31:
597: (1980), the court held that a damages remedy would be available despite the absence of any statute conferring such a right, unless: (1) Congress had provided an alternative remedy which it "explicitly declared to be a substitute for recovery directly under the Constitution"; or (2) the defendant could demonstrate any "special factors counseling hesitation".
1189:
claims were far less successful than other civil rights litigation. However, Reinert's research showed outcomes for plaintiffs more promising than had been assumed: "Depending on the procedural posture, presence of counsel, and type of case," success ranged from "16% to more than 40%," and that "when
471:
For the reasons set forth below, I am of the opinion that federal courts do have the power to award damages for violation of 'constitutionally protected interests' and I agree with the Court that a traditional judicial remedy such as damages is appropriate to the vindication of the personal interests
1215:
related remedies. The case involved a lawsuit filed by Robert Boule, the owner of an inn at the U.S.-Canada border against U.S. Border Patrol agent Erik Egbert related to a 2014 incident. In the incident, after Boule asked Egbert to leave his property when Egbert had approached a
Turkish man about
500:
Chief
Justice Burger asserted the decision was legislating in an area that should be left to Congress. Justice Black basically agreed with Justice Burger and was worried about the growing docket. Justice Blackmun went a step further, saying the decision "opens the door for another avalanche of new
399:
alleging the violation of his Fourth
Amendment protection from unreasonable search and seizure. The government claimed that the violation allowed for only a state law claim for invasion of privacy and that the Fourth Amendment provides no cause of action but only a rebuttable defense for the FBN
476:
Harlan particularly emphasized the special importance of constitutional rights. He presented that it was well-settled, even undeniable, that a suit for injunction based on a constitutional right had been long recognized in the
Federal courts. However, a suit for damages should be as or more
452:". The court reasoned based upon a presumption that where there is a violation of a right, the plaintiff can recover whatever he could recover under any civil action, unless Congress has expressly curtailed that right of recovery, or there exist some "special factors counseling hesitation".
551:
opinion that held that even though there existed "an explicit congressional prohibition against judicial remedies for those in petitioner's position", the Court declined to infer that
Congress also sought to foreclose an alternative remedy directly under the
306:. The victim of such a deprivation could sue for the violation of the Fourth Amendment itself despite the lack of any federal statute authorizing such a suit. The existence of a remedy for the violation was implied by the importance of the right violated.
916: (2007), the court held that the difficulty inherent in "defining limits to legitimate zeal on the public's behalf in situations where hard bargaining is to be expected" was a "special factor" that counseled against the availability of a
1216:
his immigration status, Egbert pushed Boule to the ground. Boule complained to the Border Patrol, which in turn led Egbert to prompt the IRS to investigate Boule. Boule claimed his First and Fourth
Amendment rights were violated under
2537:
1011:
because "state tort law authorizes adequate alternative damages actions … that provide both significant deterrence and compensation", despite acknowledging that these officials were "act under color of federal law".
1712:
151:
Individuals have an implied cause of action against federal government officials who have violated their constitutional rights. Second
Circuit Court of Appeals reversed and remanded.
115:
1546:
4107:
3363:
1466:
3948:
4087:
861:
666:
2497:
1639:
1612:
1361:
1265:
1144:
1124:
1104:
1084:
1064:
1041:
1022:
989:
968:
949:
930:
906:
885:
866:
847:
828:
809:
785:
768:
747:
742:
728:
709:
690:
671:
652:
628:
607:
602:
587:
566:
537:
516:
408:
126:
72:
1017:
984:
561:
4097:
1115:
723:
1755:
1244:
1004:
944:
582:
532:
415:
on that secondary issue of whether a plaintiff can bring a claim in federal court based solely on an alleged violation of his Fourth
Amendment rights.
336:
330:
277:
2431:
2110:
1248:
823:
553:
4092:
763:
623:
3269:
3261:
1866:
1356:
780:
3210:
449:
4082:
3309:
1573:
138:
2658:
299:
122:
1659:
3716:
1746:
4102:
3406:
3277:
3181:
2942:
1650:
1303:
368:
will not be extended if "there is any reason to think that
Congress might be better equipped to create a damages remedy."
