Black British people

2884:. The 1991 census was the first to include a question on ethnicity, and the black population of Great Britain (i.e. the United Kingdom excluding Northern Ireland, where the question was not asked) was recorded as 890,727, or 1.6% of the total population. This figure included 499,964 people in the Black-Caribbean category (0.9%), 212,362 in the Black-African category (0.4%) and 178,401 in the Black-Other category (0.3%). An increasing number of black Londoners were London- or British-born. Even with this growing population and the first blacks elected to Parliament, many argue that there was still discrimination and a socio-economic imbalance in London among the blacks. In 1992, the number of blacks in Parliament increased to six, and in 1997, they increased their numbers to nine. There are still many problems that black Londoners face; the new global and high-tech information revolution is changing the urban economy and some argue that it is driving up unemployment rates among blacks relative to non-blacks, something, it is argued, that threatens to erode the progress made thus far. By 2001, the Black British population was recorded at 1,148,738 (2.0%) in the 3970:

residents. In Scotland, 29,638 persons identified themselves as "African", choosing either the "African, African Scottish or African British" tick box or the "Other African" tick box and write-in area. 6,540 individuals also self-reported as "Caribbean or Black", selecting either the "Caribbean, Caribbean Scottish or Caribbean British" tick box, the "Black, Black Scottish or Black British" tick box, or the "Other Caribbean or Black" tick box and write-in area. In order to compare UK-wide results, the Office for National Statistics combined the "African" and "Caribbean or Black" entries at the top-level, and reported a total of 36,178 "Black" residents in Scotland. According to the ONS, individuals in Scotland with "Other African", "White" and "Asian" ethnicities as well as "Black" identities could thus all potentially be captured within this combined output. The General Register Office for Scotland, which devised the categories and administers the Scotland census, does not combine the "African" and "Caribbean or Black" entries, maintaining them as separate for individuals who do not self-identify as "Black" (see

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blacks were brought into London from the West Indies and West Africa. The resident British black population, primarily male, was no longer growing from the trickle of slaves and servants from the West Indies and America. Abolition meant a virtual halt to the arrival of black people to Britain, just as immigration from Europe was increasing. The black population of Victorian Britain was so small that those living outside of larger trading ports were isolated from the black population. The mentioning of black people and descendants in parish registers declined markedly in the early 19th century. It is possible that researchers simply did not collect the data or that the mostly black male population of the late 18th century had married white women. Evidence of such marriages may still be found today with descendants of black servants such as

2150: 4535: 8574: 8525: 1895: 1918: 5307:, which experts say is "a result of decades of racial prejudice in the criminal justice system and an overly punitive approach to penal affairs." This proportion decreased to 12.4% by the end of 2022 even though black Britons now made up around 3–4% of the British population. In the prison environment, Black prisoners are the most likely to be involved in violent incidents. In 2020, Black prisoners were most likely out of all ethnic groups to be assailants (319 incidents for every 1,000 prisoners) or involved in violent incidents with no clear victim or assailant (185 incidents for every 1,000 prisoners). In the same year, 32% of children in prison were Black in contrast to 47% of prisoners aged under 18 being White. 5338:

black people in Britain are overweight or obese compared to 64.5% of White British people and 7.5% of black people are dependant on drugs compared to 3.0% of White British people. 22.5% of black people experienced a common mental disorder (including depression, OCD and life anxiety) in the past week compared to 17.3% of White British people, with this figure rising to 29.3% for black women. Black women are also 3.7 times more likely to die from childbirth than white women in the UK, equating to 34 women per 100,000 giving birth. Racist attitudes towards the pain tolerances of black women have been cited as one reason why this disparity exists. In 2021, black Britons had the highest rate of

2392: 2232: 2566:. In 1914, the black population was estimated at 10,000 and centred largely in London. By 1918 there may have been as many as 20,000 or 30,000 black people living in Britain. However, the black population was much smaller relative to the total British population of 45 million and official documents were not adapted to record ethnicity. Black residents had for the most part emigrated from parts of the British Empire. The number of black soldiers serving in the British army, (rather than colonial regiments,) prior to World War I is unknown but was likely to have been negligibly low. One of the Black British soldiers during World War I was 4454: 4820:(MAR) project noted in 2006 that while African-Caribbeans in the United Kingdom no longer face formal discrimination, they continue to be under-represented in politics, and to face discriminatory barriers in access to housing and in employment practices. The project also notes that the British school system "has been indicted on numerous occasions for racism, and for undermining the self-confidence of black children and maligning the culture of their parents". The MAR profile on African-Caribbeans in the United Kingdom notes "growing 'black on black' violence between people from the Caribbean and immigrants from Africa". 5447: 2783:. By the 1950s, there was a consciousness of Black people as a separate group that had not been there during 1932–1938. The increasing consciousness of Black British peoples was deeply informed by the influx of Black American culture imported by Black servicemen during and after World War II, music being a central example of what Jacqueline Nassy-Brown calls "diasporic resources". These close interactions between Americans and Black British were not only material but also inspired the expatriation of some Black British women to America after marrying servicemen (some of whom later repatriated to the UK). 3827: 2348: 1671: 2016:, were resettled as free men in London. They were never awarded pensions, and many of them became poverty-stricken and were reduced to begging on the streets. Reports at the time stated that they "had no prospect of subsisting in this country but by depredations on the public, or by common charity". A sympathetic observer wrote that "great numbers of Blacks and People of Colour, many of them refugees from America and others who have by land or sea been in his Majesty's service were... in great distress." Even towards white loyalists there was little good will to new arrivals from America. 3062: 18471: 3811: 2514: 7570: 2066:. After Mansfield's ruling many former slaves continued to work for their old masters as paid employees. Between 14,000 and 15,000 (then contemporary estimates) slaves were immediately freed in England. Many of these emancipated individuals became labelled as the "black poor", the black poor were defined as former slave soldiers since emancipated, seafarers, such as South Asian lascars, former indentured servants and former indentured plantation workers. Around the 1750s, London became the home to many Blacks, as well as Jews, Irish, Germans and 1771: 3901:, 2,409,278 people in England and Wales were recorded as having Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African ethnicity, accounting for 4.0% of the population. In Northern Ireland, 11,032, or 0.6% of the population, identified as Black African or Black Other. The census in Scotland was delayed for a year and took place in 2022, the equivalent figure was 65,414, representing 1.2% of the population. The ten local authorities with the largest proportion of people who identified as Black were all located in London: 3819: 3143:

higher than the number of staff from BAME backgrounds working in the NHS, which stood at 44%. Statistics did show that black people were significantly over-represented, but that as the pandemic progressed the disparity in these figures was reducing. Reports discussed a number of complex contributing factors including health and income inequality, social and environmental factors were exacerbating and contributing to the spread of the disease unequally. In April 2020, after his sister's partner died from the virus,

4372: 2380:, which held that whites were the superior race and that blacks were less intelligent than whites. Attempts to support these theories cited "scientific evidence", such as brain size. James Hunt, President of the London Anthropological Society, in 1863 in his paper "On the Negro's place in nature" wrote that "the Negro is inferior intellectually to the European... can only be humanised and civilised by Europeans." In the 1880s, there was a build-up of small groups of black dockside communities in towns such as 2168:

constituted around 0.1% of the total population of Britain in 1780. The black female population is estimated to have barely reached 20% of the overall Afro-Caribbean population in the country. In the 1780s with the end of the American Revolutionary War, hundreds of black loyalists from America were resettled in Britain. Marcus Thomas is thought to have been brought at that time from Jamaica as a young boy by the Stanhope family, working as a servant in their home, being baptised age 19, and later joining the

4129: 50: 2792: 18495: 1190: 3751: 2729: 32: 260: 2253: 5477: 6927: 2309:. However, even though the committee signed up about 700 members of the Black Poor, only 441 boarded the three ships that set sail from London to Portsmouth. Many black Londoners were no longer interested in the scheme, and the coercion employed by the committee and the government to recruit them only reinforced their opposition. Equiano, who was originally involved in the scheme, became one of its most vocal critics. Another prominent black Londoner, 18483: 1982:. Some Liverpudlians are able to trace their black heritage in the city back ten generations. Early black settlers in the city included seamen, the mixed-race children of traders sent to be educated in England, servants, and freed slaves. Mistaken references to slaves entering the country after 1722 being deemed to be free men are derived from a source in which 1722 is a misprint for 1772, in turn based on a misunderstanding of the results of the 3592: 78: 4153: 2903: 5435: 4824:

communities in London, it doesn't get the sense of collective outrage that it ought to do and really get everyone to a place where we are all doing everything we can to prevent this from happening. It's an enormous effort on our part. We are putting enormous resources in to try and stem the flow of the violence and having some success at doing that. But collectively we all ought to be looking at this and seeing how we can prevent it."

2373:, a Jamaican-born servant who lived in Britain during the 18th century. His descendants still live in England today and are white. Abolition of slavery in 1833, effectively ended the period of small-scale black immigration to London and Britain. Though, there were some exceptions, black and Chinese seamen began putting down the roots of small communities in British ports, not least because they were abandoned there by their employers. 3649: 91: 3247: 65: 4710: 4577:(BLiM) was formed after its founders noticed institutionalised racism in the British entertainment industry. BLiM works for equal opportunities for Black, Asian and ethnically diverse people in the jazz and classical music industry, opportunities that include the chance to learn a musical instrument, attend a music school, pursue a career in music and reach senior levels within the sector without facing discrimination. 4242: 5225:

lowest out of all ethnicity groups at £12.55, ahead of only British Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. In 2023, the Office for National Statistics published more granular analysis and found that UK-born black employees (£15.18) earned more than UK-born white employees (£14.26) in 2022, while non-UK born black employees earned less (£12.95). Overall, black employees had a median hourly pay of £13.53 in 2022. According to

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Negroes and blackamoors which (as she is informed) are carried into this realm", and again licensing van Senden to deport them. Her proclamation of 1601 stated that the blackamoors were "fostered and powered here, to the great annoyance of own liege people, that covet the relief, which those people consume". It further stated that "most of them are infidels, having no understanding of Christ or his Gospel".

5458: 5354:, the black population faced severe disparity in outcomes compared to the white population, with early data between March to April 2020 revealing that black people were four times more likely to die with Covid-19 than white people. An inquiry commissioned for the government found that racism contributed to the disproportionate death of black people. As the Covid-19 vaccine began to be distributed, the 5383: 5233:, compared to 16% of White British families and 8% of British Chinese and Indian families. Black families were also the most likely ethnicity to be in receipt of housing benefit, council tax reduction, and reside in social housing. However, White British families (54%) were the most likely out of all ethnic groups to receive state support with 27% of White British families in receipt of the 4266: 4812:

1990s. In the 1980s, opposition to interracial marriage were significant. Nonetheless, Ford argues that "Racism and racial discrimination remain a part of everyday life for Britain's ethnic minorities. Black and Asian Britons...are less likely to be employed and are more likely to work in worse jobs, live in worse houses and suffer worse health than White Britons". The

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against "coloured" peoples also took place in numerous United States cities, towns in the Caribbean, and South Africa. They were part of the social dislocation after the war as societies struggled to integrate veterans into the work forces again, and groups competed for jobs and housing. At Australian insistence, the British refused to accept the

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in healthcare settings. In 2022, the British Medical Journal reported findings from a survey revealing 65% of black people have said that they had experienced prejudice from doctors and other staff in healthcare settings, rising to 75% among black 18-34 year olds. Another survey found that 64% of black people in the UK believe that the

2207:, an English abolitionist, noted at a speech in Manchester: "I was surprised also to find a great crowd of black people standing round the pulpit. There might be forty or fifty of them." There is evidence that black men and women were occasionally discriminated against when dealing with the law because of their skin colour. In 1737, 4039:(18.8 per cent). More specifically, for Black Africans the highest local authority was Southwark (16.4 per cent) followed by Barking and Dagenham (15.4 per cent) and Greenwich (13.8 per cent), whereas for Black Caribbeans the highest was Lewisham (11.2 per cent) followed by Lambeth (9.5 per cent) and Croydon (8.6 per cent). 2822:, which severely restricted the entry of Black immigrants into Britain. During this period it is widely argued that emergent blacks and Asians struggled in Britain against racism and prejudice. During the 1970s—and partly in response to both the rise in racial intolerance and the rise of the Black Power movement abroad— 1743:. When Corsi was accused of theft, Francis stood by him in an English court. With help from an interpreter, he supported his master's claims of innocence. Some of the depositions in the case displayed negative attitudes towards slaves or black people as witnesses. In March 2019 two of the skeletons found on the 2750:, settled in Britain in less than a decade. In 1951, the population of Caribbean and African-born people in Britain was estimated at 20,900. In the mid-1960s, Britain had become the centre of the largest overseas population of West Indians. This migration event is often labelled "Windrush", a reference to the 2078:, by the mid-18th century, Blacks accounted for somewhere between 1% and 3% of the London populace. Evidence of the number of Black residents in the city has been found through registered burials. Some black people in London resisted slavery through escape. Leading Black activists of this era included 7235:

grew up in London. His early achievements winning a world junior record for the 100 meters in 1997, as the youngest medal winner in the 1999 world championships, and fourth place at the 2000 Olympics were marred by a later scandal over the use of performance-enhancing drugs, like Christie before him.

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at birth than their white counterparts. One contributing factor put forward is that white Britons are more likely to smoke and to drink harmful levels of alcohol. In England, 3.6% of white Britons have harmful or dependant drinking behaviours compared to 2.3% of black people. In 2019, 14.4% of whites

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were more likely to be unemployed than the White population. The rate of unemployment among the White population was 5%, but among ethnic minority groups it was Bangladeshi 17%, Pakistani 15%, Mixed 15%, Black Britons 13%, Other ethnic 12% and Indian 7%. Of the different ethnic groups studied, Asians

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scoring at GCSE level. A disparity exists in academic performance between Black African pupils and Black Caribbean pupils at GCSE level. Black African pupils achieved better results than both white pupils and the national average, with an average score of 50.9 and 54.5% of pupils achieving grade 5 or

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In the 1950s the British government became concerned about radicalisation within black immigrant communities, and began measures to surveil them at large. For example, in Sheffield, police constables were authorised to "Observe, visit, and report" on the city's black community, with authorisation for

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From the early part of the century, students of African descent were admitted to British Universities. One such student, for example, was the African American James McCune Smith, who travelled from New York City to Glasgow University to study medicine. In 1837 he was awarded a medical doctorate and

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In 1786, Equiano became the first black person to be employed by the British government, when he was made Commissary of Provisions and Stores for the 350 black people suffering from poverty who had decided to accept the government's offer of an assisted passage to Sierra Leone. The following year, in

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and royal arms of England is thought to possibly be Spanish or North African, the other, known as "Henry" was thought to also have similar genetic makeup. Henry’s mitochondrial DNA showed that his ancestry may have came from Southern Europe, the Near East, or North Africa, although Dr Sam Robson from

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are identified as "blackamoors." In the period of the war with Spain, between 1588 and 1604, there was an increase in the number of people reaching England from Spanish colonial expeditions in parts of Africa. The English freed many of these captives from enslavement on Spanish ships. They arrived in

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from Africa and the Caribbean, respectively, who do not identify as "Black, Black Scottish or Black British". The 2021 census in England and Wales maintained the Caribbean, African, and any other Black, Black British, or Caribbean background options, adding a write-in response for the 'Black African'

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includes individuals in Scotland who classified themselves in the "African" category (58,636 people), which in the Scottish version of the census is separate from "Caribbean or Black" (6,778 people) in this "Black or Black British" category. The ONS note that "the African categories used in Scotland

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found that 72% of black people were unlikely or very unlikely to get vaccinated compared to 82% of all people saying they were likely or very likely to get the jab. In March 2021, uptake was 30% lower for the black population aged 50–60 compared to the same age group in the white population. Vaccine

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with a new STI rate of 1702.6 per 100,000 population compared to 373.9 per 100,000 population in the White British population. This is consistent with data since at least 1994, and potential reasons to explain the difference include poor healthy literacy, underlying socioeconomic factors, and racism

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Black Britons face worse outcomes in some health measurements compared to the rest of the population. Out of all ethnicity groups, black people were the most likely to be overweight or obese, the most likely to be dependant on drugs, as well as the most likely to have common mental disorders. 72% of

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shows internal police data that provides a breakdown of the ethnicity of the 18,091 men and boys who police took action against for a range of offences in London in October 2009. Among those proceeded against for street crimes, 54 per cent were black; for robbery, 59 per cent; and for gun crimes, 67

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A 2019 report by Universities UK found that student’s race and ethnicity significantly affect their degree outcomes. According to this report from 2017–18, there was a 13% gap between the likelihood of white students and Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) students graduating with a first or 2:1 degree

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in Bristol saw fighting between local youths and police officers, resulting in numerous minor injuries, damage to property and arrests. In London, 1981 brought further conflict, with a perceived racist police force after the death of 13 black youngsters who were attending a birthday party that ended

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did not come into widespread use until the second generation were born to these post-war migrants to the UK. Although British by nationality, due to friction between them and the White majority they were often born into communities that were relatively closed, creating the roots of what would become

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Soldiers of D Company, 1/4th Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment, with a captured German Maxim machine gun. A board in the foreground is dated "After 17–22 July 1916". A "pals" company, all the men were from the Bristol area. Sitting in front of central the capped officer is a black man, wearing

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In 1731 the Lord Mayor of London ruled that "no Negroes shall be bound apprentices to any Tradesman or Artificer of this City". Due to this ruling, most were forced into working as domestic servants and other menial professions. Those black Londoners who were unpaid servants were in effect slaves in

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Black people, who according to government statistics make up 2 per cent of the population, are the principal suspects in 11.7 per cent of murders, i.e. in 252 out of 2163 murders committed 2001/2, 2002/3, and 2003/4. Judging on the basis of prison population, a substantial minority (about 35%)

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There is concern that murders using knives are given insufficient attention because most victims are black. Martin Hewitt of the Metropolitan Police said, "I do fear sometimes that because the majority of those that are injured or killed are coming from certain communities and very often the black

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Within England and Wales, 989,628 individuals specified their ethnicity as "Black African", 594,825 as "Black Caribbean", and 280,437 as "Other Black". In Northern Ireland, 2,345 individuals self-reported as "Black African", 372 as "Black Caribbean", and 899 as "Other Black", totaling 3,616 "Black"

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in 1808, and cooperated in liberating slaves from illegal trading ships off the coast of West Africa. Many of these freed slaves were taken to Sierra Leone for settlement. Slavery was abolished completely in the British Empire by 1834, although it had been profitable on Caribbean plantations. Fewer

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Sailors of African descent experienced far less prejudice compared to blacks in the cities such as London. Black sailors would have shared the same quarters, duties and pay as their white shipmates. There are some disputes in the estimation of black sailors, conservative estimates put it between 6%

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to Van Senden, granting him the right to do so. However, Van Senden and Sherley did not succeed in this effort, as they acknowledged in correspondence with Sir Robert Cecil. In 1601, Elizabeth issued another proclamation expressing that she was "highly discontented to understand the great number of

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is not limited to British born citizens and it includes individuals born overseas who have emigrated to the UK. The 50 highest rated nominees, along with updates on the previous year's Powerlistees from rank 2–100, are then ranked by an independent panel in the summer, with the list being produced

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survey about whether people would mind having an ethnic minority boss or have a close relative marry an ethnic minority spouse, declined over the period 1983–1996. These declines were observed for attitudes towards Black and Asian ethnic minorities. Much of this change in attitudes happened in the

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wrote, that despite being in Britain since the age of two he felt he was "only a lodger, and hardly that." Sancho complained of "the national antipathy and prejudice" of native white Britons "towards their wooly headed brethren." Sancho was frustrated that many resorted to stereotyping their black

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in Lancashire. His plaque and gravestone still stand to this day. There were also small numbers of free slaves and seamen from West Africa and South Asia. Many of these people were forced into beggary due to the lack of jobs and racial discrimination. In 1687, a "Moor" was given the freedom of the

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The African population may have been several hundred during the Elizabethan period, however not all were Sub-Saharan African. Historian Michael Wood noted that Africans in England were "mostly free... both men and women, married native English people." Archival evidence shows records of more than

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Around 3.7 per cent of the United Kingdom's population in 2021 were Black. The figures have increased from the 1991 census when 1.63 per cent of the population were recorded as Black or Black British to 1.15 million residents in 2001, or 2 per cent of the population, this further increased to just

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found that the increased risk of dying from COVID-19 was mainly due to the increased risk of exposure. Black people were more likely to live in urban areas with higher population densities and levels of deprivation; work in higher risk occupations such as healthcare or transport; and to live with

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In 2021, 67% of Black 16 to 64-year-olds were employed, compared to 76% of White British and 69% of British Asians. The employment rate for Black 16 to 24-year-olds was 31%, compared to 56% of White British and 37% of British Asians. The median hourly pay for Black Britons in 2021 was amongst the

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Many major Black British publications are handled through Diverse Media Group, which specialises in helping organisations reach Britain's Black and minority ethnic community through the main media they consume. The senior leadership team is a composite of many CEO and owners from the publications

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to remark that "however great the progress of mankind has been, and however far we have advanced in overcoming prejudices, I doubt if we have yet got to the point of view where a British constituency would elect a Blackman". Naoroji was elected to parliament in 1892, becoming the second Member of

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With the support of other Britons, these activists demanded that Blacks be freed from slavery. Supporters involved in these movements included workers and other nationalities of the urban poor. Black people in London who were supporters of the abolitionist movement include Cugoano and Equiano. At

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brought black slaves as servants back to Britain with them. This caused an increasing black presence in the northern, eastern, and southern areas of London. One of the most famous slaves to attend a sea captain was known as Sambo. He fell ill shortly after arriving in England and was consequently

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Media representation of young black British people has focused particularly on "gangs" with black members and violent crimes involving black victims and perpetrators. According to a Home Office report, 10 per cent of all murder victims between 2000 and 2004 were black. Of these, 56 per cent were

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in 1919. Soon eight other cities with significant non-white communities were also hit by race riots. Due to these disturbances, many of the residents from the Arab world as well as some other immigrants were evacuated to their homelands. In that first postwar summer, other racial riots of whites

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in 210 AD. While returning from an inspection of the wall, he was said to have been mocked by an Ethiopian soldier holding a garland of cypress-boughs. Severus ordered him away, reportedly being "frightened" by his dark skin colour and seeing his act and appearance as an omen. The Ethiopian is

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campaign, highlighted the role Black & minority health and key workers and asking the public to continue their support after the pandemic gained over 12 million views online. 72 per cent of NHS Staff that died from Covid-19 were reported as being from Black & Minority Ethnic groups, far

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concluded that Somerset could not be forced to leave England against his will. He later reiterated: "The determinations go no further than that the master cannot by force compel him to go out of the kingdom." Despite the previous rulings, such as the 1706 declaration (which was clarified a year

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In all of the UK censuses, persons with multiple familial ancestries can write in their respective ethnicities under a "Mixed or multiple ethnic groups" option, which includes additional "White and Black Caribbean" or "White and Black African" tick boxes in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

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Their website intro states "Black Arts Alliance is 21 years old. Formed in 1985 it is the longest surviving network of Black artists representing the arts and culture drawn from ancestral heritages of South Asia, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean and, in more recent times, due to global

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In 2004, Greater London Authority Economics produced a report to examine the economic contribution black businesses made to London’s economy. The report found that black businesses made up 4% of all London's businesses, provided over 70,000 jobs and had a total turnover of almost £4.5 billion.

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For some key health measures, including life expectancy, general mortality and many of the leading causes of death in the UK, black Britons have better outcomes than their white British counterparts. As an example, compared to the white population in England, cancer rates are 4% lower in black

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saw a small growth in the size of London's Black communities with the arrival of merchant seamen and soldiers. At that time, there were also small groups of students from Africa and the Caribbean migrating into London. These communities are now among the oldest black communities of London. The

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declared that a slave who fled from his master could not be taken by force in England, nor sold abroad. However, Mansfield was at pains to point out that his ruling did not comment on the legality of slavery itself. This verdict fueled the numbers of Blacks who escaped slavery, and helped send

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to tackle black-on-black crimes. Numerous deaths in police custody of black men has generated a general distrust of police among urban blacks in the UK. According to the Metropolitan Police Authority in 2002–03 of the 17 deaths in police custody, 10 were black or Asian – black convicts have a

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World War II marked another period of growth for the Black communities in London, Liverpool and elsewhere in Britain. Many Blacks from the Caribbean and West Africa arrived in small groups as wartime workers, merchant seamen, and servicemen from the army, navy, and air forces. For example, in

5221:, explored the views of young Black males in London on why their demographic have a higher unemployment rate than any other group of young people, finding that many young Black men in London believe that racism and negative stereotyping are the main reasons for their high unemployment rate. 2333:. Turi King, a co-author on the study, noted the most probable "guess" was the West African slave trade. Some of the known individuals who arrived through the slave route, such as Ignatius Sancho and Olaudah Equiano, attained a very high social rank. Some married into the general population. 2167:

put the number of black people in the country at as many as 15,000, though most modern historians consider 10,000 to be the most likely. The black population was estimated at around 10,000 in London, making black people approximately 1% of the overall London population. The black population

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on slavery not being legal in Britain, it was often ignored, with slaveowners arguing that the slaves were property and therefore could not be considered people. Slave owner Thomas Papillon was one of many who took his black servant "to be in the nature and quality of my goods and chattel".

1830:." In addition, in this period, England had no concept of naturalization as a means of incorporating immigrants into the society. It conceived of English subjects as those people born on the island. Those who were not were considered by some to be incapable of becoming subjects or citizens. 11098:. p. 195 quotes a contemporary commentator who called them "indigent, unemployed, despised and forlorn", saying that "it was necessary they should be sent somewhere, and be no longer suffered to invest the streets of London" (C. B. Wadström, An Essay on Colonization, 1794–5, II, 220). 5363:

in the United States as an example. Another reason given was the lack of trust in the authorities and the perceived perception that black people were being targeted as guinea pigs for the vaccine which was spurred by misinformation online and some religious organisations. Analysis from the

5605:, a weekly newspaper published in the UK for the Black British community, as a way to profile and celebrate influential Black Britons, and inspire and influence the next generation. The list is updated annually and has been published in book format by Powerful Media since 2007. The 3965:

The 2011 UK Census recorded 1,904,684 residents who identified as "Black/African/Caribbean/Black British", accounting for 3 per cent of the total UK population. This was the first UK census where the number of self-reported Black African residents exceeded that of Black Caribbeans.

