China portal 10063: 10062: 10061: 9652: 9644: 9636: 9628: 9620: 9612: 9608:Among the People 9602: 9594: 9586: 9578: 9570: 9566:On Contradiction 9562: 9520:Jose Maria Sison 9246:Marxism–Leninism 9214:Anti-revisionism 9209:Anti-imperialism 9178: 9171: 9164: 9155: 9154: 9145: 9111:Franke, Wolfgang 9107: 9091: 9067: 9048: 9042: 9038: 9036: 9028: 8999: 8990: 8965: 8956: 8933: 8896: 8890: 8876: 8847: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8800: 8789: 8783: 8781: 8764:Aunt Mae's China 8757: 8745: 8731: 8712: 8699: 8683: 8672: 8663: 8640: 8611: 8595: 8581: 8556: 8550: 8548: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8507: 8495: 8482: 8469: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8404: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8372: 8360: 8358: 8352:. Archived from 8347: 8335: 8306: 8283: 8264: 8249:, Pennsylvania: 8237: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8199: 8187: 8155: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8057: 8048: 8015: 7986: 7963: 7940: 7915: 7882: 7859: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7837:. Archived from 7823: 7812: 7803: 7794: 7785: 7744: 7721: 7698: 7675: 7657: 7648: 7637: 7630:Platt, Stephen R 7625: 7618:Platt, Stephen R 7613: 7611: 7609: 7593: 7584: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7526: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7499: 7474: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7396: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7341:Disaster History 7321: 7320: 7315: 7313: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7277: 7275: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7197:, 26 June 2021, 7189: 7183: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7071: 7065: 7062:Cold War History 7058: 7052: 7041: 7030: 7019: 7010: 7000: 6994: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6959: 6953: 6944: 6938: 6927: 6916: 6905: 6899: 6884: 6878: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6842: 6836: 6833: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6810:. Archived from 6794: 6788: 6785: 6779: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6762: 6756: 6751:Fenby, Jonathan 6749: 6743: 6728: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6619:. Archived from 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6593:. Archived from 6587: 6581: 6580: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6535: 6529: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6495: 6489: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6459: 6438: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6387:Fenby, Jonathan 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6348: 6342: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6302: 6293: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6257:. Archived from 6249:. Jinan: 12–13. 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6219:. Archived from 6209:History Teaching 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6125:. pp. 58–. 6112: 6106: 6105: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6052: 6043: 6037: 6028: 6027: 6007: 5998: 5997: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5942: 5933: 5932: 5924: 5915: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5888: 5885: 5879: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5826: 5825:, pp. 6–17. 5820: 5814: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5720:. Archived from 5710: 5704: 5703: 5659: 5653: 5642: 5636: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5501: 5495: 5484: 5475: 5474: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5432:"Jiangxi Soviet" 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5384:. Archived from 5378: 5372: 5371: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5263: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5102: 5096: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4827: 4821: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4499:, archived from 4488: 4482: 4481: 4445: 4439: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4373: 4367: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4182: 4177:. Archived from 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4129: 4105: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4064: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3977: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3768: 3766:10.18352/hcm.470 3744: 3738: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3692: 3686: 3671: 3665: 3664:. pp. 13, 26–27. 3650: 3644: 3643: 3625: 3623: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3478: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3372:, p. 24–25. 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3013: 3010: 3004: 2996: 2949: 2947:Communism portal 2944: 2943: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2763:Tiananmen Square 2685:Pingjin Campaign 2669:Huaihai Campaign 2631:Map showing the 2551:Marshall Mission 2377:David D. Barrett 2310:Chalmers Johnson 2142:Chinese Red Army 2043:Nanjing Incident 2026:Wuhan leadership 2014:Wuhan government 1782:and calling his 1776:two-stage theory 1721:to be the first 1681:Location of the 1569:Chinese Republic 1444:Periodic famines 1413:unequal treaties 1401:Qianlong Emperor 1199:in 1917. In the 1161: 1154: 1147: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1121:China portal 1119: 1118: 1117: 1011:New Marriage Law 966: 965: 900:Pingjin campaign 895:Huaihai campaign 861: 860: 838:Women's movement 766: 765: 733:Zunyi Conference 723:Chinese Red Army 648: 647: 620:Shanghai Commune 615:Nanjing Incident 600:Wuhan Government 561:Labor organizing 