3873:
1501:
1232:
392:
35:
3449:
1994:
1874:
1178:
3165:
3149:
186:
1593:
3189:
2343:
3577:
3293:
3218:
3173:
2031:
3774:
3457:
2294:
1906:
3371:
1882:
1739:
1686:
3301:
2959:
2094:
1794:
1285:
404:
376:
309:
The case was understood to create a cause of action against the federal government similar to the one in
303:
1467:"Justices add four new cases to their docket, including Bivens case, but won't reconsider Bivens itself"
4112:
3604:
3074:
2047:
1818:
3833:
3007:
2983:
2975:
2951:
2813:
2760:
2685:
2612:
2593:
2238:
2222:
1802:
3766:
3128:
2858:
2768:
2254:
2142:
1668:
685:
310:
4016:
3793:
3425:
3317:
3140:
3042:
2849:
2792:
2529:
2455:
2447:
2423:
2375:
2118:
2070:
1959:
1951:
1858:
1834:
1732:
1220:. The district court found against Boule asserting his claims were an inappropriate extension of
460:
437:
433:
295:
3708:
3523:
3245:
3157:
2837:
2709:
2399:
2383:
2262:
2150:
2023:
1890:
1842:
194:
1516:
1493:
3892:
3758:
3596:
3253:
3082:
2906:
2882:
2776:
2558:
2185:
2134:
1986:
1967:
1850:
1826:
1810:
1786:
1643:
1565:
1365:
1148:
1128:
1108:
1088:
1068:
1045:
1026:
993:
972:
953:
934:
910:
889:
870:
851:
832:
813:
789:
772:
751:
732:
713:
704:
694:
675:
656:
632:
611:
591:
570:
541:
520:
64:
4008:
3805:
3749:
3542:
3336:
2967:
2890:
2829:
2752:
2521:
2315:
2014:
1942:
1898:
1170:
1100:
1060:
486:
445:
1724:
1140:
1120:
1080:
8:
3728:
3649:
3625:
3616:
3561:
3507:
3226:
3058:
3023:
2930:
2914:
2874:
2866:
2804:
2784:
2733:
2407:
2278:
2270:
1914:
963:
647:
79:
3860:
3441:
3433:
3285:
3120:
2991:
2701:
2693:
2633:
2624:
2549:
2513:
2505:
2439:
2367:
2351:
2126:
1260:
1182:
1048:
1029:
996:
975:
956:
937:
913:
892:
873:
854:
835:
816:
775:
754:
735:
716:
697:
678:
659:
635:
614:
573:
544:
523:
464:
182:
111:
1368:
792:
594:
4043:
3737:
3692:
3465:
3355:
3201:
2898:
2725:
2286:
2246:
2177:
2039:
1095:
1075:
925:
901:
804:
799:
was to deter constitutional violations by individual officers, not federal agencies.
210:
1286:"The Story of Bivens v. Six Unknown-Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics"
4051:
4000:
3657:
3633:
3515:
3398:
3101:
3066:
2922:
2821:
2717:
2677:
2574:
2463:
2415:
2391:
2230:
2158:
2102:
2002:
1922:
1240:
1055:
880:
511:
441:
342:
291:
166:
119:
1211:
596 U.S. ___ (2022), in
November 2021, which was expected to review extensions of
67:
3930:
3884:
3841:
3814:
3641:
3569:
3390:
3015:
2999:
1930:
1677:
1206:
1135:
842:
348:
407:
and for Bivens's failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The
3954:
3050:
2566:
2359:
2210:
2078:
1008:
494:
218:
198:
4076:
2484:
2335:
2314:
2086:
548:
463:
voted with the majority to reverse the lower court but also wrote a separate
388:
302:
protection against unreasonable search and seizures had been violated by the
4024:
1194:
claims fail, it very rarely is because of the qualified immunity defense."
1036:
642:
remedy due to the availability of alternative remedies for the first time.
1235:
decided that the authority of the court to find a course of action under
206:
54:
Webster Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics
2319:
1471:
490:
412:
313:
against the states. However, the Supreme Court has sharply limited new
174:
83:
1704:
95:
1174:
384:
1695:
2323:
1598:
Litigation and its Consequences For the Individual Liability Model"
444:
where no other federal remedy is provided for the vindication of a
420:
380:
795: (2001), the court held that the fundamental logic supporting
1715:
Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics
396:
30:
403:
The district court agreed and dismissed the suit for lack of
352:(2022), any claim that is not highly similar to the facts in
1386:
1374:
1754:
1339:
1337:
391:. Drug charges were filed but were later dismissed by a
364:(inadequate care in prison) is a "new context" to which
1410:
1398:
1334:
1322:
1446:
1434:
1422:
4108:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
2657:
1266:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 403
1160:
235:
Brennan, joined by Douglas, Stewart, White, Marshall
1245:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
2432:Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
1768:
638: (1983), the Court refrained from implying a
4074:
3982:
4088:Implied constitutional cause of action case law
360:(sex discrimination in federal employment), or
290:, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), was a case in which the
395:(now called magistrate judge). Bivens filed a
3270:National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab
1740:
1204:The Supreme Court granted certiorari to hear
387:, Webster Bivens, and arrested him without a
1357:Correctional Services Corporation v. Malesko
781:Correctional Services Corporation v. Malesko
3211:Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz
4098:Drug Enforcement Administration litigation
3310:Safford Unified School District v. Redding
1747:
1733:
1155:
3262:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
1867:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
1239:does not extend to Robert Boule claim of
3717:Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States
1719:Law Cases & Case Briefs for Students
1554:s Revisions: Constitutional Torts After
1544:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1343:
1328:
547: (1979), the Supreme Court upheld a
436:, laid down a rule that it will infer a
4093:United States Fourth Amendment case law
3407:Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders
2483:
1591:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1283:
1007:violations committed by employees of a
4075:
3700:
1618:from the original on January 14, 2024.
