429:
844:
2976:
259:
1065:
3140:
1004:
247:
892:, was first proposed by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1899 as a name for the Norwegian variety of written Danish as well as spoken Dano-Norwegian. It was borrowed from Denmark where it denoted standard written and spoken Danish. The same year the Riksmål movement became organised under his leadership in order to fight against the growing influence of Nynorsk, eventually leading to the foundation of the non-governmental organisation
774:
958:. Riksmålsforbundet organised a parents' campaign against Samnorsk in 1951, and the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature was founded in 1953. Because of this resistance, the 1959 reform was relatively modest, and some of the common traditional Danish spellings and inflections were admitted back into the standard through the reforms in 1981 and 2005.
792:, Norway defied Sweden and her allies, declared independence and adopted a democratic constitution. Although compelled to submit to a dynastic union with Sweden, this spark of independence continued to burn, influencing the evolution of language in Norway. Old language traditions were revived by the patriotic poet
961:
Currently, Riksmål denotes a language form regulated by the non-governmental organisation The
Norwegian Academy of Language and Literature. It is based on pre-1938 Bokmål and has been regulated by The Academy as a private alternative to the official Bokmål spelling standard since the 1950s. Over time
946:
In 1938 both written standards were heavily reformed and many common spellings and grammatical endings were made mandatory. This meant the removal of many traditional Dano-Norwegian forms in Bokmål, a decision that was harshly criticised by the Riksmål movement for being too radical and premature.
652:
Bokmål is in its most common variety looked upon as reflecting formal middle-class urban speech, especially that found in the eastern part of
Southern Norway , with the capital Oslo as the obvious centre. One can therefore say that Bokmål has a spoken realisation that one might call an unofficial
962:
it has accepted widespread "radical" spellings into the Riksmål standard. Since the official
Samnorsk policy was abolished, Riksmål and Bokmål have converged, and The Academy currently edits an online dictionary that covers both. The differences have diminished (now being comparable to
1339:(which is the technical term for the traditional dialects in the Oslofjord area) and written Danish; and subsequently Riksmål and Bokmål, which primarily inherited their non-Oslo elements from Danish. The present-day Oslo dialect is also influenced by other Eastern Norwegian dialects.
743:
Norwegians used Danish primarily in writing, but it gradually came to be spoken by urban elites on formal or official occasions. Although Danish never became the spoken language of the vast majority of the population, by the time Norway's ties with
Denmark were severed in 1814, a
1080:
is seldom used with reference to contemporary Bokmål and its spoken varieties. The nationality of the language has been a hotly debated topic, and its users and proponents have generally not been fond of the implied association with Danish (hence the neutral names
800:"Within the first generation of liberty, two solutions emerged and won adherents, one based on the speech of the upper class and one on that of the common people. The former called for Norwegianisation of the Danish writing, the latter for a brand new start."
430:
2420:
824:. In particular, Knudsen's work on language reform in the mid-19th century was important for the 1907 orthography and a subsequent reform in 1917, so much so that he is now often called the "father of Bokmål".
740:'s translation of the Bible into Danish. Remnants of written Old Norse and Norwegian were thus displaced by the Danish standard, which became used for virtually all administrative documents.
907:("Investigation of the question of a possible cooperation between Landmål and Riksmål with regards to orthography"). Through this work an official policy to merge the standards (to a common
1350:
as it is commonly portrayed in literature about
Norwegian dialects. In many of these cases, radical Bokmål follows the traditional Oslo dialect and Nynorsk, and these forms are also given.
977:, is notable for its use of Riksmål as its standard language. Use of Riksmål is rigorously pursued, even with regard to readers' letters, which are "translated" into the standard.
1123:
2229:
903:
eventually caught on and was adopted by the
Ministry of Church and Education in the years leading up to the 1917 spelling reform, appearing in its 1908 publication
2389:
2073:
724:
until 1814, progressively becoming the weaker member of the union. During this period, the modern Danish and
Norwegian languages emerged. Norwegian went through a
784:
With the gradual subsequent process of
Norwegianisation of the written language used in the cities of Norway, from Danish to Bokmål and Riksmål, the upper-class
2949:
3989:
720:
with
Denmark. By the early 16th century, Norway had lost its separate political institutions, and together with Denmark formed the political unit known as
3300:
2131:
567:
2754:
4364:
3442:
2812:
2561:
677:" is the pronunciation most commonly given in dictionaries. However, Standard Østnorsk as a spoken language is not used (and does not have
4162:
3262:
2110:
920:
and
Nynorsk as optional alternatives to traditional Dano-Norwegian forms. The reform met some resistance from the Riksmål movement, and
5402:
2276:
3050:
693:, even in cases where the conventions of Bokmål are used. The spoken variation typically reflects the region the speaker grew up in.
963:
2302:
2237:
2340:
748:
vernacular often called the "educated daily speech" had become the mother tongue of elites in most Norwegian cities, such as
3979:
947:
While it criticised the adoption of Nynorsk spellings, it initially also expressed support for making the orthography more
398:
4891:
2479:
541:. Bokmål is by far the most used written form of Norwegian today, as it is adopted by 85% to 90% of the population in
5387:
3293:
2528:
2473:
2372:
1051:
1033:
709:. The speech, however, was gradually differentiated into local and regional dialects. As long as Norway remained an
3435:
2554:
951:, for instance by removing silent h's in interrogative pronouns (which was done in Swedish a few years earlier).
789:
388:
2193:
5392:
1029:
986:
While the specifics of the debate are unique to Norway, some parallels can be found in Austrian German and the
378:
5258:
3070:
3043:
2581:
311:
653:
standard spoken Norwegian. It is in fact often referred to as Standard Østnorsk ('Standard East Norwegian').
