3797:βregardless of the length of their service. The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service. The chief justice sits in the center on the bench, or at the head of the table during conferences. The other justices are seated in order of seniority. The senior-most associate justice sits immediately to the chief justice's right; the second most senior sits immediately to their left. The seats alternate right to left in order of seniority, with the most junior justice occupying the last seat. Therefore, since the October 2022 term, the court sits as follows from left to right, from the perspective of those facing the court: Barrett, Gorsuch, Sotomayor, Thomas (most senior associate justice), Roberts (chief justice), Alito, Kagan, Kavanaugh, and Jackson. Likewise, when the members of the court gather for official group photographs, justices are arranged in order of seniority, with the five most senior members seated in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions (currently, from left to right, Sotomayor, Thomas, Roberts, Alito, and Kagan), and the four most junior justices standing behind them, again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions (Barrett, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Jackson).
4397:, each of which is assigned a "circuit justice" from the Supreme Court. Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic, its meaning has changed through time. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789, each justice was required to "ride circuit", or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges. This practice encountered opposition from many justices, who cited the difficulty of travel. Moreover, there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit. Circuit riding ended in 1901, when the Circuit Court of Appeals Act was passed, and circuit riding was officially abolished by Congress in 1911.
5988:
supermajority has created a monarchical presidency, awarding the chief executive near-insurmountable immunity from accountability for any and all crimes committed during a term in office. It has seized power from
Congress, strictly limiting lawmakers' ability to write broad laws that tackle the major crises of the moment. And it has hobbled federal agencies' authority to apply existing statutes to problems on the ground, substituting the expert opinions of civil servants with the (often partisan) preferences of unelected judges. All the while, the court has placed itself at the apex of the state, agreeing to share power only with a strongman president who seeks to govern in line with the conservative justices' vision.
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954:
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4829:
4381:(1974), the court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit, and a decision from the court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered. However, the court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot. If an issue is "capable of repetition yet evading review", the court would address it even though the party before the court would not themselves be made whole by a favorable result. In
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179:
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528:
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4795:"; if the court votes to deny a cert petition, as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it, it does so typically without comment. A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case, and the decision of the lower court stands as the case's final ruling. To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the court each year (of the more than 7,000 petitions the court receives each year, it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer), the court employs an internal case management tool known as the "
5167:
the court collecting about $ 750,000 annually. Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups. The group admission is held before the current justices of the
Supreme Court, wherein the chief justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys. Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume. They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument. Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library.
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2373:
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civil libertiesβand so did the justices. But since 1991, they argue, ideology has been much more important in choosing justicesβall
Republican appointees have been committed conservatives and all Democratic appointees have been liberals. As the more moderate Republican justices retired, the court has become more partisan. The Court became more divided sharply along partisan lines with justices appointed by Republican presidents taking increasingly conservative positions and those appointed by Democrats taking moderate liberal positions.
4846:, or "friends of the court", may also file briefs. The court holds two-week oral argument sessions each month from October through April. Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument (the court may choose to give more time, although this is rare), and during that time, the justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions. In 2019, the court adopted a rule generally allowing advocates to speak uninterrupted for the first two minutes of their argument. The petitioner gives the first presentation, and may reserve some time to
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2155:
520:
5593:, and Ketanji Brown Jackson for Stephen Breyer. Justices Gorsuch and Kavanaugh served under Kennedy during the same term. Gorsuch is the first justice to clerk for and subsequently serve alongside the same justice, serving alongside Kennedy from April 2017 through Kennedy's retirement in 2018. With the confirmation of Justice Kavanaugh, for the first time a majority of the Supreme Court was composed of former Supreme Court law clerks (Roberts, Breyer, Kagan, Gorsuch and Kavanaugh, now joined by Barrett and Jackson).
10425:, That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court, the nominee who may be involved, the litigants before the Court, nor indeed the people of the United States, and that such appointments, therefore, should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court's business.