508: 507: 409: 408: 366: 349: 348: 210: 208: 197: 190: 183: 174: 173: 167:1–2 million dead 107:Tiananmen Square 89:Chinese Red Army 77: 66: 57: 33: 29: 11638: 11637: 11633: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11627: 11618:Maoism in China 11588: 11587: 11586: 11581: 11563: 11438:HMS Aurora (12) 11369: 11188: 11092: 11061: 10977:CAAC Flight 296 10935: 10924:Senkaku Islands 10875: 10755:Wang–Koo summit 10728: 10697: 10690: 10680: 10678: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10623: 10619: 10605: 10601: 10594: 10590: 10586:Taiping Steamer 10573: 10559: 10508: 10494: 10480: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10298: 10288: 10286: 10265:New Fourth Army 10236:Soviet Republic 10227:Communist Party 10219: 10209: 10191: 10168: 10145: 10140: 10110: 10105: 10093: 10081: 10071: 10069: 10059: 10057: 10049: 9934: 9924: 9834: 9830:Chongqing model 9655: 9650: 9642: 9634: 9626: 9618: 9610: 9607: 9600: 9592: 9584: 9576: 9568: 9560: 9557: 9544: 9370:Louis Althusser 9348: 9337:Gonzalo Thought 9310: 9276:Probable defeat 9187: 9182: 9151: 9149: 9143: 9133:Greenwood Press 9064: 9040: 9039: 9030: 9029: 9017: 8987: 8953: 8926: 8904: 8888: 8869: 8844: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8767:. Xulon Press. 8754: 8728: 8696: 8660: 8637: 8608: 8574: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8514: 8512: 8505: 8462: 8435: 8433: 8426: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8370: 8356: 8345: 8328: 8318:Scarecrow Press 8303: 8293:Greenwood Press 8280: 8261: 8234: 8206: 8204: 8197: 8180: 8168:. Florence KY: 8152: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8100: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8062:Hinton, William 8045: 8026:China Quarterly 8008: 7983: 7960: 7950:Scarecrow Press 7937: 7925:. Stanford CA: 7912: 7879: 7844: 7842: 7841:on 8 March 2010 7774: 7741: 7718: 7684:Wayback Machine 7607: 7605: 7569: 7567: 7524: 7510: 7508: 7455:10.2307/2605294 7428: 7426: 7412: 7404: 7350: 7348: 7330: 7325: 7324: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7291: 7287: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7253: 7249: 7240: 7238: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7212: 7204: 7202: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7170: 7166: 7156: 7154: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7106: 7102: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7072: 7068: 7059: 7055: 7042: 7033: 7020: 7013: 7001: 6997: 6988: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6960: 6956: 6945: 6941: 6928: 6919: 6906: 6902: 6885: 6881: 6872: 6868: 6855: 6853: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6827: 6817: 6815: 6801: 6795: 6791: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6750: 6746: 6729: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6676: 6672: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6536: 6532: 6524:Lilley, James. 6523: 6519: 6512: 6496: 6492: 6475: 6471: 6460: 6441: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6386: 6382: 6372: 6370: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6349: 6345: 6336: 6332: 6300: 6294: 6273: 6264: 6262: 6239: 6235: 6226: 6224: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6175: 6171: 6164: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6113: 6109: 6095: 6091: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6053: 6046: 6038: 6031: 6008: 6001: 5978: 5974: 5943: 5936: 5925: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5808: 5804: 5800:, pp. 2–3. 5796: 5789: 5785:, pp. 4–5. 5781: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5740: 5736: 5727: 5725: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5676:10.2307/2056083 5660: 5656: 5643: 5639: 5630: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5529: 5525: 5516: 5514: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5457: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5391: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5360: 5338: 5334: 5330:, pp. 5–8. 5326: 5322: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5264: 5260: 5251: 5247: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4955: 4949:Liu et al. 1995 4947: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4879: 4875: 4843: 4839: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4768:10.2307/2942527 4750: 4746: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4609:, p. 1509. 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4504: 4489: 4485: 4462:10.2307/2158585 4456:(18): 109–125. 4446: 4442: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4374: 4370: 4365:Wayback Machine 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4106: 4099: 4093:Van de Ven 1991 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4065: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3971: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3949:Van de Ven 1991 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3868: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3786: 3782: 3745: 3741: 3725:Jonathan Spence 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3672: 3668: 3651: 3647: 3621: 3619: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432:, pp. 7–8. 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3324:, pp. 2–5. 