567:'s attitude signaled an important break with the politics and perspectives of the Norwegian government's assimilation policy. It argued that the government's policy concerning the Sámi population should focus on strengthening the position of Sámi people as a group, and proposed a number of measures aimed at achieving equal rights between the Sámi and Norwegians. However, the Sámi people was still not considered to be an ethnic minority, but rather referred to as Sámi-speaking Norwegians. This was because the government thought that a person's relationship to their Sámi culture and identity should be determined by themselves. However, the right to use Sámi languages in education, including as a primary language, was instated in 1967.
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220:"The state of Norway was founded on the territory of two peoples - the Sámi people and the Norwegians. Sámi history is closely intertwined with Norwegian history. Today, we express our regret on behalf of the state for the injustice committed against the Sámi people through its harsh policy of Norwegianization."
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used on the Sámi population, lacked both the ability and the motivation to use their language in written form. Furthermore, he described them as the most underdeveloped and loathsome of groups in
Finnmark, claiming that they made up a disproportionate portion of the people in need of psychiatric care
521:
The influence of social darwinism on
Norwegian politics continued to be evident. Christen Andreas Brygfjeld (1863-1952), who had a central role in the country's assimilation policy, was clearly influenced by racist ideology, claiming that the "Sámi race" was inferior to the "Norwegian Race". In 1923,
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in 1851, with the express purpose of financing the
Norwegianization of Sámi people. The money was used for a number of purposes, among which were the education of teachers, pay rises for teachers with particularly effective Norwegianization methods, and the rewarding of schoolchildren who were quick
587:
Despite this, there has never been a public investigation into the treatment of Sámi or Kven people at the hands of the
Norwegian government. In the same vein, Norwegian authorities have avoided taking responsibility for the consequences the assimilation policies had on both private individuals and
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and ideologies influenced the debate concerning assimilation policies. One branch argued for the active use of Sámi languages in educational and religious environments, while the other meant that all education should be conducted in
Norwegian, in order to make the Norwegianization as effective as
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One of the results of the
Norwegianization was that the number of Sámi people who stated that they were of Norwegian ethnicity steadily increased over the span of the late 1800s and 1900s. The Norwegianization is also considered to be one of the reasons as to why many people with ethnically Sámi
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and civilizational mindset developed over the course of the 1700s and 1800s, during which Sámi language and culture came to be regarded as "feral" and "devilish". As a result, the government's and Church's perception of Sámi languages shifted as well. After this, the languages were regarded as
382:
county became increasingly strict throughout the later half of the 1800s. The opportunity to use Sámi language as part of the education became more and more limited. Around 1870, the Sámi became the subject of negative scientific attention. The teachings of
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The purpose of the assimilation policy was undoubtedly to eradicate the culture, language, and history that contributed to the formation of Sámi and Kven/Finnish identity. This was true both on the level of the individual, and for the groups as entities.
71:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
290:, in which teachers, priests and missionaries were educated in order to conduct Sámi missionary work. Westen contributed with education in Sámi language and literature, and additionally developed the first Sámi textbooks.
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reported that they were Sámi (44%) or Kven (17%), while 39% described themselves as ethnically
Norwegian. In the census from 1950, 0% of the people in the same area reported that they were of Sámi or Kven ethnicity.
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Wexelsenplakaten of 1898, which forbade the use of Sámi languages in school settings, continued to be enforced throughout the 1950s, and, in some parts of the country, into the 1960s. On 1. January in 1956, during
511:
published a book that documented the
Norwegianization process up until that point. He was also one of the first people to argue for the Sámi people as an ethnic group with claim to their own rights.
305:
Some historians consider the assimilation policy of the 1800s to be a result of the increased nationalism that arose during the establishment of the
Norwegian nation state following the
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took place in
Trondheim. However, despite the increased resistance from the Sámi people, the Norwegian government continued to enforce their assimilation policy well into the 1900s.
280:. In 1714, he became involved in the Danish-Norwegian "Lapplandsmisjonen", which conducted missionary work in Sámi areas. In 1717, he was involved in the establishment of the school
306:
168:
The assimilation process began in the 1700s, and was at that point motivated by a clear religious agenda. Over the course of the 1800s it became increasingly influenced by
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schools. This was the beginning of a full-blown assimilation policy, in which the government stated that the goal was to reduce the sense of identity and community within
1094:. Tromsø: Mastergradsoppgave i historie, Institutt for historie og religionsvitenskap Fakultet for humaniora, samfunnsvitenskap og lærerutdanning Universitetet i Tromsø.