5705:, an unusual amount of power over elected branches of government, and a difficult constitution to amend. These, among other factors, have been attributed by some critics to the Court's diminished stature abroad and lower approval ratings at home, which have dropped from the mid-60s in the late 1980s to around 40% in the early 2020s. Additional factors cited by critics include the polarization of national politics, ethics scandals, and specific controversial partisan rulings, including the relaxation of
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676:
36:
1231:
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20397:
4661:, upon which the court grants a writ of certiorari. The court may review via this process any civil or criminal case in the federal courts of appeals. It may also review by certiorari a final judgment of the highest court of a state if the judgment involves a question of federal statutory or constitutional law. A case may alternatively come before the court as a direct appeal from a three-judge federal district court. The party that petitions the court for review is the
5778:
president if the
Presidency and Senate were selected directly by the popular vote. The three Trump appointees to the court were all nominated by a president who finished second in the popular vote and confirmed by Senators representing a minority of Americans. In addition, Clarence Thomas' confirmation in 1991 and Merrick Garland's blocked confirmation in 2016 were both decided by senators representing a minority of Americans. Greg Price also critiqued the Court as
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20409:
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20386:
4874:: this is the binding decision of the Supreme Court. An opinion that more than half of the justices join (usually at least five justices, since there are nine justices in total; but in cases where some justices do not participate it could be fewer) is known as "majority opinion" and creates binding precedent in American law. Whereas an opinion that fewer than half of the justices join is known as a "plurality opinion" and is only partially binding precedent.
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4912:. For a case to be heard, there must be a quorum of at least six justices. If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case cannot be heard and determined in the next term, then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the court had been evenly divided. For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court, the chief justice may order the case
5252:, self-government, self-determination and freedom of conscience. At one pole are those who view the federal judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being "the most separated and least checked of all branches of government." Indeed, federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure "during good behavior", and their pay may "not be diminished" while they hold their position (
4385:(1973), and other abortion cases, the court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court. Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct, in which the court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff's need for relief.
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4892:: a justice disagrees with the outcome the court reached and its reasoning. Justices who dissent from a decision may author their own dissenting opinions or, if there are multiple dissenting justices in a decision, may join another justice's dissent. Dissents do not create binding precedent. A justice may also join only part(s) of a particular decision, and may even agree with some parts of the outcome and disagree with others.
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and the court sees which side has prevailed. One of the justices in the majority is then assigned to write the court's opinion, also known as the "majority opinion", an assignment made by the most senior justice in the majority, with the chief justice always being considered the most senior. Drafts of the court's opinion circulate among the justices until the court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case.
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5202:, in fact, is nowhere mentioned in it. Over the ensuing years, the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way. Nevertheless, the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well-established precedent. Many of the
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evidence that the court is of partisan importance to the Senate. In 2022, Simon
Lazarus of Brookings critiqued the U.S. Supreme Court as an increasingly partisan institution. A 2024 AP-NORC poll showed 7 in 10 respondents believed the court decides cases to "fit their own ideologies" as opposed to "acting as an independent check on other branches of government by being fair and impartial."
2736:
3335:, appointed by Democratic presidents, compose the court's liberal wing. Prior to Justice Ginsburg's death in 2020, the conservative Chief Justice Roberts was sometimes described as the court's 'median justice' (with four justices more liberal and four more conservative than he is). Darragh Roche argues that Kavanaugh as 2021's median justice exemplifies the rightward shift in the court.
5538:. A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools, especially Harvard, Yale, the University of Chicago, Columbia, and Stanford. From 1882 to 1940, 62% of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School. Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the
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business. The Senate met that standard here." Later, the opinion states: "For these reasons, we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session. But our deference to the Senate cannot be absolute. When the Senate is without the capacity to act, under its own rules, it is not in session even if it so declares."
3371:
and legitimacy through one retirement at a time, when the court is in recess and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health. Finally, especially in recent decades, many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office, to ensure that a like-minded successor would be appointed.
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federal judges, let alone the legislature and the executive branch, while also lacking an enforcement mechanism. The Code's commentary denied past wrongdoing by saying that the
Justices have largely abided by these principles and are simply publishing them now. This has prompted some criticism that the court hopes to legitimize past and future scandals through this Code.
9028:...Buckley v. Valeo. The nation's political system has suffered ever since from that decision, which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech. The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers.
4367:(1821). The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions, although there are several devices that permit so-called "collateral review" of state cases. It has to be noted that this "collateral review" often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system.
9439:...the remedy was far more harmful than the problem. By stopping the recount, the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes, as defined by established Florida law, their constitutional right to have their votes counted. β¦ It cannot be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. β¦
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topics outside their expertise (unlike in lower courts), with documented examples of falsehoods in written opinions, often supplied to the justices by amicus briefs from groups advocating a particular outcome. The lack of funding transparency and the lack of a requirement to submit them earlier in the process also make it more difficult to
555:. Creating a "third branch" of government was a novel idea; in the English tradition, judicial matters had been treated as an aspect of royal (executive) authority. Early on, the delegates who were opposed to having a strong central government argued that national laws could be enforced by state courts, while others, including
3255:
legislative and executive branches, organizations such as the
Federalist Society do officially filter and endorse judges that have a sufficiently conservative view of the law. Jurists are often informally categorized in the media as being conservatives or liberal. Attempts to quantify the ideologies of jurists include the
5256:). Although subject to the process of impeachment, only one justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court justice has been removed from office. At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch, with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government.