636:
of the speaker's local dialect. Nevertheless, there is a spoken variety of Norwegian that, in the region of
329:
5288:
4458:
4420:
4405:
3286:
710:
3732:
2000:
1991:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1959:
1948:
1944:
1929:
1913:
805:
5397:
5268:
5128:
4478:
4437:
4427:
3428:
2618:
2547:
833:
678:
272:
100:
2774:
3644:
3002:
2505:
2101:
817:
553:
280:
1025:
605:
spoken by the Norwegian urban elite, especially in the capital. When the large conservative newspaper
4985:
3193:
2271:
987:
582:
160:
613:
adopted the 1907 orthography in 1923, Danish writing was practically out of use in Norway. The name
5263:
5217:
5212:
5136:
4746:
4730:
4609:
4468:
4359:
4354:
3036:
1014:
372:
95:
5202:
5146:
5141:
5061:
4734:
4684:
3984:
3802:
3558:
3486:
3474:
3409:
2969:
2147:
1018:
813:
777:
85:
5324:
5044:
4442:
681:) outside South-Eastern Norway. All spoken variations of the Norwegian language are used in the
5207:
4689:
4655:
4273:
4089:
3949:
3789:
3684:
2986:
2258:
804:
The more conservative of the two language transitions was advanced by the work of writers like
796:(1808–1845), who championed an independent non-Danish written language. Haugen indicates that:
2096:
2068:
5365:
5329:
4597:
4590:
4542:
4312:
4283:
4252:
4215:
4140:
3897:
3810:
3671:
3633:
2586:
905:
Utredning av spørsmaalet om et mulig samarbeide mellem landsmaal og riksmaal i retskrivningen
4830:
3705:
2764:
2262:
5334:
5314:
5283:
5156:
5016:
4762:
4580:
4172:
3999:
3961:
3956:
3830:
3777:
3535:
2959:
2855:
2781:
2606:
2298:
1612:
1343:
948:
674:
4990:
3214:
893:
843:
8:
5273:
4509:
4463:
4397:
4150:
3797:
3710:
3508:
3309:
3122:
2975:
2964:
2824:
2613:
2328:
2161:
737:
633:
4820:
4665:
3912:
2759:
2728:
5319:
5243:
5171:
5161:
5116:
4878:
4805:
4702:
4547:
4522:
4517:
4410:
4238:
4123:
3944:
3722:
3717:
3696:
3657:
3461:
3451:
3323:
3112:
2889:
2769:
2696:
2570:
1592:
1552:
1068:
Map of the official language forms of Norwegian municipalities. Red is Bokmål, blue is
917:
767:
721:
586:
546:
545:. There is no countrywide standard or agreement on the pronunciation of Bokmål and the
534:
423:
223:
109:
90:
43:
4473:
3267:
3017:
955:
364:
5293:
5092:
5008:
5001:
4956:
4900:
4660:
4650:
4633:
4628:
4532:
4294:
4094:
4055:
4035:
3873:
3765:
3747:
3599:
3156:
3107:
3102:
3012:
2954:
2524:
2469:
2412:
2408:
2368:
2336:
2038:
1106:
286:
3344:
2817:
762:
602:
394:
5248:
5039:
4973:
4929:
4924:
4884:
4873:
4865:
4670:
4638:
4585:
4574:
4487:
4196:
4135:
3925:
3907:
3742:
3503:
3495:
3181:
3117:
2915:
2879:
2404:
1102:
793:
725:
482:
476:
444:
5085:
3364:
3350:
3007:
931:
was re-introduced as the official name for the Dano-Norwegian standard, replacing
5278:
5238:
5071:
4978:
4961:
4946:
4941:
4934:
4643:
4552:
4537:
4492:
4344:
4307:
4299:
4278:
4265:
4245:
4231:
3994:
3971:
3902:
3892:
3884:
3664:
3388:
3186:
3162:
3148:
3059:
2166:
2028:
990:, which revolves over the kind of standard to be used in a non-dominant country.
571:
438:
105:
77:
617:
was officially adopted in 1929 after a proposition to call the written language
581:
after being under development since 1879. The architects behind the reform were
5359:
5253:
5233:
5185:
5077:
4951:
4621:
4388:
4327:
4106:
4063:
4020:
3937:
3932:
3821:
3771:
3622:
3573:
3528:
3521:
3229:
3169:
3097:
3090:
2980:
2920:
2905:
2829:
2136:
1128:
The following table shows a few central differences between Bokmål and Danish.
788:
in the cities changed accordingly. In 1814, when Norway was ceded from Denmark
745:
717:
598:
590:
262:
212:
165:
150:
114:
2723:
706:
5381:
5309:
5151:
4907:
4858:
4675:
4614:
4527:
4432:
4370:
4317:
4201:
4128:
3383:
2910:
2463:
2416:
2225:
2106:
877:, e.g. in the 1885 decision that adopted Landsmål as a co-official language.
702:
690:
258:
2189:
1342:
The following table shows some important cases where traditional Bokmål and
899:
The 1907 reform documents do not mention the language by name, but the term
809:
5178:
4602:
4566:
4499:
4322:
4145:
4118:
4101:
4045:
4004:
3586:
3565:
3393:
2791:
2390:"Ambivalent patriotism: Jacob Aall and Dano-Norwegian identity before 1814"
1347:
821:
577:
The first Bokmål orthography was officially adopted in 1907 under the name
219:
4825:
3357:
2804:
637:
346:
4995:
4968:
4786:
4694:
4376:
4337:
3920:
3615:
3579:
3514:
3224:
3175:
3139:
2834:
2733:
1064:
972:
733:
608:
557:
4840:
2786:
2746:
2677:
2048:
1109:
opposition to the Danish and Dano-Norwegian spoken in Norwegian cities.