504:
3981:
3680:
3488:
3329:Property of probationers and parolees
3278:Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
3182:United States v. Montoya De Hernandez
2656:
2482:
2313:
2208:
1767:
1728:
1630:
18:1971 United States Supreme Court case
3535:Seizure of premises awaiting warrant
1464:
1304:"Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents"
485:Dissenting opinions were written by
432:The Supreme Court, in an opinion by
411:affirmed. The Supreme Court granted
13:
3923:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
2605:Warrants directed at third parties
2209:
1636:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
1502:Supreme Court of the United States
1284:Pfander, James (January 1, 2009).
1233:Supreme Court of the United States
1224:, but the Ninth Circuit reversed.
1197:
472:protected by the Fourth Amendment.
450:for every wrong, there is a remedy
287:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
36:Supreme Court of the United States
24:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
14:
4124:
4083:United States Supreme Court cases
3450:County of Riverside v. McLaughlin
3238:Students, employees, and patients
3035:Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA
2659:Exceptions to warrant requirement
1995:Dow Chemical Co. v. United States
1875:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
1646:388 (1971) is available from:
1624:
1179:Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
356:(excessive force during arrest),
3500:Distinguishing stops and arrests
3166:United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
3150:Almeida-Sanchez v. United States
999: (2012), the court denied a
298:existed for an individual whose
29:
3993:Unreasonable search and seizure
3190:United States v. Flores-Montano
2586:Neutral and detached magistrate
2344:United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
1509:
1486:
1458:
448:, based on the principle that "
409:Second Circuit Court of Appeals
4103:1971 in United States case law
3294:Ferguson v. City of Charleston
3219:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
2538:Los Angeles County v. Rettelle
1756:United States Fourth Amendment
1717:a provided by Bloomberg Law's
1592:Reinert, Alexander A. (2010).
1572:(6): 1711–1744. Archived from
1465:Howe, Amy (November 5, 2021).
1349:
1296:
1277:
455:
137:On remand, reversed, 456 F.2d
1:
3589:Detention during vehicle stop
3458:Atwater v. City of Lago Vista
3383:Searches in jails and prisons
2295:District of Columbia v. Wesby
1769:Scope of the Fourth Amendment
1271:
371:
320:The Supreme Court has upheld
3983:Incorporation against States
3681:
3554:Detention incident to search
3489:
3372:City of Los Angeles v. Patel
324:claims only three times: in
7:
3302:Board of Education v. Earls
2960:United States v. Rabinowitz
2943:Searches incident to arrest
2095:United States v. Mendenhall
1254:
480:
427:
405:subject-matter jurisdiction
377:Federal Bureau of Narcotics
304:Federal Bureau of Narcotics
10:
4129:
3605:Rodriguez v. United States
3348:Administrative inspections
3075:Birchfield v. North Dakota
2048:Carpenter v. United States
1819:Silverman v. United States
1705:Oyez (oral argument audio)
1594:"Measuring the Success of
1545:Frampton, T. Ward (2012).