3999:, where they made up 13.3 per cent of the population, compared to 3.5 per cent of England's population and 3 per cent of the UK's population. The ten local authorities with the highest proportion of their populations describing themselves as Black in the census were all in London: 3986:, 575,876 people in the United Kingdom had reported their ethnicity as "Black Caribbean", 485,277 as "Black African", and 97,585 as "Black Other", making a total of 1,148,738 "Black or Black British" residents. This was equivalent to 2 per cent of the UK population at the time. 1794:", buried the xxviith daye of August and "Frauncis a Blackamoor servant to Thomas Parker", buried in January 1591. Some were free workers, although most were employed as domestic servants and entertainers. Some worked in ports, but were invariably described as chattel labour. 5315:

MP, provided potential reasons on the disproportionate number of black children in prisons including austerity in public services, lack of diversity in the judiciary, and the school system inadequately serving the black community by failing to identify learning difficulties.

4363:, 48 per cent of black Caribbean men and 34 per cent of black Caribbean women in couples have partners from a different ethnic group. Moreover, mixed-race children under the age of ten with black Caribbean and white parents outnumber black Caribbean children by two-to-one. 11363: 2581:

Colonial soldiers and sailors of Afro-Caribbean descent served in the United Kingdom during the First World War and some settled in British cities. The South Shields community—which also included other "coloured" seamen known as lascars, who were from South Asia and the

2670:, near Liverpool. The Black population in the summer of 1944 was estimated at 150,000, mostly Black GIs from the United States. However, by 1948 the Black population was estimated to have been less than 20,000 and did not reach the previous peak of 1944 until 1958. 3126:

patients were non-white, and similar studies in the US had shown a clear racial disparity. The government announced that they will be launching an official inquiry into the disproportionate impact of coronavirus on Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic communities with

8901:

The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation, The second voyage to Guinea set out by Sir George Barne, Sir John Yorke, Thomas Lok, Anthonie Hickman and Edward Castelin, in the yere 1554. The Captaine whereof was M. John

3147:

set up a fundraising initiative called "The Majonzi Fund" which will provide families with access to small financial grants that can be used to access bereavement counselling and organise memorial events and tributes after the social lockdown has been lifted.

2578:. Tull became the first British-born mixed-heritage infantry officer in a regular British Army regiment, despite the 1914 Manual of Military Law specifically excluding soldiers that were not "of pure European descent" from becoming commissioned officers. 1766:

that had heritage beyond Britain was not necessarily representative of the whole of England at the time, although it definitely was not a "one-off". It is thought they are likely to have travelled through Spain or Portugal before arriving in Britain.

2914:

The late 1950s through to the late 1980s saw a number of mass street conflicts involving young Afro-Caribbean men and British police officers in English cities, mostly as a result of tensions between members of local black communities and whites.

13213: 15457: 14353: 2146:. Modern historians estimate, based on parish lists, baptismal and marriage registers as well as criminal and sales contracts, that about 10,000 black people lived in Britain during the 18th century. Other estimates put the number at 15,000. 1485:) who were descendants of migrants from England and Canada and identified as British. They are generally the descendants of black people who lived in England in the 18th century and freed Black American slaves who fought for the Crown in the 2426:"In the great brotherhood of the equestrian world there is no colour line , for, although Pablo Fanque was of African extraction, he speedily made his way to the top of his profession. The camaraderie of the ring has but one test – ability." 8253:"In the late 1960s through to the mid-1980s, we progressives called ourselves Black. This was not only because the word was reclaimed as a positive, but we also knew that we shared a common experience of racism because of our skin colour." 4761:

because only people who had been resident in the UK for a minimum of five years qualified for it. At the time, there was no anti-discrimination legislation to prevent landlords from refusing to accept black tenants. A survey undertaken in

2922:, when roaming gangs of between 300 and 400 white youths attacked Afro-Caribbeans and their houses across the neighbourhood, leading to a number of Afro-Caribbean men being left unconscious in the streets. The following year, Antigua-born 13431: 14419: 2023:

of 1569 resolved that England was "too pure an air for a slave to breathe in". However, black African slaves continued to be bought and sold in England during the eighteenth century. The slavery issue was not legally contested until the

1450:

group. In Northern Ireland, the 2021 census had Black African and Black Other tick-boxes. In Scotland, the options were African, Scottish African or British African, and Caribbean or Black, each accompanied by a write-in response box.

3121:

to call on the government to begin investigating if and why minorities are being disproportionally affected. Early statistics found that black and Asian people were being affected worse than white people, with figures showing 35% of

13274: 15128: 5207:

had the highest poverty rate of 45% (after housing costs), Black Britons 38% and Chinese/other 32% (compared to a poverty rate of 20% for the White population). However, the report did concede that things were slowly improving.

2130:

by the locals, became a gardener at the estate and "grew into a handsome and vigorous young man". His portrait was painted in 1750s. He married local woman Margaret Gruffydd in 1768 and their descendants still live in the area.

5300:". Black people were seven times more likely to be stopped and searched by police compared to white people, according to the Home Office. A separate study said black people were more than nine times more likely to be searched. 2962:

and local Afro-Caribbean community, leading to a number of cars and shops being set on fire, stones thrown at police and hundreds of arrests and minor injuries. A similar pattern occurred further north in England that year, in

7244:, his ten global championship gold medals (four Olympic and six World titles) make him the most successful male track distance runner ever, and he is the most successful British track athlete in modern Olympic Games history. 3994:

Most Black Britons can be found in the large cities and metropolitan areas of the country. The 2011 census found that 1.85 million of a total Black population of 1.9 million lived in England, with 1.09 million of those in

12837: 10021: 5254:

disproportionately higher rate of incarceration than other ethnicities. The government reports The overall number of racist incidents recorded by the police rose by 7 per cent from 49,078 in 2002/03 to 52,694 in 2003/04.

12452: 2220:

neighbours. A financially independent householder, he became the first black person of African origin to vote in parliamentary elections in Britain, in a time when only 3% of the British population were allowed to vote.

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issued letters to the lord mayors of major cities asserting that "of late divers blackmoores brought into this realm, of which kind of people there are already here to manie...". While visiting the English court,

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murdered by other black people (with 44 per cent of black people murdered by whites and Asians – making black people disproportionately higher victims of killing by people from other ethnicities). In addition, a

11245: 7231:, who moved to the United Kingdom at age seven. He was winner of the gold medal in the 100 meters at the 1992 Olympics, the World Championships, the European Championships and the Commonwealth Games. Sprinter 3109:

blamed black gangster and rap culture, saying that it had influenced youths of all races. Figures showed that 46 per cent of people brought before a courtroom for arrests related to the 2011 riots were black.

2953:

was held to protest against the attacks themselves, a perceived rise in racism, and perceived hostility and indifference from the police, politicians and media. Tensions were further inflamed when, in nearby

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It was reported in the Morning Gazette that there was 30,000 in the country as a whole, though the numbers were thought to be "alarmist" exaggerations. In the same year, a party for black men and women in a

13335: 10494: 9130:

Ungerer, Gustav (2005). "Recovering a Black African's Voice in an English Lawsuit: Jacques Francis and the Salvage Operations of the "Mary Rose" and the "Sancta Maria and Sanctus Edwardus", 1545–ca 1550".

15590: 12687: 3077:, by police in Tottenham, a protest was held at the local police station. The protest ended with an outbreak of fighting between local youths and police officers leading to widespread disturbances across 14534: 8601: 5628:

The British Ethnic Diversity Sports Awards (BEDSA) were launched in 2016, celebrating the contribution of and achievements of ethnic minority sportspeople and have included awards presented to cricketer

8714: 11594: 6851: 15202: 15011: 16145: 1814:) "But in our childhood our mothers maids have so terrified us with an ouglie divell having hornes on his head, and a taile in his breech, eies like a bason, fanges like a dog, clawes like a beare, 14651: 7877: 4393:

Multicultural London English is a variety of the English language spoken by a large number of the Black British population of Afro-Caribbean ancestry. British Black dialect has been influenced by

3053:

show that practices continued into the 1960s, with Manchester police creating reports on immigrant communities' "intermixing, miscegenation and illegitimacy", listing numbers of children by race.

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above in both English and Maths GCSE. Meanwhile, Black Caribbean pupils attained an average score of 41.7 with only 34.6% of pupils attaining grade 5 or above in both English and Maths GCSE.

16205: 15666: 12744: 1652:". Both he and John Blanke were paid wages for their services. A small number of black Africans worked as independent business owners in London in the late 1500s, including the silk weaver 13278: 12775: 4831:

survey which featured the largest sample of Black people in Britain found that 88% had reported racial discrimination at work, 79% believed the police unfairly targeted black people with

2937:

when several hundred police officers and youths became involved in televised fights and scuffles, with stones thrown at police, baton charges and a number of minor injuries and arrests.

2742:

In 1950, there were probably fewer than 20,000 non-White residents in Britain, almost all born overseas. After World War II, the largest influx of Black people occurred, mostly from the

1291:

over 1.9 million in 2011, representing 3 per cent. Almost 96 per cent of Black Britons live in England, particularly in England's larger urban areas, with close to 1.2 million living in

14672: 9626: 9268: 2865:

in Southern Africa. Nigerians and Ghanaians have been especially quick to accustom themselves to British life, with young Nigerians and Ghanaians achieving some of the best results at

17898: 14289: 11071:

Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished Master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. 26-33.

10010:

Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished Master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. 10–11.

2838:. By 1981, the black population in the United Kingdom was estimated at 1.2% of all countries of birth, being 0.8% Black-Caribbean, 0.3% Black-Other, and 0.1% Black-African residents. 1986:

referred to below. As a result, Liverpool is home to Britain's oldest black community, dating at least to the 1730s. By 1795, Liverpool had 62.5 per cent of the European Slave Trade.

5550:

to be the greatest Black Briton. Seacole was born in Jamaica in 1805 to a white father and black mother. A statue of her, designed by Martin Jennings, was unveiled in the grounds of

9948:

Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?2 Unpublished Master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. 3–4.

8164: 15928: 11338: 11364:"‘Narrow-majority’ and ‘Bow-and-agree’: Public Attitudes Towards the Elections of the First Asian MPs in Britain, Dadabhai Naoroji and Mancherjee Merwanjee Bhownaggree, 1885–1906" 15394: 15290: 12829: 12442: 11173: 10810:

Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished Master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), p. 3.

10516: 2337: 9797: 9108: 15976: 12806: 12567: 7908: 1703:

arrived in London with 300 captives from West Africa. However, the slave trade did not become entrenched until the 17th century and Hawkins only embarked on three expeditions.

9035:"Recovering a black African's voice in an English lawsuit: Jacques Francis and the salvage operations of the Mary Rose and the Sancta Maria and Sanctus Edwardus, 1545–ca 1550" 8234:"In the 1970s Black was used as a political term to encompass many groups who shared a common experience of oppression – this could include Asian but also Irish, for example." 4687: 3096:

were said to be exploiting the situation. Racial tensions between blacks and Asians in Birmingham increased after the deaths of three Asian men at the hands of a black youth.

2700:

and was awarded damages. This particular example is used by some to illustrate the slow change from racism towards acceptance and equality of all citizens in London. In 1943,

16235: 14227: 12419: 9064: 5397: 2958:, police launched operation Swamp 81, a series of mass stop-and-searches of young black men. Anger erupted when up to 500 people were involved in street fighting between the 3088:. Research suggests that race relations in Britain deteriorated in the period following the riots and that prejudice towards ethnic minorities increased. Groups such as the 2998:, in north London, protests held at the local police stations did not end peacefully and further street battles with the police erupted, the disturbances later spreading to 1275:

has historically had a number of applications as a racial and political label and may be used in a wider sociopolitical context to encompass a broader range of non-European

14737: 11036:

Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished Master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013).

1902:, which were a fashion of the time. The painting is captioned "I black with white bespott y white with blacke this evil proceeds from thy proud hart then take her: Devill." 16520: 14608: 14590: 1974:

was the most important factor in the development of the Black British community. These communities flourished in port cities strongly involved in the slave trade, such as

1790:. Among these servants was "John Come-quick, a blackemore", servant to Capt Thomas Love. Others included in parish registers include Domingo "a black neigro servaunt unto 1445:(GOS) also established new, separate "African, African Scottish or African British" and "Caribbean, Caribbean Scottish or Caribbean British" tick boxes for individuals in 16965: 14633: 11773: 8906: 16082: 15897: 13309: 8794: 8635: 8335:

states that their "emphasis is on the common experience and determination of the people of African, African-Caribbean, and Asian origin to oppose the effects of racism."

5640:

The inaugural Black British Theatre Awards, co-founded by activist Solange Urdang and theatre director and choreographer Omar F. Okai, took place in October 2019 at Old

1659:

When trade lines began to open between London and West Africa, persons from this area began coming to Britain on board merchant and slaving ships. For example, merchant

15950: 18349: 15052: 12972: 5355: 2607: 2329:, where it is also rare. The haplogroup is thought to have been brought to Britain either through enlisted soldiers during Roman Britain, or much later via the modern 1898:

Dual portrait of a black woman and a white woman, identities unknown, circa 1650, by an anonymous hand. The two women, who appear to be of equal standing, are wearing

13395: 8328: 6569: 15806: 15316: 14937: 13650: 15554: 12536: 4609:, published since 1991, is the largest monthly magazine that targets black British, mixed-race, African and African-Caribbean women in the United Kingdom. In 2007, 14959: 13339: 12594: 12389: 10486: 8246: 7561:

Businesses owned by Black Britons generate more than £10bn for the UK each year, according to the Centre for Research in Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship (CREME).

5575: 4766:

in 1956 found that only 15 of a total of 1,000 white people surveyed would let a room to a black tenant. As a result, many black immigrants were forced to live in

2285: 312: 16990: 14315: 13365: 10381: 10097: 10036: 8740: 13074: 12679: 12307: 8680: 7840: 4770:

areas of cities, where the housing was of poor quality and there were problems of crime, violence and prostitution. One of the most notorious slum landlords was

1778:

Blackamoor servants were perceived as a fashionable novelty and worked in the households of several prominent Elizabethans, including that of Queen Elizabeth I,

1604:

revealed to be that of a Sub-Saharan African woman. Her remains have been dated between the years 896 and 1025. Local historians believe she was likely either a

1220: 327: 14542: 13931: 9667: 9576: 9240: 8559: 2933:, provoking a sense that young black men were being discriminated against by the police The next newsworthy outbreak of street fighting occurred in 1976 at the 2139:

pub was sufficiently unusual to be written about in the newspapers. Their presence in the country was striking enough to start heated outbreaks of distaste for

1686:

During the later 16th century as well as into the first two decades of the 17th century, 25 people named in the records of the small parish of St. Botolph's in

8706: 15342: 15053:"The Lammy Review: An independent review into the treatment of, and outcomes for, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic individuals in the Criminal Justice System" 13238: 11586: 10187: 8468: 1846:, requested the permission to transport "Blackamoores" living in England to Portugal or Spain, presumably to sell them there. Elizabeth subsequently issued a 1521:), including lovers, wives, and widows of the black men. In addition, nearly 1200 Black Loyalists, former American slaves who had been freed and resettled in 13454: 7995: 6697: 6076: 4757:. For many Caribbean immigrants, their first experience of discrimination came when trying to find private accommodation. They were generally ineligible for 3128: 2978:(published in November 1981), relations between black youths and police did not significantly improve and a further wave of nationwide conflicts occurred in 17120: 12116: 2986:

community also became involved. Photographer and artist Pogus Caesar extensively documented the riots. Following the police shooting of a black grandmother

16359: 16175: 16137: 12996: 2834:. He spoke against racism and for equality in regards to all residents of Britain. In the years that followed, several Black members were elected into the 2673: 2364:

In the late 18th century, the British slave trade declined in response to changing popular opinion. Both Great Britain and the United States abolished the

16568: 15368: 10415: 9420: 2655:

to honour servicemen from Africa and the Caribbean who served alongside British and Commonwealth Forces in both the First World War and Second World War.

14762: 10989: 10797: 10642: 1691:

England largely as a by-product of the slave trade; some were of mixed-race African and Spanish, and became interpreters or sailors. American historian

17843: 15229: 15033: 14786: 11616: 7783:

Combined figures for all categorised under 'Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African' including 'African', 'Caribbean' and 'Other Black'

6907: 2260:

was the first black person of African origins to vote in parliamentary elections and became a symbol of the humanity of Africans and immorality of the

1079: 14038:

Phillips, Deborah; Karn, Valerie (1991). "Racial Segregation in Britain: Patterns, Processes, and Policy Approaches". In Huttman, Elizabeth D. (ed.).

13514: 10595: 9034: 7881: 4785:

was a major factor in the development of a shared Caribbean identity amongst black immigrants from a range of different island and class backgrounds.

18442: 18270: 18261: 15265: 14564: 13701: 12915: 10820: 10429: 5709: 5701: 5203: 1414: 1284: 7973: 5269:

per cent. According to the Office for National Statistics, 18.4% of homicide suspects in England and Wales over March 2019 - March 2021 were Black.

2249:

this time, slavery in Britain itself had no support from common law, but its definitive legal status was not clearly defined until the 19th century.

2224:

and 8% of navy sailors of the time, this proportion is considerably larger than the population as a whole. Notable examples are Olaudah Equiano and

1667:

reports that they: "were tall and strong men, and could wel agree with our meates and drinkes. The colde and moyst aire doth somewhat offend them."

18013: 15775: 12161: 12005: 10132: 7435: 6918:

was the first woman to chair the National Black Police Association and was awarded an MBE for her services to policing and to community relations.

6855:

is his latest book, published by Narrative Eye in 2013, in which he proves that Black people in Tudor England had free status and were not slaves.

2627:

February 1941, 345 West Indians came to work in factories in and around Liverpool, making munitions. Among those from the Caribbean who joined the

2466: 16197: 12736: 18520: 17247: 14843: 7461: 5780: 2211:

was accused of stealing Anne Godfrey's washing, the case rested entirely on whether or not Scipio was the only black man in Hackney at the time.

1426: 1370: 16434: 12767: 8846: 4626:

s editorial contributors are some of the most powerful and influential movers and shakers, and successful entrepreneurs within BME communities.

1437:

who self-identify as "Black" to select "Black African", "Black Caribbean" or "Any other Black/African/Caribbean background" tick boxes. For the

17651: 17463: 14669: 13803: 7456:. He is also the founding director of Connect Support Services, an IT services company pioneering fixed-price support. He was also Chairman of 7423: 4803:

Racism in Britain in general, including against black people, is considered to have declined over time. Academic Robert Ford demonstrates that

3006:. The street battles themselves (involving more stone-throwing, the discharge of one firearm, and several fires) led to two fatalities (in the 16829: 15837: 15725: 9623: 9260: 17866: 16460: 15458:"Table 2: New STI diagnosis numbers and rates in England and regions by gender, sexual orientation, age group and ethnic group, 2017 to 2021" 14075: 9450: 5789:

was the first black person to be an on-camera reporter and interviewer on British television in 1968. Television reporter and newsreader Sir

14275: 5325:

people, who are also less likely to die of the disease than whites. Generally, black people in England and Wales have a significantly lower

2806:

In 1961, the population of people born in Africa or the Caribbean was estimated at 191,600, just under 0.4% of the total UK population. The

2533: 18535: 14467: 8231: 8168: 5756: 2499:, London's Black population at the time did "not much exceed one hundred" people and "To every one , there are over sixty thousand whites". 1637: 1369:

has separate self-designation entries for respondents to identify as "Asian British", "Black British" and "Other ethnic group". Due to the

867: 17035: 15612: 7362:

Dyke, Dryden and Wade created Britain's first black multi-million-pound business and laid the foundations for future UK black enterprise.

2738:

is extremely important within Black British history; in 1948 it carried the first large wave of Jamaican immigrants to the United Kingdom.

15920: 14885: 11976: 10533: 9086: 3117:

the first ten healthcare workers to die from the virus came from Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) backgrounds, prompting the head of the

1213: 11488: 11461: 322: 17838: 16722: 15421: 14249: 11302: 11165: 10508: 9852: 9495: 9468: 9371: 9283: 5748: 2294: 2181: 1822:

stated that such views "are to be noted at all levels of society". Views on Black people were "affected by preconceived notions of the

1798:

360 African people between 1500 and 1640 in England and Scotland. Reacting to the darker complexion of people with biracial parentage,

1518: 1494: 16408: 13165: 11634: 11218: 10617: 9100: 2149: 18338: 15572: 14710:

Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System – 2004 A Home Office publication under section 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991

12798: 12559: 12047: 10225: 8292:

encourages "a coming together of Black people from Africa, Asia and the Caribbean because our histories have parallels of oppression"

7767: 7642:

in 1992 and became the first black leader of a major British trade union. He was knighted in 2003, and in 2006 he took a seat in the

5685: 5365: 4928: 2012:

slavery into decline. During this same period, many former American slave soldiers, who had fought on the side of the British in the

1922: 17323: 15480: 12710: 11136: 9522: 9310: 8449: 8210: 4859:

statistics for the 2021–22 academic year, Black British pupils attained below the national average for academic performance at both

2279:

During the late 18th century, numerous publications and memoirs were written about the "black poor". One example is the writings of

18046: 16227: 14713: 14223: 12411: 9551: 9056: 7657:, was ennobled in 1969 and took the title Baron Constantine of Maraval in Trinidad and Nelson in the County Palatine of Lancaster. 5403: 2153: 1787: 1019: 15749: 15439: 13675: 13625: 12591:"Is Britain's minority community disproportionately affected by the coronavirus? Lack of public data makes it difficult to answer" 7932:'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group' 4603:

magazine is a central point of focus which leads the nationwide celebration of Black History, Arts and Culture throughout the UK.

1749:

were found to have Southern European or North African ancestry; one found to be wearing a leather wrist-guard bearing the arms of

17933: 16542: 16512: 15630: 14730: 13957: 9602: 8756: 8400: 7639: 7635: 6626:

became a critically acclaimed international best seller and she was honoured with an MBE for services to literature. At the 2020

5697: 5689: 5351: 5250: 4534: 4350: 3114: 16009: 15129:"Ethnic differences in life expectancy and mortality from selected causes in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics" 14803: 12181: 11948: 10903: 10657: 10338: 9959: 8899: 7799: 2708:

because she was black. The decision was overturned after her cause was taken up by Holborn Trades Council, which led to her MP,

2406:

Despite social prejudice and discrimination in Victorian England, some 19th-century black Britons achieved exceptional success.

1438: 17913: 11872: 11794: 9834:

Shyllon, Folarin. "The Black Presence and Experience in Britain: An Analytical Overview", in Gundara and Duffield, eds (1992),

5369:

older relatives who themselves are at higher risk due to their age or having other comorbidities such as diabetes and obesity.

4778:

area of London. Black tenants typically paid twice the rent of white tenants, and lived in conditions of extreme overcrowding.

4020: 3918: 3050: 1362: 1206: 15889: 14151:

Holland, Brian (1995). "'Kicking racism out of football': An assessment of racial harassment in and around football grounds".

13301: 9549:"Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia" 8627: 7403:, a money transfer company, and Director of the Sahan Foundation International. In October 2019, Ahmed was named first in the 6894:

from 2004 to 2010. He is the son of Jamaican immigrants who came to the United Kingdom in the 1950s. Fuller was brought up in

1581:, near Eastry in Kent in the early 7th century was found to have 33% of her DNA of West African type, most closely resembling 18254: 17923: 17776: 17679: 17542: 17069: 16942: 16628: 13187: 12879: 11821: 10846: 10741: 10358: 10294: 9921: 9884: 8829: 7181: 6603: 6427: 4436: 4345:

An academic journal article published in 2005, citing sources from 1997 and 2001, estimated that nearly half of British-born

2462: 2164: 2033: 1133: 788: 648: 283: 17561: 16056: 14484: 12979: 11113: 10861: 9989: 8365: 2414:, rose to become the proprietor of one of Britain's most successful Victorian circuses. He is immortalised in the lyrics of 18041: 18006: 17886: 14927: 13402: 11004: 9890: 8325: 7676: 7629: 7453: 5858: 5813:, of Jamaican heritage, is another notable newsreader and reporter. He is also the host of the long-running BBC quiz shows 1675: 1442: 15798: 12860:"Net migration drops to 685,000 after hitting record levels, as even more arrived in UK last year than previously thought" 9689: 7802:

after the rest of the United Kingdom due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, data shown is for 2022 as opposed to 2021.

5720: 4855:

according to a government report published in 2006, often on a par or above the performance of white pupils. According to

18311: 17828: 17610: 17604: 12528: 11754: 11665: 11571: 11549: 9401: 9008: 8929: 7720: 7700: 7660: 7431: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7177: 7024: 5854: 4980: 4346: 2827: 2693: 348: 16031: 14305: 13905: 12590: 12381: 9741: 8243: 4397:

owing to the large number of immigrants from Jamaica, but it is also spoken or imitated by those of different ancestry.

18282: 17891: 17689: 17644: 17515: 16994: 14109: 14047: 14022: 13369: 12506: 12282: 12257: 12229: 12138: 11737: 11705: 11498: 11395: 9772: 9356: 9208: 8736: 8347: 7161: 5296:'s anti-racism unit in 2003, remarked that it was "difficult to imagine a situation where we will say we are no longer 4938: 2644: 2419: 2197: 1338:

In the 1970s, a time of rising activism against racial discrimination, the main communities so described were from the

1128: 915: 758: 210: 17402: 16880: 16112: 14129: 13886: 13078: 12625: 12299: 10937: 9711: 8672: 7539:. She has been named the most influential Black person in the UK, ranking at the top of the annual Powerlist in 2022. 2877:

between British citizens born in Africa and native Britons is still fairly low, compared to those from the Caribbean.

18139: 17938: 16597: 15867: 14516: 13556: 11988: 11677: 11525: 11471: 11441: 11255: 11228: 11201: 11146: 10962: 10913: 10871: 10769: 10667: 10391: 10163: 10107: 10073: 10046: 9969: 9659: 9572: 9532: 9505: 9478: 9381: 9320: 9293: 9175: 9018: 8975: 8939: 8611: 8584: 8551: 8535: 8093: 6667: 6315:

who spoke about the challenges many black British actors face in the UK industry compared to the US in an article by

6059: 5768: 5736: 5570:, was the first awards ceremony that celebrates the achievements in music of black origin, launched in 1996. Founder 4655: 2826:

became detached from its negative connotations, and was reclaimed as a marker of pride: black is beautiful. In 1975,

1917: 14909: 13742: 12357: 11191: 9232: 8673:"The First Black Briton? 1,000 Year Old Skeleton of African Woman Discovered by Schoolboys in Gloucestershire River" 6650:

Bestseller hardback chart at number two and has gone on to win numerous accolades. Other notable novelists include

5359:

hesitancy was driven by unethical health treatments towards black people in the past, with many surveyed citing the

4867:

level. 12.3% of Black British pupils achieved at least 3 As at A Level and an average score of 48.6 was achieved in

3155:, EU nationals working in the health and social care sector were replaced by migrants from non-EU countries such as 2446:. These articles are the first known to be published by an African-American medical doctor in a scientific journal. 18418: 18247: 17928: 17861: 13983: 12482: 11385: 11381: 10179: 8465: 7042: 6966: 6717: 6170: 5304: 5226: 4444: 2835: 2811: 2807: 2454: 2020: 1538: 1054: 977: 910: 839: 763: 224: 17438: 14449: 13772: 12656: 11339:"James McCune Smith: new discovery reveals how first African-American doctor fought for women's rights in Glasgow" 6898:, where his interest in the police force was encouraged by an officer attached to his school. He is a graduate in 5281:, ethnicity was not a significant predictor of offending, anti-social behaviour or drug abuse among young people. 2841:

Since the 1980s, the majority of black immigrants into the country have come directly from Africa, in particular,

18393: 17999: 17903: 17169: 17112: 16485: 10472: 7621: 7193: 6585: 5801:

producing and directing multicultural series for Central Television, Carlton Television and BBC. Also notable is

5592: 4468:. Its presence in the United Kingdom stretches back to the 18th century, encompassing concert performers such as 3182: 2325:

in a few living British men with Yorkshire surnames. This clade is today almost exclusively found among males in

1378: 1237: 560: 479: 16351: 16167: 12330: 10407: 18530: 18525: 18306: 18069: 17908: 17881: 17726: 16257: 13000: 12073:

Nassy-Brown, Jacqueline (August 1998). "Black Liverpool, Black America, and the Gendering of Diasporic Space".