6558:
Fifth
Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act, thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin, Texas, despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005. Chief Justice
5790:
rigid ideological dogma on a profession once known for intellectual freedom." Kate
Aronoff criticizes the donations from special interests like fossil fuel companies and other dark money groups to the Federalist Society and related organizations seeking to influence lawyers and Supreme Court Justices.
18781:
The Bush v. Gore majority, made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives, interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before, and have not since. And they stated that the interpretation was 'limited to the present circumstances,' words that suggest a raw exercise of
18545:
Fourteenth
Amendment. Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government. Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty. I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for
11694:
Springer said she doesn't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian. "I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian, and likewise no evidence that he does not." Gorsuch's younger brother, J.J., said he too has "no idea how he would fill out a form.
9641:
When Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and his colleagues on the Supreme Court left for their summer break at the end of June, they marked a milestone: the Roberts court had just completed its fifth term. In those five years, the court not only moved to the right but also became the most conservative
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Sixth Amendment's right to counsel (Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963). β¦ the court said flatly in 1904: 'The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts.' But in the light of Gideon β¦ ruled Black, statements 'generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states
8378:
Finally, as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation, as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people, can
7941:
Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court β¦ The Virginia court refused to obey this Court's Fairfax's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject's successor in interest. That refusal led to the Court's pathmarking decision in Martin v.
5955:
Thomas Keck argues that because the Court has historically not served as a strong bulwark for democracy, the Roberts Court has the opportunity to go down in history as a defender of democracy. However, he believes that if the court shields Trump from criminal prosecution (after ensuring his access to
5890:
that the court should address this by requiring disclosure of all funders of amicus briefs and the studies they cite, only admit briefs that stay within the expertise of the authors (as is required in lower courts), and require the briefs to be submitted much earlier in the process so the history and
5789:
acted as a filter for judicial nominations during the Trump administration, ensuring the latest conservative justices lean even further to the right. 86% of judges Trump appointed to circuit courts and the Supreme Court were Federalist Society members. David Litt critiques it as "an attempt to impose
4815:
articles, and other written works for their decisions. While law review article use has increased slightly with one article cited per decision on average, the use of amicus briefs has increased significantly. The use of amicus briefs has received criticism, including the ability of authors to discuss
1707:
must be affixed, before the appointee can take office. The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date, not the confirmation or swearing-in date. After receiving their commission, the appointee must then take the two prescribed oaths before assuming their official duties. The
1695:
in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955, and Harlan was confirmed two months later. Most recently, the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland, as the nomination expired in January 2017, and the vacancy was filled by
1584:
to nominate, while the Senate possesses the plenary power to reject or confirm the nominee. The Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice, such as age, citizenship, residence or prior judicial experience, thus a president may nominate anyone to serve, and the Senate may not set any
18311:
The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation, which render the provision obscure and contradictory. The power is there restrained to Indians, not members of any of the States, and is not to violate or infringe the
12652:
One byproduct of the increased provisions , however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president. The most recent departures have been partisan, some more blatantly than others, and have
9681:
The Court has gotten increasingly more conservative with each of the Republican-appointed chief justicesβWarren E. Burger (1969β1986), William H. Rehnquist (1986β2005), and John G. Roberts Jr. (2005βpresent). All told, Republican presidents have appointed 12 of the 16 most recent justices, including
8686:
The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut, which overthrew the state's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy, and for the first time declared the "right of privacy" to be derived from the Constitution
8421:
In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children's Hospital, the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment. At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the
8273:
The term 'substantive due process' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochnerβthe finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In the 1960s, long after the Court repudiated
8208:
But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment. Justice Taney's coldly self-fulfilling statement in Dred Scott, that blacks had "no rights which the white man bound to
4452:
of that circuit, but over the past hundred years, this has rarely occurred. A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit. The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit, the Fourth Circuit (which includes
4400:
The circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that, by law and the rules of the court, may be addressed by a single justice. Ordinarily, a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it "granted" or "denied" or entering a standard
3884:
pm and reservations are not necessary. When the court is in session the public may attend oral arguments, which are held twice each morning (and sometimes afternoons) on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays in two-week intervals from October through late April, with breaks during December and February.