1108:. Tromsø: Mastergradsoppgave i historie, Institutt for historie og religionsvitenskap Fakultet for humaniora, samfunnsvitenskap og lærerutdanning Universitetet i Tromsø
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in Finnmark, replacing the original Sámi names with Norwegian ones. This was done in order to normalize and historicize Norwegian settlement in Sámi areas.
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backgrounds developed a negative view of Sámi language and culture. Sámi ethnicity was grouped together with the blind, deaf, and mentally deranged in
468:
427:. The purpose of the boarding schools was to isolate the pupils from their roots and communities, thus making the assimilation process more effective.
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Not all communities were affected during this period. Local government correspondences in the Sami and Kven languages were found in the archives of
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Simultaneously, an increased sense of identity sprang forth in Sámi communities. From the mid-1970s, the Sámi people begun to be thought of as an
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between 1860 and 1910, indicating that some communities avoided or did not implement as strong of assimilatory processes as others.
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and uncivilized had its origins in theological convictions, and that these informed the subsequent sense of Norwegian Nationalism.
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The introduction of the 7-year school in 1936 represented a further tightening of the assimilation policy, as it resulted in the
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possible. They were, however, united in their goal of fully assimilating the Sámi population into Norwegian culture and society.
195:, the race based argument for assimilation lost significant ideological pull. This was also the period in time in which Norway's
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were used in order to determine their race and intelligence. To this end, Sámi graves were opened and their skeletons removed.
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acknowledged the actions of the Norwegian State, and made an official apology on behalf of the government to the Sámi and
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In this period, the ideological reasoning behind the assimilation policy continued to evolve, influenced in part by the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Norwegian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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in 1905. Around this time, it became legal to deny Sámi and Kven people the right to lease or buy land in Finnmark.
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Sami national strategists (Sami politics and nation building 1900–1940, Isak Saba, Anders Larsen and Per Fokstad)
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In the beginning, the missionary work and Christian education was carried out in Sámi languages. However, a more
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Samiske nasjonale strategar (samepolitikk og nasjonsbygging 1900–1940, Isak Saba, Anders Larsen og Per Fokstad)
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938:[The Norwegianisation of the Sami - why, how and what are the consequences?] (in Norwegian). 2005
737:"To bring them up to man's maturity" A study of the Norwegianization of the Sami in Porsanger, 1880–1980.
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The most intensive period of missionary work took place between 1650 and 1750. It was organized by the
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The scope of the Norwegianization process is clearly illustrated in the ethnic identities reported in
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732:"At bringe dem fram til mands modenhet" En studie av fornorskningen av samene i Porsanger, 1880–1980
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was passed, an official instruction which forbade Sámi people and Kvens from acting as educators in
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This phase of the Norwegianization was ideologically grounded in nationalism and social darwinism.
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1319:(Kathrin Wessendorf, ed., International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.Chapter 2, Page 68)
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Historian Henry Minde argues that the assimilation of the Sámi population at the hands of the
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in order to foster stronger feelings of Norwegian nationalism in Kven and Sámi communities.
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Challenging Politics: Indigenous Peoples' Experiences with Political Parties and Elections
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that was used to justify the later assimilation policies. It has been concluded that the
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was cemented. As such, the continued assimilation policy was framed as part of the
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The Finnish Peril: Security Issues and Minority Politics in the North 1860–1940
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The opposition against the Norwegianization culminated in 1917, when the first
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was a prolific Sámi activist who opposed and protested against Norwegianization
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of northern Norway, in which the goal was to assimilate non-Norwegian-speaking
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997:"Public records and minorities: problems and possibilities for Sámi and Kven"
804:"Den finske fare: sikkerhetsproblemer og minoritetspolitikk i nord 1860–1940"
680:"Misjon på 1600- og 1700-tallet - Samisk tro og mytologi - En nettutstilling"
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Sápmi: en nasjon blir til : fremveksten av samenes nasjonale fellesskap
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in 1987. Minde divides the Norwegian assimilation policy into four phases.
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265:. As such, starting in the 1630s, religious materials were translated into
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Bakken Larsen, Camilla (2012). «Kap 5: Fase 3, 1956–1959: Samekomiteen».
1060:. I 1950 ble det meldt om 5 samer, 2 kvener og 2501 nordmenn i Kvænangen.
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in Sámi areas, initially prioritizing areas at the coast or around the
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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as a symbolic turning point in the state's attitude toward the Sámi.