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2833: 2815: 2793:in Moscow. The 2751: 2745: 2625: 2609:Dabie Mountains 2588:Soviet Red Army 2560: 2547:George Marshall 2444: 2428:Joseph Stilwell 2361:New Fourth Army 2349: 2332: 2326: 2294:New Fourth Army 2249: 2239: 2106: 2100: 2064: 2059: 1983: 1869: 1863: 1817:, and held the 1800:Vasily Blyukher 1796:Mikhail Borodin 1748: 1715:second congress 1675: 1670: 1557:1911 Revolution 1520: 1479: 1425: 1417:Boxer Rebellion 1397: 1333:Chiang Kai-shek 1308: 1280:socialist state 1217:Chiang Kai-shek 1165: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1115: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1079: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1030: 992: 963: 953: 952: 947: 928:Shen Chong case 909: 858: 848: 847: 842: 804: 780:New Fourth Army 763: 753: 752: 747: 702: 698:Futian incident 684:Internal Purges 679: 645: 635: 634: 629: 610:Hankou incident 584: 556: 537:Left Kuomintang 505: 497: 496: 491: 463: 435: 426:1911 Revolution 406: 389: 364: 362: 347: 342: 271:Northeast China 211: 206: 203: 201: 157: 119: 105:is raised over 82: 81: 80: 79: 78: 69: 68: 67: 59: 58: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11636: 11626: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11579: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11561: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11508: 11507: 11502: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11383: 11377: 11375: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11367: 11365:Zhonghua minzu 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11310:Six Assurances 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11250:Han chauvinism 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11225:Chinese Taipei 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11200:1992 Consensus 11196: 11194: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11100: 11098: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11069: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11022:Braga incident 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10943: 10941: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10933: 10932: 10931: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10905: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10831: 10830: 10829: 10819: 10814: 10813: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10736: 10734: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10705: 10703: 10699: 10698: 10677: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10654: 10645: 10644: 10640: 10639: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10625: 10624: 10614: 10610: 10609: 10582: 10578: 10577: 10568: 10564: 10563: 10550: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10536: 10535: 10527: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10503: 10499: 10498: 10489: 10483: 10481: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10467: 10466: 10456: 10452: 10451: 10449:Xi'an Incident 10446: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10432: 10431: 10426: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10402: 10401: 10364: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10350: 10349: 10344: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10309: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10261:8th Route Army 10252:Liberated Area 10158: 10157: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10139: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10116: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10091: 10079: 10067: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9956:Feudal fascism 9953: 9948: 9942: 9940: 9939:Related topics 9936: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9863: 9853: 9848: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9786: 9785: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9675: 9674: 9672:Jiangxi Soviet 9663: 9661: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9645: 9637: 9629: 9621: 9613: 9603: 9595: 9587: 9579: 9571: 9563: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9540:Zhang Chunqiao 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9510:Narayan Sanyal 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9490:Huey P. Newton 9487: 9482: 9480:Charu Majumdar 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9440:Abimael Guzmán 9437: 9435:Norm Gallagher 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9342:Prachanda Path 9339: 9329: 9324: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9296:Self-criticism 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9181: 9180: 9173: 9166: 9158: 9148: 9147: 9141: 9118: 9108: 9092: 9083: 9068: 9062: 9049: 9016:978-9042024069 9015: 9000: 8991: 8985: 8966: 8957: 8951: 8934: 8924: 8897: 8877: 8867: 8848: 8842: 8823: 8811: 8790: 8773: 8758: 8753:978-0520910874 8752: 8732: 8726: 8713: 8700: 8695:978-0674033382 8694: 8673: 8664: 8658: 8641: 8635: 8612: 8607:978-0140208405 8606: 8586:Schram, Stuart 8582: 8572: 8557: 8540: 8521: 8496: 8483: 8470: 8460: 8441: 8424: 8418:. p. 91. 8405: 8396: 8383: 8361: 8359:on 2021-12-27. 8336: 8326: 8307: 8301: 8284: 8279:978071399944-0 8278: 8265: 8259: 8238: 8232: 8213: 8188: 8178: 8156: 8150: 8133: 8120: 8093: 8080: 8058: 8049: 8043: 8016: 8007:978-0470830215 8006: 7987: 7981: 7964: 7959:978-0810863088 7958: 7941: 7935: 7916: 7910: 7883: 7877: 7860: 7851: 7824: 7813: 7804: 7795: 7786: 7772: 7745: 7740:978-0192731401 7739: 7722: 7716: 7699: 7690: 7662:Bianco, Lucien 7658: 7649: 7638: 7626: 7614: 7594: 7585: 7576: 7517: 7475: 7449:(2): 161–169. 7434: 7397: 7356: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7305: 7285: 7267: 7247: 7222: 7220:, p. 305. 7210: 7184: 7164: 7134: 7120: 7100: 7086: 7066: 7053: 7031: 7011: 6995: 6982: 6970: 6954: 6939: 6937:. pp. 192–193. 6917: 6900: 6879: 6866: 6837: 6825: 6789: 6780: 6771: 6757: 6744: 6742:. p. 201. 6720: 6698: 6691: 6670: 6655: 6651:Alexander 1992 6643: 6634: 6608: 6582: 6575: 6557: 6555:, p. 338. 