379:(FBN) agents searched the
4035:
3992:
3988:
3977:
3941:
3914:
3907:
3871:
3852:
3834:Wong Sun v. United States
3825:
3804:
3785:
3748:
3727:
3691:
3687:
3676:
3615:
3588:
3553:
3534:
3499:
3495:
3484:
3417:
3382:
3364:Camara v. Municipal Court
3347:
3328:
3237:
3200:
3139:
3112:
3093:
3034:
3008:Thornton v. United States
2984:United States v. Chadwick
2976:United States v. Robinson
2952:Trupiano v. United States
2941:
2848:
2814:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
2803:
2761:Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
2744:
2686:United States v. Chadwick
2669:
2665:
2652:
2623:
2613:Zurcher v. Stanford Daily
2604:
2594:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
2585:
2548:
2492:
2478:
2330:
2309:
2239:Spinelli v. United States
2223:Brinegar v. United States
2217:
2204:
2170:Fourth Amendment standing
2169:
2062:
2013:
1978:
1941:
1803:Olmstead v. United States
1778:
1774:
1763:
1185:, many attorneys assumed
276:
271:
263:
255:
247:
239:
231:
226:
160:
155:
150:
145:
133:
106:
101:
91:
59:
49:
42:
28:
23:
3767:Herring v. United States
3129:South Dakota v. Opperman
2859:Carroll v. United States
2769:United States v. Matlock
2498:Johnson v. United States
2320:Investigative detentions
2255:Ornelas v. United States
2143:United States v. Drayton
686:United States v. Stanley
4017:Elkins v. United States
3794:Murray v. United States
3578:Bailey v. United States
3426:United States v. Watson
3318:City of Ontario v. Quon
3174:United States v. Ramsey
3043:Schmerber v. California
2793:Fernandez v. California
2530:United States v. Grubbs
2456:Heien v. North Carolina
2448:Navarette v. California
2424:United States v. Arvizu
2376:United States v. Cortez
2119:California v. Hodari D.
2071:Counselman v. Hitchcock
2032:United States v. Miller
1960:Oliver v. United States
1952:Hester v. United States
1859:California v. Greenwood
1835:United States v. Knotts
1227:In the 6-3 decision in
1156:Subsequent developments
438:private right of action
418:Bivens was represented
296:implied cause of action
43:Argued January 12, 1971
3775:Davis v. United States
3709:Weeks v. United States
3524:United States v. Place
3246:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
3158:United States v. Ortiz
2838:Minnesota v. Dickerson
2710:Brigham City v. Stuart
2400:Minnesota v. Dickerson
2384:United States v. Place
2263:Whren v. United States
2151:Brendlin v. California
2024:United States v. White
1907:United States v. Jones
1891:Kyllo v. United States
1843:United States v. Place
1290:Faculty Working Papers
862:Christopher v. Harbury
474:
195:William J. Brennan Jr.
3893:Kimmelman v. Morrison
3759:United States v. Leon
3729:Impeachment exception
3597:Pennsylvania v. Mimms
3083:Mitchell v. Wisconsin
2907:California v. Acevedo
2883:United States v. Ross
2777:Illinois v. Rodriguez
2670:Exigent circumstances
2559:Boyd v. United States
2186:Byrd v. United States
2135:Soldal v. Cook County
2063:Definition of seizure
1987:California v. Ciraolo
1968:United States v. Dunn
1883:Bond v. United States
1851:United States v. Karo
1827:Katz v. United States
1811:Abel v. United States
1787:Boyd v. United States
1395:, pp. 1719–1720.
1383:, pp. 1718–1719.
705:Schweiker v. Chilicky
667:Anderson v. Creighton
469:
424:by Stephen A. Grant.
278:U.S. Const. amend. IV
118:1967); affirmed, 409
45:Decided June 21, 1971
4036:Warrant requirements
4009:Rochin v. California
3806:Inevitable discovery
3750:Good-faith exception
3543:Illinois v. McArthur
3337:Samson v. California
2968:Chimel v. California
2891:California v. Carney
2830:Horton v. California
2753:Stoner v. California
2522:Maryland v. Garrison
2316:Reasonable suspicion
2015:Third-party doctrine
1943:Open-fields doctrine
1899:Illinois v. Caballes
1795:United States v. Lee
1779:Definition of search
1171:Alexander A. Reinert
487:Chief Justice Burger
446:constitutional right
243:Harlan (in judgment)
3650:Plumhoff v. Rickard
3626:Tennessee v. Garner
3562:Michigan v. Summers
3508:Dunaway v. New York
3418:Warrantless arrests
3227:Illinois v. Lidster
3059:Missouri v. McNeely
3024:Riley v. California
2931:Collins v. Virginia
2915:Wyoming v. Houghton
2875:Arkansas v. Sanders
2867:Chambers v. Maroney
2785:Georgia v. Randolph
2734:Lange v. California
2408:Illinois v. Wardlow
2279:Devenpeck v. Alford
2271:Maryland v. Pringle
1979:Aerial surveillance
1915:Florida v. Jardines
1687:Library of Congress
1605:Stanford Law Review
1251:retaliation claim.