916:
In line with these plans, the 1917 reform introduced some elements from
862:
766:
could be described as Danish with regional Norwegian pronunciation (see
4835:
4815:
4180:
3850:
3551:
2925:
2874:
2705:
2266:
785:
753:
729:
155:
3278:
3234:
2682:
1335:
Most natives of Oslo today speak a dialect that is an amalgamation of
632:
Bokmål and recommends that normalised pronunciation should follow the
562:
199:
170:
5021:
4769:
4415:
4332:
4113:
4068:
4040:
3866:
3420:
2847:
2713:
2539:
2201:
757:
728:
transition, and a Danish written language more heavily influenced by
355:
339:
321:
303:
145:
1003:
4810:
4158:
3246:
2718:
2658:
2043:
909:
848:
682:
622:
406:
3028:
4851:
4447:
4349:
3336:
2653:
2033:
1098:
1069:
924:(The Society for the Protection of Riksmål) was founded in 1919.
594:
538:
402:
379:
to -be and 52-AAA-cd to -cg 52-AAA-ba to -be and 52-AAA-cd to -cg
3127:
1330:
16:
One of two official written standards for the Norwegian language
4154:
2884:
2141:
983:
gave up its most markedly conservative "signal words" in 1990.
954:
The resistance culminated in the 1950s under the leadership of
927:
In 1929, the parliament voted to rename the written standards.
749:
542:
252:
54:
773:
4072:
3219:
462:
453:
1354:
Differences between Bokmål and the traditional Oslo dialect
685:(parliament) and in Norwegian national broadcasters such as
506:
3085:
3080:
3075:
2601:
2596:
2591:
732:
was gradually standardised. This process was aided by the
491:
405:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1097:
respectively). The debate intensified with the advent of
686:
570:. The written standard is a Norwegianised variety of the
2074:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1124:
Differences between Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
1101:
in the 19th century, a written language based on rural
2051: – Unofficial Norwegian written standard language
1461:
Differentiation between masc. and fem. definite plural
770:), some Norwegian vocabulary, and simplified grammar.
713:, the written language remained essentially constant.
2388:
Peter Burgess, J.; Hyvik, Jens Johan (October 2004).
701:
Up until about 1300, the written language of Norway,
509:
494:
456:
503:
488:
465:
450:
361:(insufficiently attested or not a distinct language)
2449:
History of the Norwegian People, Volumes I & II
966:), but The Academy still upholds its own standard.
533:) is one of the official written standards for the
500:
485:
459:
447:
2950:Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
2387:
1691:Splitting of masculines ending on unstressed vowel
865:, the Danish written in Norway was referred to as
869:, etc. ("(The ordinary) book language"), e.g. in
820:, as well as a more cautious Norwegianisation by
585:and Jacob Jonathan Aars. It was an adaptation of
5379:
812:, schoolmaster and agitator for language reform
2323:
2321:
2319:
2008:Closest match to the traditional Oslo dialect.
978:
970:
896:in 1907, which he led until his death in 1910.
606:
1383:Differentiation between masculine and feminine
871:Den norske Literatur fra 1814 indtil vore Dage
3436:
3294:
3044:
2555:
2499:
2327:
1331:Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect
568:Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature
2316:
1346:followed Danish rather than the traditional
27:
3263:Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish
2518:
1148:Definite plural suffix either -ene or -erne
1032:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
658:
518:
422:
42:
3443:
3429:
3301:
3287:
3051:
3037:
2562:
2548:
2442:
2440:
2224:
1117:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2275:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget.
2220:
2218:
2067:
1052:Learn how and when to remove this message
873:(Hans Olaf Hansen, 1862), or the synonym
847:Poster from a campaign against mandatory
1063:
964:American and British English differences
842:
838:
772:
705:, was essentially the same as the other
552:Bokmål is regulated by the governmental
3308:
2465:Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848–1865
2446:
2437:
2188:
969:Norway's most popular daily newspaper,
913:) through spelling reforms came to be.
566:, is regulated by the non-governmental
399:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5380:
3450:
2569:
2493:
2362:
2349:
2215:
1904:Stress on first syllable in loan words
1132:Differences between Bokmål and Danish
5114:
4728:
3472:
3424:
3282:
3032:
2543:
2257:
1917:
1579:
1076:In the Norwegian discourse, the term
780:, often called the "father of Bokmål"
2461:
2182:
1030:adding citations to reliable sources
997:
4005:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
3058:
2279:from the original on 2 January 2011
13:
5364:Languages between parentheses are
4729:
1112:
648:, Gjert Kristoffersen writes that
14:
5414:
5403:Languages written in Latin script
2462:Hoel, Oddmund Løkensgard (1996).
816:, and Knudsen's famous disciple,
628:The government does not regulate
3138:
2974:
2409:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00185.x
1002:
481:
443:
257:
245:
2512:
2482:from the original on 2018-09-23
2455:
2426:from the original on 2024-01-14
2381:
2305:from the original on 2009-02-14
2113:from the original on 1 May 2019
1072:and gray denotes neutral areas.
716:In 1380, Norway entered into a
644:standard for spoken Bokmål. In
556:. A related, more conservative
5368:of the language on their left.
2367:. Oslo: Unifersitetsforlaget.
2291:
2251:
2167:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2154:
2125:
2089:
2061:
993:
827:
1:
5259:Germanic substrate hypothesis
5115:
2468:. Oslo: Noregs Forskingsråd.
2077:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
2055:
1515:Definite plural neuter suffix
852:
673:) or sometimes described as "
621:lost by a single vote in the
5289:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
3980:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
2519:Skjekkeland, Martin (1997).
2365:Norwegian English Dictionary
1745:West Scandinavian diphthongs
1188:West Scandinavian diphthongs
560:standard, commonly known as
7:
5269:High German consonant shift
3211:Standard Danish (rigsdansk)
2619:Norwegian language conflict
2335:. Oxford University Press.