11837: 10985: 10888: 10789: 10689: 10634: 9416: 8872: 8425: 7763: 7759: 7745: 7085: 6519: 6477: 6330: 6207:. Black British actors are also increasingly found starring in major Hollywood films, notable examples include 6134: 5814: 5504: 5339: 5259: 5234: 5211: 4448: 2038: 1700: 1422: 857: 783: 773: 750: 564: 220: 184: 17221: 17142: 16916: 16543:"As a Black British actor, I've been stereotyped one too many times. I'm moving to America | Ricardo P. Lloyd" 8285: 4619:

magazine is a multi-award winning Black and minority ethnic community magazine produced quarterly since 2005.

2760:"Caribbean" is itself not one ethnic or political identity; for example, some of this wave of immigrants were 18515: 18197: 18104: 18074: 18056: 18036: 17637: 13863: 8310: 8265: 7771: 7427:

He has also served as an executive main board director for blue-chip companies as well as the public sector.

7224: 7004: 6556:

in 2019, making Evaristo the first Black British writer to win the Man Booker. In 2020, Evaristo was made an

6166: 4587: 1810:

noted that superstitious people associated black skin with demons and ghosts, writing (in his sceptical book

1569:

written to have said: "You have been all things, you have conquered all things, now, O conqueror, be a god."

1138: 1115: 778: 270: 250: 15203:"Mortality from leading causes of death by ethnic group, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics" 13833: 11608: 7354:. With seven titles, over 100 wins and pole positions, he is the most successful driver in British history. 18134: 18084: 17964: 17746: 16855: 15180: 10587: 8021: 7947: 7916: 7725: 7680: 7543: 7492: 7213: 7209: 6996: 5566:

A number of awards and honours exist to recognise talent and influence of the Black British community. The

4782: 4388: 2919: 2819: 2802:, London, which sells Afro-Caribbean music, textiles, and food including goat meat, yams, mangos and spices 2596: 2518: 2471: 2013: 1366: 982: 17598: 15100: 11515: 15767: 15591:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by ethnic group, England and Wales: 2 March 2020 to 10 April 2020" 7668: 7525: 6911: 6557: 6523: 5806: 5582:

for her services to the music industry, and the awards have taken place annually since its inauguration.

4836: 4465: 4004: 3926: 3906: 3118: 2092: 996: 972: 964: 920: 886: 768: 216: 16645:"Andrea Levy becomes first writer of colour to have pen added to Royal Society of Literature collection" 12154: 12012: 10563:"Charles Stanhope, third Earl of Harrington and Marcus Richard Fitzroy Thomas - YCBA Collections Search" 10124: 7227:

team in the decathlon in the 1980 and 1984 Olympics. The most decorated British athlete is Jamaica-born

4585:

The Black community in Britain has a number of significant publications. The leading key publication is

1933:

between Europe, Africa and the Americas. Many of those involved in British colonial activities, such as

18461: 18094: 17489: 13548: 13479:

Bland, L. (2005). "White Women and Men of Colour: Miscegenation Fears in Britain after the Great War".

13427: 13391: 13361: 13331: 13270: 12968: 7969: 7873: 7396: 7288: 7012: 6511: 6133:(2013), won several major international awards, and McQueen became the first black filmmaker to win an 5285: 5278: 4032: 4028: 4000: 3934: 3902: 3898: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3030: 2885: 2881: 2880:

By the end of the 20th century the number of black Londoners numbered half a million, according to the

2652: 2231: 1894: 1632:, the blacke trumpeter," who is listed in the payment accounts of both Henry VIII and his father, 1486: 1478: 1418: 1410: 1351: 1123: 389: 56: 17592: 17575: 16802: 15573:"Black people in the UK four times more likely to die from Covid-19 than white people, new data shows" 7519:

is a billionaire businessman and founder and executive chairman of the international technology group

5303:

In 2010, black Britons accounted for around 2.2% of the general UK population, but made up 15% of the

5277:. In November 2009, the Home Office published a study that showed that, once other variables had been 4484:(1875–1912) achieved great success as a composer at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The 4453: 2525:, September 1916. All of the men pictured were Afro-Caribbean people who volunteered to fight for the 1713:", meaning servant, slave or attendant. Francis was born on an island off the coast of Guinea, likely 18239: 17833: 6999:

is the highest ranking black officer in the forces. He joined the RAF as a 19-year-old cadet to read

6795: 6589: 6565: 6284: 6124: 4500: 4016: 4012: 4008: 3930: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3018: 2949:. The fire was viewed by many as a racist massacre and a major political demonstration, known as the 2169: 1971: 1912: 950: 930: 862: 802: 419: 15721: 13795: 11080:

Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?",

11058:

Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?",

10311: 5245:

Both racist crime and gang-related crime continues to affect black communities, so much so that the

4599:

primarily targets the Caribbean diaspora and has been printed for more than 35 years. Secondly, the

2926:

died after being set upon and stabbed by a gang of white youths while walking home to Notting Hill.

2391: 2301:

in West Africa, founding the first British colony on the continent. They asked that their status as

2090:

who was born a slave in the Caribbean moved to Britain with her white father in the 1760s. In 1764,

1248:

developed in the 1950s, referring to the Black British West Indian people from the former Caribbean

17586: 15829: 14427: 14394: 14361: 12100: 10282: 8649: 7625: 7284: 7000: 6515: 6176: 6106: 5681: 4856: 4808: 4788:

In the 1970s and 1980s, black people in Britain were the victims of racist violence perpetrated by

4690:(1982–1995) was an initiative launched by New Beacon Books, Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications and the 4615:

reported that the magazine had dominated the black women's magazine market for over 15 years.

4528: 4024: 3971: 3493: 3026: 2757:, the ship that carried the first major group of Caribbean migrants to the United Kingdom in 1948. 2592: 2322: 1967: 1819: 1799: 1779: 1755: 1624:

in the Westminster Tournament Roll, an illuminated manuscript dating from 1511. He wears the royal

1482: 696: 17272: 16755: 15155: 14694: 14064: 9442: 7929: 6090:

in 1981. The film received critical acclaim and is considered an important landmark in UK cinema.

5446: 18089: 17716: 16291:

Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage, 1995, ed. Patrick Montague-Smith, Debrett's Peerage Ltd, p. 986

14731:"Media representations of black young men and boys: Report of the Reach media monitoring project" 13984:"A short history of Black British Publishing | The Roots of Independent Black British Publishing" 11769: 7705: 7688: 7679:. Valerie Amos became the first black woman cabinet minister and the first black woman to become 7672: 7449: 7292: 6879: 6129: 5716: 5551: 5393: 5360: 4828: 4524: 4481: 4036: 3938: 2492: 1505:) agreed to go to this West African colony on the condition that they would retain the status of 1319:

was established in 1979 "to meet the needs of black (Asian and Afro-Caribbean) women". Note that

1049: 681: 241: 16326: 11922: 2509:, professional footballer and mixed-heritage British Army officer, pictured with fellow officers 18228: 18114: 18022: 17116: 13932:"Quiet resistance: Black women in British publishing in the 1970s and 1980s, by Preeti Dhillon" 13602: 13570: 10733: 7547: 7467: 7157: 7137: 6958: 6950: 6827: 6701: 6631: 6619: 6411: 6304: 6196: 5693: 5508: 4813: 4492: 3826: 3333: 3136:"There does appear to be a disproportionate impact of the virus on BAME communities in the UK." 3093: 3089: 2780: 2546:

largest Black communities were to be found in the United Kingdom's great port cities: London's

2347: 1834: 1670: 1316: 1044: 731: 629: 14882: 13053: 11973: 10728:

The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

10063: 9078: 7909:"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data" 7744:

For the purpose of harmonising results to make them comparable across the United Kingdom, the

5409: 5214:, 50% of young black men from 16-24 demographics were unemployed between Q4 2011 and Q1 2012. 4724: 18499: 18487: 18182: 18177: 18158: 15768:"How Kanya King MBE Grew The MOBO Awards into The Biggest Celebration of Black British Music" 12859: 11271: 10759: 10155: 7710: 6906:

served as a Metropolitan Police superintendent and was a founding member and chairman of the

6735: 6481: 6344: 6292: 5705: 5596: 5195: 4837:

racial discrimination was the biggest barrier to academic attainment for young Black students

4538: 4477: 4375: 2979: 2934: 2874: 2352: 1998: 1883: 1709:, who has been described as a slave by some historians, but described himself in Latin as a " 1601: 1241: 1194: 1089: 895: 736: 721: 716: 577: 546: 172: 15481:"Black people have highest rate of STIs in Britain. Not enough is being done to change that" 14332: 14253: 13543:

Sebba, Mark (2007). "Caribbean Creoles and Black English", chap. 16 of David Britain (ed.),

11630: 11298: 10350: 9848: 9562:

799 (2008), Digital Commons Law, University of Maryland Law School. Retrieved 21 April 2009.

8737:"1,000 Year Old Skeleton of African Woman Discovered by Schoolboys in Gloucestershire River" 5610:

each autumn. Each year's highest ranking individual is added to the Powerlist Hall of Fame.

5599:

heritage in the UK. The list was first created in 2007 by Michael Eboda, then editor of the

4515:

made it a favourite among both white and black audiences. Famous bands in the genre include

18207: 17684: 16696: 13134: 10609: 10562: 7252: 7184:

who is widely considered to be the world's first association footballer of black heritage,

7081: 7008: 6771: 6747: 6684: 6611: 6502: 6348: 6276: 6070: 5927: 5821: 5786: 5732: 5555: 5297: 4797: 4671: 4574: 3074: 3022: 3007: 2950: 2946: 2815: 2705: 2574:

carpenter Daniel Tull and Kent-born Alice Elizabeth Palmer. His grandfather was a slave in

2365: 2236: 2107: 2087: 1930: 1855: 1641: 1633: 1009: 726: 634: 572: 541: 519: 17439:"Microsoft's Jacky Wright had to leave the UK to become its most influential Black person" 17375: 17085: 13155:

1991: Great Britain. Northern Ireland did not record ethnic group data in the 1991 census.

12131:

Ethnicity in the 1991 Census, Volume Two: The ethnic minority populations of Great Britain

12051: 3061: 1549: 8: 18383: 18223: 18187: 17711: 17694: 17569: 17324:"Pat McGrath Labs is worth more than Kylie Cosmetics (and it's finally coming to the UK)" 15440:"'Racism in maternity care means even black midwives think our pain threshold is higher'" 14681: 14468:"Black, Asian and Ethnic Student Attainment at UK Universities: Close the Gap (May 2019)" 12447: 10256: 8446: 8194: 7687:, became a Labour life peer in 1997 and became the first female secretary-general of the 7038: 7030: 6871: 6627: 6543: 6488: 6379: 6146: 6085: 5671: 5558:

in London in June 2016, following a 12-year campaign that raised £500,000 to honour her.

5293: 5264: 5246: 4948: 4852: 4793: 4561: 4440: 4360: 3139: 2959: 2941: 2870: 2751: 2743: 2734: 2522: 2488: 2395: 2185: 1959:

as "John Moore – blacke". He is the only black person to have been found to date in the

1956: 1750: 1653: 1386: 1358: 1343: 1339: 1261: 1253: 1034: 1004: 852: 686: 15746: 15695: 15034:"'There is no silver bullet': how young BME people suffer under criminal justice system" 14709: 10286: 10275: 7624:. Abbott became the first black female Member of Parliament when she was elected to the 2513: 18378: 18202: 17403:"Strive Masiyiwa: the first black billionaire to make the Rich List. This is his story" 15951:"A triumphant night at the Sporting Equals British Ethnic Diversity Sports Awards 2019" 15529: 14102:

Racialised Barriers: The Black Experience in the United States and England in the 1980s

13651:"Black Lives In Music survey highlights systemic and institutionalised industry racism" 13606: 13598: 13496: 12443:"Sir Ian Botham: bring in corporal punishment and ban reality TV to save today's youth" 11887:

Rose, Sonya (May 2001). "Race, empire and British wartime national identity, 1939–45".

10726: 10706: 10248: 9548: 9148: 8393: 8141: 8116: 8062: 8035: 7715: 7654: 7569: 6962: 6875: 6779: 6743: 6607: 6548: 6115: 5995: 5987: 5975: 5915: 5911: 5658: 5641: 5634: 5524: 5465: 4958: 4817: 4789: 4469: 4405: 3810: 3557: 3525: 3429: 3365: 3178: 3085: 3078: 2964: 2897: 2795: 2717: 2697: 2689: 2458: 2330: 2261: 2173: 2025: 1983: 1759: 1740: 1095: 1029: 1024: 925: 900: 847: 15555:"Two-thirds of black Britons believe NHS gives white people better care, finds survey" 14858: 14252:. Minorities at Risk Project, University of Maryland. 31 December 2006. Archived from 9598: 9417:"John Blanke takes his rightful place in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography!" 8795:"John Blanke and the More Taubronar: Renaissance African Musicians at Peckham Library" 8753: 8707:"Fairford schoolboys who found skull are fascinated to hear it dates back 1,000 years" 8527:

Measuring the Moment: Strategies of Protest in Eighteenth-century Afro-English Writing

8486: 5625:, to celebrate the contributions of inspiring professionals across all UK Industries. 4400:

British Black speech is also heavily influenced by social class and regional dialect (

1721:. He worked as a diver for Pietro Paulo Corsi in his salvage operations on the sunken 1699:

or the Charter Generation of slaves and multi-racial workers in North America. Slaver

17918: 17876: 17871: 17412: 17065: 16830:"Candice Carty-Williams named first black female Book of the Year winner for Queenie" 16781: 16730: 16624: 16569:"David Harewood: 'We're still dealing with perceptions of what Black can be' | Stage" 16001: 15977:"Jofra Archer and Dina Asher-Smith win big at British Ethnic Diversity Sports Awards" 15533: 15521: 15239: 14204: 14199: 14182: 14105: 14043: 14018: 13709: 13610: 13590: 13552: 13500: 13492: 12278: 12253: 12225: 12185: 12134: 11984: 11904: 11817: 11733: 11701: 11673: 11521: 11494: 11467: 11437: 11391: 11251: 11224: 11197: 11142: 10958: 10909: 10867: 10765: 10737: 10710: 10663: 10387: 10354: 10290: 10252: 10159: 10103: 10069: 10042: 9965: 9917: 9880: 9778: 9768: 9528: 9501: 9474: 9377: 9316: 9289: 9214: 9204: 9181: 9171: 9140: 9014: 8971: 8935: 8825: 8607: 8580: 8531: 8202: 8146: 8067: 7749:

could potentially capture White/Asian/Other African in addition to Black identities".

7684: 7664: 7612:, who are of mixed race, have made significant contributions to British politics and 7597: 7276: 6954: 6946: 6938: 6899: 6739: 6593: 6364: 6208: 5947: 5891: 5731:

respectively. Other mixed-race descendants of British nobles include the philosopher

5469: 4667: 4647: 4420: 3065:

Firefighters douse a shop and flats destroyed by arson during the initial rioting in

3046:

of details such as address and place of employment of the city's then 534 residents.

2968: 2955: 2907: 2747: 2619: 2377: 1839: 1565: 1561: 1430: 1163: 1149: 1084: 1014: 940: 905: 656: 176: 17009:"Leroy Logan: Who is the Met Police officer in Steve McQueen's Red, White and Blue?" 15266:"White and mixed ethnic groups 'don't live as long' as other groups, study suggests" 13586: 12830:"Campaigner launches fundraiser to support BAME communities affected by coronavirus" 11005:"Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?" 10685:

The Sierra Leone Creoles - Creoledom: A Study of the Development of Freetown Society

10148: 6200: 6120: 5288:, the police have been accused of racism, from both within and outside the service. 17701: 17349: 16486:"OBITUARY FOR MENELIK SHABAZZ - PIONEER IN BLACK BRITISH FILM | London Film School" 16301: 15511: 14194: 14160: 13582: 13488: 12082: 11896: 10842: 10698: 10346: 10240: 8777: 8136: 8128: 8057: 8047: 7617: 7497: 7460:, a news and information services company, and was a regional finalist in the 2003 7268: 7228: 7129: 6830: 6791: 6782:, who was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to poetry 6767: 6663: 6646: 6634:

became the first Black woman to win the "Book of the Year" accolade, for her novel

6553: 6372: 6312: 6220: 6154: 5999: 5963: 5887: 5867: 5863: 5842: 5809:, the first female newsreader of African-Caribbean heritage on British television. 5744: 5728: 5618: 5308: 5274: 5218: 4639: 3703: 3014: 2746:. Over a quarter of a million West Indians, the overwhelming majority of them from 2713: 2615: 2571: 2450: 2208: 2071: 2063: 1947: 1871: 1770: 1556: 1526: 1434: 1312: 1257: 1039: 935: 614: 536: 497: 460: 364: 317: 101: 17539: 16938: 15613:"Racism contributed to disproportionate UK BAME coronavirus deaths, inquiry finds" 14164: 12898:"Migration: How many people come to the UK and how are the salary rules changing?" 6584:(2000) was an international best seller and won multiple accolades, including the 5329:

from all-causes than whites. Black people in England and Wales also have a higher

3084:

Some analysts claimed that black people were disproportionally represented in the

1169: 18388: 18373: 18295: 18149: 17959: 17546: 17298: 16887: 16083:"Descendant of Pushkin and the Romanovs Becomes The World's Youngest Billionaire" 15753: 15500:"Most black people in UK face discrimination from healthcare staff, survey finds" 14913: 14889: 14769: 14717: 14676: 14491: 14319: 14293: 13123:

Tables L01 to L18: Demographic and economic characteristics > L06 Ethnic group

12946: 12510: 12361: 11980: 11779: 11695: 11669: 11431: 11109: 10952: 9985: 9874: 9630: 9555: 8964: 8760: 8650:"Ancient DNA reveals complex life stories from the beginnings of English history" 8472: 8453: 8351: 8332: 8314: 8289: 8269: 8250: 7516: 7508: 7479: 7439: 7300: 7149: 7089: 7074: 6973: 6957:. He spent almost 10 years uninterruptedly fighting fascists, taking part in the 6930: 6887: 6867: 6849:, for which he won the 2009 African Achievers award for Communication and Media. 6811: 6803: 6799: 6787: 6763: 6636: 6598: 6527: 6465: 6461: 6453: 6391: 6317: 6260: 6256: 6236: 6204: 6175:

Numerous black British actors have experienced success in US television, such as

6080: 6011: 5955: 5883: 5838: 5826: 5790: 5653: 5532: 5528: 5512: 5450: 5330: 5091:

Pupils in England getting a grade 5 or above in English and maths GCSE (2021/22)

4910: 4900: 4832: 4804: 4758: 4675: 4659: 4424: 4409: 4394: 4371: 3945:

had the largest proportion at 11.94%. In Scotland, the highest proportion was in

3397: 2991: 2659: 2628: 2310: 2305:

be recognized, along with requests that they be given military protection by the

2302: 2280: 2274: 2257: 2212: 2204: 2157: 2083: 2079: 1993: 1706: 1696: 1664: 1597: 1506: 1490: 624: 609: 601: 587: 582: 526: 507: 492: 487: 379: 196: 192: 188: 180: 168: 18322: 17516:"17 young black entrepreneurs who are changing industries across the North West" 17195: 11490:

Colonial Soldiers in Europe, 1914–1945: "Aliens in Uniform" in Wartime Societies

11463:

Colonial Soldiers in Europe, 1914–1945: "Aliens in Uniform" in Wartime Societies

9876:

Black Liverpool: The Early History of Britain's Oldest Black Community 1730–1918

9101:"Transcript of Jacques Francis's testimony to the High Court of Admiralty, 1548" 7495:, who has been described as the most influential make-up artist in the world by 7410: 7407:, an annual list of the 100 most powerful people of African heritage in the UK. 6700:

and received a Lifetime Achievement Prize from the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards),

5825:. Other high-profile television personalities and entertainers include comedian 3818: 1361:, who extend their use of the term to Latin Americans and all refugees, and the 18365: 18274: 17721: 16891: 15101:"White people are more at risk of getting most cancers, according to new study" 14040:

Urban Housing Segregation of Minorities in Western Europe and the United States

13988: 13031: 11774:"Squadron Leader Ulric Cross: Pilot who went on to become a judge and diplomat" 11563: 11541: 10821:"What evidence is there of a black presence in Britain and north west England?" 9681: 9397: 8195:"Jatinder Verma on why he set up the UK's first Asian theatre group, Tara Arts" 8190: 7643: 7613: 7576:

is the first black woman and the longest serving black person to serve as an MP

7434:(British Venture Capital Association) and a Governor and council member of the 7404: 7374: 7319: 7232: 7220: 7201: 7141: 7133: 7070: 6981: 6883: 6705: 6675: 6655: 6651: 6432: 6368: 6360: 6308: 6296: 6268: 6264: 6240: 6228: 6138: 5875: 5834: 5830: 5740: 5724: 5649: 5614: 5536: 5500: 5489: 5481: 5453:, a significant figure involved with the abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade. 5326: 5230: 4651: 4605: 3983: 3756: 3301: 3144: 3131: 2975: 2923: 2831: 2791: 2761: 2709: 2640: 2559: 2422:" Thirty years after his 1871 death, the chaplain of the Showman's Guild said: 2399: 2370: 2225: 2127: 2126:, and christened with the Welsh name John Ystumllyn. He was taught English and 2099: 2008: 1938: 1823: 1791: 1649: 1609: 1382: 1292: 1276: 1249: 945: 872: 531: 514: 394: 374: 369: 300: 49: 17629: 16593: 12737:"High number of BAME coronavirus deaths 'magnifies UK's institutional racism'" 12086: 11659: 10702: 5523:, Cambridgeshire, where he married and wrote an autobiography, dying in 1797; 4128: 3021:, commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, accepted that his organisation was 1663:

brought several captives to London in 1555 from Guinea. The voyage account in

1620:

A black musician is among the six trumpeters depicted in the royal retinue of

18509: 18475: 18437: 18290: 18192: 18129: 18124: 18119: 17808: 17416: 16734: 15243: 14517:"Half of UK's young black males are unemployed | Unemployment | The Guardian" 13713: 13594: 12366: 12011:. University of Manchester – Centre for Applied Asian Studies. Archived from 11867: 11410: 10022:"Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Court of King's ..., Volume 4" 9782: 9733: 9218: 9185: 9144: 8206: 8132: 8117:"Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race: for reflection and debate" 8052: 8036:"Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race: For reflection and debate" 7812: 7520: 7366: 7296: 7272: 7185: 7165: 7153: 7109: 6993: 6985: 6945:

and raised in an orphanage, was the only black British volunteer to join the

6755: 6731: 6709: 6693: 6689: 6493: 6437: 6340: 6300: 6280: 6272: 6252: 6244: 6232: 6224: 6150: 6075:

in 1976. Considered a pioneer in Black British filmmaking, Ové was awarded a

6043: 6019: 6003: 5959: 5935: 5743:(who is the aforementioned Lord Parmoor's great-great-grandson), the writer 5289: 4771: 4683: 4553: 4496: 4355: 4055: 3461: 3106: 2983: 2929:

During the 1970s, police forces across England increasingly began to use the

2728: 2679: 2555: 2435: 1942: 1847: 1807: 1783: 1586: 1498: 1332: 1320: 706: 671: 619: 502: 455: 450: 445: 430: 425: 307: 295: 259: 17616: 16671:"Birthday Honours 2020: Marcus Rashford, Joe Wicks and key workers honoured" 16382: 15499: 14841: 13109: 12503: 11900: 9573:"Exhibitions & Learning online | Black presence | Early times" 9352: 9170:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 92. 8344: 6065: 18316: 18079: 18064: 17803: 16461:"Menelik Shabazz Dies: Pioneering Filmmaker Of Black British Cinema Was 67" 15648: 15525: 15073: 14932: 14284: 14208: 14125: 12617: 12117:"Ethnicity and Education: The Evidence on Minority Ethnic Pupils aged 5–16" 11908: 10929: 10889:"Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, an African: To which are Prefixed..." 9719: 8150: 8071: 7663:, became a member of the House of Lords when he became a life peer for the 7609: 7601: 7585: 7581: 7573: 7532: 7471: 7445: 7390: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7240:

won Olympic gold in both the 800m and 1500m, and set many British records.

7237: 7205: 7197: 7113: 7097: 7066: 7050: 7034: 6852:

Blackamoores: Africans in Tudor England, their Presence, Status and Origins

6759: 6659: 6531: 6457: 6442: 6415: 6383: 6375: 6288: 6248: 6216: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6110: 6109:, who after initially receiving acclaim as a visual artist and winning the 5802: 5798: 5764: 5677: 5630: 5547: 5461: 5439: 4868: 4775: 4679: 4643: 4611: 4545: 4520: 4516: 4132: 2987: 2862: 2526: 2407: 2381: 2376:

By the late 19th century, race discrimination was furthered by theories of

2340: 2298: 2177: 2136: 1868:

Blackamoores: Africans in Tudor England, Their Presence, Status and Origins

1762:

in origin. Dr Onyeka Nubia cautioned that the number of those on board the

1474: 1385:

are from families that had previously lived for several generations in the

1308: 1059: 815: 440: 401: 384: 278: 31: 15859: 15631:"Covid vaccine: 72% of black people unlikely to have jab, UK survey finds" 15074:"White people at much higher risk of most cancers in England, study finds" 14844:"Longitudinal analysis of the Offending, Crime and Justice Survey 2003–06" 10748:, originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976). 10244: 9937:

Mariners, Merchants and the Military too – A History of the British Empire

8603:

Racism and Early Blackface Comic Traditions: From the Old World to the New

8530:. Susquehanna University Press/Associated University Presses. p. 18. 8085: 5217:

A 2014 study by the Black Training and Enterprise Group (BTEG), funded by

1858:

indicate a minor continuing presence. Such studies include Imtiaz Habib's

1802:

argued in 1578 that black skin was not related to the heat of the sun (in

18328: 18301: 18109: 17991: 17943: 17788: 17781: 15230:"British ethnic minorities have longer life expectancy than white people" 14928:"More black people jailed in England and Wales proportionally than in US" 14906: 14842:

Hales, Jon; Camilla Nevill; Steve Pudney; Sarah Tipping (November 2009).