964:Ashcroft v. al-Kidd
743:McCarthy v. Madigan
648:Mitchell v. Forsyth
603:Chappell v. Wallace
505:Subsequent case law
78:91 S. Ct. 1999; 29
3861:Hudson v. Michigan
3786:Independent source
3442:Welsh v. Wisconsin
3434:Payton v. New York
3286:Chandler v. Miller
3254:O'Connor v. Ortega
3121:Cady v. Dombrowski
3113:Inventory searches
2992:New York v. Belton
2702:Welsh v. Wisconsin
2694:Payton v. New York
2634:Wilson v. Arkansas
2625:Knock-and-announce
2550:Mere evidence rule
2514:Ybarra v. Illinois
2506:Franks v. Delaware
2440:Arizona v. Johnson
2368:Ybarra v. Illinois
2352:Delaware v. Prouse
2127:Florida v. Bostick
1556:Minneci v. Pollard
1310:. Free Law Project
1261:Qualified immunity
1183:Yeshiva University
1018:Reichle v. Howards
985:Minneci v. Pollard
562:Stafford v. Briggs
465:concurring opinion
183:William O. Douglas
171:Associate Justices
4113:1970s in Brooklyn
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4044:Ker v. California
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3903:
3902:
3853:No-knock searches
3738:James v. Illinois
3693:Exclusionary rule
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3466:Virginia v. Moore
3356:Frank v. Maryland
3094:Protective sweeps
2899:Florida v. Jimeno
2726:Caniglia v. Strom
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2474:
2473:
2305:
2304:
2287:Florida v. Harris
2247:Illinois v. Gates
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2178:Rakas v. Illinois
2058:
2057:
2040:Smith v. Maryland
1517:"Egbert v. Boule"
1494:"Egbert v. Boule"
1116:Brownback v. King
1096:Hernandez v. Mesa
1076:Hernandez v. Mesa
926:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
902:Wilkie v. Robbins
805:Farmer v. Brennan
778: (1994), and
724:Siegert v. Gilley
283:
282:
211:Thurgood Marshall
187:John M. Harlan II
4120:
4052:Aguilar v. Texas
4001:Wolf v. Colorado
3990:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3949:42 U.S.C. § 1983
3912:
3911:
3698:
3697:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3658:Mullenix v. Luna
3634:Graham v. Connor
3516:Florida v. Royer
3497:
3496:
3486:
3485:
3399:Hudson v. Palmer
3102:Maryland v. Buie
3067:Maryland v. King
2923:Florida v. White
2850:Vehicle searches
2822:Arizona v. Hicks
2745:Consent searches
2718:Kentucky v. King
2678:Warden v. Hayden
2667:
2666:
2654:
2653:
2575:Warden v. Hayden
2546:
2545:
2480:
2479:
2464:Kansas v. Glover
2416:Florida v. J. L.
2392:Michigan v. Long
2311:
2310:
2231:Aguilar v. Texas
2206:
2205:
2159:Torres v. Madrid
2103:Florida v. Royer
2003:Florida v. Riley
1939:
1938:
1923:Klayman v. Obama
1776:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1633:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1562:
1553:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1056:Ziglar v. Abbasi
1005:Eighth Amendment
945:Hui v. Castaneda
881:Hartman v. Moore
583:Carlson v. Green
533:Davis v. Passman
512:Butz v. Economou
501:federal cases".
489:and by Justices
442:monetary damages
343:Ziglar v. Abbasi
337:Carlson v. Green
331:Davis v. Passman
311:42 U.S.C. § 1983
300:Fourth Amendment
292:US Supreme Court
167:Warren E. Burger
156:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4058:
4031:
3984:
3961:
3937:
3931:Egbert v. Boule
3899:
3885:Stone v. Powell
3867:
3848:
3842:Utah v. Strieff
3821:
3815:Nix v. Williams
3800:
3781:
3744:
3723:
3683:
3664:
3642:Scott v. Harris
3617:Excessive force
3611:
3584:
3570:Muehler v. Mena
3549:
3530:
3491:
3472:
3413:
3391:Bell v. Wolfish
3378:
3343:
3324:
3233:
3196:
3141:Border searches
3135:
3108:
3089:
3030:
3016:Arizona v. Gant
3000:Knowles v. Iowa
2937:
2844:
2799:
2740:
2661:
2640:
2619:
2600:
2581:
2544:
2488:
2470:
2326:
2301:
2213:
2192:
2165:
2054:
2009:
1974:
1937:
1931:ACLU v. Clapper
1770:
1759:
1753:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1600:
1582:
1580:
1579:on July 2, 2022
1576:
1560:
1551:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1505:. June 8, 2022.
1496:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1419:, p. 1722.
1415:
1411:
1407:, p. 1713.
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1354:
1350:
1346:, p. 1717.
1342:
1335:
1331:, p. 1716.