6545: 6530: 6517: 6510: 6490: 6469: 6439: 6430: 6423: 6405: 6403:, p. 292. 6393: 6380: 6358: 6343: 6330: 6271: 6233: 6195: 6169: 6162: 6138: 6131: 6107: 6089: 6072: 6044: 6042:, p. xxx. 6029: 6018:(3): 447–453. 5999: 5988:(4): 503–510. 5972: 5959:10.1086/257516 5953:(3): 236–245. 5934: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5889: 5880: 5867: 5852: 5840: 5834:Benjamin Yang, 5827: 5815: 5802: 5787: 5775: 5773:, p. 155. 5763: 5761:, p. 202. 5751: 5734: 5705: 5670:(4): 681–720. 5654: 5637: 5624: 5622:, p. 127. 5612: 5610:, p. 125. 5600: 5574:(2): 213–252. 5554: 5542: 5523: 5496: 5476: 5469: 5448: 5422: 5410: 5398: 5373: 5358: 5332: 5320: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5276: 5258: 5245: 5224: 5209: 5197: 5188: 5186:, p. 113. 5176: 5169: 5145: 5130: 5118: 5116:, p. 117. 5103: 5101:, p. 116. 5088: 5076: 5064: 5037: 5025: 5013: 5011:, p. 126. 5001: 4980: 4968: 4953: 4951:, p. 379. 4941: 4929: 4920: 4902: 4893: 4873: 4846:Schram, Stuart 4837: 4822: 4813: 4801: 4789: 4762:(1): 125–143. 4744: 4726: 4714: 4702: 4686: 4674: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4621:, p. 174. 4611: 4599: 4573: 4571:, p. 100. 4561: 4549: 4537: 4512: 4483: 4440: 4423: 4421:, p. 170. 4411: 4384:(2): 161–179. 4368: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4303: 4291: 4279:People's Daily 4277:(in Chinese). 4261: 4259:, p. 312. 4249: 4247:, p. 115. 4237: 4235:, p. 119. 4220: 4194: 4153: 4141: 4120:(1): 167–196. 4097: 4085: 4056: 4030: 4028:, p. 296. 4018: 3987: 3978: 3965: 3953: 3941: 3939:, p. 114. 3929: 3927:, p. 569. 3917: 3904: 3877: 3840: 3831: 3818: 3806: 3780: 3759:(3): 211–228. 3739: 3717: 3687: 3666: 3645: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3216:, p. 387. 3206: 3194: 3182: 3180:, p. 376. 3170: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3093: 3081: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3005: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2936: 2920: 2917: 2814: 2811: 2747:Main article: 2744: 2741: 2624: 2621: 2559: 2556: 2443: 2440: 2348: 2345: 2340:hyperinflation 2328:Main article: 2325: 2322: 2265:the Great Wall 2238: 2235: 2102:Main article: 2099: 2096: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 1982: 1979: 1865:Main article: 1862: 1859: 1780:Vladimir Lenin 1747: 1744: 1735:Haifeng County 1703:vanguard party 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1519: 1516: 1478: 1475: 1424: 1421: 1396: 1393: 1307: 1304: 1300:Southeast Asia 1209:local warlords 1167: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1002: 999: 998: 994: 993: 991: 990: 985: 980: 974: 971: 970: 964: 959: 958: 955: 954: 949: 948: 946: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 919: 916: 915: 911: 910: 908: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 869: 866: 865: 859: 854: 853: 850: 849: 844: 843: 841: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 814: 811: 810: 806: 805: 803: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 776: 773: 772: 764: 759: 758: 755: 754: 749: 748: 746: 745: 743:Xi'an Incident 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 718:Jiangxi Soviet 714: 711: 710: 704: 703: 701: 700: 695: 689: 686: 685: 681: 680: 678: 677: 672: 670:Autumn Harvest 667: 662: 656: 653: 652: 646: 641: 640: 637: 636: 631: 630: 628: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 596: 593: 592: 586: 585: 583: 582: 577: 572: 566: 563: 562: 558: 557: 555: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 518: 515: 514: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 493: 492: 490: 489: 484: 479: 473: 470: 469: 465: 464: 462: 461: 456: 451: 445: 442: 441: 437: 436: 434: 433: 428: 423: 417: 414: 413: 407: 402: 401: 398: 397: 391: 390: 380: 369: 368: 358: 357: 344: 343: 341: 340: 335: 330: 325: 319: 318: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 259: 258: 252: 251: 246: 241: 236: 230: 229: 225: 224: 216: 213: 212: 200: 199: 192: 185: 177: 169: 168: 164: 163: 159: 158: 156: 155: 150: 144: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 118: 117: 110: 99: 84: 72: 71: 70: 61: 60: 52: 51: 50: 49: 48: 45: 44: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11635: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11578: 11570: 11569: 11566: 11560: 11559: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11372: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11315:Taiwan, China 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11245:Greater China 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11191: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11097:Organizations 11095: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11064: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10938: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10903: 10902:Guanbi policy 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10889: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10878: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10861:Straits Forum 10859: 10857: 10856:Ma–Xi meeting 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10840: 10837: 10836: 10835: 10832: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10782: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10731: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10675: 10670: 10668: 10663: 10661: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10633: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10598: 10593: 10589: 10587: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10562: 10558: 10556: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10544: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10521: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10497: 