14658:. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. 4 February 2020. 13734: 12768:"FactCheck: are ethnic minority coronavirus patients more likely to die?" 12560:"BAME groups hit harder by Covid-19 than white people, UK study suggests" 12474: 12354: 11517:

Black Tommies: British Soldiers of African Descent in the First World War

11286:

The Other Eastenders: Kamal Chunchie and West Ham's early black community

9335: 8781: 7593: 7589: 7457: 7189: 7169: 7145: 7121: 7105: 7101: 7046: 6915: 6903: 6819: 6815: 6807: 6751: 6727: 6580: 6561: 6535: 6497: 6407: 6403: 6352: 6336: 6212: 6142: 6039: 6035: 6023: 6007: 5991: 5979: 5951: 5923: 5919: 5899: 5871: 5810: 5760: 5752: 5567: 5543: 5516: 5476: 5312: 4592: 4568: 2766: 2701: 2632: 2567: 2542: 2506: 2415: 2326: 2216: 2115: 2111: 2103: 1934: 1899: 1860:

Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500–1677: Imprints of the Invisible

1827: 1730: 1679: 1629: 1582: 1578: 1522: 1324: 810: 691: 666: 465: 406: 288: 14535:"Action Plan to Increase Employment Rates for Young Black Men in London" 9340:

Things of Darkness: Economies of Race and Gender in Early Modern England

9152: 8995:

Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America

6588:

for fiction, the Whitbread Book Award in category best first novel, the

6050:

are among the popular singers not mentioned in the music section above.

2252: 1357:

Several organisations continue to use the term inclusively, such as the

18169: 18144: 18099: 17008: 16670: 15156:"Why are white Britons dying at higher rates than other ethnic groups?" 13764: 13275:"Table KS201UK – Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom" 12897: 12648: 12529:"UK government urged to investigate coronavirus deaths of BAME doctors" 12219: 10465:"Frederick Douglass Project: Terry's Allen's "Blacks in Britain" Essay" 8772:

Nadia van Pelt, 'John Blanke's wages: No business like show business',

8466:

Exhibitions & Learning online | Black presence | Work and community

8282: 7504: 7485: 7414: 7400: 7385: 7304: 7125: 7117: 7062: 7058: 7054: 6823: 6723: 6713: 6679: 6539: 6180: 6068:

was the first Black British filmmaker to direct a feature-length film,

5983: 5931: 5907: 5903: 5601: 5571: 5485: 4763: 4692: 4458: 4063: 4059: 4043: 3942: 3043: 2999: 2873:, often on a par or above the performance of white pupils. The rate of 2583: 2402:. Orphaned in intertribal warfare, given as a "gift" to Queen Victoria. 2306: 2059: 1718: 1692: 1645: 1621: 1514: 1470: 1398: 1174: 1101: 711: 137: 127: 122: 18269: 17464:"John Lewis chair Sharon White tops list of influential black Britons" 15516: 13702:"UK music industry to implement anti-racism code of conduct from 2023" 13336:"Table KS201EW – Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales" 12112: 12110: 10464: 8747: 8366:""Political blackness": a very British concept with a complex history" 6984:, the United Kingdom's foremost military award for bravery, since the 6926: 6399: 6083:

became the second Black filmmaker to direct a feature film in the UK,

5273:

of black criminals in the United Kingdom are not British citizens but

2096:

reported that there was "supposed to be near 20,000 Negroe servants."

2028:

of 1772, which concerned James Somersett, a fugitive black slave from

17793: 17756: 17751: 17605:

Reassessing what we collect website – The African Community in London

17407: 16409:"Pioneering director Horace Ove given knighthood in New Year Honours" 16383:"Barbara Blake Hannah: The first black female reporter on British TV" 15799:"How has black people's representation changed in the last 10 years?" 15234: 14065:"Migration, Racism and Identity: The Caribbean Experience in Britain" 12382:"British public 'are more prejudiced against minorities after riots'" 11185: 11183: 9168:

Undercurrents of power : aquatic culture in the African diaspora

7647: 7605: 7551: 7536: 7379: 7323: 7311: 7173: 7093: 6574: 6395: 6356: 6027: 5939: 5895: 5645: 5587: 5412:

by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article.

5229:

data for between 2018–2021, 24% of black families were in receipt of

4887:

Students in England getting at least 3 A grades at A level (2021/22)

4750: 4557: 4512: 4504: 4349:

men, a third of British-born African-Caribbean women, and a fifth of

4079: 4067: 3822:

Black/Black British population pyramid in 2021 (in England and Wales)

3101: 3066: 3003: 2995: 2902: 2587: 2551: 2123: 2119: 1975: 1745: 1735: 1628:

and is mounted on horseback. The man is generally identified as the "

1517:. Making this fresh start with them were some white people (see also 1510: 1394: 1156: 1143: 825: 820: 152: 16435:"Menelik Shabazz, pioneering black British film-maker, dies aged 67" 12711:"Britain's salute to our health service heroes enters a fourth week" 11433:

Black Poppies (source on back cover of book and description in link)

10724:

Walker, James W (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".

10226:"Too Many Blackamoors: Deportation, Discrimination, and Elizabeth I" 9647:

HMC Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Earl of Salisbury at Hatfield

7950:. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 22 September 2022 7033:, there have been multiple Black British world champions, including 5496:

Well-known black Britons living before the 20th century include the

5434: 4152: 3953:

at 3.84%; and in Northern Ireland, the highest concentration was in

3814:

Distribution of Black British people by local authority, 2021 census

1843: 1279:

populations in Britain. This has become a controversial definition.

17761: 16908: 12514: 12107: 11697:

Africa in Europe: Interdependencies, relocations, and globalization

11587:"Football pioneer and war hero Walter Tull may be honoured at last" 9798:"Pick of the week: £220,000 for enigmatic faces of the Interregnum" 7241: 6047: 5967: 5794: 5497: 4847:

Young Nigerians and Ghanaians achieved some of the best results at

4485: 4221: 4197: 4051: 4047: 3946: 3597: 3123: 3025:. Some members of the Black British community were involved in the 3013:

In 1999, following the Macpherson Inquiry into the 1993 killing of

2858: 2636: 2575: 2547: 2142: 2067: 2051: 2029: 1660: 1593: 1446: 1374: 1350:

and discrimination sometimes extended the term at that time to the

1315:

origin, of both West African and South Asian descent. For example,

661: 147: 142: 83: 13214:"Ethnic group, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics" 12184:. Office for National Statistics. 13 February 2003. Archived from 11180: 10528: 10526: 8307: 8262: 7507:

is a telecommunications billionaire businessman and was listed by

7501:

magazine, owns a business with an estimated value of $ 1 billion.

4464:

Black British music is a long-established and influential part of

17798: 17580: 15649:"Covid: Black leaders fear racist past feeds mistrust in vaccine" 13855: 13825: 13368:. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from 8303: 7513:

magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world.

7370: 7248: 6977: 6882:

for distinguished service in 1996 and retired from duty in 1997.

6387: 6031: 5943: 4860: 4549: 4473: 4401: 4269: 4245: 4071: 3954: 3950: 3252: 3156: 2930: 2842: 2799: 2663: 2648: 2563: 2411: 2385: 2055: 1979: 1687: 1502: 1390: 701: 676: 70: 16991:"Alumni and friends | Notable Alumni | Michael Fuller" 12275:

Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain since 1504

11949:"Breaking the Colour Bar: Amelia King and the Women's Land Army" 9261:"Mary Rose crew might have included sailors of African heritage" 7045:, and widely viewed as one of the greatest boxers of all-time), 6734:

of Scotland, between 2016 and 2021. Other notable poets include

6335:

Among notable Black British visual artists are painters such as

5334:

in England smoked cigarettes, compared to 9.7% of black people.

4241: 2502: 1989: 17766: 16513:"'12 Years A Slave' Wins Best Picture And Makes Oscars History" 16282:

Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage 2003, vol. 3, p. 3063

14763:"Violent Inner-City Crime, the Figures, and a Question of Race" 12035:

Writing Black Britain 1948–1998: An Interdisciplinary Anthology

11272:"memoirs read before the anthropological society of london p52" 10523: 7474:

range of food products, which has annual revenues of over £7m.

7418: 6942: 6895: 6834: 6099: 6095: 6015: 5457: 4754: 4663: 4638:

Among Black-led publishing companies established in the UK are

4413: 4193: 3996: 3152: 2850: 2810:

was passed in Britain along with a succession of other laws in

2667: 2434:

performer was equestrian Joseph Hillier, who took over and ran

2431: 2336: 1863: 1803: 1714: 1625: 1347: 1265: 332: 117: 16782:"Psychological Thrillers – Dreda Say Mitchell and Ryan Carter" 16228:"No Title For Archie Inspired By Harry's Struggles Growing Up" 15349:. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. 24 March 2023 13676:"Black Lives in Music Celebrate Their Second Year Anniversary" 10509:"Silver Service Slavery: The Black Presence in the White Home" 8754:"John Blanke-A Trumpeter in the court of King Henry VIII" 8302:

conflict, our newly arrived compatriots known collectively as

8167:. British Sociological Association. March 2005. Archived from 8018:

Sucking Salt: Caribbean Women Writers, Migration, and Survival

6604:

list of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005

6522:. Levy became the first Black writer whose pen would join the 5284:

After several high-profile investigations such as that of the

4688:

International Book Fair of Radical Black and Third World Books

12412:"UK riots: Vigilantes clash with 1,000 riot police in Eltham" 12247: 7219:

Black British people have performed well in track and field.

5879: 5520: 4749:

The wave of black immigrants who arrived in Britain from the

4595:

in 1982, and Britain's only national Black weekly newspaper.

4156: 4083: 4075: 3654: 2854: 2846: 2102:(c. 1738 - 1786) was the first well-recorded black person of 1682:, the only figure wearing a brown turban latticed with yellow 1605: 359: 132: 96: 17170:"Will Lewis Hamilton's success inspire young black Britons?" 17036:"Met police officers recognised in Queen's New Year Honours" 11662:

Black 1919: Riots, Racism and Resistance in Imperial Britain

7015:, which is bestowed upon the top cadet officer of the year. 6720:

to encourage Black British writing and ran for four years).

2343:, celebrated circus owner and performer in Victorian Britain 1393:. A number of British Asians, including celebrities such as 1283:

is one of various self-designation entries used in official

17064:. UK: Manifesto Press Cooperative Limited. pp. 97–98. 14276:"Knife deaths among black people 'should cause more outrage 13455:"Ethnic group by religion - Office for National Statistics" 13054:"Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census - Summary Report" 12680:"#YouClapForMeNow video celebrates BAME key health workers" 10629: 10627: 8086:"Southall Black Sisters Home » Southall Black Sisters" 7535:

is chief digital officer and a corporate vice president at

6989: 6891: 6886:, after a career in the Metropolitan Police, served as the 6311:. Looking to join the listed above are young stars such as 5971: 4864: 4848: 4767: 2866: 2720:, Hampshire and had lodgings with a family in the village. 2696:

when he was refused service at a London hotel. He sued for

1960: 1952: 17490:"The contribution of black businesses to London's economy" 17086:"Black army officers recruited to help stop gang violence" 13626:"Black Lives In Music initiative launches to fight racism" 12936:

2021/22: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland

12220:

Dabydeen, David; John Gilmore; Cecily Jones, eds. (2010).

11974:"The demographic characteristics of immigrant populations" 6435:

was the first black model to appear on the front cover of

2692:, a West Indian cricketer, was a welfare officer with the 17771: 17143:"Lennox Lewis: One of the greatest ever ⋆ Boxing News 24" 15890:"First ever Black British Business Awards held in London" 15422:"NHS racism blamed for high death rates in black mothers" 14310: 13765:"Black History Month 2016 – Official Black History Month" 12864: 12799:"Coronavirus: Why some racial groups are more vulnerable" 11853:"Liverpool's Black Population During World War II", 9010:

Black Salt: Seafarers of African Descent on British Ships

7383:

as the most powerful Black male in the United Kingdom by

7326:

is a seven-time champion, having won the championship in

7315: 6526:'s historic collection, which includes pens belonging to 5579: 5344: 4508: 4265: 2611: 16623:. UK: Manifesto Press Cooperative Limited. p. 106. 16032:"Black British Theatre Awards 2019: the winners in full" 14828:

Chapter 9, tables 9.1 – 9.4, of Home Office publication

13302:"2011 Census: British Africans now dominant black group" 11816:. UK: Manifesto Press Cooperative Limited. p. 194. 10624: 8763:. Blackpresence, 12 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 6610:

became the first Black British writer to be awarded the

5591:

is an annual list of the 100 most influential people of

2297:, about 400 black Londoners were aided in emigrating to 2286:

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

1774:

Abd el-Ouahed, Moorish ambassador to Elizabeth I in 1600

1401:

still use the term "Black" and "Asian" interchangeably.

1331:

was used in this inclusive political sense to mean "non-

17248:"Three haircare businessmen honoured with black plaque" 15921:"Black British Business Awards announce 2019 finalists" 15667:"Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities: The Report" 14830:

Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2004

14817:

Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2004

13099:

2001: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland

13021:

2011: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland

12250:

Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Multi-Racial Britain

10534:"The Boy in the Painting: Marcus Thomas, b.1768-d.1816" 9398:"Britain's first black community in Elizabethan London" 9312:

Elizabeth's London: Everyday Life in Elizabethan London

7580:

People of black African and Caribbean ancestry such as

6870:

was one of the first black police officers to join the

4800:

to be subjected to racist chanting from crowd members.

4042:

Outside of London, the next largest populations are in

17613:. History of Caribbean London with objects and images. 17611:

Reassessing what we collect website – Caribbean London

17196:"Lewis Hamilton on Hungarian Grand Prix pole position" 14960:"Table 1.4: Prison population by ethnic group and sex" 14250:"Assessment for Afro-Caribbeans in the United Kingdom" 12880:"'Europeans are almost not coming to the UK any more'" 12006:"Britain's visible minorities: a demographic overview" 10383:

Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain

10099:

Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain

10065:

Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain

10038:

Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain

9911: 9203:. London, England: Oneworld Publications. p. 41. 8354:, BBC News, 8 September 2005. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 6914:

for his fight against racism within the police force.

4781:

Historian Winston James argues that the experience of

2658:

By the end of 1943, there were 3,312 African-American

2239:

and his family pictured with their black child servant

2050:

Black people lived among whites in London in areas of

18459: 17581:

The Black Presence in Britain – Black British History

16803:"Interview: Dreda Say Mitchell | Crime Fiction Lover" 16723:"Is White Teeth one of the All-TIME 100 Best Novels?" 14729:

Cushion, Stephen; Moore, Kerry; Jewell, John (2011).

14697:, BBC News, 17 March 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2011. 14652:"Ethnicity facts and figures: Renting social housing" 14042:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 63–91. 13426: 13390: 13360: 13330: 13269: 13112:. Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics 13034:. Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics 12967: 12949:. Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics 11096:

Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain

9443:"Black Tudors by Miranda Kaufmann – a hidden history" 8847:"Tudor, English and black – and not a slave in sight" 7968: 7872: 7616:. Boateng became the United Kingdom's first biracial 7523:. He became the first black billionaire to enter the 7421:

and author, best known for presenting the BBC series

4217: 3949:

at 4.20%; in Wales, the highest concentration was in

3073:

In 2011, following the shooting of a mixed-race man,

1236:

are a multi-ethnic group of British people of either

17540:"Ex-Tory Peer Lord Taylor Jailed for Expenses Fraud" 17062:

Red Lives: Communists and the Struggle for Socialism

16963: 16621:

Red Lives: Communists and the Struggle for Socialism

14907:"Stop and Search Use and Alternative Police Tactics" 14883:"'Metropolitan police still institutionally racist'" 14670:"Tottenham and Broadwater Farm: A Tale of Two Riots" 13887:"Raising the Visibility of Black British Publishers" 12649:"'You clap for me' film celebrates minority workers" 12182:"Population size: 7.9% from a minority ethnic group" 11814:

Red Lives: Communists and the Struggle for Socialism

11752:"Liverpool's Black Population During World War II", 11417:, Chicago, Illinois: Johnson Publishing Company Inc. 8489:. San José State University, Department of Economics 7470:

is a businessman, farmer and founder of the popular

3036: 36:

Distribution by local authorities in the 2011 census

17607:. History of African London with objects and images 16057:"Who won at the 2019 Black British Theatre Awards?" 15291:"Harmful and probable dependent drinking in adults" 14736:. Department for Communities and Local Government. 14705: 14703: 14017:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 38–39. 13324: 12475:"'The whites have become black' says David Starkey" 12215: 12213: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12205: 12203: 10557: 10555: 8263:"New Black Arts Alliance – Welcome" 7314:, the highest rank of motorsport sanctioned by the 4796:. During this period, it was also common for Black 2003:(1738) shows a black London resident (on the left). 16966:"Detective Sergeant Norwell Roberts QPM (retired)" 16138:"Strictly Star Emma Weymouth sons, John and Henry" 14728: 14354:"Students getting 3 A grades or better at A level" 12918:. Office for National Statistics. 29 November 2022 12588: 11732:. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. p. 240. 11564:"The officer who refused to lie about being black" 10725: 10274: 10147: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9862: 8963: 8652:. University of Central Lancashire. 6 October 2022 8394:"Scotland's New Official Ethnicity Classification" 7389:magazine and was appointed to then Prime Minister 6859:was runner-up in the 2013/14 People's Book Prize. 6105:The most prominent Black British filmmaker is Sir 5468:, the second most senior clerical position in the 4835:powers and 80% definitely or somewhat agreed that 3159:. About 141,000 people came from Nigeria in 2023. 2764:. The most widely used term used at that time was 2215:, black writer, composer, shopkeeper and voter in 2019:Officially, slavery was not legal in England. The 15012:"Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System, 2020" 14804:Population Size 7.9% from a minority ethnic group 14640:. Department for Work and Pensions. 12 July 2022. 14571:. Office for National Statistics. 3 November 2022 13981: 13137:. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 12908: 10732:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 9497:The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England 9470:The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England 9373:The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England 9285:The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England 8519: 8517: 8475:, The National Archives. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 7988: 7976:. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 7903: 7901: 7899: 7488:has grown into a multi-million pound enterprise. 7430:Wol Kolade is council member and Chairman of the 7037:(three-time heavyweight world champion, two-time 6988:of 1982. He was awarded the medal for service in 6961:, and fighting in numerous battles including the 6810:. Other contributors include journalists such as 6137:. Other notable Black British filmmakers include 5710:Nadejda Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven 5702:George Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven 5542:In 2004, a poll found that people considered the 5515:(also called Gustavus Vassa), a former slave who 4571:recognise performers of "Music of Black Origin". 3837:Year of arrival (2021 census, England and Wales) 3830:Country of birth (2021 census, England and Wales) 2716:. She ultimately took a placement in Frith Farm, 2235:An 18th-century painting of the Irish politician 18507: 17059: 16618: 15714: 15343:"Ethnicity facts and figures: Overweight adults" 14787:"Appendix tables: homicide in England and Wales" 14700: 14628: 14626: 14591:"Ethnicity fact and figures: Average hourly pay" 14414: 14412: 13338:. Office for National Statistics. Archived from 13277:. Office for National Statistics. Archived from 13046: 12961: 12200: 12119:, The Department for Education and Skills, 2006. 12029: 12027: 12025: 11972:Coleman, David; Paul Compton; John Salt (2002). 11811: 11368:Journal of the Oxford University History Society 10682: 10552: 9912:McIntyre-Brown, Arabella; Woodland, Guy (2001). 9462: 9460: 8997:, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1998 pbk, p. 39. 7880:. Office for National Statistics. Archived from 7436:London School of Economics and Political Science 6672:Behind the Frontlines: Journey into Afro-Britain 5708:are also direct descendants as the grandsons of 4996:GCSE Attainment 8 score (out of 90.0) (2021/22) 4541:busking in London during the early 19th century. 2891: 2570:, an English professional footballer, born to a 1806:) but was instead caused by biblical damnation. 1758:"ruled out" that Henry was black or that he was 17659: 17562:Black Caribbean ethnic group: facts and figures 17113:"Pilots of the Caribbean – The Sword of Honour" 17060:Meddick, Simon; Payne, Liz; Katz, Phil (2020). 16896:Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture 16619:Meddick, Simon; Payne, Liz; Katz, Phil (2020). 15688: 14597:. Office for National Statistics. 27 July 2022. 14348: 14346: 14306:"Police: Are black knife deaths being ignored?" 13239:"Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics" 12331:"The British State's Secret War on Black Power" 11999: 11997: 11812:Meddick, Simon; Payne, Liz; Katz, Phil (2020). 11672:, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009, 11425: 11423: 11288:, Stratford: Eastside Community Heritage, 2002. 9859: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8272:. Blackartists.org.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 7462:Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year awards 6612:Crime Writers Association’s John Creasey Dagger 6496:in 1958. Notable Black British writers include 5781:Category:Black British television personalities 5715:In addition to this, both the mixed-race royal 5696:– and their descendants (such as Natalia's son 5535:, a grocer who also acquired a reputation as a 5480:A prominent social care charity administrator, 3173:Black British population by region and country 1427:Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 15722:"Historical figures: Mary Seacole (1805–1881)" 13401:. National Records of Scotland. Archived from 13265: 13263: 13261: 13259: 13166:"Country of birth (extended) and ethnic group" 13102: 13075:"Ethnic Group: KS06 (statistical geographies)" 12978:. National Records of Scotland. Archived from 12618:"Coronavirus cases to be tracked by ethnicity" 12504:"Gangs Had No 'Pivotal Role' In English Riots" 12370:, 3 September 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011. 12176: 12174: 11507: 11487:Storm, Eric; Tuma, Ali Al (22 December 2015). 11460:Storm, Eric; Tuma, Ali Al (22 December 2015). 11455: 11453: 11379: 10905:A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten 10761:Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History 10659:A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten 10091: 10089: 10087: 10085: 9961:A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten 9905: 9849:"SOME FAMOUS HONORARY FREEMEN (in date order)" 8700: 8698: 8514: 8121:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 8040:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 7942: 7940: 7938: 7896: 7841:"Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021" 7792: 4666:(founded 1970), Karnak House (founded 1975 by 1906: 1509:, live in freedom under the protection of the 18357:Any other Mixed or multiple ethnic background 18255: 18007: 17645: 17621: 17193: 17110: 16909:"Narrative Eye – Propelling the written word" 14623: 14409: 14381: 14379: 13366:"Table DC2101NI – Ethnic group by age by sex" 12517:, 24 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011. 12297: 12222:The Oxford Companion to Black British History 12022: 9457: 9254: 9252: 9250: 7962: 7424:Did They Pay Off Their Mortgage in Two Years? 6113:in 1999, went on to direct his first feature 1214: 14634:"Ethnicity facts and figures: State Support" 14343: 14224:"The decline of racial prejudice in Britain" 14176: 14174: 14037: 13432:"Table DC2201EW - Ethnic group and religion" 13188:"Ethnic group and year of arrival in the UK" 12589:John, Tara; Aleesha Khaliq (11 April 2020). 12272: 12243: 12241: 12101:"1981: country of birth compared to ETHNIC9" 11994: 11420: 11160: 11158: 10930:"Ignatius Sancho (c1729–1780): The Composer" 10203: 10201: 10199: 10197: 9624:"Transcript: Licence to Deport Black People" 8948: 8244:"The term Black and Asian – a Short History" 8165:"Language and the BSA: Ethnicity & Race" 7835: 7833: 7831: 6079:for his services to media. Inspired by Ové, 5757:Charles Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond 5723:are each currently the heir apparent to the 5442:has been dubbed the "Greatest Black Briton." 4678:(founded in 1983), Karnak House (founded by 4488:also had taken an effect on the generation. 2704:was refused work by the Essex branch of the 2321:In 2007, scientists found the rare paternal 868:Literature in the other languages of Britain 17273:"My First Million – Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones" 15676:. Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities 14685:. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011. 14183:"Is racial prejudice declining in Britain?" 14012: 13958:"Mainstreaming and greater choice of books" 13906:"Black Women in the UK Publishing Industry" 13256: 12467: 12171: 12072: 12048:"A Portrait of England: SS Empire Windrush" 11450: 11062:, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), pp. 25, 44. 10082: 10019: 9964:. Oxford University Press. pp. 60–61. 9133:Medieval & Renaissance Drama in England 8897: 8695: 7935: 6572:(Eurasia Section) and the Orange Prize for 6486:Britain's first major black newspaper, the 3138:A social media campaign in response to the 2398:, West African princess and goddaughter to 2283:, a former slave who wrote a memoir titled 2118:. He was taken by the Wynn family to their 1818:and a voice roring like a lion"; historian 18262: 18248: 18021: 18014: 18000: 17839:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 17736: 17652: 17638: 17299:"Dragons' Den success stories: Levi Roots" 17040:East London and West Essex Guardian Series 15321:www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk 15295:www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk 14376: 14008: 14006: 13982:Harris, Roxy; Sarah White (7 March 2021). 13396:"Table KS201SC – Ethnic group: All people" 12916:"Ethnic group - England and Wales regions" 11654: 11652: 11084:, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), pp. 38-43. 10783: 10781: 10451:, Folarin Shyllon. Review by: Arthur Sheps 10430:"Revealing Histories: Remembering Slavery" 10219: 10217: 9836:Essays on the History of Blacks in Britain 9767:. London, England: Oneworld Publications. 9247: 8664: 8456:, British Empire. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 7041:, the most recent heavyweight to hold the 7011:in 1975 and was awarded the distinguished 6874:in 1967, eventually rising to the rank of 6558:Officer of the Order of the British Empire 5749:David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale 5676:Some British aristocrats descend from the 4753:in the 1950s faced significant amounts of 3989: 2295:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 2182:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 1889: 1519:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 1221: 1207: 30: 17587:"Black British Literature since Windrush" 17167: 15918: 15515: 15497: 14896:, 22 April 2003. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 14857:. London: Home Office: 23. Archived from 14601: 14565:"Ethnicity facts and figures: Employment" 14198: 14171: 13515:"Ethnic minorities: Into the melting pot" 13420: 12238: 12129:Peach, Ceri, ed. (1996). "Introduction". 11795:"Veterans remember Germany bombing raids" 11730:Nation on Board: Becoming Nigerian at Sea 11486: 11459: 11155: 10194: 9342:(Cornell University Press, 1996), p. 128. 8628:"HISTORIA AUGUSTA, 10. Septimius Severus" 8572: 8523: 8140: 8061: 8051: 7828: 7477:Following its success in 2007 on TV show 6492:(WIG), was founded by communist activist 5686:Natalia Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster 5366:Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities 4774:, who owned around 100 properties in the 2631:(RAF) and gave distinguished service are 2442:published two scientific articles in the 2184:after suffering destitution, to form the 1923:Elizabeth Maitland, Duchess of Lauderdale 1264:and Black British people descending from 17722:Decline and legacy of the British Empire 17513: 17219: 16720: 15830:"The Powerlist: 10 years of Black Power" 15747:"Mary Seacole statue unveiled in London" 15263: 14776:, 26 June 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 13384: 13067: 12989: 12939: 12615: 12526: 12328: 12248:Phillips, Trevor; Mike Phillips (2009). 11946: 11513: 10758:Taylor, Bankole Kamara (February 2014). 10312:"The History of Black People in Britain" 10125:"The History of Black People in Britain" 10068:. Little, Brown Book. pp. 103–104. 9872: 9762: 9524:The Lodger: Shakespeare on Silver Street 9493: 9466: 9414: 9369: 9281: 9198: 9006: 8966:The Lodger: Shakespeare on Silver Street 8819: 8599: 8399:. General Register Office for Scotland. 8388: 8386: 7568: 6925: 5475: 5456: 5445: 5433: 5372: 4876:classification at British universities. 4533: 4452: 4370: 4366: 3825: 3817: 3809: 3105:discussion on 12 August 2011, historian 3060: 2901: 2790: 2727: 2672: 2606: 2532: 2512: 2501: 2470:Parliament (MP) of Indian descent after 2390: 2346: 2335: 2251: 2230: 2154:Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington 2148: 1988: 1916: 1893: 1769: 1669: 1404: 1307:has most commonly been used to refer to 17111:Hudson-Knight, Paul (1 November 2013). 16964:Royal British Legion (26 August 2021). 16856:"Candice Carty-Williams leaves Vintage" 16827: 16406: 16380: 15153: 14916:, BBC News. Retrieved 29 November 2012. 14153:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 14150: 14003: 13929: 13884: 13571:"Race, History, and Black British Jazz" 13568: 12734: 12440: 11866: 11693: 11649: 11337:Eddy, Matthew Daniel (8 October 2021). 11299:"Pablo Fanque, Black Circus Proprietor" 11243: 11216: 11189: 11134: 10859: 10778: 10751: 10717: 10343:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10309: 10272: 10223: 10214: 10122: 9916:. Liverpool: Garlic Press. p. 57. 9637:, vol. 3, pp. 221–2. National Archives. 9520: 9415:Kaufmann, Miranda (25 September 2014). 9353:"Guildhall Library Manuscripts Section" 9129: 8961: 8844: 8838: 8813: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7638:, was elected general secretary of the 5698:Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster 5690:Alexandra Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn 5352:COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom 5210:According to 2012 data compiled by the 5204:Black and minority ethnic people (BMEs) 3115:COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom 1921:A 1651 painting of Scottish noblewoman 230:2021 census, NI, England and Wales only 18521:African diaspora in the United Kingdom 18508: 17296: 17033: 16458: 16432: 15227: 15123: 15121: 14925: 14905:Akwagyiram, Alexis (17 January 2012). 14609:"Ethnicity pay gaps, UK: 2012 to 2022" 13903: 13793: 13024: 12827: 12646: 12441:Kerrins, Suzanne (24 September 2011). 12379: 11873:Black and British: A Forgotten History 11768: 11727: 11584: 11552:from the original on 13 February 2019. 11429: 10950: 10886: 10831:from the original on 27 November 2016. 10787: 10757: 10723: 10497:from the original on 24 November 2015. 10436:from the original on 27 November 2016. 10408:"The Black Figure in 18th-century Art" 10379: 10277:Black London: Life before Emancipation 10145: 10095: 10061: 10034: 10020:Frere, William; Roscoe, Henry (1831). 9601:. Miranda Kaufmann. 28 February 2005. 9453:from the original on 17 February 2018. 9308: 9165: 8905:. E. P. Dutton & Co. p. 522. 8704: 8363: 8357: 8114: 8033: 7667:in 1975. He was also President of the 6448:, and the September issue of American 5347:provides better care to white people. 4457:Premier: 2 worlds 1 voice by Ntantu - 2982:, Birmingham, in 1985, when the local 2461:in 1886. He was defeated, leading the 2156:and Marcus Richard Fitzroy Thomas by 1592:In 2013, a skeleton was discovered in 1572: 18243: 17995: 17633: 17620: 17576:Birmingham Black Oral History Project 17436: 17400: 17245: 16362:from the original on 14 February 2020 16012:from the original on 30 December 2019 15931:from the original on 22 February 2020 15840:from the original on 25 December 2018 15796: 15478: 15098: 14815:Table 3.6 of Home Office publication 14099: 14062: 13699: 13525:from the original on 21 February 2015 13478: 13300:Pears, Elizabeth (12 December 2012). 13299: 13110:"1991 census - local base statistics" 12997:"Ethnic Group - Full Detail: QS201NI" 12557: 12392:from the original on 16 November 2016 12128: 11093: 10992:from the original on 31 October 2019. 10940:from the original on 19 October 2017. 10901: 10845:. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey. 10800:from the original on 31 October 2019. 10655: 10645:from the original on 31 October 2019. 10418:from the original on 26 October 2019. 10351:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.112797 10339:"Ystumllyn, John (d. 1786), gardener" 10336: 10207:File, Nigel, and Chris Power (1981), 10190:from the original on 11 January 2008. 10135:from the original on 18 October 2016. 9957: 9795: 9789: 9670:from the original on 3 December 2013. 9541: 9258: 9067:from the original on 24 January 2017. 8670: 8638:from the original on 7 February 2019. 8562:from the original on 7 February 2019. 8383: 8189: 8183: 8010: 7080:There are many notable black British 6570:Commonwealth Writers’ Best Book Award 6428:Category:Black British fashion people 5767:(who are the great-granddaughters of 5574:has subsequently been awarded both a 4437:Caribbean music in the United Kingdom 3056: 2918:The first major incident occurred in 2677:A black Dutch merchant seaman eating 2482: 2438:'s circus company after Ducrow died. 2045: 2034:William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield 16853: 15919:Fawehinmi, Yolanthe (18 July 2019). 15870:from the original on 18 January 2020 14940:from the original on 8 December 2015 14743:from the original on 13 October 2015 14333:"Black British Voices: the findings" 14221: 14180: 14013:Cloake, J. A.; Tudor, M. R. (2001). 13930:Jenkins, Lyndsey (19 October 2021). 13806:from the original on 13 January 2018 13623: 12677: 12380:Taylor, Matthew (5 September 2011). 12037:, Manchester University Press, 2000. 11947:Latherow, Tamisan (18 August 2020). 11886: 11838:"African and Caribbean War Memorial" 11619:from the original on 22 August 2017. 11336: 11116:from the original on 28 January 2015 11002: 10788:Sandhu, Sukhdev (17 February 2011). 10683:Hargreaves, J.; Porter, A. (1963). " 10475:from the original on 31 August 2017. 9992:from the original on 4 December 2013 9765:Black Tudors : the untold story 9744:from the original on 4 December 2013 9692:from the original on 4 December 2013 9605:from the original on 4 December 2013 9579:from the original on 4 November 2016 9359:from the original on 26 August 2017. 9201:Black Tudors : the untold story 9111:from the original on 24 January 2017 8927: 8801:from the original on 4 December 2013 8717:from the original on 13 January 2016 8671:Gover, Dominic (18 September 2013). 8213:from the original on 19 October 2019 7974:"DT-0036 - Ethnic group by religion" 7855: 7815:only, i.e. excludes Northern Ireland 7805: 7640:Transport and General Workers' Union 7458:DeHavilland Information Services plc 6921: 6682:(who wrote the groundbreaking novel 5859:Category:Black British women singers 5376: 4879: 4807:, measured using questions from the 4703: 2786: 1469:was also a term for those Black and 1443:General Register Office for Scotland 109:Regions with significant populations 18536:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom 17829:Black and Asian Studies Association 17601:into the death of Stephen Lawrence. 17168:Edemariam, Aida (3 November 2008). 16238:from the original on 1 January 2020 16168:"The Marquess of Bath: An Obituary" 15778:from the original on 4 January 2018 15765: 15696:"Seacole sculpture design revealed" 15419: 15118: 14992:. Ministry of Justice. 14 June 2021 14926:Ramesh, Randeep (11 October 2010). 14104:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 76. 13866:from the original on 30 August 2018 13231: 12765: 12485:from the original on 15 August 2011 12329:Blankson, Perry (23 October 2021). 12167:from the original on 27 March 2018. 11755:Black and Asian Studies Association 11574:from the original on 23 March 2018. 11176:from the original on 19 March 2011. 10598:from the original on 19 March 2017. 10209:Black Settlers in Britain 1555–1958 9271:from the original on 15 March 2019. 9243:from the original on 18 March 2020. 9045:from the original on 30 March 2019. 8909:from the original on 22 August 2015 8865: 8705:Archer, Megan (20 September 2013). 8683:from the original on 2 January 2016 8484: 8157: 8096:from the original on 15 August 2006 7721:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom 7701:Black and Asian Studies Association 7417:columnist, business and leadership 7025:Category:Black British sportspeople 6837:is the author of fictional trilogy 6602:magazine included the novel in its 5855:Category:Black British male singers 5519:, moved to England, and settled in 5429: 4682:), Tamarind Books (founded 1987 by 4353:men, have white partners. In 2014, 2974:Despite the recommendations of the 2595:put forward by the Japanese at the 2550:, Liverpool, Bristol and Cardiff's 2106:. He may have been a victim of the 1529:also chose to join the new colony. 1457: 13: 17570:200 years of Black British History 17246:Louis, Nathan (15 November 2020). 16898:, Routledge, 2013 reprint, p. 270. 16600:from the original on 14 March 2014 16407:Bedigan, Mike (31 December 2021). 16208:from the original on 16 April 2020 16148:from the original on 16 April 2020 15860:"An Introduction to the Powerlist" 15809:from the original on 26 April 2020 15797:Eboda, Michael (22 October 2016). 15728:from the original on 24 April 2009 15510:. British Medical Journal: o2337. 15479:White, Nadine (19 February 2023). 15154:Borrett, Amy (29 September 2023). 13794:Izundu, Uchenna (8 January 2007). 13775:from the original on 23 March 2018 13745:from the original on 25 March 2018 13312:from the original on 27 April 2015 12840:from the original on 27 April 2020 12809:from the original on 21 April 2020 12778:from the original on 21 April 2020 12747:from the original on 24 April 2020 12690:from the original on 21 April 2020 12659:from the original on 16 April 2020 12628:from the original on 20 April 2020 12616:Croxford, Rianna (18 April 2020). 12597:from the original on 23 April 2020 12570:from the original on 16 April 2020 12539:from the original on 22 April 2020 12527:Siddique, Haroon (10 April 2020). 12455:from the original on 27 April 2017 12310:from the original on 22 March 2014 12003: 11597:from the original on 5 April 2018. 11305:from the original on 28 March 2014 11166:"BBC:Short History of Immigration" 10519:from the original on 13 July 2017. 10096:Winder, Robert (4 November 2010). 10062:Winder, Robert (4 November 2010). 10035:Winder, Robert (4 November 2010). 9423:from the original on 25 March 2018 9404:from the original on 8 April 2018. 9166:Dawson, Kevin (20 February 2018). 9089:from the original on 1 April 2019. 8711:Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard 8487:"Economic History of Sierra Leone" 8447:The Map Room: Africa: Sierra Leone 8345:"Multiculturalism the Wembley Way" 6980:, became the first man to win the 4340: 3236: 3228: 3220: 3212: 2645:African and Caribbean War Memorial 2614:student pilot Jellicoe Scoon from 2420:Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! 2351:Portrait of the London-born boxer 2268: 1966:The involvement of merchants from 1648:and a drummer referred to as the " 916:Baroque music of the British Isles 55:United Kingdom: 2,485,724 – 3.7% ( 14: 18547: 17844:National Black Police Association 17555: 17514:Houghton, Tom (26 October 2021). 17123:from the original on 17 June 2016 16945:from the original on 17 June 2015 16919:from the original on 21 June 2015 16756:"Dreda Say Mitchell - Literature" 16721:Grossman, Lev (11 January 2010). 16523:from the original on 6 March 2014 16510: 16381:Jolaoso, Simi (23 October 2020). 16356:Cumberland and Westmorland Herald 16178:from the original on 9 April 2020 16093:from the original on 9 April 2019 15900:from the original on 17 June 2019 15827: 15050: 14485:"Black workers, jobs and poverty" 14274:Slawson, Nicola (21 March 2018), 14128:. Social Issues Research Centre. 14081:from the original on 14 June 2015 13955: 13836:from the original on 4 April 2018 13624:Krol, Charlotte (15 March 2021). 12708: 12422:from the original on 24 June 2019 12355:"Race and the riots: A reckoning" 11684:website. Retrieved 13 April 2016. 11660:"Review of Jacqueline Jenkinson, 11380:Merriman-Labor, Augustus (1909). 11325:The Life and Art of Andrew Ducrow 11247:An Immigration History of Britain 11220:An Immigration History of Britain 11193:Black Victorians/Black Victoriana 11138:Black Victorians/Black Victoriana 11110:"Yorkshire clan linked to Africa" 10863:Black People in Britain 1555–1833 10860:Shyllon, F. O. (1 January 1977). 10849:from the original on 3 June 2016. 10449:Black People in Britain 1555–1833 10337:Green, Andrew (10 October 2019), 9893:from the original on 12 June 2013 9649:, vol. 11 (Dublin, 1906), p. 569. 8743:from the original on 19 May 2018. 8600:Hornback, Robert (19 July 2018). 8406:from the original on 2 April 2015 8326:National Black Police Association 8232:What is meant by Black and Asian? 7620:in 2002 when he was appointed as 7546:, the first ever female chair of 7399:, is the founder and chairman of 7192:among others have all played for 6908:National Black Police Association 6862: 6668:Martin Luther King Memorial Prize 6578:. Smith's acclaimed first novel, 6324: 6060:Category:Black British filmmakers 5769:Anthony Lowther, Viscount Lowther 5737:Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor 3037:Surveillance of black populations 2191: 1550:Roman Britain § Demographics 1493:). In 1787, hundreds of London's 1363:National Black Police Association 16:British people of African descent 18493: 18481: 18469: 17533: 17507: 17482: 17456: 17430: 17394: 17368: 17342: 17316: 17290: 17265: 17239: 17220:Reynolds, Nia (14 August 2006). 17213: 17187: 17161: 17135: 17104: 17078: 17053: 17034:Talora, Joe (31 December 2020). 17027: 17001: 16983: 16957: 16931: 16901: 16873: 16847: 16821: 16795: 16774: 16748: 16714: 16689: 16663: 16637: 16612: 16586: 16561: 16535: 16504: 16478: 16452: 16426: 16400: 16374: 16352:"Woman With Great Literary Mind" 16344: 16319: 16294: 16285: 16276: 16250: 16220: 16190: 16160: 16130: 16105: 16075: 16049: 16024: 15994: 15969: 15943: 15912: 15882: 15852: 15821: 15790: 15759: 15740: 15659: 15641: 15623: 15605: 15593:. Office for National Statistics 15583: 15565: 15547: 15491: 15472: 15450: 15432: 15413: 15387: 15361: 15335: 15317:"Cigarette smoking among adults" 15309: 15283: 15264:Phillips, Alexa (26 July 2021). 15257: 15221: 15195: 15173: 15147: 15092: 15066: 15044: 15026: 15004: 14978: 14952: 14919: 14899: 14876: 14835: 14822: 14809: 14797: 14779: 14755: 14722: 14688: 14662: 14644: 14611:. Office for National Statistics 14583: 14557: 14527: 14509: 14477: 14460: 14442: 14420:"GCSE English and maths results" 14325: 14299: 14268: 14242: 14215: 14200:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2008.00212.x 14187:The British Journal of Sociology 14144: 14118: 14093: 14056: 14031: 13975: 13949: 13923: 13904:Wallis, Kate (15 October 2020). 13897: 13885:Smalley, Nichola (9 June 2017). 13878: 13848: 13818: 13787: 13757: 13727: 13693: 13668: 13643: 13617: 13562: 13537: 13507: 13493:10.1111/j.0953-5233.2005.00371.x 13472: 13447: 13434:. Office for National Statistics 13354: 13293: 13206: 13194:. Office for National Statistics 13180: 13168:. Office for National Statistics 13158: 13149: 13127: 13093: 13015: 12930: 12890: 12872: 12852: 12821: 12790: 12759: 12728: 12702: 12671: 12647:Wilson, Cherry (15 April 2020). 12640: 12609: 12582: 12551: 12520: 12497: 12434: 12404: 12373: 12348: 12322: 12298:Roberts, Eric (1 January 2003). 