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for Sámi and Kven pupils were established. These were also used as
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Bakken Larsen, Camilla. "Kap 5: Fase 3, 1956–1959: Samekomiteen".
837:"Fornorskingspolitikken overfor samar og kvenar - Norgeshistorie"
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into an ethnically and culturally uniform Norwegian population.
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and culture, and thus something that needed to be suppressed.
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decided early on that they should preach to the Sámi in their
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773:"Fornorskinga av Samene: hvorfor, hvordan og hvilke følger?"
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behind the missionary work of the 1600s and 1700s, and the
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began in earnest in 1851, and that it continued until the
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The regulations for schools with Sámi and Kven pupils in
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Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet (2016-10-10).
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to be used in the Church and for educational purposes.
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871:] (in Norwegian). Deatnu - Tana: CálliidLágádus.
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Oppgjøret som forsvant? Norsk samepolitikk 1945–1963
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Oppgjøret som forsvant? Norsk samepolitikk 1945–1963
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from this period. In 1930, 61% of the population in
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469:dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden
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1224:(in Norwegian). Foreningen Store norske leksikon.
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180:and their culture were regarded as primitive and
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1293:"Religiøse motiver bak fornorskningen av samene"
1198:Minde, Henry. "Samesaken som ble en urfolksak".
609:", an idea that had its roots in the concept of
307:Norwegian Constituent Assembly election in 1814.
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605:until 1920. As such, they were thought of as "
217:, becoming the first representative to do so:
129:A Sámi family in Kanstadfjorden, around 1900.
89:accompanying your translation by providing an
55:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
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149:) was an official policy carried out by the
1139:"Historien bak finnmarksloven - Sametinget"
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434:conducted a systematic Norwegianization of
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801:Eriksen, Knut Einar; Niemi, Einar (1981).
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1353:Sami and Norwegian history - a few points
1260:] (in Norwegian). ad Notam Gyldendal.
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2201:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Europe
1329:Hansen, Lars Ivar; Bjørnar Olsen (2004)
1204:. Tromsø: Tromsø museum. pp. 27–38.
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743:(Masters thesis) (in Norwegian). Oslo:
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309:Others highlight the links between the
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563:, "Samekomiteen" was established. The
538:being banned in educational settings.
276:, and was led by the Norwegian priest
101:{{Translated|no|Fornorsking av samer}}
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1048:. Tromsø: Tromsø museum. p. 14.
892:Kunnskapsdepartementet (2006-10-15).
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1181:A nation is created = Ottar no 232
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704:BRISSACH, INGRID J. (2006-08-08).
370:The Consolidation Period 1870–1905
321:that portrayed the Sámi people as
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1201:En nasjon blir til = Ottar nr 232
1176:En nasjon blir til = Ottar nr 232
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588:the Sámi population as a group.
561:Einar Gerhardsen's third Cabinet
452:The Culmination Period 1905–1950
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1183:] (in Norwegian). Tromsø:
1161:"Historien bak finnmarksloven"
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633:Environmental racism in Europe
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361:A fund was established by the
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1:
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522:he wrote that "the Lapps", a
224:Missionary work in Sámi areas
206:In 1997, the King of Norway,
1964:Romanisation of the writings
1274:. Statistisk sentralbyrå SSB
1119:"Tjue år etter Samekomiteen"
863:Zachariassen, Ketil (2012).
811:] (in Norwegian). Oslo:
659:"NOU 2016: 18 Hjertespråket"
139:Norwegianization of the Sámi
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2078:Forced religious conversion
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419:, and the priests acted as
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2161:Persecution of Sámi people
1333:(Cappelen Damm Akademisk)
978:"Samiske navn ble fortiet"
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63:Machine translation, like
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2041:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
1983:
1951:
1926:Assimilation by religions
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1071:"Klage over samisk lærer"
1013:10.1007/s10502-009-9104-3
995:Maliniemi, Kaisa (2009).
550:Henry Minde looks at the
542:The Dismantling 1950–1980
341:and establishment of the
49:the corresponding article
2156:Finland–Norway relations
1952:Assimilation by writings
404:, and to utilize public
1239:. Universitetsforlaget.
1237:Fjordfolket i Kvænangen
249:, the Church conducted
110:For more guidance, see
2058:Cultural globalisation
1258:It hid Northern Norway
1253:Det skjulte Nord-Norge
984:(in Norwegian Bokmål).