10493: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10482: 10475: 10474:Dixie Mission 10472: 10469: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10450: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10430: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10420: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10410: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10358: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10348: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10338: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10328: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10317: 10316: 10313: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10301: 10297: 10296: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10237: 10233: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10166: 10162: 10156: 10152: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10137: 10132: 10130: 10125: 10123: 10118: 10117: 10114: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10078: 10068: 10066: 10056: 10055: 10052: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9973: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9937: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9839:Organizations 9837: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9815:Two Whatevers 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9756:January Storm 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9658: 9649: 9646: 9641: 9638: 9633: 9630: 9625: 9622: 9617: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9596: 9591: 9588: 9583: 9580: 9575: 9572: 9567: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9547: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9485:Pierre Mulele 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9445:Harry Haywood 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9395:Afzal Bangash 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9261:New Democracy 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9179: 9174: 9172: 9167: 9165: 9160: 9159: 9156: 9152: 9144: 9142:9780313293375 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9125: 9119: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9084: 9081: 9080:0-415-77730-5 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9063:0-313-24308-5 9059: 9055: 9050: 9046: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9001: 8997: 8992: 8988: 8986:9780312245832 8982: 8978: 8974: 8973: 8967: 8963: 8958: 8954: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8925:7-216-00337-3 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8898: 8894: 8887: 8885: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8868:9781107144637 8864: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8843:9780521318648 8839: 8835: 8831: 8830: 8824: 8814: 8808: 8804: 8799: 8798: 8791: 8787: 8776: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8759: 8755: 8749: 8744: 8743: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8727:1-55750-883-6 8723: 8719: 8714: 8710: 8707:. Ann Arbor: 8706: 8701: 8697: 8691: 8687: 8684:. Cambridge: 8682: 8681: 8674: 8670: 8665: 8661: 8659:0-393-97351-4 8655: 8651: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8636:9780824823146 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8613: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8594: 8593: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8573:9781900007634 8569: 8565: 8564: 8558: 8554: 8543: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8522: 8511: 8504: 8503: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8442: 8431: 8427: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8412: 8406: 8402: 8397: 8386: 8380: 8376: 8369: 8368: 8362: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8343: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8327:0-8108-4435-4 8323: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8308: 8304: 8302:0-313-26457-0 8298: 8294: 8290: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8271: 8266: 8262: 8260:9780764343452 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8233:9780824803520 8229: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8214: 8203: 8196: 8195: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8157: 8153: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8134: 8123: 8121:7-5626-0498-3 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8094: 8083: 8081:9780394704654 8077: 8073: 8072:Vintage Books 8069: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7994: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7938: 7936:0-8047-1219-0 7932: 7928: 7924: 7923: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7890: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7870: 7867:. Palo Alto: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7852: 7840: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7814: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7773:9781108904186 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7604: 7600: 7595: 7591: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7425:on 2011-07-07 7424: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7395: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7332: 7319: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7289: 7282: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7259: 7251: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7219: 7214: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7123: 7121:0-521-25514-7 7117: 7113: 7112: 7104: 7089: 7087:0-521-25514-7 7083: 7079: 7078: 7070: 7063: 7057: 7050: 7049:0-7656-1088-4 7046: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7028: 7027:0-415-21473-4 7024: 7018: 7016: 7008: 7004: 7003:Lung Ying-tai 6999: 6992: 6986: 6979: 6974: 6967: 6963: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6943: 6936: 6935:0-8047-4484-X 6932: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6914: 6913:1-58648-136-3 6910: 6904: 6897: 6896:962-209-610-7 6893: 6889: 6883: 6876: 6870: 6863: 6852:on 2013-01-30 6851: 6847: 6841: 6832: 6830: 6813: 6809: 6807: 6802: 6793: 6784: 6775: 6767: 6761: 6754: 6748: 6741: 6740:0-313-32004-7 6737: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6708: 6702: 6694: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6666: 6659: 6653:, p. 39. 