12291: 12266: 12147: 12122: 12093: 12066: 12040: 11966: 11953:The Museum of English Rural Life 11940: 11915: 11880: 11860: 11847: 11830: 11805: 11787: 11762: 11746: 11721: 11700:. Lexington Books. p. 202. 11687: 11637:from the original on 5 July 2013 11631:"Culture: When the Boat Came in" 11623: 11601: 11578: 11556: 11534: 11480: 11404: 11387:Britons Through Negro Spectacles 11373: 11356: 11330: 11317: 11291: 11278: 11264: 11237: 11210: 11128: 11102: 11087: 11074: 11065: 11052: 11039: 11030: 10996: 10978: 10944: 10922: 10895: 10880: 10853: 10835: 10813: 10804: 10764:. New Africa Press. p. 68. 10676: 10649: 10620:from the original on 7 May 2020. 10602: 10580: 10513:Victoria and Albert Museum (VAM) 10501: 10479: 10457: 10440: 10422: 10400: 10373: 10330: 10310:Edwards, Paul (September 1981). 10303: 10123:Edwards, Paul (September 1981). 9914:Liverpool: The First 1,000 Years 9855:from the original on 7 May 2013. 9660:"National Archives: Elizabeth I" 9521:Nicholl, Charles (3 July 2008). 9500:. Random House UK. p. 119. 9376:. Random House UK. p. 120. 9288:. Random House UK. p. 119. 8962:Nicholl, Charles (3 July 2008). 8928:Wood, Michael (1 January 2003). 8792: 7998:. Office for National Statistics 7996:"RM031 Ethnic group by religion" 7843:. Office for National Statistics 7777: 6967:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp 6560:for her services to literature. 6171:Category:Black British actresses 5381: 5227:Department for Work and Pensions 4708: 4699: 4445:Category:Black British musicians 4359:reported that, according to the 4264: 4240: 4216: 4192: 4151: 4127: 3749: 3741: 3738: 3647: 3590: 3245: 2808:1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act 2586:—were victims of the UK's first 2497:Britons Through Negro Spectacles 2463:leader of the Conservative Party 2410:, born poor as William Darby in 1539:British African-Caribbean people 1188: 911:Early music of the British Isles 328:Post-war period (social history) 258: 89: 76: 63: 48: 17595:into the Brixton Riots of 1981. 17437:Azeez, Walé (14 October 2021). 16433:Pulver, Andrew (29 June 2021). 15181:"What's Killing White Britons?" 14450:"The degree awarding gap - RGS" 14230:from the original on 4 May 2015 14132:from the original on 9 May 2015 13700:Bugel, Safi (26 October 2022). 13603:10.5406/blacmusiresej.33.1.0001 13587:10.5406/blacmusiresej.33.1.0001 12766:Lee, Georgina (21 April 2020). 12678:Barr, Sabrina (15 April 2020). 12133:. London: HMSO. pp. 1–24. 11613:The Centre for Hidden Histories 11493:. Routledge. pp. 97, 101. 11390:. Forgotten Books. p. 17. 10866:. Institute of Race Relations. 10567:collections.britishart.yale.edu 10266: 10172: 10139: 10116: 10055: 10028: 10013: 10004: 9978: 9951: 9942: 9930: 9841: 9828: 9815: 9756: 9726: 9704: 9674: 9652: 9640: 9617: 9591: 9565: 9514: 9487: 9435: 9408: 9390: 9363: 9345: 9329: 9302: 9275: 9259:Davis, Nicola (14 March 2019). 9233:"Black Settlers in Tudor Times" 9225: 9192: 9159: 9123: 9093: 9071: 9049: 9027: 9000: 8987: 8921: 8891: 8786: 8766: 8729: 8642: 8620: 8593: 8566: 8552:"THE LIFE OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS" 8544: 8501: 8478: 8459: 8440: 8418: 8338: 8319: 8295: 8275: 8256: 8237: 8225: 8108: 8078: 8027: 7622:Chief Secretary to the Treasury 7223:was the gold medallist for the 7084:, some of whom have played for 6586:James Tait Black Memorial Prize 6452:. Other notable models include 6098:International Film Festival in 5656:MBE for supporting actress and 5356:UK Household Longitudinal Study 5200:Black workers, jobs and poverty 3162: 2602: 2477: 2359: 2243: 1941:, merchants, slave traders and 1676:the Westminster Tournament Roll 1615: 1379:expulsion of Asians from Uganda 1260:) sometimes referred to as the 18307:White Gypsy or Irish Traveller 17194:Andrew Benson (18 July 2020). 16854:Wood, Heloise (12 June 2019). 16828:Sherwin, Adam (29 June 2020). 15766:Rose, Ajay (28 November 201). 15401:. NHS Digital. 10 October 2017 15375:. NHS Digital. 10 October 2017 15228:Courea, Eleni (26 July 2021). 14986:"Violence involving prisoners" 12973:"Table KS201SC - Ethnic group" 12796: 12735:Roberts, Joe (23 April 2020). 12558:Booth, Robert (7 April 2020). 12300:"Life and times in Chapeltown" 11520:. Liverpool University Press. 10690:The Journal of African History 9013:. Liverpool University Press. 8917:– via Perseus.tufts.edu. 8822:Black Tudors: The Untold Story 8573:Suetonius (17 November 2013). 8364:Mohdin, Aamna (3 March 2018). 7752: 7738: 7650:, Baron Morris of Handsworth. 7564: 6478:Category:Black British writers 6331:Category:Black British artists 6135:Academy Award for Best Picture 5747:(who is the great-grandson of 5735:(who is the great-grandson of 5719:and the mixed-race aristocrat 5561: 5260:Freedom of Information request 5212:Office for National Statistics 4656:Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications 4449:Category:Black British singers 4419:African-born immigrants speak 3977: 3960: 3805: 2313:, also criticised the scheme. 1880:Black Tudors: The Untold Story 1876:Africans in Britain, 1500–1640 1560:, North African Roman emperor 1497:(a category that included the 1423:Office for National Statistics 1321:"Asian" in the British context 1298: 858:Literature of Northern Ireland 588:Ireland & Northern Ireland 1: 17564:(Race Disparity Unit, gov.uk) 17401:Watts, Robert (22 May 2021). 17297:Dunsby, Megan (21 May 2021). 16939:"2013/14 People's Book Prize" 16760:literature.britishcouncil.org 16701:literature.britishcouncil.org 15099:Snape, Alice (3 March 2022). 14806:, National Statistics Bureau. 14791:Office of National Statistics 14387:"GCSE results (Attainment 8)" 14165:10.1080/1369183X.1995.9976513 13735:"About Us | The Voice Online" 13545:Language in the British Isles 12828:Gelder, Sam (23 April 2020). 11983:, Council of Europe, p. 505. 11003:Siva, Michael (Winter 2021). 10281:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: 10233:Studies in English Literature 8824:. UK: OneWorld. p. 121. 7822: 7373:, one of the world's largest 6712:(first winner in 1995 of the 6167:Category:Black British actors 6119:(2008), which earned him the 5774: 5721:John Thynn, Viscount Weymouth 5623:Black British Business Awards 5189: 4633: 4491:In the late 1970s and 1980s, 3941:(17.51%). Outside of London, 3167: 2994:during a raid on her home in 2990:in Brixton, and the death of 2892:Street conflicts and policing 1854:Studies of African people in 1733:and other ships, such as the 251:Culture of the United Kingdom 18271:Ethnic group classifications 17965:Multicultural London English 17669: 16459:Grater, Tom (29 June 2021). 16006:Black British Theatre Awards 14226:. University of Manchester. 14222:Ford, Rob (21 August 2014). 13796:"A fall in store for Pride?" 13575:Black Music Research Journal 11857:No. 20, January 1998, p. 10. 11585:Aarons, Ed (25 March 2018). 11196:. Rutgers University Press. 11141:. Rutgers University Press. 9796:Capon, Alex (28 June 2021). 9309:Picard, Liza (23 May 2013). 8873:"The prosperous silk weaver" 8677:International Business Times 8524:Sandiford, Keith A. (1988). 8022:University of Missouri Press 7917:National Records of Scotland 7726:London Black Revolutionaries 7681:leader of the House of Lords 7393:'s business advisory panel. 6786:Notable playwrights include 6770:(won the 2006 International 5662:as best musical production. 5144:All ethnic groups (average) 5049:All ethnic groups (average) 4920:All ethnic groups (average) 4842: 4564:music originated in London. 4389:Multicultural London English 3843: Born in the UK (48.6%) 2951:Black People's Day of Action 2712:, raising the matter in the 2597:Paris Peace Conference, 1919 2554:, with other communities in 2519:British West Indies Regiment 2472:David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre 2203:anything but name. In 1787, 1929:Britain was involved in the 1543: 1323:usually refers to people of 1285:UK ethnicity classifications 1020:Football in Northern Ireland 635:Anglo-Indian and South Asian 7: 17572:, Google Arts & Culture 16113:"Marquess of Milford Haven" 16061:www.londontheatredirect.com 15504:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 15460:. UK Health Security Agency 15369:"Drug dependency in adults" 14712:. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 11759:No. 20, January 1998, p. 6. 11514:Costello, Ray (June 2016). 11301:. 100 Great Black Britons. 10908:. Oxford University Press. 10662:. Oxford University Press. 10345:, Oxford University Press, 9879:. Liverpool: Picton Press. 9105:www.nationalarchives.gov.uk 8845:Bidisha (30 October 2017). 8776:(Boydell, 2023), pp. 3–35. 8774:Medieval English Theatre 44 8576:Complete Works of Suetonius 8507:Ferguson, William Stenner. 7694: 7685:Patricia, Baroness Scotland 7669:British Medical Association 7357: 6937:British communist activist 6774:, for his volume of poetry 6524:Royal Society of Literature 6520:Commonwealth Writers' Prize 6500:, whose best selling book, 5665: 4719:may have misleading content 4089: 3119:British Medical Association 2723: 2316: 1931:tri-continental slave trade 1907:Slavery and the slave trade 1788:Anne of Denmark in Scotland 1695:classified such persons as 1413:was the first to include a 1352:Irish population of Britain 921:Early British popular music 10: 18552: 18423:Any other Black background 18399:Any other Asian background 18329:Any other white background 18323:White Showman or Showwoman 17892:Trinidadian and Tobagonian 16697:"Zadie Smith - Literature" 15420:Lay, Kat (18 April 2023). 14126:"Racism and football fans" 13549:Cambridge University Press 12834:Hampstead Highgate Express 11190:Gerzina, Gretchen (2003). 11135:Gerzina, Gretchen (2003). 10318:. Vol. 31, no. 9 10273:Gerzina, Gretchen (1995). 10224:Bartels, Emily C. (2006). 9763:Kaufmann, Miranda (2017). 9400:. BBC News. 20 July 2012. 9199:Kaufmann, Miranda (2017). 8820:Kaufmann, Miranda (2017). 7653:The Trinidadian cricketer 7377:firms. He topped the 2007 7022: 7005:Queen's University Belfast 6878:. Roberts was awarded the 6512:Whitbread Book of the Year 6475: 6471: 6425: 6421: 6328: 6164: 6127:. His third feature film, 6094:won the Grand Prix at the 6057: 5852: 5848: 5778: 5669: 5286:murder of Stephen Lawrence 4434: 4386: 4382: 3891: 2011 to 2021 (16.6%) 3885: 2001 to 2010 (17.6%) 3031:2005 Birmingham race riots 2895: 2653:Nubian Jak Community Trust 2272: 2195: 2014:American Revolutionary War 1910: 1547: 1536: 1532: 1487:American Revolutionary War 18430: 18406: 18364: 18346:White and Black Caribbean 18337: 18281: 18216: 18168: 18055: 18029: 17973: 17952: 17852: 17834:Black Equity Organisation 17819: 17735: 17668: 17627: 17622:Links to related articles 15756:, BBC News, 30 June 2016. 15395:"Common mental disorders" 13856:"diversemediagroup.co.uk" 12087:10.1525/can.1998.13.3.291 11466:. Routledge. p. 97. 11250:. Routledge. p. 20. 10986:"The First Black Britons" 10957:. Yale University Press. 10887:Sancho, Ignatius (1803). 10790:"The First Black Britons" 10703:10.1017/S0021853700004394 10635:"The First Black Britons" 10538:West Sussex Record Office 9635:Tudor Royal Proclamations 9575:. The National Archives. 8970:. Penguin Books Limited. 8313:18 September 2007 at the 8268:18 September 2007 at the 8016:Gadsby, Meredith (2006), 7452:Member of Parliament for 6618:in 2005. Mitchell's 2019 6590:Guardian First Book Award 6566:Anisfield-Wolf Book Award 6285:Maisie Richardson-Sellers 6160: 6125:2008 Cannes Film Festival 5755:(the adopted daughter of 5648:, with winners including 5319: 5305:British prison population 5090: 4995: 4886: 4744: 4107: 4104: 4099: 4096: 3879: 1991 to 2000 (8.4%) 3873: 1981 to 1990 (3.1%) 3867: 1971 to 1980 (1.2%) 3861: 1961 to 1970 (3.2%) 3855: 1951 to 1960 (1.3%) 3849: Before 1950 (0.05%) 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3177: 2651:, London, in 2017 by the 1972:transatlantic slave trade 1913:Transatlantic slave trade 1842:, a German merchant from 1678:almost certainly showing 1513:, and be defended by the 1195:United Kingdom portal 951:Music of Northern Ireland 931:Music in Medieval England 863:Welsh-language literature 208: 203: 166: 161: 113: 108: 73:: 2,381,724 – 4.2% (2021) 46: 41: 29: 17680:First Africans in London 17549:, BBC News, 31 May 2011. 16970:Black History Month 2022 16886:24 December 2016 at the 15191:– via PressReader. 14912:22 November 2018 at the 14768:21 February 2018 at the 14428:Department for Education 14395:Department for Education 14362:Department for Education 13769:Black History Month 2018 11979:24 December 2016 at the 11694:Goodwin, Stefan (2009). 11430:Bourne, Stephen (2020). 11244:Panikos, Panayi (2014). 11217:Panikos, Panayi (2014). 11112:. BBC. 24 January 2007. 10951:Taylor, Stephen (2020). 10487:"Black Lives in England" 10283:Rutgers University Press 10211:, Heinemann Educational. 9825:, London: Jonathan Cape. 9821:Banton, Michael (1955), 8931:In Search of Shakespeare 8606:. Springer. p. 45. 8308:the Black Arts Alliance. 8133:10.1136/jech.2003.013466 8053:10.1136/jech.2003.013466 7731: 7655:Learie, Lord Constantine 7251:, many have represented 7018: 7001:aeronautical engineering 6965:, and the liberation of 6670:for his 1988 travelogue 6516:Orange Prize for Fiction 6177:Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje 5797:, was knighted in 1999. 5753:Lady Naomi Gordon-Lennox 5682:Abram Petrovich Gannibal 5507:, who was executed as a 5240: 4857:Department for Education 4809:British Social Attitudes 4580: 4495:became popular with the 4430: 3494:Yorkshire and the Humber 3027:2001 Harehills race riot 2622:in London, 26 March 1942 2593:Racial Equality Proposal 2453:, stood for election to 2293:1787, encouraged by the 2256:Composer and shopkeeper 2176:Later some emigrated to 2093:The Gentleman's Magazine 1812:Discoverie of Witchcraft 1756:University of Portsmouth 1429:(NISRA) allow people in 697:Late Summer Bank Holiday 18396:(Northern Ireland only) 18350:White and Black African 17717:Race Relations Act 1965 16198:"Archie Harrison title" 14675:31 October 2017 at the 14337:University of Cambridge 14100:Small, Stephen (1994). 14063:James, Winston (1992). 13936:Women's History Network 13860:diversemediagroup.co.uk 13569:Toynbee, Jason (2013). 12947:"QS201EW: Ethnic Group" 12509:12 January 2012 at the 12360:25 October 2011 at the 12277:. London: Pluto Press. 12155:"Demography of Britain" 12050:. icons. Archived from 11923:"Trades Union Congress" 11901:10.1111/1468-2281.00125 11323:A. H. Saxon, 11082:History Matters Journal 11060:History Matters Journal 11012:History Matters Journal 10697:(3, 0000539): 468–469. 10380:Winder, Robert (2010). 10146:Heward, Edmund (1979). 9664:nationalarchives.gov.uk 9554:24 October 2019 at the 9237:nationalarchives.gov.uk 9061:nationalarchives.gov.uk 9057:"Lying Off The Needles" 8471:11 January 2008 at the 8452:27 January 2010 at the 8426:"List of ethnic groups" 8249:25 October 2006 at the 7800:its census a year later 7706:Black Cultural Archives 7689:Commonwealth of Nations 7043:undisputed championship 6910:. Logan was awarded an 6704:, Booker Prize nominee 6053: 5717:Prince Archie of Sussex 5361:Tuskegee Syphilis Study 5231:income-related benefits 4829:University of Cambridge 4482:Samuel Coleridge-Taylor 3990:Population distribution 2538:a spiked German helmet. 2493:Augustus Merriman-Labor 2039:Lord Chief Justice Holt 1890:17th and 18th centuries 1874:'s Oxford DPhil thesis 1870:(Narrative Eye, 2013), 456:Romani people (Gypsies) 18443:Any other ethnic group 18408:Black or Black British 18366:Asian or Asian British 18023:Emigration from Africa 17117:Royal Air Force Museum 15498:Iacobucci, G. (2022). 13135:"1991 Census - Tables" 12033:Procter, James (ed.), 11927:wdc.contentdm.oclc.org 10610:"Estimated Population" 10469:River Campus Libraries 10102:. Little, Brown Book. 10041:. Little, Brown Book. 9873:Costello, Ray (2001). 9802:Antiques Trade Gazette 9282:Mortimer, Ian (2013). 9007:Costello, Ray (2012). 8632:LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY 8288:13 August 2006 at the 8090:Southall Black Sisters 7948:"MS-B01: Ethnic group" 7586:Valerie, Baroness Amos 7577: 7550:, she topped the 2023 7548:John Lewis Partnership 7526:Sunday Times Rich List 7468:Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones 7158:Trent Alexander-Arnold 6959:Battle of Cable Street 6951:International Brigades 6934: 6716:, which was set up by 6632:Candice Carty-Williams 6620:psychological thriller 6402:; designers including 6378:; sculptors including 6197:Marianne Jean-Baptiste 5694:Georgina, Lady Kennard 5493: 5473: 5454: 5443: 5298:institutionally racist 5194:According to the 2005 4814:University of Maryland 4591:newspaper, founded by 4542: 4461: 4379: 3831: 3823: 3815: 3070: 3023:institutionally racist 2911: 2803: 2781:Black British identity 2739: 2686: 2623: 2539: 2530: 2510: 2491:barrister and writer, 2444:London Medical Gazette 2428: 2403: 2356: 2344: 2265: 2240: 2160: 2110:, and was from either 2084:Quobna Ottobah Cugoano 2082:, Ignatius Sancho and 2004: 1955:. He is listed in the 1926: 1925:with her black servant 1903: 1775: 1683: 1317:Southall Black Sisters 104:: 11,032 – 0.6% (2021) 99:: 27,554 – 0.8% (2021) 86:: 65,414 – 1.2% (2022) 18531:Black British history 18526:Black British culture 17867:Antiguan and Barbudan 17599:The Macpherson Report 16807:crimefictionlover.com 15014:. Ministry of Justice 14966:. Ministry of Justice 14716:13 April 2007 at the 14539:trustforlondon.org.uk 14490:. TUC. Archived from 14292:22 March 2018 at the 14181:Ford, Robert (2008). 14015:Multicultural Britain 13680:musiciansunion.org.uk 13428:United Kingdom census 13392:United Kingdom census 13362:United Kingdom census 13332:United Kingdom census 13271:United Kingdom census 13032:"KS006: Ethnic group" 12969:United Kingdom census 12273:Fryer, Peter (1984). 12075:Cultural Anthropology 11728:Schler, Lynn (2016). 11668:22 April 2016 at the 11327:, Archon Books, 1978. 11094:Fryer, Peter (1984). 11045:Simon Schama (2006), 10934:The Abolition Project 10902:Winch, Julie (2003). 10656:Winch, Julie (2003). 10588:"Arriving in Britain" 10245:10.1353/sel.2006.0012 9958:Winch, Julie (2003). 9838:, Avebury, Aldershot. 9547:Taunya Lovell Banks, 9449:. 22 September 2017. 8759:26 March 2012 at the 8739:. 18 September 2013. 8331:18 March 2007 at the 7970:United Kingdom census 7874:United Kingdom census 7711:Black Scottish people 7630:1987 general election 7572: 7448:is a politician, and 6929: 6738:(won the prestigious 6482:Writing Black Britain 6345:Lynette Yiadom-Boakye 6293:Kobna Holdbrook-Smith 5706:Lord Ivar Mountbatten 5479: 5460: 5449: 5438:A Crimean War nurse, 5437: 5373:Notable black Britons 4537: 4456: 4376:Notting Hill Carnival 4374: 4367:Culture and community 3972:census classification 3829: 3821: 3813: 3064: 2935:Notting Hill Carnival 2905: 2875:inter-racial marriage 2830:was appointed to the 2794: 2731: 2676: 2610: 2536: 2516: 2505: 2424: 2394: 2350: 2339: 2255: 2234: 2152: 2032:. Lord Chief Justice 1999:Four Times of the Day 1992: 1920: 1897: 1884:Oneworld Publications 1773: 1673: 1638:Africans at the court 1602:forensic anthropology 1579:girl buried at Updown 1415:question on ethnicity 1405:Census classification 1346:. Solidarity against 1090:Palace of Westminster 896:British popular music 547:British Sign Language 199:, and other languages 173:Black British English 18516:Black British people 17685:Atlantic slave trade 17661:Black British people 17589:, BBC, 3 March 2011. 17545:31 July 2018 at the 17222:"Obituary: Len Dyke" 16913:narrative-eye.org.uk 15834:Operation Black Vote 14695:"Trusting the Young" 14497:on 26 September 2006 14339:. 28 September 2023. 13910:University of Exeter 13481:Gender & History 13408:on 24 September 2015 11615:. 5 September 2014. 11609:"Beyond Walter Tull" 9988:. Miranda Kaufmann. 9823:The Coloured Quarter 9716:narrative-eye.org.uk 9083:latin-dictionary.net 8982:fashionable novelty. 8877:BBC History Magazine 8797:. Miranda Kaufmann. 8782:10.2307/j.ctv360nrnh 8509:Why I Hate Canadians 8350:9 March 2008 at the 8115:Bhopal, Raj (2004). 6880:Queen's Police Medal 6776:Born to Slow Horses) 6772:Griffin Poetry Prize 6748:Linton Kwesi Johnson 6685:The Lonely Londoners 6414:, and the architect 5822:Celebrity Mastermind 5787:Barbara Blake-Hannah 5733:Kwame Anthony Appiah 5556:Houses of Parliament 5552:St. Thomas' Hospital 4672:Black Ink Collective 4658:(co-founded 1969 by 4650:(co-founded 1967 by 4642:(co-founded 1966 by 4575:Black Lives in Music 4499:; especially in the 4427:as well as English. 4035:(18.8 per cent) and 4021:Barking and Dagenham 3919:Barking and Dagenham 3129:Communities Minister 3008:Broadwater Farm riot 2920:1958 in Notting Hill 2366:Atlantic slave trade 2237:Edward Southwell Jr. 2108:Atlantic slave trade 2088:Dido Elizabeth Belle 1856:early modern Britain 1739:, which had sunk in 1642:James IV of Scotland 1439:2011 Scottish census 1234:Black British people 1080:World Heritage Sites 1010:Football in Scotland 25:Black British people 17853:Ethnic and national 17712:Bristol Bus Boycott 17252:Enfield Independent 16997:on 27 October 2007. 16358:. 11 January 2003. 15896:. 10 October 2014. 15864:www.powerlist.co.uk 15561:. 7 September 2020. 14888:4 June 2019 at the 14682:The Daily Telegraph 14521:amp.theguardian.com 14256:on 22 November 2014 13521:. 8 February 2014. 12448:The Daily Telegraph 11889:Historical Research 11799:The Daily Telegraph 11772:(10 October 2013). 10843:"Black Communities" 10825:Revealing Histories 10515:. 13 January 2011. 10154:. B. Rose. p. 9738:mirandakaufmann.com 9722:on 3 December 2013. 9686:mirandakaufmann.com 9629:10 May 2019 at the 9473:. Random House UK. 8579:. Delphi Classics. 8556:knowtheromans.co.uk 8283:Black Arts Alliance 8193:(10 January 2008). 8034:Bhopal, R. (2004). 7606:Oona, Baroness King 6872:Metropolitan Police 6828:Children's Laureate 6628:British Book Awards 6614:for her debut book 6544:Bernardine Evaristo 6489:West Indian Gazette 6380:Sokari Douglas Camp 6147:debbie tucker green 6092:Burning an Illusion 6086:Burning an Illusion 5729:marquessate of Bath 5692:– the daughters of 5672:Black British elite 5652:for best Director, 5294:Metropolitan Police 5265:The Daily Telegraph 5247:Metropolitan Police 4792:groups such as the 4725:clarify the content 4686:), and others. The 4674:(founded in 1978), 4662:and Eric Huntley), 4601:Black History Month 4441:British Black music 4361:Labour Force Survey 4082:(25,512, 4.6%) and 3174: 3140:Clap for our Carers 3134:acknowledging that 3049:Documents from the 2960:Metropolitan Police 2945:in the devastating 2942:1980 St. Pauls riot 2744:British West Indies 2495:, in his 1909 book 2489:Sierra Leone Creole 2396:Sara Forbes Bonetta 2186:Sierra Leone Creole 2170:Westminster Militia 2021:Cartwright decision 1816:a skin like a Niger 1760:sub-Saharan African 1751:Catherine of Aragon 1717:, off the coast of 1654:Reasonable Blackman 1573:Anglo-Saxon England 1564:supposedly visited 1387:British West Indies 1359:Black Arts Alliance 1344:Indian subcontinent 1340:British West Indies 1262:Windrush Generation 1238:Sub-Saharan African 1035:Cricket in Scotland 1005:Football in England 889:and performing arts 853:Scottish literature 732:Saint Patrick's Day 687:Spring Bank Holiday 26: 18431:Other ethnic group 17944:Other black groups 17820:Civic and economic 17593:The Scarman Report 17350:"Mohammed Ibrahim" 17015:. 29 November 2020 16651:. 30 November 2020 16327:"March To The Top" 16264:. 17 February 2006 16089:. 12 August 2016. 15752:1 May 2018 at the 15637:. 16 January 2021. 15183:. 9 September 2023 15040:. 1 February 2019. 14668:Gilligan, Andrew. 14364:. 23 November 2023 14318:6 May 2018 at the 13826:"Keep The Faith ®" 13739:voice-online.co.uk 13342:on 16 January 2013 13281:on 21 October 2013 13003:on 23 October 2014 12715:Metro Newspaper UK 12481:. 12 August 2011. 12418:. 11 August 2011. 12188:on 18 January 2004 11682:Reviews in History 11633:. BBC Tyne. 2003. 11382:"Babel in Babylon" 11362:Sumita Mukherjee, 9039:thefreelibrary.com 7774:(0.01%) and others 7716:Black Welsh people 7671:. The first black 7610:Paul, Lord Boateng 7578: 7413:is a broadcaster, 7007:. He received his 6963:Dunkirk evacuation 6935: 6876:Detective Sergeant 6839:Waiting to Explode 6744:Benjamin Zephaniah 6608:Dreda Say Mitchell 6549:Girl, Woman, Other 5996:Corinne Bailey Rae 5988:Leigh-Anne Pinnock 5976:Maxine Nightingale 5759:), and the models 5642:Finsbury Town Hall 5635:Christine Ohuruogu 5525:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw 5517:bought his freedom 5494: 5474: 5466:archbishop of York 5455: 5444: 5410:clean up the lists 4818:Minorities at Risk 4543: 4470:George Bridgetower 4462: 4380: 4100:England and Wales 3832: 3824: 3816: 3172: 3086:2011 England riots 3071: 3057:Early 21st century 3042:the creation of a 2912: 2898:List of race riots 2836:British Parliament 2804: 2796:Ridley Road Market 2740: 2698:breach of contract 2694:Ministry of Labour 2690:Learie Constantine 2687: 2643:from Jamaica. The 2624: 2540: 2531: 2511: 2483:Early 20th century 2449:An Indian Briton, 2404: 2357: 2345: 2266: 2241: 2161: 2046:Rise in population 2005: 1939:colonial officials 1927: 1904: 1792:Sir William Winter 1776: 1741:Portsmouth Harbour 1684: 1373:and in particular 1244:descent. The term 1096:Angel of the North 1030:Cricket in Ireland 1025:Cricket in England 926:English folk music 901:British rock music 848:English literature 722:Saint Andrew's Day 717:Saint George's Day 413:Modern ethnicities 24: 18457: 18456: 18451: 18450: 18237: 18236: 17989: 17988: 17862:African-Caribbean 17585:Onyekachi Wambu, 17470:. 27 October 2022 17071:978-1-907464-45-4 16809:. 13 January 2020 16677:. 10 October 2020 16630:978-1-907464-45-4 16262:Independent.co.uk 16063:. 28 October 2019 15955:England Athletics 15517:10.1136/bmj.o2337 15323:. 2 February 2021 14761:Andrew Alderson, 14430:. 17 October 2023 14397:. 17 October 2023 14314:, 21 March 2018. 13956:Busby, Margaret. 13891:And Other Stories 13655:www.musicweek.com 12252:. HarperCollins. 12054:on 10 August 2011 12018:on 27 March 2018. 11823:978-1-907464-45-4 11570:. 27 April 2015. 11436:. History Press. 11370:, 1 (2004), p. 3. 10954:Sons of the Waves 10743:978-0-8020-7402-7 10592:National Archives 10360:978-0-19-861412-8 10296:978-0-8135-2259-3 9923:978-1-904099-00-0 9886:978-1-873245-07-1 9599:"CaspanVanSenden" 9527:. Penguin Adult. 9494:Mortimer (2013). 9467:Mortimer (2013). 9370:Mortimer (2013). 9079:"famulus, famuli" 8898:Richard Hakluyt. 8879:. 9 November 2017 8853:. London, England 8831:978-1-78607-396-9 8485:Watkins, Thayer. 7913:Scotland's Census 7677:John, Lord Taylor 7636:Bill, Lord Morris 7598:Sir Mark Hendrick 7277:Phillip DeFreitas 6972:In 2005, soldier 6955:Spanish Civil War 6947:British Battalion 6939:Charlie Hutchison 6922:Military services 6900:social psychology 6740:T. S. Eliot Prize 6594:Betty Trask Award 6365:Claudette Johnson 6209:Kingsley Ben-Adir 5892:Diane Charlemagne 5725:dukedom of Sussex 5680:courtier General 5597:African Caribbean 5527:, pioneer of the 5470:Church of England 5427: 5426: 5275:foreign nationals 5251:Operation Trident 5186: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5084: 5083: 4989: 4988: 4783:racism in Britain 4742: 4741: 4668:Amon Saba Saakana 4648:Allison and Busby 4529:the Bodysnatchers 4421:African languages 4347:African-Caribbean 4338: 4337: 4054:(29,779, 8.7%) / 4046:(125,760, 11%) / 4031:(19.1 per cent), 4027:(19.6 per cent), 4023:(20.0 per cent), 4019:(20.2 per cent), 4015:(23.1 per cent), 4011:(25.9 per cent), 4007:(26.9 per cent), 4003:(27.2 per cent), 3803: 3802: 3051:National Archives 2969:Chapeltown, Leeds 2967:, Liverpool, and 2908:Brixton race riot 2787:Late 20th century 2706:Women's Land Army 2647:was installed in 2620:Parliament Square 2487:According to the 2378:scientific racism 2188:ethnic identity. 2180:, with help from 2007:During this era, 1943:plantation owners 1862:(Ashgate, 2008), 1840:Casper Van Senden 1835:Queen Elizabeth I 1554:According to the 1431:England and Wales 1231: 1230: 1164:God Save the King 1150:Dieu et mon droit 1085:Buckingham Palace 1015:Football in Wales 941:Music of Scotland 906:British pop music 727:Saint David's Day 235: 234: 231: 215:minority follows 177:Caribbean English 18543: 18498: 18497: 18496: 18486: 18485: 18484: 18474: 18473: 18472: 18465: 18264: 18257: 18250: 18241: 18240: 18016: 18009: 18002: 17993: 17992: 17654: 17647: 17640: 17631: 17630: 17618: 17617: 17550: 17537: 17531: 17530: 17528: 17526: 17511: 17505: 17504: 17502: 17500: 17494: 17486: 17480: 17479: 17477: 17475: 17460: 17454: 17453: 17451: 17449: 17434: 17428: 17427: 17425: 17423: 17398: 17392: 17391: 17389: 17387: 17376:"Dr. Mo Ibrahim" 17372: 17366: 17365: 17363: 17361: 17346: 17340: 17339: 17337: 17335: 17320: 17314: 17313: 17311: 17309: 17294: 17288: 17287: 17285: 17283: 17269: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17258: 17243: 17237: 17236: 17234: 17232: 17217: 17211: 17210: 17208: 17206: 17191: 17185: 17184: 17182: 17180: 17165: 17159: 17158: 17156: 17154: 17139: 17133: 17132: 17130: 17128: 17108: 17102: 17101: 17099: 17097: 17092:. 