2022:
834:Norwegian language conflict
10:
5419:
3807:Westlauwers–Terschellings
3460:According to contemporary
3003:Language Council of Norway
2506:Princeton University Press
2333:The Phonology of Norwegian
2102:Collins English Dictionary
1852:West Scandinavian a-umlaut
1121:
831:
696:
646:The Phonology of Norwegian
640:, is commonly seen as the
589:- commonly used since the
554:Language Council of Norway
281:Norwegian Language Council
5351:
5302:
5226:
5195:
5127:
5123:
5110:
5059:
5032:
4986:Southern Schleswig Danish
4917:
4798:
4754:
4745:
4741:
4724:
4565:
4508:
4396:
4387:
4292:
4264:
4223:
4214:
4189:
4171:
4082:
4054:
4028:
4019:
3970:
3883:
3858:
3849:
3788:
3683:
3632:
3607:
3598:
3494:
3485:
3481:
3468:
3458:
3402:
3376:
3316:
3255:
3202:
3194:Southern Schleswig Danish
3147:
3136:
3066:
2995:
2942:
2898:
2867:
2846:
2803:
2745:
2704:
2695:
2670:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2577:
2272:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1933:
1856:
1839:
1829:
1825:West Scandinavian u for o
1799:
1697:
1673:
1658:
1619:
1569:
1539:
1497:
1482:
1435:
1369:
1367:traditional Oslo dialect
1366:
1364:Bokmål/Standard Østnorsk
1363:
1360:
1358:
988:One Standard German Axiom
867:(det almindelige) Bogmaal
668:'Standard East Norwegian'
385:
371:
353:
337:
319:
301:
296:
271:
237:Official language in
235:
230:
209:
187:
138:
74:
60:
50:
35:
26:
21:
5388:North Germanic languages
5264:West Germanic gemination
5218:Ancient Belgian language
5213:Germanic parent language
5157:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
4279:Austrian Standard German
3473:
2451:. The MacMillan Company.
2232:Stortinget og språksaken
2015:"cow" and (now archaic)
1935:no officially recognised
1919:no officially recognised
3410:Norwegian Sign Language
2397:Nations and Nationalism
2259:Halvorsen, Eyvind Fjeld
2148:Oxford University Press
1228:Softening of p, t and k
1118:Differences from Danish
5325:Preterite-present verb
5208:Proto-Germanic grammar
5162:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
4274:German Standard German
3950:East Frisian Low Saxon
2500:Larson, Karen (1948).
2447:Gjerset, Knut (1915).
2363:Haugen, Einar (1977).
1937:standard pronunciation
1921:standard pronunciation
1615:past participle suffix
1555:past participle suffix
1073:
979:
971:
861:Since the creation of
858:
802:
781:
760:. This Dano-Norwegian
655:
607:
387:This article contains
28:
5393:Norwegian orthography
5330:Grammatischer Wechsel
4313:Namibian Black German
4284:Swiss Standard German
4253:Early New High German
3811:Mainland West Frisian
3672:Harlingerland Frisian
2521:Dei norske dialektane
2144:UK English Dictionary
2011:However, Bokmål uses
1751:soft/wet (adjective)
1067:
846:
839:Riksmål versus Bokmål
818:Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
798:
776:
650:
420:Urban East Norwegian:
40:Urban East Norwegian:
5335:Indo-European ablaut
5315:Germanic strong verb
5284:Germanic spirant law
4421:Southeast Limburgish
3917:Gelders-Overijssels
3546:Irish Middle English
3536:Early Modern English
2782:Urban East Norwegian
2607:Scandinavian Braille
2523:. Høyskoleforlaget.
2329:Kristoffersen, Gjert
2196:Fakta om norsk språk
1952:table, board (noun)
1026:improve this section
675:Urban East Norwegian
638:South-Eastern Norway
5303:Synchronic features
5274:Germanic a-mutation
5227:Diachronic features
4577:in the broad sense
4510:East Central German
4464:Lorraine Franconian
4438:Transylvanian Saxon
4398:West Central German
4173:East Low Franconian
4083:West Low Franconian
3310:Languages of Norway
3123:Dania transcription
2502:A History of Norway
2142:Oxford Dictionaries
2019:"sow" exclusively.
1355:
1133:
738:Christiern Pedersen
711:independent kingdom
657:Standard Østnorsk (
424:[ˈbûːkmoːɫ]
44:[ˈbûːkmoːɫ]
5398:Standard languages
5320:Germanic weak verb
5129:Language subgroups
4479:Pennsylvania Dutch
4428:Moselle Franconian
4406:Central Franconian
4239:Middle High German
3990:Central Pomeranian
3945:Northern Low Saxon
3658:Wangerooge Frisian
3452:Germanic languages
3377:Minority languages
3317:Official languages
2890:American Norwegian
2765:Hallingmål-Valdris
2571:Norwegian language
1353:
1282:afraid (adjective)
1131:
1074:
918:Norwegian dialects
859:
782:
768:Norwegian dialects
707:Old Norse dialects
535:Norwegian language
224:Norwegian alphabet
5375:
5374:
5360:extinct languages
5347:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5294:Great Vowel Shift
5106:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5055:
5054:
4901:Greenlandic Norse
4720:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4651:Southern Bavarian
4634:Northern Bavarian
4610:Highest Alemannic
4561:
4560:
4295:standard variants
4210:
4209:
4056:Standard variants
4015:
4014:
3874:Middle Low German
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3645:Saterland Frisian
3418:
3417:
3276:
3275:
3205:derivatives, etc.
3026:
3025:
3013:Norwegian Academy
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2691:
2690:
2342:978-0-19-823765-5
2170:. Merriam-Webster
2039:History of Norway
2006:
2005:
1344:Standard Østnorsk
1328:
1327:
1308:
1299:
1284:angry (adjective)
1280:Danish vocabulary
1062:
1061:
1054:
894:Riksmålsforbundet
890:National Language
736:, which prompted
413:
412:
395:rendering support
391:phonetic symbols.