6652: 6647: 6638: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6513: 6511:0-674-01693-9 6507: 6503: 6502: 6494: 6487: 6486:1-4251-2544-1 6483: 6479: 6473: 6465: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6434: 6426: 6424:0-8078-2245-0 6420: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6390: 6384: 6368: 6362: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6311:(2): 84–114. 6310: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6261:on 2022-03-05 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6223:on 2022-03-05 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6184: 6180: 6177:Zedong, Mao. 6173: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6142: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6085: 6084: 6076: 6060: 6059: 6051: 6049: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6006: 6004: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5939: 5930: 5923: 5921: 5911: 5902: 5893: 5884: 5877: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5850:, p. 11. 5849: 5844: 5837: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5792: 5784: 5779: 5772: 5767: 5760: 5755: 5748: 5747:0-231-11276-9 5744: 5738: 5724:on 2019-10-30 5723: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5650:957-13-0962-1 5647: 5641: 5634: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5609: 5604: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5493: 5492:0-7391-0406-3 5489: 5483: 5481: 5472: 5470:0-8133-7672-6 5466: 5462: 5455: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5430:Xia, Zhihou. 5426: 5420:, p. 72. 5419: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5388:on 2014-04-01 5387: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5311: 5304: 5299: 5293:, p. 63. 5292: 5287: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5249: 5242: 5241:0-393-97351-4 5238: 5234: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5206: 5201: 5192: 5185: 5180: 5172: 5170:0-8240-5624-8 5166: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5149: 5142: 5137: 5135: 5128:, p. 65. 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5086:, p. 26. 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5029: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5005: 4999:, p. 75. 4998: 4997:Worthing 2016 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4978:, p. 69. 4977: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4950: 4945: 4939:, p. 13. 4938: 4933: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4833: 4826: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4723: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4672:, p. 47. 4671: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4633:, p. 23. 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4588: 4584: 4581:Xia, Zhihou. 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4547:, p. 22. 4546: 4541: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4525:0-8108-4930-5 4522: 4516: 4503:on 2018-07-01 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4438:. p 92. P106. 4437: 4436:9789024705528 4433: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4340:Galbiati 1985 4336: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4316:0-674-11673-9 4313: 4307: 4300: 4295: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4183:on 2022-01-01 4181: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4149:Columbia 2001 4145: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4095:, p. 44. 4094: 4089: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4061: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3982: 3975: 3969: 3962: 3957: 3951:, p. 38. 3950: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3914: 3908: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3867: 3863: 3860:(14): 79–99. 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3835: 3828: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3580: 3574:, p. 15. 3573: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3550:, p. 18. 3549: 3544: 3538:, p. 30. 3537: 3532: 3526:, p. 29. 3525: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3475: 3468:, p. 27. 3467: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3444:, p. 10. 3443: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3360:, p. 29. 3359: 3354: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3252:, p. 79. 3251: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3214:Goodman 2004b 3210: 3204:, p. 66. 3203: 3198: 3192:, p. 73. 3191: 3190:Goodman 2004a 3186: 3179: 3174: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3109:. OER Project 3108: 3104: 3097: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3040:, p. 91. 