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480:Kvænangen Municipality
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430:At the same time, the
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274:Danish-Norwegian state
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2146:Norwegian nationalism
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1391:Cultural assimilation
1315:Josefsen, Eva (2001)
1221:Store norske leksikon
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572:indigenous population
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298:instruments for Sámi
283:Seminarium Lapponicum
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112:Knowledge:Translation
83:copyright attribution
2095:Internal colonialism
2063:Cultural imperialism
1744:Northern Afghanistan
1250:Nergård, Jens Ivar.
813:Universitetsforlaget
745:Universitetet i Oslo
628:Kautokeino rebellion
432:Norwegian government
378:county and northern
366:to learn Norwegian.
335:Norwegian government
329:The Norwegianization
147:fornorsking av samer
2196:Genocides in Europe
2191:History of Finnmark
2100:Jewish assimilation
2073:Forced assimilation
1611:or Castilianisation
917:. Regjeringen. 2016
706:""Samenes apostel""
411:In 1901, the first
1724:Montenegrinisation
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201:social development
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2206:Cultural genocide
2141:Society of Norway
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2090:Identity politics
1979:
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1709:Macedonianisation
1235:Bjørklund, Ivar.
1187:. pp. 27–38.
1042:Bjørklund, Ivar.
582:Samerettsutvalget
529:special education
278:Thomas von Westen
239:Thomas von Westen
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16:(Redirected from
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2068:Dominant culture
2051:Related concepts
2013:De-russification
2001:De-stalinisation
1996:De-communisation
1933:Christianisation
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536:Finnish language
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2008:De-nazification
1984:Opposite trends
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1803:Sanskritisation
1768:Romanianisation
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1121:
1117:
1116:
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1103:
1099:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1069:
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1040:
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993:
989:
976:
975:
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835:
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779:(in Norwegian).
776:
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729:Persen, Bente.
727:
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709:
702:
698:
689:
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678:
677:
673:
664:
662:
655:
651:
646:
619:
603:public censuses
594:
544:
505:Arbeiderpartiet
493:First World War
489:
454:
423:members of the
402:minority groups
372:
351:
343:Sámi parliament
331:
251:missionary work
232:
226:
203:of Sámi areas.
176:, in which the
119:
118:
117:
100:
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57:
39:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
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2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:Language shift
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1991:De-arabisation
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1917:Zairianisation
1914:
1909:
1907:Westernisation
1904:
1902:Vietnamisation
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Turkmenisation
1884:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Talibanisation
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1808:Serbianisation
1805:
1800:
1798:Saffronisation
1795:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1751:Persianisation
1748:
1747:
1746:
1739:Pashtunisation
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:Lithuanisation
1695:
1693:Latvianization
1690:
1685:
1680:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1659:Japanification
1651:
1649:Italianisation
1646:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1627:Indigenisation
1624:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:Georgification
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:Westernisation
1552:
1547:
1545:Dutchification
1542:
1537:
1535:Cypriotisation
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1495:Bosniakisation
1492:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1471:Belarusisation
1468:
1466:Araucanisation
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1409:
1404:
1402:Africanisation
1398:
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1345:External links
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1325:978-8790730451
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1097:
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1034:
1007:(1–2): 15–27.
987:
969:
959:(in Norwegian)
948:
927:
906:
896:(in Norwegian)
884:
877:
848:
828:
821:
782:
771:Minde, Henry.