287:Norwegian Academy
273:Regulated by
196:Bokmål (official)
101:East Scandinavian
5410:
5152:Elbe (Irminonic)
5125:
5124:
5112:
5111:
5040:Mainland Gutnish
4930:Swedish dialects
4892:Middle Icelandic
4866:Middle Norwegian
4755:Historical forms
4752:
4751:
4743:
4742:
4726:
4725:
4685:South Franconian
4671:Hutterite German
4639:Central Bavarian
4459:Rhine Franconian
4394:
4393:
4224:Historical forms
4221:
4220:
4136:Surinamese Dutch
4029:Historical forms
4026:
4025:
3859:Historical forms
3856:
3855:
3608:Historical forms
3605:
3604:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3469:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3339:
3332:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3142:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3030:
3029:
2978:
2916:Middle Norwegian
2880:Modern Norwegian
2821:
2778:
2760:Gudbrandsdalsmål
2702:
2701:
2663:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2360:
2347:
2346:
2325:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2263:"Marius Nygaard"
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2236:. Archived from
2222:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2200:. Archived from
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2065:
2002:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1961:
1950:
1946:
1931:
1915:
1652:Split infinitive
1595:preterite suffix
1356:
1352:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1149:
1134:
1130:
1103:Modern Norwegian
1057:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1006:
998:
982:
976:
857:
854:
806:Peter Asbjørnsen
794:Henrik Wergeland
726:Middle Norwegian
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
612:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
505:
502:
497:
496:
493:
490:
487:
480:
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
442:
434:
433:
432:
426:
421:
381:
367:
349:
342:
333:
332:
324:
315:
314:
306:
261:
251:
249:
248:
215:
156:Early Old Danish
120:Norwegian Bokmål
80:
46:
41:
31:
22:Norwegian Bokmål
19:
18:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5339:
5298:
5279:Germanic umlaut
5244:Holtzmann's law
5222:
5191:
5119:
5098:
5051:
5028:
4962:South Jutlandic
4947:Danish dialects
4913:
4794:
4737:
4708:
4690:East Franconian
4644:Viennese German
4557:
4538:Silesian German
4504:
4493:Central Hessian
4383:
4308:Namibian German
4297:
4288:
4266:Standard German
4260:
4246:New High German
4232:Old High German
4206:
4185:
4167:
4078:
4050:
4011:
3995:East Pomeranian
3985:Brandenburgisch
3972:East Low German
3966:
3893:Dutch Low Saxon
3885:West Low German
3879:
3837:
3803:Schiermonnikoog
3784:
3679:
3665:Wursten Frisian
3628:
3594:
3477:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3419:
3414:
3398:
3372:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3335:
3328:
3312:
3307:
3277:
3272:
3268:Dansk Sprognævn
3251:
3204:
3198:
3163:South Jutlandic
3143:
3134:
3062:
3060:Danish language
3057:
3027:
3022:
3018:Riksmål Society
2991:
2930:
2894:
2868:Non-dialectical
2863:
2842:
2815:
2799:
2772:
2741:
2687:
2666:
2661:
2623:
2573:
2568:
2538:
2531:
2517:
2513:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2476:
2460:
2456:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2361:
2350:
2343:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2299:"Råd om uttale"
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2223:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2029:Danish Language
2025:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1979:from old Norse
1975:Retroflex flap
1967:
1958:
1951:
1947:from old Norse
1943:Retroflex flap
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1905:
1894:
1883:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1826:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1616:
1603:
1596:
1583:
1573:
1563:
1556:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1516:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1448:
1439:
1425:
1416:
1402:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1179:
1174:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1113:Characteristics
1058:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1023:
1007:
996:
956:Arnulf Øverland
855:
841:
836:
830:
699:
670:
667:
664:
661:
572:Danish language
547:spoken dialects
530:
527:
524:
521:
499:
484:
475:
474:
446:
437:
436:
428:
427:
419:
393:Without proper
377:
363:
362:
345:
338:
328:
327:
320:
310:
309:
302:
292:
267:
246:
244:
238:
231:Official status
216:
211:
205:
190:
183:
161:Late Old Danish
141:
134:
81:
78:Language family
76:
69:
63:
62:Native speakers
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5416:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5362:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5203:Proto-Germanic
5199:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5121:
5120:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5078:Crimean Gothic
5067:
5065:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4954:
4952:Insular Danish
4949:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4935:Rinkebysvenska
4932:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4781:Old East Norse
4778:
4776:Old West Norse
4766:
4758:
4756:
4749:
4739:
4738:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:South Tyrolean
4648:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4598:High Alemannic
4595:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4466:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4440:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4402:
4400:
4391:
4389:Central German
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4328:Barossa German
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4225:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4107:French Flemish
4099:
4098:
4097:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4023:
4021:Low Franconian
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:Westereendersk
3816:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3623:Middle Frisian
3619:
3611:
3609:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3529:Modern English
3525:
3522:Middle English
3518:
3511:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3479:
3478:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3403:Sign languages
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3256:Related topics
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3230:Dano-Norwegian
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3173:
3170:Insular Danish
3167:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3091:Danish Braille
3088:
3083:
3078:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2921:Dano-Norwegian
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Old West Norse
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2706:West and south
2699:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2662:(discontinued)
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2511:
2492:
2474:
2454:
2436:
2380:
2373:
2348:
2341:
2315:
2290:
2250:
2226:Lundeby, Einar
2214:
2181:
2153:
2124:
2088:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1906:banana (noun)
1901:
1900:
1889:
1878:
1867:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1827:bridge (noun)
1822:
1821:
1798:
1775:
1752:
1742:
1741:
1726:
1711:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1672:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1628:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1496:
1481:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1434:
1411:
1388:
1387:a small woman
1380:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1312:
1289:
1277:
1276:
1256:
1236:
1225:
1224:
1209:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1169:
1154:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1122:Main article:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1091:state language
1078:Dano-Norwegian
1060:
1059:
1010:
1008:
1001:
995:
992:
922:Riksmålsvernet
840:
837:
832:Main article:
829:
826:
746:Dano-Norwegian
722:Denmark–Norway
718:personal union
698:
695:
619:Dano-Norwegian
599:Dano-Norwegian
587:written Danish
583:Marius Nygaard
549:vary greatly.