3039: 3034: 3030: 3009: 3001: 3000:Chen Hansheng 2995: 2991: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2975:John F. Melby 2973: 2971: 2970:Loss of China 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2937: 2934: 2923: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2900:Taiwan Strait 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2885:Hainan Island 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2857: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2771:21-gun salute 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2629: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2613:Central Plain 2610: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2569: 2564: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2480:United States 2477: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2448: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2432:David Barrett 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2408:Dixie Mission 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2305:Lucien Bianco 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2231:Yan'an Soviet 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157:28 Bolsheviks 2154: 2150: 2149:Xiang Zhongfa 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925:Sun Chuanfang 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901:Generalissimo 1898: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1855:Joseph Stalin 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835:Liao Zhongkai 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650:Soviet Russia 1647: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1508:Agnes Smedley 1505: 1501: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1481:According to 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459:sharecropping 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292:domino theory 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1124: 1122: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 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559: 553: 552:28 Bolsheviks 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 517: 516: 513: 510: 509: 504:Early history 501: 500: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 472: 471: 467: 466: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 444: 443: 439: 438: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 416: 415: 411: 410: 405: 400: 399: 396: 393: 392: 387: 383: 375: 371: 370: 367: 360: 359: 355: 351: 350: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 316: 315: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 291:Yangtze River 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 266: 261: 260: 257: 254: 253: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 227: 226: 223: 222: 218: 217: 214: 209: 198: 193: 191: 186: 184: 179: 178: 175: 165: 160: 154: 151: 149: 146: 145: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 115: 111: 108: 104: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 85: 76: 65: 56: 46: 43: 39: 34: 26: 23:or the later 22: 11556: 11406:Pro-ROC camp 11205:China Circle 11032:Wang Liqiang 10596: 10585: 10554: 10531: 10383:715 Incident 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Retrieved 3106: 3096: 3084: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3008: 2994: 2933:China portal 2912:Panchen Lama 2908: 2889: 2878: 2862: 2804: 2798: 2783:Yang Chengwu 2775:Nie Rongzhen 2752: 2709: 2673: 2665: 2657:New 1st Army 2638: 2605: 2585: 2573: 2544: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2468: 2457: 2436:William Blum 2424:John Service 2385: 2354: 2350: 2302: 2270: 2182: 2146: 2119: 2080:Wang Jingwei 2076:Zhang Zuolin 2072:White Terror 2068:the massacre 2065: 2031: 2011: 1992: 1974: 1969:Hunan Report 1953: 1945:trade unions 1886: 1877:Zhili Clique 1843:Wang Jingwei 1812: 1749: 1718: 1696: 1661: 1639: 1607: 1590: 1584: 1565:Qing Dynasty 1559:, which saw 1549:Liang Qichao 1542: 1530: 1497: 1492: 1487:a case study 1485:, author of 1480: 1466: 1452: 1433: 1426: 1398: 1338: 1309: 1277: 1257:Soviet Union 1225: 1189:Qing dynasty 1172: 1170: 1111: 1095:National Day 833:Yan'an Forum 605:Hunan Report 361: 264: 219: 36:Part of the 11433:ECFA Debate 11330:Three Links 11066:Legislation 10347:Canton Coup 10008:Nazi-Maoism 9635:(1965—1966) 9574:On Practice 9530:Yao Wenyuan 9430:Saroj Dutta 9380:Bob Avakian 9327:Mao-spontex 9096:"Comintern" 9041:|work= 8566:. Wellred. 8515:17 February 8481:Publishers. 7845:25 February 7312:27 December 7274:27 December 7218:Westad 2003 6778:Leung 70–71 6679:Liu, Shaoqi 6553:Zarrow 2005 6065:28 February 5863:Thomas 1983 5823:DeMare 2019 5771:Bianco 1971 5759:Bianco 1971 5620:Taylor 2009 5608:Taylor 2009 5593:27 February 5550:Garver 1988 5441:26 February 5303:Thomas 1983 5291:Carter 1976 5220:Carter 1976 5205:Schram 1966 5141:Tolley 2000 5126:Taylor 2009 5114:Jordan 1976 5099:Jordan 1976 5084:Jowett 2014 5072:Jordan 1976 5057:25 November 4976:Chiang 1978 4964:Jordan 1976 4854:(189): 78. 4809:Schram 1966 4797:Thomas 1983 4722:Kotkin 2014 4710:Jordan 1976 4698:Canton Coup 4682:Schram 1966 4670:Wilbur 1983 4655:Jordan 1976 4619:Tamura 1998 4592:26 February 4557:Jordan 1976 4545:Wilbur 1983 4257:Spence 1999 4078:25 February 4049:25 February 4040:"Li Dazhao" 4026:Spence 1999 3814:Spence 1999 3799:25 February 3560:Hinton 1966 3536:Hinton 1966 3524:Hinton 1966 3466:Hinton 1966 3370:Hinton 1966 3298:Zarrow 2005 3262:Harris 1959 3238:Gibson 2011 3163:17 February 3113:17 February 3077:Jessup 1989 2841:Vietnam War 2787:Tang Yanjie 2779:Liu Bocheng 2689:Zhangjiakou 2420:China Hands 2416:China Lobby 2396:Port Arthur 2039:Bai Chongxi 2007:T. V. Soong 2003:Eugene Chen 1851:Wu Tiecheng 1847:Canton Coup 1756:Sun Yat-sen 1719:in absentia 1693:, Shanghai. 