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1257:
1249:First Amendment
1241:excessive force
1229:Egbert v. Boule
1207:Egbert v. Boule
1202:
1199:Egbert v. Boule
1167:
1161:Scholarship on
1158:
1136:Egbert v. Boule
843:Saucier v. Katz
824:Wilson v. Layne
554:Fifth Amendment
507:
483:
458:
434:Justice Brennan
430:
393:US commissioner
374:
349:Egbert v. Boule
209:
197:
185:
110:Dismissed, 276
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4126:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4048:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3996:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:Monroe v. Pape
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3918:
3916:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3889:
3880:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3713:
3704:
3702:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3503:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3051:Cupp v. Murphy
3047:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2567:Hale v. Henkel
2563:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2360:Brown v. Texas
2356:
2348:
2340:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:Probable cause
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2111:INS v. Delgado
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2079:Hale v. Henkel
2075:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1669:Google Scholar
1626:
1625:External links
1623:
1621:
1620:
1589:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1508:
1485:
1457:
1455:, p. 817.
1445:
1443:, p. 813.
1433:
1431:, p. 827.
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1348:
1333:
1321:
1295:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1201:
1196:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:___ (2022)
1132:
1131:___ (2021)
1112:
1111:___ (2020)
1092:
1091:___ (2017)
1072:
1071:___ (2017)
1052:
1033:
1009:private prison
980:
979:
960:
941:
897:
896:
877:
858:
839:
820:
759:
758:
739:
720:
701:
682:
663:
619:
618:
578:
577:
528:
527:
506:
503:
482:
479:
461:Justice Harlan
457:
454:
429:
426:
373:
370:
340:(1980). Under
294:ruled that an
281:
280:
274:
273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
224:
223:
222:
221:
219:Harry Blackmun
199:Potter Stewart
172:
169:
164:
158:
157:
153:
152:
148:
147:
143:
142:
141:(2d Cir. 1972)
135:
131:
130:
108:
104:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4125:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3976:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:Habeas corpus
3870:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3675:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3483:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:Terry v. Ohio
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:Terry v. Ohio
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:(D.D.C. 2013)
1933:
1932:
1928:
1926:(D.D.C. 2013)
1925:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1651:CourtListener
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1489:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1417:Frampton 2012
1413:
1406:
1405:Frampton 2012
1401:
1394:
1393:Frampton 2012
1389:
1382:
1381:Frampton 2012
1377:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1344:Frampton 2012
1340:
1338:
1330:
1329:Frampton 2012
1325:
1309:
1308:CourtListener
1305:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:According to
1164:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
987:
986:
977:
974:
970:
966:
965:
961:
958:
955:
951:
947:
946:
942:
939:
936:
932:
928:
927:
923:
922:
921:
919:
915:
912:
908:
904:
903:
894:
891:
887:
883:
882:
878:
875:
872:
868:
864:
863:
859:
856:
853:
849:
845:
844:
840:
837:
834:
830:
826:
825:
821:
818:
815:
811:
807:
806:
802:
801:
800:
798:
794:
791:
787:
783:
782:
777:
774:
770:
766:
765:
764:FDIC v. Meyer
756:
753:
749:
745:
744:
740:
737:
734:
730:
726:
725:
721:
718:
715:
711:
707:
706:
702:
699:
696:
692:
688:
687:
683:
680:
677:
673:
669:
668:
664:
661:
658:
654:
650:
649:
645:
644:
643:
641:
637:
634:
630:
626:
625:
624:Bush v. Lucas
616:
613:
609:
605:
604:
600:
599:
598:
596:
593:
589:
585:
584:
575:
572:
568:
564:
563:
559:
558:
557:
555:
550:
549:Fifth Circuit
546:
543:
539:
535:
534:
525:
522:
518:
514:
513:
509:
508:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
478:
473:
468:
466:
462:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
423:
422:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:
345:
344:
339:
338:
333:
332:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:
279:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:Case opinions
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:Chief Justice
162:
161:
159:
154:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
97:
96:Oral argument
94:
90:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
4050:
4042:
4025:Mapp v. Ohio
4023:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3953:
3929:
3922:
3921:
3891:
3883:
3872:
3859:
3840:
3832:
3813:
3792:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3736:
3715:
3707:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3603:
3595:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3541:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3335:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3127:
3119:
3100:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2632:
2611:
2592:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2184:
2176:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1718:
1714:
1635:
1631:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1581:. Retrieved
1574:the original
1569:
1566:Cal. L. Rev.
1564:
1555:
1548:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:
1511:
1500:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1470:
1460:
1453:Reinert 2010
1448:
1441:Reinert 2010
1436:
1429:Reinert 2010
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1355:
1351:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1289:
1279:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1168:
1165:success rate
1162:
1134:
1114:
1094:
1074:
1054:
1037:Wood v. Moss
1035:
1016:
1000:
983:
981:
962:
943:
924:
917:
900:
898:
879:
860:
841:
822:
803:
796:
779:
762:
760:
741:
722:
703:
684:
665:
646:
639:
622:
620:
601:
581:
579:
560:
531:
529:
510:
499:
484:
477:acceptable.