411:
410:
397:, you may see
383:
382:
375:
369:
368:
359:
351:
350:
343:
335:
334:
325:
317:
316:
307:
299:
298:
297:Language codes
294:
293:
291:
290:
284:
277:
275:
269:
268:
266:
265:
263:Nordic Council
255:
241:
239:
236:
233:
232:
228:
227:
217:
213:Writing system
210:
207:
206:
204:
203:
197:
193:
191:
189:Standard forms
188:
185:
184:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
166:Dano-Norwegian
151:Old East Norse
144:
142:
139:
136:
135:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
115:Dano-Norwegian
96:North Germanic
84:
82:
75:
72:
71:
70:(written only)
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
51:Native to
48:
47:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5415:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:Germanic verb
5308:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Sievers's law
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:Reconstructed
5194:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5009:Middle Danish
5006:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4885:Old Icelandic
4882:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4859:Old Norwegian
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4677:
4676:Gottscheerish
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4615:Walser German
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4581:Low Alemannic
4579:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:High Prussian
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Erzgebirgisch
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:Luxembourgish
4431:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4371:Klezmer-loshn
4368:
4366:
4365:Scots Yiddish
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4202:Meuse-Rhenish
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:Kleverlandish
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4090:Central Dutch
4088:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Stellingwarfs
3896:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:Wood Frisian
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3685:North Frisian
3682:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Anglo-Frisian
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Noregs Mållag
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2970:Sign language
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Old Norwegian
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2770:Särna-Idremål
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2532:
2530:82-7634-103-9
2526:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2481:
2477:
2475:82-12-00695-6
2471:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2374:0-299-03874-2
2370:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2240:on 2013-02-22
2239:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2204:on 2014-02-03
2203:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2112:
2108:
2107:HarperCollins
2104:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2009:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1854:floor (noun)
1851:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:lie (in bed)
1651:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1316:
1313:
1293:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1110:
1108:
1105:dialects and
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:book language
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1053:
1045:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1011:This section
1009:
1005:
1000:
999:
991:
989:
984:
981:
975:
974:
967:
965:
959:
957:
952:
950:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
914:
912:
911:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
850:
845:
835:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
779:
775:
771:
769:
765:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
703:Old Norwegian
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
611:
610:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
564:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
514:
478:
470:
440:
431:
425:
417:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
390:
384:
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
360:
358:
357:
352:
348:
344:
341:
336:
331:
326:
323:
318:
313:
308:
305:
300:
295:
288:
285:
282:
279:
278:
276:
274:
270:
264:
260:
256:
254:
243:
242:
240:
234:
229:
225:
221:
218:
214:
208:
201:
198:
195:
194:
192:
186:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
143:
137:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:Indo-European
83:
79:
73:
68:
65:
59:
56:
53:
49:
45:
38:
36:Pronunciation
34:
30:
25:
20:
5355:
5239:Verner's law
5184:
5179:Gotho-Nordic
5177:
5170:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5070:
5060:
5045:Fårö Gutnish
5007:
5000:
4906:
4899:
4890:
4883:
4864:
4857:
4845:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4701:
4603:Swiss German
4567:Upper German
4500:Amana German
4474:Volga German
4443:Hunsrückisch
4369:
4323:Unserdeutsch
4318:Berlinerisch
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4190:Cover groups
4146:Mohawk Dutch
4141:Jersey Dutch
4119:East Flemish
4102:West Flemish
4046:Middle Dutch
4000:Low Prussian
3872:
3865:
3831:Terschelling
3815:Clay Frisian
3790:West Frisian
3778:Wiedingharde
3770:
3758:
3718:Heligolandic
3695:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3634:East Frisian
3621:
3614:
3587:Middle Scots
3585:
3578:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3394:Scandoromani
3329:
3241:
2996:Institutions
2943:Other topics
2792:Oslo dialect
2648:
2520:
2514:
2501:
2495:
2484:. Retrieved
2464:
2457:
2448:
2428:. Retrieved
2400:
2396:
2383:
2364:
2332:
2307:. Retrieved
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2270:
2253:
2242:. Retrieved
2238:the original
2231:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:the original
2195:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2165:
2156:
2140:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2100:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2072:
2063:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2007:
1996:
1987:
1964:
1955:
1934:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1749:smoke (noun)
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1605:
1600:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1375:traditional
1348:Oslo dialect
1341:
1336:
1334:
1320:sint or vred
1314:
1291:
1288:frog (noun)
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1127:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1048:
1039:
1024:Please help
1012:
985:
968:
960:
953:
945:
940:
939:was renamed
936:
932:
928:
926:
921:
915:
908:
904:
900:
898:
889:
885:
881:
879:
874:
870:
866:
860:
822:Henrik Ibsen
814:Knud Knudsen
803:
799:
783:
778:Knud Knudsen
761:
742:
715:
700:
656:
651:
645:
641:
629:
627:
618:
614:
578:
576:
561:
558:orthographic
551:
537:, alongside
415:
414:
386:
373:Linguasphere
354:
202:(unofficial)
119:
66:
5254:Kluge's law
5234:Grimm's law
5017:Dalecarlian
4996:Perkerdansk
4969:East Danish
4787:Old Gutnish
4763:Proto-Norse
4703:Langobardic
4695:Vogtlandian
4523:Upper Saxon
4377:Lachoudisch
4338:Lotegorisch
4216:High German
3962:Westphalian
3957:Eastphalian
3921:Achterhooks
3798:Hindeloopen
3733:Bökingharde
3702:Föhr–Amrum
3616:Old Frisian
3580:Early Scots
3515:Old English
3225:Perkerdansk
3178:(østdansk)
3176:East Danish
3113:Orthography
2835:Trondheimsk
2816: [
2773: [
2734:Stavangersk
2587:Orthography
2267:Helle, Knut
2190:Vikør, Lars
1984:sun (noun)
1517:the houses
1465:the wagons
1385:a small man
1234:roof (noun)
1232:food (noun)
1230:loss (noun)
1153:the wagons
994:Terminology
980:Aftenposten
973:Aftenposten
888:), meaning
856: 1955
828:Controversy
734:Reformation
609:Aftenposten
528:book-tongue
401:instead of
140:Early forms
5382:Categories
5086:Burgundian
5002:Old Danish
4991:Gøtudanskt
4974:Bornholmsk
4836:Vestlandsk
4816:Kebabnorsk
4553:Halcnovian
4518:Thuringian
4181:Limburgish
4151:Stadsfries
4124:Brabantian
3851:Low German
3697:Eiderstedt
3552:Fingallian
3215:Gøtudanskt
3182:Bornholmsk
3108:Literature
2960:Literature
2926:Russenorsk
2875:Kebabnorsk
2856:Brønnøymål
2813:Herjedalsk
2724:Sandnesmål
2671:Unofficial
2486:2009-02-08
2430:2023-06-28
2403:(4): 620.