1529:'s journal 1265:land reform 1228:proletariat 1006:Land Reform 547:Canton Coup 449:Nationalism 431:Warlord Era 95:during the 11592:Categories 11325:Three Noes 11320:Two Chinas 10530:Operation 10439:Long March 10030:Red Guards 9751:Red August 9721:Korean War 9679:Long March 9535:Akram Yari 9495:Nie Yuanzi 9465:Kang Sheng 9460:Jiang Qing 9375:Samir Amin 9365:Faiz Ahmad 9360:Mao Zedong 8818:2019-03-08 8436:2015-11-15 8099:中国无政府主义思想史 8087:5 November 8044:0521613493 7982:0195363744 7894:De Gruyter 7549:10453/6047 7429:2011-02-15 7351:2023-03-14 7241:2015-04-14 7205:2021-07-02 7180:Wikisource 7157:October 8, 6856:2017-01-17 6692:0835111806 6576:002921596X 6265:2022-03-05 6227:2022-03-05 5728:2019-10-30 5517:2021-05-14 5418:Leung 1992 5392:2019-03-16 5277:0333141547 5033:Smith 2000 4643:Xiang 1998 4607:Nolan 2002 4507:2018-12-10 4284:5 November 3871:2008-11-21 3794:Sixth Tone 3735:W.W.Norton 3622:21 October 3497:5 November 3406:Kelly 2015 3358:Perry 1980 3286:Platt 2012 3274:Platt 2018 3250:Green 1993 3140:Perry 2018 3038:Lynch 2010 3020:References 2892:Korean War 2817:See also: 2791:Red Square 2617:East China 2218:Long March 2210:Otto Braun 2177:Long March 2018:concession 1957:Mao Zedong 1760:Kuomintang 1634:Mao Zedong 1581:Chen Duxiu 1527:Chen Duxiu 1512:concubines 1504:corruption 1236:Long March 1232:Mao Zedong 1205:Kuomintang 969:Government 728:Long March 382:Mao Zedong 365:Revolution 263:Operation 249:Long March 162:Casualties 101:1949: the 97:Long March 11255:One China 10940:Incidents 10880:Conflicts 10733:Diplomacy 10628:1950–1958 10567:1948–1949 10532:Beleaguer 10526:1945–1949 10516:1945–1947 10455:1937–1946 10435:1934–1936 10425:1933–1934 10415:1931–1934 10405:1930–1934 10353:1927–1949 10312:Post-1945 10155:campaigns 9966:Guevarism 9704:1989–2002 9699:1976–1989 9694:1949–1976 9420:Chin Peng 9415:Chen Boda 9251:Mass line 9239:Four Olds 9224:Comprador 9043:ignored ( 9033:cite book 9025:0923-411X 8943:Routledge 8884:Zhongshan 8834:Cambridge 8547:4 January 8170:Routledge 7782:241952636 7557:0305-7410 7506:1449-2490 7463:0020-5850 7389:146274415 7381:1469-8099 6962:Ray Huang 6787:Lew 32–36 6713:9 January 6255:1002-3402 6217:0457-6241 6154:Routledge 6123:Routledge 5967:154757658 5700:163141212 5684:0021-9118 5588:143785141 5406:Chow 2009 5184:Hunt 2015 4937:Chen 1978 4868:154814055 4784:163744191 4535:. pg 251. 4478:155947428 4406:144243046 4245:Hunt 2013 4213:8 October 4175:0362-4331 4136:224896224 3937:Hunt 2013 3775:2666-6529 3572:Buck 1980 3548:Chen 1933 3512:Buck 1980 3454:Buck 1980 3442:Buck 1980 3430:Buck 1980 3382:Chen 2002 3346:Chen 1936 3334:Chen 1933 3322:Chen 1933 3310:Buck 1980 3062:Cohn 2007 3050:Tian 2021 3025:Citations 2653:Changchun 2464:Politburo 2452:Chongqing 2314:Wang Ming 2193:Wang Ming 2185:Pavel Mif 1895:based in 1889:Guangdong 1839:Hu Hanmin 1752:Guangzhou 1727:Guangzhou 1689:, former 1687:Xintiandi 1662:New Youth 1654:Li Dazhao 1591:New Youth 1589:in 1915. 1586:New Youth 1532:New Youth 1440:infertile 1430:Guangdong 675:Guangzhou 643:Civil War 468:Movements 454:Anarchism 317:Aftermath 306:Guningtou 265:Beleaguer 11522:Taishang 11235:Dang Guo 11193:Concepts 10599:Incident 10597:Amethyst 10588:Incident 10557:incident 10308:Pre-1945 10245:Red Army 10023:Japanese 10013:New Left 10003:Naxalite 9961:Hoxhaism 9500:Qi Benyu 9475:Lin Biao 9470:Li Minqi 9450:Ted Hill 9410:Bo Xilai 9315:Variants 9192:Concepts 9129:Westport 8903:中国无政府主义史 8738:(1991). 8623:Honolulu 8588:(1966). 8430:Archived 8375:ABC-CLIO 8127:4 August 8064:(1966). 7680:Archived 7664:(1971). 7632:(2018). 7620:(2012). 7608:14 March 7565:55915069 7345:Archived 7199:archived 7151:Archived 7051:. p. 63. 6681:(1991). 6627:April 6, 6617:"af.mil" 6601:April 6, 6325:57560404 5652:, p. 259 5511:Archived 5494:. p. 65. 4361:Archived 4233:Gao 2009 4207:Archived 4005:Archived 3704:Archived 2919:See also 2759:Chairman 2649:Shenyang 2633:Liaoshen 2576:Lin Biao 2520:Shandong 2516:de facto 2165:Li Lisan 2130:Nanchang 2047:Lin Boqu 2034:Nanchang 1961:Shaoshan 1941:Zhejiang 1909:Wu Peifu 1823:governed 1731:Peng Pai 1699:Leninist 1618:Shandong 1579:, where 1577:Shanghai 1561:military 1545:Ma Junwu 1389:Thailand 1377:Xinjiang 1353:takeover 1296:in Korea 1249:Cold War 660:Nanchang 354:a series 352:Part of 323:Xinjiang 296:Shanghai 276:Liaoshen 132:Location 42:Cold War 40:and the 11374:Related 10929:Dispute 10555:Kiangya 10018:Chinese 9660:History 8962:中間地帶的革命 8780:28 June 8390:1 March 8377:, LLC. 8207:4 March 8108:Beijing 7603:Reuters 7570:13 July 7511:13 July 7471:2605294 7328:Sources 7127:28 June 7093:28 June 6188:1 March 5692:2056083 5506:延安市历史沿革 5328:Li 2012 5021:Wu 1969 5009:Wu 1969 4776:2942527 4470:2158585 4328:Ip 2009 4299:奎松 2010 4011:17 July 3710:17 July 3596:Hu 1994 3394:Li 2007 3089:Hu 2003 2898:in the 2719:before 2717:Chengdu 2697:Beijing 2676:Luoyang 2570:, 1946. 2540:Nanjing 2512:de jure 2500:Jinzhou 2476:Tianjin 2472:Beiping 2369:Yangtze 2255:During 2114:soviets 1995:Xu Qian 1933:Jiangxi 1903:of the 1897:Beijing 1810:(NRA). 1553:Marxist 1395:Origins 1373:Ningxia 1369:Qinghai 997:Reforms 459:Marxism 412:Context 404:Origins 311:Wanshan 286:Pingjin 281:Huaihai 140:Outcome 93:Sichuan 10292: 9988:Nanjie 9651:(1983) 9643:(1966) 9627:(1964) 9619:(1960) 9611:(1957) 9601:(1956) 9593:(1938) 9585:(1937) 9577:(1937) 9569:(1937) 9561:(1927) 9405:Biplav 9353:People 9185:Maoism 9139: 9078: 9060: 9023: 9013: 8983: 8949: 8922: 8865: 8840: 8809: 8771: 8750: 8724: 8692: 8656: 8633: 8604: 8570: 8538: 8458: 8422: 8381: 8324: 8299: 8276: 8257: 8247:Atglen 8230: 8176: 8148: 8118: 8078: 8041: 8004: 7979: 7956: 7933: 7908: 7875: 7780: 7770: 7737: 7714: 7563: 7555: 7504: 7469: 7461: 7411:固原师专学报 7387: 7379: 7303: 7281:China. 7265: 7174:. 1st 7118: 7084: 7047: 7025: 6933: 6911: 6894: 6835:Lew 36 6818:17 May 6738: 6689: 6573: 6508: 6484: 6421: 6373:5 July 6323: 6253: 6215: 6160: 6129: 5965: 5745: 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