750:
718:
696:
671:
661:(in Norwegian)
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488:
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453:
450:
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355:belief systems
350:
347:
330:
327:
323:underdeveloped
267:Sámi languages
225:
222:
197:welfare system
157:and later the
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2204:
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2182:
2181:Sámi politics
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2177:
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2167:
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2085:Globalisation
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2079:
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2071:
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2059:
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2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Korenizatsiia
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1970:
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1960:
1959:Cyrillisation
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1956:
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1950:
1944:
1941:
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1936:
1934:
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1930:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
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1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Ukrainisation
1890:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:Turkification
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:Taiwanisation
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Swedification
1848:
1846:
1845:Swahilisation
1843:
1841:
1840:Sovietisation
1838:
1836:
1835:Slovakisation
1833:
1831:
1830:Slavicisation
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Sinhalisation
1811:
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1801:
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1786:Russification
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1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
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1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Mongolisation
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:Magyarisation
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Kurdification
1686:
1684:
1683:Koreanisation
1681:
1677:
1672:
1671:Kazakhisation
1669:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1637:Israelisation
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:Indianisation
1613:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Hellenisation
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Germanisation
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Gaelicisation
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:Finnicisation
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
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1528:
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1523:
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1516:
1515:Chilenisation
1513:
1511:
1510:Celticisation
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Bulgarisation
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:Bengalisation
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
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1464:
1460:
1457:
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1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
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1435:
1434:Anglicisation
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
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1185:Tromsø museum
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1026:
1022:
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1006:
1002:
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894:"NOU 2000: 3"
888:
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878:9788282631174
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870:
866:
859:
857:
855:
853:
838:
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723:
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700:
686:on 2016-10-01
685:
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568:
566:
562:
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539:
537:
532:
530:
525:
519:
517:
516:Sámi Assembly
512:
510:
509:Just Quigstad
506:
502:
498:
494:
484:
481:
477:
472:
470:
462:
458:
449:
447:
442:
439:
437:
433:
428:
426:
425:school boards
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
388:
386:
381:
377:
367:
364:
359:
356:
346:
344:
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324:
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316:
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308:
303:
301:
296:
295:nationalistic
291:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
263:mother tongue
260:
256:
252:
248:
240:
236:
231:
221:
218:
216:
212:
211:King Harald V
209:
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131:Fotokromtrykk
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73:
70:
66:
62:
60:
59:
52:
50:
45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
2176:Sámi history
2171:Sámi culture
2151:Kven culture
2039:
2023:Latinisation
1969:Soviet Union
1943:Islamisation
1912:Wolofisation
1897:Uzbekisation
1870:Thaification
1865:Tamilisation
1818:Sinicisation
1773:Romanisation
1763:Polonisation
1714:Malayisation
1666:Javanisation
1654:Japanisation
1632:Indonesation
1572:Francisation
1540:Czechisation
1530:Croatisation
1525:Creolisation
1407:Albanisation
1352:
1330:
1316:
1296:. Retrieved
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1266:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1219:
1210:
1200:
1193:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1159:Sametinget.
1154:
1143:. Retrieved
1141:. 2011-09-29
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1113:
1105:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1074:. Retrieved
1065:
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1000:
990:
982:forskning.no
981:
972:
961:. Retrieved
951:
940:. Retrieved
930:
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909:
898:. Retrieved
887:
868:
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840:. Retrieved
831:
808:
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736:
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710:. Retrieved
699:
688:. Retrieved
684:the original
674:
663:. Retrieved
652:
623:Sámi history
599:
595:
586:
579:
569:
557:
533:
520:
513:
490:
473:
466:
443:
440:
429:
410:
406:institutions
398:multilingual
389:
373:
360:
352:
332:
304:
300:spirituality
292:
281:
271:
259:missionaries
244:
219:
205:
190:
186:nation state
167:
138:
136:
87:edit summary
78:
51:in Norwegian
46:
2110:Melting pot
1938:Judaisation
1674: [
1439:Arabisation
507:. In 1907,
436:place names
247:Middle Ages
215:Kven people
182:uncivilised
178:Sámi people
174:nationalism
159:Kven people
155:Sámi people
2130:Categories
1880:placenames
1620:placenames
1488:placenames
1417:immigrants
1298:2019-09-17
1278:2019-09-17
1145:2016-10-09
1124:2016-10-10
1076:2017-02-16
1055:8271420291
963:2017-02-22
942:2021-11-13
921:2021-11-13
900:2016-10-10
842:2016-09-29
822:8200055744
712:2016-09-29
690:2016-09-29
665:2016-10-12
644:References
385:phrenology
228:See also:
191:After the
1756:societies
1444:Armenians
1029:145253430
1021:1389-0166
576:movement.
565:committee
501:Isak Saba
390:In 1899,
319:narrative
288:Trondheim
151:Norwegian
143:Norwegian
105:talk page
1577:Brussels
617:See also
607:abnormal
476:censuses
446:Kistrand
421:de facto
376:Finnmark
363:Storting
315:ideology
311:theology
81:provide
2028:Ukraine
1791:Finland
1449:Berbers
417:chapels
245:In the
103:to the
85:in the
1454:Blacks
1337:
1323:
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875:
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255:fjords
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1779:names
1678:]
1642:names
1427:names
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1025:S2CID
867:[
807:[
777:(PDF)
741:(PDF)
735:[
380:Troms
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1476:soft
1459:Jews
1335:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1017:ISSN
873:ISBN
817:ISBN
524:slur
172:and
137:The
79:must
77:You
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527:or
286:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