2309:2009-03-15
2283:6 February
2244:2007-06-12
2208:2014-02-09
2056:References
1914:/baˈnaˀːn/
1747:leg (noun)
1286:boy (noun)
1089:, meaning
810:Jørgen Moe
786:sociolects
754:Kristiania
730:Low German
591:past union
5366:varieties
5358:indicate
5172:Northwest
5117:Philology
5022:Elfdalian
4957:Jutlandic
4879:Icelandic
4854:(written)
4848:(written)
4826:Trøndersk
4806:Norwegian
4770:Old Norse
4591:Coloniero
4575:Alemannic
4548:Wymysorys
4416:Colognian
4411:Ripuarian
4333:Rotwelsch
4163:Midslands
4114:Zeelandic
4095:Hollandic
4069:Afrikaans
4041:Old Dutch
3867:Old Saxon
3766:Karrharde
3748:Goesharde
3729:Mainland
3462:philology
3324:Norwegian
3203:Variants,
3157:Jutlandic
3118:Phonology
2965:Profanity
2825:Jemtlansk
2805:Trøndersk
2714:Arendalsk
2628:Varieties
2614:Phonology
2417:1354-5078
2134:(US) and
1521:-ene/erne
1463:the boats
1151:the women
1042:June 2014
1013:does not
880:The term
790:to Sweden
758:Trondheim
634:phonology
356:Glottolog
340:ISO 639-3
322:ISO 639-2
304:ISO 639-1
289:(Riksmål)
146:Old Norse
110:Norwegian
5093:Vandalic
5036:Gutnish
4841:Vikværsk
4821:Sognamål
4811:Bergensk
4661:Cimbrian
4629:Bavarian
4586:Alsatian
4533:Lusatian
4469:Palatine
4159:Amelands
4036:Frankish
3926:Sallaans
3908:Gronings
3759:Southern
3752:Northern
3743:Halligen
3692:Insular
3509:dialects
3365:Northern
3351:Southern
3247:Danglish
3149:Dialects
3071:Alphabet
2987:Norvegia
2787:Vikværsk
2755:Bohusmål
2729:Sognamål
2719:Bergensk
2678:Høgnorsk
2659:Samnorsk
2642:Official
2582:Alphabet
2480:Archived
2421:Archived
2331:(2000).
2303:Archived
2277:Archived
2162:"Bokmål"
2137:"Bokmål"
2132:"Bokmål"
2111:Archived
2097:"Bokmål"
2069:"Bokmål"
2049:Høgnorsk
2044:Samnorsk
2023:See also
1930:/ˈbɑnɑn/
1617:written
1378:radical
1370:Nynorsk
1337:vikværsk
1107:puristic
949:phonemic
937:Landsmål
935:, while
910:Samnorsk
886:Rigsmaal
875:Bogsprog
863:Landsmål
849:Samnorsk
683:Storting
679:prestige
642:de facto
407:Help:IPA
365:norw1259
283:(Bokmål)
91:Germanic
5356:Italics
4979:Scanian
4925:Swedish
4874:Faroese
4852:Nynorsk
4831:Valdris
4666:Mòcheno
4622:Swabian
4488:Hessian
4448:Hunsrik
4360:Western
4355:Eastern
4350:Yiddish
4300:creoles
4197:Bergish
3913:Drèents
3903:Tweants
3755:Central
3737:Mooring
3600:Frisian
3559:Kildare
3504:English
3337:Nynorsk
3235:Riksmål
3187:Scanian
3159:(jysk)
3103:History
3098:Grammar
2955:Exonyms
2899:Extinct
2830:Medalsk
2683:Riksmål
2654:Nynorsk
2635:Written
2269:(ed.).