475:
470:
459:
431:
419:
417:
402:
383:home of the
375:
365:
361:
357:
353:
347:
341:
335:
334:(1979), and
329:
325:
321:
319:
314:
308:
286:
285:
284:
272:Laws applied
214:
202:
190:
178:
102:Case history
71:
53:
15:
3826:Attenuation
3202:Checkpoints
2487:requirement
1583:February 4,
1478:November 8,
1371: (2001)
1051: (2014)
1032: (2012)
1003:action for
978: (2011)
959: (2010)
940: (2009)
895: (2006)
876: (2002)
857: (2001)
838: (1999)
819: (1994)
757: (1992)
738: (1991)
719: (1988)
700: (1987)
681: (1987)
662: (1985)
617: (1983)
576: (1980)
526: (1978)
456:Concurrence
346:(2017) and
240:Concurrence
207:Byron White
4077:Categories
3908:Civil suit
2805:Plain view
1713:Casebrief
1696:OpenJurist
1521:SCOTUSblog
1472:SCOTUSBlog
1272:References
1243:under the
413:certiorari
372:Background
175:Hugo Black
134:Subsequent
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:619; 1971
1175:professor
385:plaintiff
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
3682:Remedies
3490:Seizures
1758:case law
1634:Text of
1613:Archived
1526:June 13,
1255:See also
1247:and his
920:remedy.
495:Blackmun
481:Dissents
428:Decision
421:pro bono
400:agents.
381:Brooklyn
328:(1971),
317:claims.
267:Blackmun
232:Majority
116:E.D.N.Y.
112:F. Supp.
92:Argument
3915:Federal
3701:Origins
2485:Warrant
1660:Findlaw
1538:Sources
1314:July 1,
1177:at the
1101:17-1678
1061:15-1358
397:lawsuit
389:warrant
362:Carlson
264:Dissent
256:Dissent
248:Dissent
146:Holding
127:2d Cir.
4055:(1964)
4047:(1963)
4028:(1961)
4020:(1960)
4012:(1952)
4004:(1949)
3958:(1961)
3934:(2022)
3926:(1971)
3896:(1986)
3888:(1976)
3877:review
3864:(2006)
3845:(2016)
3837:(1963)
3818:(1984)
3797:(1988)
3778:(2011)
3770:(2009)
3762:(1984)
3741:(1990)
3720:(1920)
3712:(1914)
3661:(2015)
3653:(2014)
3645:(2007)
3637:(1989)
3629:(1985)
3608:(2015)
3600:(1977)
3581:(2013)
3573:(2005)
3565:(1981)
3546:(2001)
3527:(1983)
3519:(1983)
3511:(1979)
3469:(2008)
3461:(2001)
3453:(1991)
3445:(1983)
3437:(1980)
3429:(1976)
3410:(2012)
3402:(1984)
3394:(1979)
3375:(2015)
3367:(1967)
3359:(1959)
3340:(2006)
3321:(2010)
3313:(2009)
3305:(2002)
3297:(2001)
3289:(1997)
3281:(1995)
3273:(1989)
3265:(1989)
3257:(1987)
3249:(1985)
3230:(2004)
3222:(2000)
3214:(1990)
3193:(2004)
3185:(1985)
3177:(1977)
3169:(1976)
3161:(1975)
3153:(1973)
3132:(1976)
3124:(1973)
3105:(1990)
3086:(2019)
3078:(2016)
3070:(2013)
3062:(2013)
3054:(1973)
3046:(1966)
3027:(2014)
3019:(2009)
3011:(2004)
3003:(1998)
2995:(1981)
2987:(1977)
2979:(1973)
2971:(1969)
2963:(1950)
2955:(1948)
2934:(2018)
2926:(1999)
2918:(1999)
2910:(1991)
2902:(1991)
2894:(1985)
2886:(1982)
2878:(1979)
2870:(1970)
2862:(1925)
2841:(1993)
2833:(1990)
2825:(1987)
2817:(1971)
2796:(2014)
2788:(2006)
2780:(1990)
2772:(1974)
2764:(1973)
2756:(1968)
2737:(2021)
2729:(2021)
2721:(2011)
2713:(2006)
2705:(1986)
2697:(1980)
2689:(1977)
2681:(1967)
2637:(1995)
2616:(1978)
2597:(1971)
2578:(1967)
2570:(1906)
2562:(1886)
2541:(2006)
2533:(2006)
2525:(1987)
2517:(1979)
2509:(1978)
2501:(1948)
2467:(2020)
2459:(2014)
2451:(2014)
2443:(2009)