20 August 2007 17082: 17076: 17075: 17057: 17051: 17050: 17048: 17046: 17031: 17025: 17024: 17022: 17020: 17005: 16999: 16998: 16993:. Archived from 16987: 16981: 16980: 16978: 16976: 16961: 16955: 16954: 16952: 16950: 16935: 16929: 16928: 16926: 16924: 16905: 16899: 16877: 16871: 16870: 16868: 16866: 16851: 16845: 16844: 16842: 16840: 16825: 16819: 16818: 16816: 16814: 16799: 16793: 16792: 16790: 16788: 16778: 16772: 16771: 16769: 16767: 16752: 16746: 16745: 16743: 16741: 16718: 16712: 16711: 16709: 16707: 16693: 16687: 16686: 16684: 16682: 16667: 16661: 16660: 16658: 16656: 16641: 16635: 16634: 16616: 16610: 16609: 16607: 16605: 16594:"Naomi Campbell" 16590: 16584: 16583: 16581: 16579: 16565: 16559: 16558: 16556: 16554: 16539: 16533: 16532: 16530: 16528: 16508: 16502: 16501: 16499: 16497: 16482: 16476: 16475: 16473: 16471: 16456: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16445: 16430: 16424: 16423: 16421: 16419: 16413:Evening Standard 16404: 16398: 16397: 16395: 16393: 16378: 16372: 16371: 16369: 16367: 16348: 16342: 16341: 16339: 16337: 16323: 16317: 16316: 16314: 16312: 16298: 16292: 16289: 16283: 16280: 16274: 16273: 16271: 16269: 16254: 16248: 16247: 16245: 16243: 16224: 16218: 16217: 16215: 16213: 16194: 16188: 16187: 16185: 16183: 16164: 16158: 16157: 16155: 16153: 16134: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16123: 16109: 16103: 16102: 16100: 16098: 16079: 16073: 16072: 16070: 16068: 16053: 16047: 16046: 16044: 16042: 16028: 16022: 16021: 16019: 16017: 15998: 15992: 15991: 15989: 15987: 15973: 15967: 15966: 15964: 15962: 15947: 15941: 15940: 15938: 15936: 15916: 15910: 15909: 15907: 15905: 15886: 15880: 15879: 15877: 15875: 15856: 15850: 15849: 15847: 15845: 15828:Eboda, Michael. 15825: 15819: 15818: 15816: 15814: 15794: 15788: 15787: 15785: 15783: 15763: 15757: 15744: 15738: 15737: 15735: 15733: 15718: 15712: 15711: 15709: 15707: 15692: 15686: 15685: 15683: 15681: 15671: 15663: 15657: 15656: 15645: 15639: 15638: 15627: 15621: 15620: 15609: 15603: 15602: 15600: 15598: 15587: 15581: 15580: 15569: 15563: 15562: 15551: 15545: 15544: 15542: 15540: 15519: 15495: 15489: 15488: 15476: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15465: 15454: 15448: 15447: 15436: 15430: 15429: 15417: 15411: 15410: 15408: 15406: 15391: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15380: 15365: 15359: 15358: 15356: 15354: 15339: 15333: 15332: 15330: 15328: 15313: 15307: 15306: 15304: 15302: 15297:. 22 August 2018 15287: 15281: 15280: 15278: 15276: 15261: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15250: 15225: 15219: 15218: 15216: 15214: 15209:. 19 August 2021 15199: 15193: 15192: 15190: 15188: 15177: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15166: 15151: 15145: 15144: 15142: 15140: 15125: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15111: 15096: 15090: 15089: 15087: 15085: 15070: 15064: 15063: 15057: 15048: 15042: 15041: 15030: 15024: 15023: 15021: 15019: 15008: 15002: 15001: 14999: 14997: 14982: 14976: 14975: 14973: 14971: 14956: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14945: 14923: 14917: 14903: 14897: 14880: 14874: 14873: 14871: 14869: 14864:on 16 April 2010 14863: 14848: 14839: 14833: 14826: 14820: 14813: 14807: 14801: 14795: 14794: 14793:. February 2022. 14783: 14777: 14759: 14753: 14752: 14750: 14748: 14742: 14735: 14726: 14720: 14707: 14698: 14692: 14686: 14666: 14660: 14659: 14648: 14642: 14641: 14630: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14616: 14605: 14599: 14598: 14587: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14576: 14561: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14550: 14541:. Archived from 14531: 14525: 14524: 14513: 14507: 14506: 14504: 14502: 14496: 14489: 14481: 14475: 14474: 14472: 14464: 14458: 14457: 14446: 14440: 14439: 14437: 14435: 14416: 14407: 14406: 14404: 14402: 14383: 14374: 14373: 14371: 14369: 14350: 14341: 14340: 14329: 14323: 14303: 14297: 14279: 14272: 14266: 14265: 14263: 14261: 14246: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14235: 14219: 14213: 14212: 14202: 14178: 14169: 14168: 14148: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14137: 14122: 14116: 14115: 14097: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14086: 14080: 14074:. I/193: 15–55. 14069: 14060: 14054: 14053: 14035: 14029: 14028: 14010: 14001: 14000: 13998: 13996: 13979: 13973: 13972: 13970: 13968: 13953: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13942: 13927: 13921: 13920: 13918: 13916: 13901: 13895: 13894: 13882: 13876: 13875: 13873: 13871: 13852: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13841: 13830:Keep The Faith ® 13822: 13816: 13815: 13813: 13811: 13791: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13780: 13761: 13755: 13754: 13752: 13750: 13731: 13725: 13724: 13722: 13720: 13697: 13691: 13690: 13688: 13686: 13672: 13666: 13665: 13663: 13661: 13647: 13641: 13640: 13638: 13636: 13621: 13615: 13614: 13566: 13560: 13541: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13530: 13511: 13505: 13504: 13476: 13470: 13469: 13467: 13465: 13451: 13445: 13443: 13441: 13439: 13424: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13413: 13407: 13400: 13388: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13358: 13352: 13351: 13349: 13347: 13328: 13322: 13321: 13319: 13317: 13297: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13286: 13267: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13249: 13235: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13210: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13199: 13184: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13173: 13162: 13156: 13153: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13131: 13125: 13121: 13119: 13117: 13106: 13100: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13086: 13077:. Archived from 13071: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13060: 13050: 13044: 13043: 13041: 13039: 13028: 13022: 13019: 13013: 13012: 13010: 13008: 12999:. Archived from 12993: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12977: 12965: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12954: 12943: 12937: 12934: 12928: 12927: 12925: 12923: 12912: 12906: 12905: 12894: 12888: 12887: 12876: 12870: 12869: 12856: 12850: 12849: 12847: 12845: 12825: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12794: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12783: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12732: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12721: 12706: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12695: 12675: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12664: 12644: 12638: 12637: 12635: 12633: 12613: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12586: 12580: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12555: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12524: 12518: 12501: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12471: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12438: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12427: 12408: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12377: 12371: 12352: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12341: 12335:Tribunemag.co.uk 12326: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12295: 12289: 12288: 12270: 12264: 12263: 12245: 12236: 12235: 12217: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12178: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12159: 12151: 12145: 12144: 12126: 12120: 12114: 12105: 12104: 12097: 12091: 12090: 12070: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12044: 12038: 12031: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12010: 12001: 11992: 11970: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11959: 11944: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11933: 11919: 11913: 11912: 11884: 11878: 11877: 11864: 11858: 11851: 11845: 11836:Tracey Francis, 11834: 11828: 11827: 11809: 11803: 11802: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11766: 11760: 11750: 11744: 11743: 11725: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11714: 11691: 11685: 11656: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11627: 11621: 11620: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11560: 11554: 11553: 11538: 11532: 11531: 11511: 11505: 11504: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11457: 11448: 11447: 11427: 11418: 11408: 11402: 11401: 11377: 11371: 11360: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11343:The Conversation 11334: 11328: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11295: 11289: 11282: 11276: 11275: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11241: 11235: 11234: 11214: 11208: 11207: 11187: 11178: 11177: 11162: 11153: 11152: 11132: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11091: 11085: 11078: 11072: 11069: 11063: 11056: 11050: 11043: 11037: 11034: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11023: 11009: 11000: 10994: 10993: 10982: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10948: 10942: 10941: 10926: 10920: 10919: 10899: 10893: 10892: 10884: 10878: 10877: 10857: 10851: 10850: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10817: 10811: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10785: 10776: 10775: 10755: 10749: 10747: 10731: 10721: 10715: 10714: 10680: 10674: 10673: 10653: 10647: 10646: 10631: 10622: 10621: 10614:1841census.co.uk 10606: 10600: 10599: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10573: 10559: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10530: 10521: 10520: 10505: 10499: 10498: 10491:Historic England 10483: 10477: 10476: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10404: 10398: 10397: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10323: 10307: 10301: 10300: 10280: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10262:on 23 June 2010. 10261: 10255:. Archived from 10230: 10221: 10212: 10205: 10192: 10191: 10184:National Archive 10180:"The Black Poor" 10176: 10170: 10169: 10153: 10143: 10137: 10136: 10120: 10114: 10113: 10093: 10080: 10079: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10017: 10011: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9982: 9976: 9975: 9955: 9949: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9909: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9870: 9857: 9856: 9845: 9839: 9832: 9826: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9760: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9718:. Archived from 9708: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9656: 9650: 9644: 9638: 9621: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9595: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9569: 9563: 9560:Akron Law Review 9545: 9539: 9538: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9464: 9455: 9454: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9349: 9343: 9333: 9327: 9326: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9256: 9245: 9244: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9097: 9091: 9090: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9053: 9047: 9046: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9004: 8998: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8969: 8959: 8946: 8945: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8869: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8790: 8784: 8770: 8764: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8702: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8521: 8512: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8482: 8476: 8463: 8457: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8405: 8398: 8390: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8361: 8355: 8342: 8336: 8323: 8317: 8299: 8293: 8279: 8273: 8260: 8254: 8241: 8235: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8171:on 27 April 2015 8161: 8155: 8154: 8144: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8065: 8055: 8031: 8025: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7944: 7933: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7905: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7870: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7837: 7816: 7811:Figures are for 7809: 7803: 7796: 7784: 7781: 7775: 7756: 7750: 7742: 7661:David, Lord Pitt 7626:House of Commons 7618:cabinet minister 7486:Levi Roots brand 7269:Michael Carberry 7229:Linford Christie 7212:have played for 7130:Daniel Sturridge 7051:Chris Eubank Sr. 7029:In the sport of 6843:The Black Prince 6831:Malorie Blackman 6792:Kwame Kwei-Armah 6768:Kamau Brathwaite 6664:Ferdinand Dennis 6554:Man Booker Prize 6373:Lina Iris Viktor 6313:Ricardo P. Lloyd 6221:Chiwetel Ejiofor 6155:Destiny Ekaragha 6130:12 Years a Slave 6000:Andrew Roachford 5868:Joan Armatrading 5864:Marsha Ambrosius 5843:Ainsley Harriott 5745:James Forman Jr. 5704:and his brother 5619:Sophie Chandauka 5505:William Davidson 5430:Pre-20th century 5422: 5419: 5413: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5309:The Lammy Review 5219:Trust for London 5088: 5087: 4993: 4992: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4712: 4711: 4704: 4640:New Beacon Books 4625: 4474:street musicians 4288:Other religions 4268: 4244: 4220: 4196: 4155: 4131: 4094: 4093: 4078:(25,893, 5.6%), 4058:(24,636, 9.3%), 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3755: 3753: 3752: 3704:Northern Ireland 3653: 3651: 3650: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3238: 3230: 3222: 3214: 3175: 3171: 3015:Stephen Lawrence 2857:in East Africa, 2849:in West Africa, 2714:House of Commons 2639:from Guyana and 2451:Dadabhai Naoroji 2384:, Liverpool and 2303:British subjects 2072:Gretchen Gerzina 1872:Miranda Kaufmann 1697:Atlantic Creoles 1562:Septimus Severus 1557:Augustan History 1527:Jamaican Maroons 1507:British subjects 1501:seamen known as 1458:Historical usage 1435:Northern Ireland 1313:New Commonwealth 1258:New Commonwealth 1256:(i.e., the 1250:British colonies 1223: 1216: 1209: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1040:Cricket in Wales 936:English art song 461:Irish Travellers 420:British identity 355:Historic peoples 323:Second World War 308:Edwardian period 296:Victorian period 262: 253: 237: 236: 229: 185:Creole languages 102:Northern Ireland 95: 93: 92: 82: 80: 79: 69: 67: 66: 53: 52: 42:Total population 34: 27: 23: 18551: 18550: 18546: 18545: 18544: 18542: 18541: 18540: 18506: 18505: 18504: 18494: 18492: 18482: 18480: 18470: 18468: 18460: 18458: 18453: 18452: 18447: 18426: 18419:Black Caribbean 18402: 18360: 18354:White and Asian 18333: 18325:(Scotland only) 18319:(Scotland only) 18298:(Scotland only) 18277: 18268: 18238: 18233: 18212: 18164: 18051: 18025: 18020: 17990: 17985: 17969: 17960:British English 17948: 17854: 17848: 17821: 17815: 17767:British hip hop 17738: 17731: 17696:Empire Windrush 17671: 17664: 17658: 17623: 17558: 17553: 17547:Wayback Machine 17538: 17534: 17524: 17522: 17512: 17508: 17498: 17496: 17492: 17488: 17487: 17483: 17473: 17471: 17462: 17461: 17457: 17447: 17445: 17435: 17431: 17421: 17419: 17399: 17395: 17385: 17383: 17374: 17373: 17369: 17359: 17357: 17348: 17347: 17343: 17333: 17331: 17328:Harper's BAZAAR 17322: 17321: 17317: 17307: 17305: 17295: 17291: 17281: 17279: 17277:Financial Times 17271: 17270: 17266: 17256: 17254: 17244: 17240: 17230: 17228: 17218: 17214: 17204: 17202: 17192: 17188: 17178: 17176: 17166: 17162: 17152: 17150: 17141: 17140: 17136: 17126: 17124: 17109: 17105: 17095: 17093: 17084: 17083: 17079: 17072: 17058: 17054: 17044: 17042: 17032: 17028: 17018: 17016: 17007: 17006: 17002: 16989: 16988: 16984: 16974: 16972: 16962: 16958: 16948: 16946: 16937: 16936: 16932: 16922: 16920: 16907: 16906: 16902: 16888:Wayback Machine 16878: 16874: 16864: 16862: 16852: 16848: 16838: 16836: 16826: 16822: 16812: 16810: 16801: 16800: 16796: 16786: 16784: 16780: 16779: 16775: 16765: 16763: 16754: 16753: 16749: 16739: 16737: 16719: 16715: 16705: 16703: 16695: 16694: 16690: 16680: 16678: 16669: 16668: 16664: 16654: 16652: 16643: 16642: 16638: 16631: 16617: 16613: 16603: 16601: 16592: 16591: 16587: 16577: 16575: 16567: 16566: 16562: 16552: 16550: 16547:The Independent 16541: 16540: 16536: 16526: 16524: 16509: 16505: 16495: 16493: 16484: 16483: 16479: 16469: 16467: 16457: 16453: 16443: 16441: 16431: 16427: 16417: 16415: 16405: 16401: 16391: 16389: 16379: 16375: 16365: 16363: 16350: 16349: 16345: 16335: 16333: 16325: 16324: 16320: 16310: 16308: 16300: 16299: 16295: 16290: 16286: 16281: 16277: 16267: 16265: 16256: 16255: 16251: 16241: 16239: 16226: 16225: 16221: 16211: 16209: 16196: 16195: 16191: 16181: 16179: 16166: 16165: 16161: 16151: 16149: 16136: 16135: 16131: 16121: 16119: 16111: 16110: 16106: 16096: 16094: 16081: 16080: 16076: 16066: 16064: 16055: 16054: 16050: 16040: 16038: 16030: 16029: 16025: 16015: 16013: 16000: 15999: 15995: 15985: 15983: 15975: 15974: 15970: 15960: 15958: 15957:. 10 April 2019 15949: 15948: 15944: 15934: 15932: 15917: 15913: 15903: 15901: 15888: 15887: 15883: 15873: 15871: 15858: 15857: 15853: 15843: 15841: 15826: 15822: 15812: 15810: 15795: 15791: 15781: 15779: 15764: 15760: 15754:Wayback Machine 15745: 15741: 15731: 15729: 15724:. BBC History. 15720: 15719: 15715: 15705: 15703: 15694: 15693: 15689: 15679: 15677: 15669: 15665: 15664: 15660: 15647: 15646: 15642: 15629: 15628: 15624: 15619:. 14 June 2020. 15611: 15610: 15606: 15596: 15594: 15589: 15588: 15584: 15571: 15570: 15566: 15553: 15552: 15548: 15538: 15536: 15496: 15492: 15485:The Independent 15477: 15473: 15463: 15461: 15456: 15455: 15451: 15438: 15437: 15433: 15418: 15414: 15404: 15402: 15393: 15392: 15388: 15378: 15376: 15367: 15366: 15362: 15352: 15350: 15341: 15340: 15336: 15326: 15324: 15315: 15314: 15310: 15300: 15298: 15289: 15288: 15284: 15274: 15272: 15262: 15258: 15248: 15246: 15226: 15222: 15212: 15210: 15201: 15200: 15196: 15186: 15184: 15179: 15178: 15174: 15164: 15162: 15160:Financial Times 15152: 15148: 15138: 15136: 15127: 15126: 15119: 15109: 15107: 15097: 15093: 15083: 15081: 15072: 15071: 15067: 15062:. Lammy Review. 15055: 15049: 15045: 15032: 15031: 15027: 15017: 15015: 15010: 15009: 15005: 14995: 14993: 14984: 14983: 14979: 14969: 14967: 14958: 14957: 14953: 14943: 14941: 14924: 14920: 14914:Wayback Machine 14904: 14900: 14890:Wayback Machine 14881: 14877: 14867: 14865: 14861: 14851:Research Report 14846: 14840: 14836: 14827: 14823: 14814: 14810: 14802: 14798: 14785: 14784: 14780: 14770:Wayback Machine 14760: 14756: 14746: 14744: 14740: 14733: 14727: 14723: 14718:Wayback Machine 14708: 14701: 14693: 14689: 14677:Wayback Machine 14667: 14663: 14650: 14649: 14645: 14632: 14631: 14624: 14614: 14612: 14607: 14606: 14602: 14589: 14588: 14584: 14574: 14572: 14563: 14562: 14558: 14548: 14546: 14533: 14532: 14528: 14515: 14514: 14510: 14500: 14498: 14494: 14487: 14483: 14482: 14478: 14470: 14466: 14465: 14461: 14448: 14447: 14443: 14433: 14431: 14418: 14417: 14410: 14400: 14398: 14385: 14384: 14377: 14367: 14365: 14352: 14351: 14344: 14331: 14330: 14326: 14320:Wayback Machine 14304: 14300: 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HM Government 8424: 8423: 8419: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8384: 8374: 8372: 8362: 8358: 8352:Wayback Machine 8343: 8339: 8333:Wayback Machine 8324: 8320: 8315:Wayback Machine 8300: 8296: 8290:Wayback Machine 8280: 8276: 8270:Wayback Machine 8261: 8257: 8251:Wayback Machine 8242: 8238: 8230: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8191:Verma, Jatinder 8188: 8184: 8174: 8172: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8097: 8084: 8083: 8079: 8032: 8028: 8015: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7967: 7963: 7953: 7951: 7946: 7945: 7936: 7930:Alternative URL 7922: 7920: 7907: 7906: 7897: 7887: 7885: 7871: 7856: 7846: 7844: 7839: 7838: 7829: 7825: 7820: 7819: 7810: 7806: 7797: 7793: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7778: 7757: 7753: 7743: 7739: 7734: 7697: 7567: 7517:Strive Masiyiwa 7440:Audit Committee 7438:, chairing its 7360: 7307:to name a few. 7301:Gladstone Small 7210:Ashley Williams 7150:Raheem Sterling 7090:Marcus Rashford 7075:Lawrence Okolie 7039:lineal champion 7027: 7021: 7013:Sword of Honour 6974:Johnson Beharry 6931:Johnson Beharry 6924: 6888:Chief Constable 6868:Norwell Roberts 6865: 6812:Reni Eddo-Lodge 6804:Patricia Cumper 6800:Winsome Pinnock 6788:Mustapha Matura 6764:Patience Agbabi 6730:, the national 6666:(winner of the 6528:Charles Dickens 6484: 6474: 6466:Munroe Bergdorf 6462:Paloma Elsesser 6454:Leomie Anderson 6430: 6424: 6392:Yinka Shonibare 6333: 6327: 6318:The Independent 6261:Thandiwe Newton 6257:Gugu Mbatha-Raw 6237:Paterson Joseph 6205:Marsha Thomason 6173: 6163: 6081:Menelik Shabazz 6062: 6056: 5956:Lianne La Havas 5884:Alexandra Burke 5861: 5851: 5839:Nabil Elouahabi 5827:Sir Lenny Henry 5791:Trevor McDonald 5783: 5777: 5751:), the actress 5688:and her sister 5674: 5668: 5654:Beverley Knight 5621:co-founded the 5564: 5533:Ignatius Sancho 5529:slave narrative 5513:Olaudah Equiano 5484:is currently a 5451:Olaudah Equiano 5432: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5407: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5331:life expectancy 5322: 5243: 5192: 5187: 4845: 4833:stop and search 4805:social distance 4759:council housing 4747: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4722: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4676:Black Womantalk 4660:Jessica Huntley 4636: 4623: 4583: 4451: 4433: 4395:Jamaican Patois 4391: 4385: 4369: 4343: 4341:Mixed marriages 4092: 4086:(22,735, 10%). 4066:(32,215, 10%), 4062:(65,893, 12%), 4050:(30,723, 9%) / 3992: 3980: 3963: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3808: 3750: 3748: 3648: 3646: 3591: 3589: 3398:East of England 3246: 3244: 3170: 3165: 3059: 3039: 3010:) and Brixton. 2992:Cynthia Jarrett 2910:in London, 1981 2900: 2894: 2789: 2754:Empire Windrush 2735:Empire Windrush 2726: 2684: 2635:from Trinidad, 2629:Royal Air Force 2605: 2560:Tyne & Wear 2517:Members of the 2485: 2480: 2362: 2319: 2311:Ottobah Cugoano 2281:Olaudah Equiano 2277: 2275:Olaudah Equiano 2271: 2269:Olaudah Equiano 2258:Ignatius Sancho 2246: 2213:Ignatius Sancho 2205:Thomas Clarkson 2200: 2194: 2158:Joshua Reynolds 2080:Olaudah Equiano 2070:. According to 2048: 1994:William Hogarth 1957:freemen's rolls 1935:ship's captains 1915: 1909: 1892: 1828:Fall from Grace 1707:Jacques Francis 1618: 1598:Gloucestershire 1575: 1552: 1546: 1541: 1535: 1491:Black Loyalists 1460: 1407: 1371:Indian diaspora 1365:. The official 1301: 1277:ethnic minority 1227: 1189: 1187: 1180: 1179: 1134:National anthem 1119: 1118: 1107: 1106: 1075: 1074: 1065: 1064: 1000: 999: 988: 987: 968: 967: 956: 955: 891: 890: 878: 877: 843: 842: 831: 830: 806: 805: 794: 793: 789:Modern Paganism 754: 753: 742: 741: 652: 651: 640: 639: 605: 604: 593: 592: 568: 567: 552: 551: 527:Scottish Gaelic 483: 482: 471: 470: 352: 351: 340: 339: 318:Interwar period 313:First World War 284:Napoleonic Wars 279:Georgian period 274: 273: 249: 228: 214: 197:Nigerian Pidgin 193:Jamaican Patois 181:African English 169:British English 157: 100: 90: 88: 87: 77: 75: 74: 64: 62: 61: 47: 37: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18549: 18539: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18503: 18502: 18500:United Kingdom 18490: 18488:British Empire 18478: 18455: 18454: 18449: 18448: 18446: 18445: 18440: 18434: 18432: 18428: 18427: 18425: 18424: 18421: 18416: 18412: 18410: 18404: 18403: 18401: 18400: 18397: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18370: 18368: 18362: 18361: 18359: 18358: 18355: 18352: 18347: 18343: 18341: 18335: 18334: 18332: 18331: 18326: 18320: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18296:White Scottish 18293: 18287: 18285: 18279: 18278: 18275:2021 UK Census 18267: 18266: 18259: 18252: 18244: 18235: 18234: 18232: 18231: 18226: 18220: 18218: 18214: 18213: 18211: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18174: 18172: 18166: 18165: 18163: 18162: 18155:United Kingdom 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18061: 18059: 18053: 18052: 18050: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18033: 18031: 18027: 18026: 18019: 18018: 18011: 18004: 17996: 17987: 17986: 17984: 17983: 17977: 17975: 17971: 17970: 17968: 17967: 17962: 17956: 17954: 17950: 17949: 17947: 17946: 17941: 17936: 17931: 17926: 17924:Sierra Leonean 17921: 17916: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17895: 17894: 17889: 17887:Montserratians 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17858: 17856: 17850: 17849: 17847: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17825: 17823: 17817: 17816: 17814: 17813: 17812: 17811: 17806: 17801: 17796: 17791: 17786: 17785: 17784: 17774: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17754: 17743: 17741: 17733: 17732: 17730: 17729: 17724: 17719: 17714: 17709: 17708: 17707: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17676: 17674: 17666: 17665: 17657: 17656: 17649: 17642: 17634: 17628: 17625: 17624: 17615: 17614: 17608: 17602: 17596: 17590: 17583: 17578: 17573: 17566: 17565: 17557: 17556:External links 17554: 17552: 17551: 17532: 17506: 17481: 17455: 17429: 17393: 17367: 17341: 17330:. 7 March 2019 17315: 17303:Startups.co.uk 17289: 17264: 17238: 17212: 17186: 17160: 17147:Boxing News 24 17134: 17103: 17077: 17070: 17052: 17026: 17000: 16982: 16956: 16930: 16900: 16892:Alison Donnell 16872: 16860:The Bookseller 16846: 16820: 16794: 16773: 16747: 16713: 16688: 16662: 16636: 16629: 16611: 16596:. Models.com. 16585: 16560: 16549:. 13 July 2021 16534: 16503: 16492:. 29 June 2021 16477: 16451: 16425: 16399: 16373: 16343: 16331:standard.co.uk 16318: 16293: 16284: 16275: 16258:"Peggy Appiah" 16249: 16219: 16189: 16159: 16129: 16104: 16074: 16048: 16023: 15993: 15968: 15942: 15911: 15881: 15851: 15820: 15789: 15758: 15739: 15713: 15702:. 18 June 2009 15687: 15674:service.gov.uk 15658: 15640: 15622: 15604: 15582: 15564: 15546: 15490: 15471: 15449: 15446:. 14 May 2023. 15431: 15412: 15386: 15360: 15334: 15308: 15282: 15256: 15220: 15207:www.ons.gov.uk 15194: 15172: 15146: 15135:. 26 July 2021 15133:www.ons.gov.uk 15117: 15091: 15080:. 2 March 2022 15065: 15051:Lammy, David. 15043: 15025: 15003: 14977: 14951: 14918: 14898: 14875: 14834: 14821: 14808: 14796: 14778: 14754: 14721: 14699: 14687: 14661: 14656:service.gov.uk 14643: 14638:service.gov.uk 14622: 14600: 14582: 14556: 14545:on 18 May 2015 14526: 14508: 14476: 14459: 14441: 14408: 14375: 14342: 14324: 14298: 14267: 14241: 14214: 14193:(4): 609–636. 14170: 14159:(4): 567–586. 14143: 14117: 14111:978-0415077262 14110: 14092: 14055: 14049:978-0822310600 14048: 14030: 14024:978-0199134243 14023: 14002: 13989:Bocas Lit Fest 13974: 13962:Writers Mosaic 13948: 13922: 13896: 13877: 13847: 13817: 13786: 13756: 13726: 13692: 13667: 13642: 13616: 13561: 13536: 13506: 13471: 13459:www.ons.gov.uk 13446: 13419: 13383: 13372:on 1 July 2015 13353: 13323: 13292: 13255: 13243:www.ons.gov.uk 13230: 13205: 13192:www.ons.gov.uk 13179: 13157: 13148: 13126: 13101: 13092: 13066: 13045: 13023: 13014: 12988: 12960: 12938: 12929: 12907: 12904:. 23 May 2024. 12889: 12886:. 9 June 2023. 12871: 12868:. 23 May 2024. 12851: 12820: 12789: 12772:Channel 4 News 12758: 12727: 12701: 12670: 12639: 12608: 12581: 12550: 12519: 12496: 12466: 12433: 12403: 12372: 12347: 12321: 12304:Yorkshire Post 12290: 12284:978-0861047499 12283: 12265: 12259:978-0006530398 12258: 12237: 12231:978-0192804396 12230: 12199: 12170: 12146: 12140:978-0116916563 12139: 12121: 12106: 12092: 12065: 12039: 12021: 11993: 11965: 11939: 11914: 11879: 11876:. p. 467. 11868:Olusoga, David 11859: 11846: 11844:, 18 May 2017. 