2034:Nynorsk
1992:/soˀːl/
1960:/boˀːr/
1597:cycled
1557:cycled
1456:kvinne
1433:kvinne
1410:kvinde
1361:Danish
1305:dreng (
1296:bange (
1142:Bokmål
1139:Danish
1099:Nynorsk
1083:Riksmål
1070:Nynorsk
1034:removed
1019:sources
941:Nynorsk
933:Riksmål
901:Riksmål
882:Riksmål
697:History
662:
623:Lagting
595:Denmark
579:Riksmål
563:Riksmål
539:Nynorsk
522:
403:Unicode
200:Riksmål
171:Riksmål
5072:Gothic
4942:Danish
4846:Bokmål
4345:Yenish
4155:Bildts
3938:Veluws
3933:Urkers
3772:Strand
3496:Anglic
3389:Romani
3330:Bokmål
3242:Bokmål
3172:(ømål)
2885:Svorsk
2697:Spoken
2649:Bokmål
2527:
2472:
2415:
2371:
2339:
2001:/suːɽ/
1969:/buːɽ/
1695:round
1693:ladder
1613:Strong
1324:frosk
1087:Bokmål
929:Bokmål
750:Bergen
630:spoken
615:Bokmål
601:, the
543:Norway
416:Bokmål
253:Norway
250:
106:Danish
55:Norway
29:bokmål
5186:South
5137:North
4747:North
4731:North
4073:Kaaps
4064:Dutch
3711:Amrum
3652:Weser
3574:Scots
3220:Petuh
2981:Kjell
2848:North
2820:]
2777:]
2424:(PDF)
2393:(PDF)
2265:. In
2174:1 May
2117:1 May
2081:1 May
1644:skriv
1634:skriv
1624:skrev
1190:heath
1175:kvinn
1160:kvind
763:koiné
603:koiné
597:- to
593:with
220:Latin
5147:West
5142:East
5062:East
4918:East
4908:Norn
4799:West
4735:East
4733:and
4298:and
4293:Non-
3723:Sylt
3706:Föhr
3641:Ems
3566:Yola
3475:West
3384:Kven
3358:Lule
3345:Sámi
3128:Stød
2860:etc.
2839:etc.
2796:etc.
2747:East
2738:etc.
2525:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2413:ISSN
2369:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2285:2010
2176:2019
2119:2019
2083:2019
1949:/rð/
1737:rund
1732:stig
1722:rund
1717:steg
1707:rund
1702:stig
1683:ligg
1678:komm
1668:ligg
1663:komm
1654:come
1604:cykl
1601:-ede
1593:Weak
1584:sykl
1574:sykl
1564:cykl
1553:Weak
1531:-ene
1507:vogn
1492:vogn
1477:vogn
1447:mann
1424:mann
1406:lill
1401:mand
1397:lill
1322:gutt
1318:redd
1311:frø
1309:gut)
1307:also
1303:vred
1300:ræd)
1298:also
1192:hay
1180:vogn
1165:vogn
1162:erne
1093:and
1085:and
1017:any
1015:cite
808:and
756:and
691:TV 2
689:and
659:lit.
519:lit.
108:and
67:None
2405:doi
1997:yes
1981:/l/
1977:/ɽ/
1965:yes
1945:/ɽ/
1926:yes
1899:lv
1892:yes
1888:lv
1881:yes
1877:lv
1870:yes
1841:yes
1801:yes
1714:yes
1675:yes
1621:-et
1606:ede
1571:-et
1561:-et
1544:hus
1536:ene
1534:hus
1526:ene
1524:hus
1509:ene
1504:ane
1502:båt
1499:yes
1494:ene
1489:ene
1487:båt
1479:ene
1474:ene
1472:båd
1452:lit
1443:lit
1437:yes
1429:lit
1420:lit
1292:yes
1239:yes
1212:yes
1182:ene
1177:ene
1167:ene
1157:yes
1028:by
687:NRK
435:) (
389:IPA
347:nob
330:nob
5384::
2818:sv
2775:sv
2504:.
2478:.
2439:^
2419:.
2411:.
2401:10
2399:.
2395:.
2351:^
2318:^
2301:.
2261:.
2228:.
2217:^
2192:.
2164:.
2146:.
2139:.
2109:.
2105:.
2099:.
2071:.
2017:su
2013:ku
1988:no
1956:no
1910:no
1865:lv
1858:no
1844:br
1834:br
1831:no
1820:t
1818:au
1816:bl
1812:øy
1806:ei
1797:t
1793:bl
1778:no
1774:d
1770:bl
1755:no
1729:no
1699:no
1660:no
1641:-e
1631:-i
1626:et
1581:-a
1576:et
1566:et
1541:-a
1484:no
1469:no
1450:ei
1445:en
1441:en
1431:en
1427:en
1422:en
1418:en
1414:no
1404:en
1395:en
1391:no
1315:no
1272:ta
1267:ma
1262:ta
1259:no
1252:ta
1247:ma
1242:ta
1222:øy
1217:ei
1203:de
1196:no
1172:no
943:.
853:c.
851:,
752:,
625:.
574:.
517:;
513:-/
507:oʊ
498:-,
479::
477:US
473:,
463:ɔː
454:uː
441::
439:UK
312:nb
5081:)
5075:(
4161:/
4157:/
4153:/
4075:)
4071:(
3444:e
3437:t
3430:v
3302:e
3295:t
3288:v
3086:Å
3081:Ø
3076:Æ
3052:e
3045:t
3038:v
2983:"
2979:"
2602:Å
2597:Ø
2592:Æ
2563:e
2556:t
2549:v
2533:.
2508:.
2489:.
2433:.
2407::
2377:.
2345:.
2312:.
2287:.
2247:.
2234:"
2230:"
2211:.
2198:"
2194:"
2178:.
2150:.
2121:.
2085:.
1897:o
1895:g
1886:ø
1884:g
1875:o
1873:g
1863:u
1861:g
1846:u
1836:o
1814:k
1810:r
1808:n
1804:b
1795:ø
1791:k
1789:ø
1787:r
1785:n
1783:e
1781:b
1772:ø
1768:g
1766:ø
1764:r
1762:n
1760:e
1758:b
1739:e
1734:e
1724:e
1719:a
1709:e
1704:e
1685:e
1680:a
1670:e
1665:e
1646:e
1636:i
1586:a
1546:a
1454:a
1408:e
1399:e
1274:k
1269:t
1264:p
1254:g
1249:d
1244:b
1220:h
1215:h
1207:ø
1205:h
1201:e
1199:h
1055:)
1049:(
1044:)
1040:(
1036:.
1022:.
884:(
671:'
665:'
531:'
525:'
510:k
504:b
501:ˈ
495:k
492:ʊ
489:b
486:ˈ
483:/
469:/
466:l
460:m
457:k
451:b
448:ˈ
445:/
418:(
409:.
226:)
222:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