2435:(2004)
2427:(2002)
2419:(2000)
2411:(2000)
2403:(1996)
2395:(1983)
2387:(1983)
2379:(1981)
2371:(1979)
2363:(1979)
2355:(1979)
2347:(1975)
2339:(1968)
2324:frisks
2298:(2018)
2290:(2013)
2282:(2004)
2274:(2003)
2266:(1996)
2258:(1996)
2250:(1983)
2242:(1969)
2234:(1964)
2226:(1949)
2189:(2018)
2181:(1978)
2162:(2021)
2154:(2007)
2146:(2002)
2138:(1992)
2130:(1991)
2122:(1991)
2114:(1984)
2106:(1983)
2098:(1980)
2090:(1968)
2082:(1906)
2074:(1892)
2051:(2018)
2043:(1979)
2035:(1976)
2027:(1971)
2006:(1989)
1998:(1986)
1990:(1986)
1971:(1987)
1963:(1984)
1955:(1924)
1918:(2013)
1910:(2012)
1902:(2005)
1894:(2001)
1886:(2000)
1878:(1990)
1870:(1989)
1862:(1988)
1854:(1984)
1846:(1983)
1838:(1983)
1830:(1967)
1822:(1961)
1814:(1960)
1806:(1928)
1798:(1927)
1790:(1886)
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1678:Justia
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1596:Bivens
1549:Bivens
1360:,
1237:Bivens
1231:, the
1222:Bivens
1218:Bivens
1213:Bivens
1192:Bivens
1187:Bivens
1173:, law
1163:Bivens
1143:,
1141:21-147
1139:, No.
1123:,
1121:19-546
1119:, No.
1103:,
1099:, No.
1083:,
1081:15-118
1079:, No.
1063:,
1059:, No.
1001:Bivens
918:Bivens
797:Bivens
640:Bivens
366:Bivens
354:Bivens
326:Bivens
322:Bivens
315:Bivens
251:Burger
217:
215:·
213:
205:
203:·
201:
193:
191:·
189:
181:
179:·
177:
3942:State
1642:
1616:(PDF)
1611:(3).
1601:(PDF)
1577:(PDF)
1561:(PDF)
1552:'
1497:(PDF)
1364:
1147:
1127:
1107:
1087:
1067:
1044:
1025:
992:
971:
952:
933:
909:
888:
869:
850:
831:
812:
788:
771:
750:
731:
712:
693:
674:
655:
631:
610:
590:
569:
540:
519:
491:Black
358:Davis
259:Black
129:1969)
107:Prior
2322:and
1644:U.S.
1585:2021
1528:2022
1480:2021
1366:U.S.
1316:2024
1149:U.S.
1129:U.S.
1109:U.S.
1089:U.S.
1069:U.S.
1046:U.S.
1027:U.S.
994:U.S.
973:U.S.
954:U.S.
935:U.S.
911:U.S.
890:U.S.
871:U.S.
852:U.S.
833:U.S.
814:U.S.
790:U.S.
773:U.S.
752:U.S.
733:U.S.
714:U.S.
695:U.S.
676:U.S.
657:U.S.
633:U.S.
612:U.S.
592:U.S.
571:U.S.
542:U.S.
521:U.S.
493:and
440:for
139:1339
120:F.2d
114:12 (
73:more
65:U.S.
63:403
1640:403
1570:100
1362:534
1181:of
1145:596
1125:592
1105:589
1085:582
1065:582
1049:744
1042:572
1030:658
1023:566
997:118
990:565
982:In
976:731
969:563
957:799
950:559
938:662
931:556
914:537
907:551
899:In
893:250
886:547
874:403
867:536
855:194
848:533
836:603
829:526
817:825
810:511
786:534
776:471
769:510
761:In
755:140
748:503
736:226
729:500
717:412
710:487
698:669
691:483
679:635
672:483
660:511
653:472
636:367
629:462
621:In
615:296
608:462
588:446
580:In
574:527
567:444
545:228
538:442
530:In
524:478
517:438
123:718
68:388
4079::
2318::
1638:,
1609:62
1607:.
1603:.
1563:.
1519:.
1499:.
1469:.
1369:61
1336:^
1306:.
1288:.
1040:,
1021:,
988:,
967:,
948:,
929:,
905:,
884:,
865:,
846:,
827:,
808:,
793:61
784:,
767:,
746:,
727:,
708:,
689:,
670:,
651:,
627:,
606:,
595:14
586:,
565:,
556:.
536:,
515:,
497:.
467:.
86:23
1748:e
1741:t
1734:v
1587:.
1558:"
1547:"
1530:.
1482:.
1318:.
1292:.
1209:,
125:(
76:)
70:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.