11842:Keep The Faith 11829: 11822: 11804: 11786: 11761: 11745: 11739:978-0821422182 11738: 11720: 11707:978-0739127650 11706: 11686: 11648: 11622: 11600: 11577: 11555: 11533: 11526: 11506: 11500:97-81317330981 11499: 11479: 11472: 11449: 11442: 11419: 11411:Scobie, Edward 11403: 11397:978-0331561876 11396: 11372: 11355: 11329: 11316: 11290: 11277: 11263: 11256: 11236: 11229: 11209: 11202: 11179: 11154: 11147: 11127: 11101: 11086: 11073: 11064: 11051: 11038: 11029: 10995: 10977: 10963: 10943: 10921: 10914: 10894: 10879: 10872: 10852: 10834: 10812: 10803: 10777: 10770: 10750: 10742: 10716: 10675: 10668: 10648: 10623: 10601: 10579: 10551: 10522: 10500: 10478: 10456: 10439: 10421: 10399: 10392: 10372: 10359: 10329: 10302: 10295: 10265: 10239:(2): 305–322. 10213: 10193: 10171: 10164: 10150:Lord Mansfield 10138: 10115: 10108: 10081: 10074: 10054: 10047: 10027: 10024:. p. 301. 10012: 10003: 9977: 9970: 9950: 9941: 9929: 9922: 9904: 9885: 9858: 9840: 9827: 9814: 9788: 9774:978-1786071842 9773: 9755: 9725: 9703: 9673: 9651: 9639: 9616: 9590: 9564: 9540: 9533: 9513: 9506: 9486: 9479: 9456: 9434: 9407: 9389: 9382: 9362: 9344: 9328: 9321: 9301: 9294: 9274: 9246: 9224: 9210:978-1786071842 9209: 9191: 9176: 9158: 9122: 9092: 9070: 9048: 9026: 9019: 8999: 8986: 8976: 8947: 8940: 8920: 8890: 8864: 8837: 8830: 8812: 8785: 8765: 8746: 8728: 8694: 8663: 8641: 8619: 8612: 8592: 8585: 8565: 8543: 8536: 8513: 8500: 8477: 8458: 8439: 8417: 8382: 8356: 8337: 8318: 8294: 8274: 8255: 8236: 8224: 8182: 8156: 8127:(6): 441–445. 8107: 8077: 8046:(6): 441–445. 8026: 8009: 7987: 7961: 7934: 7895: 7878:"Ethnic group" 7854: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7804: 7798:Scotland held 7790: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7776: 7751: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7696: 7693: 7644:House of Lords 7614:trade unionism 7566: 7563: 7405:Powerlist 2020 7375:private equity 7359: 7356: 7320:Lewis Hamilton 7289:David Lawrence 7233:Dwain Chambers 7221:Daley Thompson 7202:Danny Gabbidon 7142:Micah Richards 7134:Daniel Welbeck 7071:Anthony Joshua 7020: 7017: 6982:Victoria Cross 6923: 6920: 6884:Michael Fuller 6864: 6863:Police service 6861: 6736:Roger Robinson 6706:Nadifa Mohamed 6676:George Lamming 6656:Victor Headley 6652:Caryl Phillips 6473: 6470: 6433:Naomi Campbell 6423: 6420: 6369:Winston Branch 6361:Kimathi Donkor 6326: 6325:Visual artists 6323: 6309:Letitia Wright 6305:Ashley Walters 6297:Antonia Thomas 6269:Eunice Olumide 6265:Sophie Okonedo 6241:Daniel Kaluuya 6229:David Harewood 6201:Regé-Jean Page 6162: 6159: 6139:Richard Ayoade 6055: 6052: 5876:Shirley Bassey 5850: 5847: 5835:Joseph Marcell 5831:Rudolph Walker 5785:Jamaican-born 5776: 5773: 5741:Adetomiwa Edun 5667: 5664: 5650:Lynette Linton 5615:Melanie Eusebe 5563: 5560: 5537:man of letters 5501:William Cuffay 5490:House of Lords 5488:member of the 5482:Lord Adebowale 5431: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5404:embedded lists 5398:indiscriminate 5389: 5387: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5327:mortality rate 5321: 5318: 5292:, head of the 5242: 5239: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4878: 4844: 4841: 4794:National Front 4746: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4716: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4652:Margaret Busby 4635: 4632: 4630:listed above. 4621:Keep The Faith 4617:Keep The Faith 4606:Pride Magazine 4582: 4579: 4432: 4429: 4387:Main article: 4384: 4381: 4368: 4365: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4098: 4091: 4088: 4074:(27,890, 6%), 4070:(28,766, 8%), 3991: 3988: 3979: 3976: 3962: 3959: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3757:United Kingdom 3744: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3302:Greater London 3297: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3145:Patrick Vernon 3132:Robert Jenrick 3079:English cities 3058: 3055: 3038: 3035: 2976:Scarman Report 2947:New Cross Fire 2924:Kelso Cochrane 2893: 2890: 2832:House of Lords 2788: 2785: 2770:(or sometimes 2762:Indo-Caribbean 2725: 2722: 2710:Walter Edwards 2641:Billy Strachan 2618:, standing at 2604: 2601: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2467:Lord Salisbury 2430:Another great 2400:Queen Victoria 2371:Francis Barber 2361: 2358: 2318: 2315: 2273:Main article: 2270: 2267: 2245: 2242: 2226:Francis Barber 2198:Discrimination 2196:Main article: 2193: 2192:Discrimination 2190: 2165:Lord Mansfield 2100:John Ystumllyn 2047: 2044: 2009:Lord Mansfield 1911:Main article: 1908: 1905: 1891: 1888: 1824:Garden of Eden 1650:More taubronar 1634:Henry VII 1617: 1614: 1610:bonded servant 1574: 1571: 1566:Hadrian's Wall 1545: 1542: 1534: 1531: 1477:(known as the 1459: 1456: 1425:(ONS) and the 1419:2011 UK Census 1411:1991 UK census 1406: 1403: 1383:British Asians 1381:in 1972, many 1300: 1297: 1293:Greater London 1242:Afro-Caribbean 1229: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1218: 1211: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1160: 1153: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1001: 995: 994: 993: 990: 989: 986: 985: 980: 975: 969: 963: 962: 961: 958: 957: 954: 953: 948: 946:Music of Wales 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 892: 885: 884: 883: 880: 879: 876: 875: 873:British comics 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 844: 838: 837: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 823: 818: 813: 807: 801: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 755: 749: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 657:New Year's Day 653: 647: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 632: 630:Northern Irish 627: 622: 617: 612: 606: 600: 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 569: 559: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 523: 522: 512: 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 484: 478: 477: 476: 473: 472: 469: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 410: 409: 404: 399: 398: 397: 392: 390:Northern Irish 387: 382: 377: 367: 362: 353: 347: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 304: 303: 301:British Empire 293: 292: 291: 289:Regency period 286: 275: 269: 268: 267: 264: 263: 255: 254: 246: 245: 233: 232: 223:(0.8%) or are 209:Predominantly 206: 205: 201: 200: 164: 163: 159: 158: 156: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 114: 111: 110: 106: 105: 57:2021/22 Census 44: 43: 39: 38: 35: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18548: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18513: 18511: 18501: 18491: 18489: 18479: 18477: 18467: 18466: 18463: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18435: 18433: 18429: 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415:Black African 18414: 18413: 18411: 18409: 18405: 18398: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18371: 18369: 18367: 18363: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18345: 18344: 18342: 18340: 18336: 18330: 18327: 18324: 18321: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18291:White British 18289: 18288: 18286: 18284: 18280: 18276: 18272: 18265: 18260: 18258: 18253: 18251: 18246: 18245: 18242: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18221: 18219: 18215: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18175: 18173: 18171: 18167: 18160: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18062: 18060: 18058: 18054: 18048: 18047:United States 18045: 18043: 18042:Latin America 18040: 18038: 18035: 18034: 18032: 18028: 18024: 18017: 18012: 18010: 18005: 18003: 17998: 17997: 17994: 17982: 17981:Black Britons 17979: 17978: 17976: 17972: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17957: 17955: 17951: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17930: 17927: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17864: 17863: 17860: 17859: 17857: 17855:sub-divisions 17851: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17826: 17824: 17818: 17810: 17809:Drum and bass 17807: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17783: 17780: 17779: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17749: 17748: 17745: 17744: 17742: 17740: 17737:Black British 17734: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17706: 17704: 17700: 17699: 17698: 17697: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17677: 17675: 17673: 17670:Black British 17667: 17662: 17655: 17650: 17648: 17643: 17641: 17636: 17635: 17632: 17626: 17619: 17612: 17609: 17606: 17603: 17600: 17597: 17594: 17591: 17588: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17571: 17568: 17567: 17563: 17560: 17559: 17548: 17544: 17541: 17536: 17521: 17520:Business Live 17517: 17510: 17491: 17485: 17469: 17465: 17459: 17444: 17440: 17433: 17418: 17414: 17410: 17409: 17404: 17397: 17381: 17377: 17371: 17356:. 23 May 2022 17355: 17351: 17345: 17329: 17325: 17319: 17304: 17300: 17293: 17278: 17274: 17268: 17253: 17249: 17242: 17227: 17223: 17216: 17201: 17197: 17190: 17175: 17171: 17164: 17148: 17144: 17138: 17122: 17118: 17114: 17107: 17091: 17087: 17081: 17073: 17067: 17063: 17056: 17041: 17037: 17030: 17014: 17010: 17004: 16996: 16992: 16986: 16971: 16967: 16960: 16944: 16940: 16934: 16918: 16914: 16910: 16904: 16897: 16893: 16889: 16885: 16882: 16876: 16861: 16857: 16850: 16835: 16831: 16824: 16808: 16804: 16798: 16783: 16777: 16761: 16757: 16751: 16736: 16732: 16728: 16724: 16717: 16702: 16698: 16692: 16676: 16672: 16666: 16650: 16646: 16640: 16632: 16626: 16622: 16615: 16599: 16595: 16589: 16574: 16570: 16564: 16548: 16544: 16538: 16522: 16518: 16514: 16511:Lacob, Jace. 16507: 16491: 16487: 16481: 16466: 16462: 16455: 16440: 16436: 16429: 16414: 16410: 16403: 16388: 16384: 16377: 16361: 16357: 16353: 16347: 16332: 16328: 16322: 16307: 16306:Goodreads.com 16303: 16302:"book review" 16297: 16288: 16279: 16263: 16259: 16253: 16237: 16233: 16229: 16223: 16207: 16203: 16199: 16193: 16177: 16173: 16169: 16163: 16147: 16143: 16139: 16133: 16118: 16114: 16108: 16092: 16088: 16084: 16078: 16062: 16058: 16052: 16037: 16033: 16027: 16011: 16007: 16003: 15997: 15982: 15978: 15972: 15956: 15952: 15946: 15930: 15926: 15925:The Telegraph 15922: 15915: 15899: 15895: 15891: 15885: 15869: 15865: 15861: 15855: 15839: 15835: 15831: 15824: 15808: 15804: 15800: 15793: 15777: 15773: 15769: 15762: 15755: 15751: 15748: 15743: 15727: 15723: 15717: 15701: 15697: 15691: 15675: 15668: 15662: 15655:. 6 May 2021. 15654: 15650: 15644: 15636: 15632: 15626: 15618: 15614: 15608: 15592: 15586: 15579:. 7 May 2020. 15578: 15574: 15568: 15560: 15556: 15550: 15535: 15531: 15527: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15509: 15505: 15501: 15494: 15486: 15482: 15475: 15459: 15453: 15445: 15441: 15435: 15427: 15423: 15416: 15400: 15396: 15390: 15374: 15370: 15364: 15348: 15344: 15338: 15322: 15318: 15312: 15296: 15292: 15286: 15271: 15267: 15260: 15245: 15241: 15237: 15236: 15231: 15224: 15208: 15204: 15198: 15182: 15176: 15161: 15157: 15150: 15134: 15130: 15124: 15122: 15106: 15102: 15095: 15079: 15075: 15069: 15061: 15054: 15047: 15039: 15035: 15029: 15013: 15007: 14991: 14987: 14981: 14965: 14961: 14955: 14939: 14935: 14934: 14929: 14922: 14915: 14911: 14908: 14902: 14895: 14891: 14887: 14884: 14879: 14860: 14856: 14852: 14845: 14838: 14831: 14825: 14818: 14812: 14805: 14800: 14792: 14788: 14782: 14775: 14774:The Telegraph 14771: 14767: 14764: 14758: 14739: 14732: 14725: 14719: 14715: 14711: 14706: 14704: 14696: 14691: 14684: 14683: 14678: 14674: 14671: 14665: 14657: 14653: 14647: 14639: 14635: 14629: 14627: 14610: 14604: 14596: 14592: 14586: 14570: 14566: 14560: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14530: 14522: 14518: 14512: 14493: 14486: 14480: 14469: 14463: 14455: 14451: 14445: 14429: 14425: 14421: 14415: 14413: 14396: 14392: 14388: 14382: 14380: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14349: 14347: 14338: 14334: 14328: 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13429: 13423: 13404: 13397: 13393: 13387: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13357: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13327: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13296: 13280: 13276: 13272: 13266: 13264: 13262: 13260: 13244: 13240: 13234: 13219: 13215: 13209: 13193: 13189: 13183: 13167: 13161: 13152: 13136: 13130: 13124: 13111: 13105: 13096: 13080: 13076: 13070: 13055: 13049: 13033: 13027: 13018: 13002: 12998: 12992: 12981: 12974: 12970: 12964: 12948: 12942: 12933: 12917: 12911: 12903: 12899: 12893: 12885: 12881: 12875: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12855: 12839: 12835: 12831: 12824: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12793: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12762: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12731: 12716: 12712: 12705: 12689: 12685: 12681: 12674: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12643: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12612: 12596: 12592: 12585: 12569: 12565: 12561: 12554: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12523: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12505: 12500: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12470: 12454: 12450: 12449: 12444: 12437: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12407: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12376: 12369: 12368: 12367:The Economist 12363: 12359: 12356: 12351: 12336: 12332: 12325: 12309: 12305: 12301: 12294: 12286: 12280: 12276: 12269: 12261: 12255: 12251: 12244: 12242: 12233: 12227: 12223: 12216: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12204: 12187: 12183: 12177: 12175: 12163: 12160:. p. 5. 12156: 12150: 12142: 12136: 12132: 12125: 12118: 12113: 12111: 12102: 12096: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12069: 12053: 12049: 12043: 12036: 12030: 12028: 12026: 12014: 12007: 12000: 11998: 11990: 11989:92-871-4974-7 11986: 11982: 11978: 11975: 11969: 11954: 11950: 11943: 11928: 11924: 11918: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11883: 11875: 11874: 11869: 11863: 11856: 11850: 11843: 11839: 11833: 11825: 11819: 11815: 11808: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11782: 11781: 11775: 11771: 11765: 11758: 11756: 11749: 11741: 11735: 11731: 11724: 11709: 11703: 11699: 11698: 11690: 11683: 11679: 11678:9781846312007 11675: 11671: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11655: 11653: 11636: 11632: 11626: 11618: 11614: 11610: 11604: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11581: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11559: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11542:"Walter Tull" 11537: 11529: 11527:9781781388617 11523: 11519: 11518: 11510: 11502: 11496: 11492: 11491: 11483: 11475: 11473:9781317330981 11469: 11465: 11464: 11456: 11454: 11445: 11443:9780752497877 11439: 11435: 11434: 11426: 11424: 11416: 11412: 11407: 11399: 11393: 11389: 11388: 11383: 11376: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11344: 11340: 11333: 11326: 11320: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11287: 11281: 11273: 11267: 11259: 11257:9781317864233 11253: 11249: 11248: 11240: 11232: 11230:9781317864233 11226: 11223:. Routledge. 11222: 11221: 11213: 11205: 11203:9780813532141 11199: 11195: 11194: 11186: 11184: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11161: 11159: 11150: 11148:9780813532141 11144: 11140: 11139: 11131: 11115: 11111: 11105: 11097: 11090: 11083: 11077: 11068: 11061: 11055: 11048: 11042: 11033: 11017: 11013: 11006: 10999: 10991: 10987: 10981: 10966: 10964:9780300252613 10960: 10956: 10955: 10947: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10925: 10917: 10915:9780195163407 10911: 10907: 10906: 10898: 10890: 10883: 10875: 10873:9780192184139 10869: 10865: 10864: 10856: 10848: 10844: 10838: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10816: 10807: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10784: 10782: 10773: 10771:9789987160389 10767: 10763: 10762: 10754: 10745: 10739: 10735: 10730: 10729: 10720: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10679: 10671: 10669:9780195163407 10665: 10661: 10660: 10652: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10630: 10628: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10605: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10583: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10556: 10540:. 17 May 2022 10539: 10535: 10529: 10527: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10504: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10482: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10460: 10453:. p. 45. 10452: 10448: 10443: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10403: 10395: 10393:9780748123964 10389: 10385: 10384: 10376: 10362: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10333: 10317: 10316:History Today 10313: 10306: 10298: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10279: 10278: 10269: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10227: 10220: 10218: 10210: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10198: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10175: 10167: 10165:9780859921633 10161: 10157: 10152: 10151: 10142: 10134: 10130: 10129:History Today 10126: 10119: 10111: 10109:9780748123964 10105: 10101: 10100: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10077: 10075:9780748123964 10071: 10067: 10066: 10058: 10050: 10048:9780748123964 10044: 10040: 10039: 10031: 10023: 10016: 10007: 9991: 9987: 9981: 9973: 9971:9780195163407 9967: 9963: 9962: 9954: 9945: 9938: 9933: 9925: 9919: 9915: 9908: 9892: 9888: 9882: 9878: 9877: 9869: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9854: 9850: 9844: 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9012: 9011: 9003: 8996: 8993:Berlin, Ira, 8990: 8983: 8979: 8977:9780141911878 8973: 8968: 8967: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8943: 8941:9780563534778 8937: 8933: 8932: 8924: 8908: 8904: 8903: 8894: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8852: 8848: 8841: 8833: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8800: 8796: 8789: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8769: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8701: 8699: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8667: 8651: 8645: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8615: 8613:9783319780481 8609: 8605: 8604: 8596: 8588: 8586:9781909496149 8582: 8578: 8577: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8539: 8537:9780941664790 8533: 8529: 8528: 8520: 8518: 8510: 8504: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8462: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8443: 8427: 8421: 8402: 8395: 8389: 8387: 8371: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8341: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8322: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8278: 8271: 8267: 8264: 8259: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8240: 8233: 8228: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 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6346: 6342: 6341:Frank Bowling 6338: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6301:Eamonn Walker 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6281:Hugh Quarshie 6278: 6274: 6273:David Oyelowo 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6253:Lashana Lynch 6250: 6246: 6245:Adrian Lester 6242: 6238: 6234: 6233:Naomie Harris 6230: 6226: 6225:Cynthia Erivo 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6151:Ngozi Onwurah 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6107:Steve McQueen 6103: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6044:Caron Wheeler 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6020:Heather Small 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5960:Shaznay Lewis 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5936:Pauline Henry 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5846: 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4700:Social issues 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4684:Verna Wilkins 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4554:drum and bass 4551: 4547: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4503:. A blend of 4502: 4501:West Midlands 4498: 4497:British youth 4494: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4476:the likes of 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466:British music 4460: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4390: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4356:The Economist 4352: 4348: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4103: 4095: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4056:Wolverhampton 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3987: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3967: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3937:(17.58%) and 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3838: 3828: 3820: 3812: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3746: 3745: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3462:East Midlands 3459: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3334:West Midlands 3331: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3242: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3107:David Starkey 3104: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2782: 2777: 2776:Black British 2773: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2682: 2681: 2680:maatjesharing 2675: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556:South Shields 2553: 2549: 2544: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459:Liberal Party 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2436:Andrew Ducrow 2433: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2354: 2353:James Wharton 2349: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2323:haplogroup A1 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209:George Scipio 2206: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2086:. Mixed race 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026:Somerset case 2022: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2002: 2000: 1996:'s engraving 1995: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1984:Somerset case 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:Great Britain 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1901: 1896: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1848:royal warrant 1845: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808:Reginald Scot 1805: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784:Francis Drake 1781: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:Arguin Island 1712: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1674:Extract from 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636:. 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As of the 1408: 1356: 1337: 1328: 1309:Black people 1304: 1302: 1289: 1280: 1272: 1270: 1245: 1233: 1232: 1155: 1148: 1129:Coat of arms 1094: 1060:Gaelic games 1050:Rugby league 816:Scottish art 759:Christianity 682:Victoria Day 520:Ulster Scots 441:British Jews 435: 418: 412: 411: 354: 221:other faiths 211:Christianity 54: 21:Ethnic group 18: 18384:Bangladeshi 18302:White Irish 18229:New Zealand 18140:Switzerland 18100:Netherlands 17782:Lovers rock 16834:inews.co.uk 16202:The Express 16122:13 December 15327:27 November 15301:27 November 15275:27 November 15249:27 November 15213:27 November 15187:27 November 15165:27 November 15139:27 November 15110:27 November 15084:27 November 14944:27 November 14615:29 November 14454:www.rgs.org 14368:26 November 13995:12 February 13967:11 February 13941:11 February 13915:11 February 13581:(1): 1–25. 13529:24 February 13223:29 November 13059:6 September 12922:30 November 12803:www.bbc.com 12396:14 December 11170:BBC WEBSITE 9897:17 February 9748:29 November 9696:29 November 9336:Kim F. Hall 9139:: 255–271. 7847:29 November 7594:Dawn Butler 7590:David Lammy 7565:In politics 7493:Pat McGrath 7293:Chris Lewis 7190:Ikechi Anya 7178:David James 7170:Kyle Walker 7146:Bukayo Saka 7122:Ashley Cole 7106:Dion Dublin 7102:John Barnes 7082:footballers 7047:Frank Bruno 6953:during the 6916:Janet Hills 6904:Leroy Logan 6847:The Phoenix 6820:Afua Hirsch 6816:Gary Younge 6808:Bola Agbaje 6780:James Berry 6752:Lemn Sissay 6728:Scots Makar 6718:Marsha Hunt 6624:Spare Room, 6581:White Teeth 6562:Zadie Smith 6536:T. S. Eliot 6498:Andrea Levy 6412:Mac Collins 6408:Samuel Ross 6404:Yinka Ilori 6353:Sonia Boyce 6349:Keith Piper 6337:Chris Ofili 6213:John Boyega 6143:Amma Asante 6121:Caméra d'Or 6040:Simon Webbe 6036:Benji Webbe 6024:Jorja Smith 6008:Emeli Sande 5992:Maxi Priest 5980:Billy Ocean 5952:Leona Lewis 5928:David Grant 5924:Jaki Graham 5920:Roland Gift 5900:Craig David 5872:Pato Banton 5811:Clive Myrie 5568:MOBO Awards 5562:Recognition 5544:Crimean War 5509:Cato Street 5464:, a former 5400:information 5350:During the 5313:David Lammy 5172:Gypsy/Roma 5077:Gypsy/Roma 4949:Bangladeshi 4798:footballers 4593:Val McCalla 4569:MOBO Awards 4305:Not Stated 3984:2001 Census 3978:2001 census 3961:2011 census 3899:2021 Census 3806:2021 census 3113:During the 3075:Mark Duggan 3019:Paul Condon 2984:South Asian 2886:2001 census 2882:1991 census 2779:a distinct 2767:West Indian 2702:Amelia King 2633:Ulric Cross 2568:Walter Tull 2543:World War I 2507:Walter Tull 2416:The Beatles 2331:slave trade 2327:West Africa 2262:slave trade 2217:Westminster 2116:West Indies 2112:West Africa 2104:North Wales 1800:George Best 1731:Southampton 1680:John Blanke 1644:, included 1630:John Blanke 1523:Nova Scotia 1499:East Indian 1325:South Asian 1299:Terminology 1254:West Indies 1045:Rugby union 811:English art 764:No religion 692:The Twelfth 667:Good Friday 542:Angloromani 466:Other White 225:irreligious 18510:Categories 18312:White Roma 17939:Zimbabwean 17727:Race riots 17474:8 November 17127:3 December 16578:8 November 16490:lfs.org.uk 15981:Sky Sports 15018:2 December 14936:. London. 14549:2 December 14434:4 December 14401:4 December 13810:12 January 13719:9 February 13685:9 February 13660:9 February 13635:9 February 13438:14 January 13218:ons.gov.uk 12953:30 January 12884:Al Jazeera 12451:. London. 12388:. London. 12340:19 October 12081:(3): 291. 11757:Newsletter 11348:14 October 10891:p. v. 10572:15 October 10544:15 October 10285:. p. 9712:"New Book" 9682:"HabibTLS" 9583:18 October 8656:10 January 8493:1 December 8217:3 December 7823:References 7758:Including 7505:Mo Ibrahim 7415:broadsheet 7401:WorldRemit 7386:New Nation 7305:Alex Tudor 7162:Danny Rose 7126:Ian Wright 7118:Des Walker 7063:Kell Brook 7059:David Haye 7055:Nigel Benn 7023:See also: 7009:commission 6997:David Case 6976:, born in 6941:, born in 6824:Ekow Eshun 6724:Jackie Kay 6714:Saga Prize 6540:Lord Byron 6476:See also: 6426:See also: 6329:See also: 6181:Idris Elba 6165:See also: 6077:knighthood 6066:Horace Ové 6058:See also: 5984:Mica Paris 5932:Eddy Grant 5908:Fleur East 5853:See also: 5816:Mastermind 5793:, born in 5779:See also: 5775:Television 5670:See also: 5644:hosted by 5602:New Nation 5572:Kanya King 5486:Crossbench 5394:unverified 5190:Employment 5128:Pakistani 5041:Pakistani 4981:Gypsy/Roma 4764:Birmingham 4693:Race Today 4634:Publishing 4459:Leeds 2023 4435:See also: 4331:2,409,280 4325:1,864,890 4143:1,613,753 4137:1,288,371 4064:Nottingham 4060:Manchester 4044:Birmingham 3957:at 1.34%. 3943:Manchester 3933:(18.34%), 3929:(20.96%), 3925:(21.09%), 3921:(21.39%), 3917:(22.64%), 3913:(23.97%), 3909:(25.13%), 3905:(26.77%), 3558:North East 3526:South West 3430:North West 3366:South East 3312:1,088,640 3306:1,188,370 3168:Population 3044:card index 3000:Manchester 2980:Handsworth 2896:See also: 2828:David Pitt 2683:in London, 2584:Arab world 2455:parliament 2307:Royal Navy 2143:Hottentots 2122:estate in 2060:Paddington 2037:later) by 1878:, and her 1719:Mauritania 1693:Ira Berlin 1646:Ellen More 1622:Henry VIII 1548:See also: 1537:See also: 1525:, and 550 1515:Royal Navy 1495:black poor 1489:(see also 1473:people in 1471:mixed-race 1399:Zayn Malik 1327:ancestry. 1175:Tudor rose 1102:Stonehenge 1055:Ice hockey 978:Television 840:Literature 712:Boxing Day 138:Nottingham 128:Manchester 123:Birmingham 18379:Pakistani 18224:Australia 18188:Indonesia 18183:Hong Kong 17953:Languages 17929:Tanzanian 17899:Congolese 17872:Barbadian 17794:UK garage 17777:Caribbean 17757:Afroswing 17752:Afrobeats 17417:0140-0460 17408:The Times 16735:0040-781X 16311:7 October 16268:7 October 16036:The Stage 15534:252545991 15464:4 October 15426:The Times 15244:0140-0460 15235:The Times 14868:7 October 13714:0261-3077 13611:191433299 13595:0276-3605 13501:143187996 13306:The Voice 13248:3 January 12489:15 August 11049:, p. 363. 10711:162611104 10253:154728438 9783:973508149 9315:. 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