3800:
In the justices' private conferences, current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority, beginning with the chief justice first and ending with the most junior associate justice. By custom, the most junior associate justice in these conferences is charged with any menial tasks the
1829:
of the Constitution provides that justices "shall hold their offices during good behavior", which is understood to mean that they may serve for the remainder of their lives, until death; furthermore, the phrase is generally interpreted to mean that the only way justices can be removed from office is
18458:
I don't think there's any question at this point in our history that Congress' power under the commerce clause is quite broad, and I think that reflects a number of things, including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes
18276:
The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States, contrary to the true spirit of the Union, have, in different instances, given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others, and it is to be feared that examples of this nature, if not restrained by a national control, would be multiplied
12707:
If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court, and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four-year presidential term, then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions
5166:
In order to plead before the court, an attorney must first be admitted to the court's bar. Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year. The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members. In reality, pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys. The rest join for a one-time fee of $ 200, with
4230:
over cases between two or more states but may decline to hear such cases. It also possesses original but not exclusive jurisdiction to hear "all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors, other public ministers, consuls, or vice consuls of foreign states are parties; all controversies between the
13049:
On May 28, Moody did something unprecedented, then and now. He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp, six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court. The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter. ... May
9373:
The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men, whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex. And for the first time in their lives, thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal
8726:
In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale, the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools. 'It is no part of the business of government,' ruled the court, 'to compose official prayers for any group of the
4862:
At the conclusion of oral argument, the case is submitted for decision. Cases are decided by majority vote of the justices. After the oral argument is concluded, usually in the same week as the case was submitted, the justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied
4256:
granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal. Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob, aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded, and hanged from a bridge, after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson's body reading: "To
3370:
In recent times, justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal, institutional, ideological, partisan, and political factors playing a role. The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down. The desire to maximize the court's strength
2106:
and eight associate justices. Among the current members of the court, Clarence Thomas is the longest-serving justice, with a tenure of 12,021 days (32 years, 333 days) as of September 20, 2024; the most recent justice to join the court is Ketanji Brown Jackson, whose tenure began on June
1934:
One of the smallest Supreme Courts in the world, the US Supreme Court consists of nine members: one chief justice and eight associate justices. The U.S. Constitution does not specify the size of the Supreme Court, nor does it specify any specific positions for the court's members. The Constitution
1760:
has made a recess appointment to the court, and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts. In 1960, after Eisenhower had made three such appointments, the Senate passed a "sense of the Senate" resolution that recess appointments to the court should only be made in
19511:, vol. LXX, no. 13 (August 17, 2023), pp. 50β54. "udicial supremacy is neither woven into the Constitution's text and structure nor discoverable in the history of its creation β a reality that today's supposedly 'textualist' or at times 'originalist' Court conveniently ignores." (p. 51.)
17933:
The Supreme Court's differing treatment of the traditional actors and the jury and the deference to traditional actors has contributed to the jury's declineβ¦The Court has failed to acknowledge any specific authority in the jury or any necessity to guard that authority...Moreover it has ultimately
13387:
Gradually, however, circuit riding lost support. The Court's increasing business in the nation's capital following the Civil War made the circuit riding seem anachronistic and impractical and a slow shift away from the practice began. The Judiciary Act of 1869 established a separate circuit court
12543:
For more than a decade after leaving the court in 2006, O'Connor kept up an active schedule: serving as a visiting federal appeals court judge, speaking on issues she cared about and founding her own education organization. But the 88-year-old, for more than two decades often the deciding vote in
10469:
The Court continued, "In our view, however, the pro forma sessions count as sessions, not as periods of recess. We hold that, for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause, the Senate is in session when it says it is, provided that, under its own rules, it retains the capacity to transact Senate
6557:
by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce, but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce. For example, the Commerce Clause was used by the
5777:
which confirms the justices, have selection biases that favor rural states that tend to vote Republican, resulting in a conservative Supreme Court. Ziblatt and Levitsky estimate that 3 or 4 of the seats held by conservative justices on the court would be held by justices appointed by a Democratic
5214:
wrote: "A Constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, and the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body. If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two,
4354:
simply affirming the lower court's decision without discussing the merits of the case, since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions. The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts, rather than just federal courts, was created by the
3350:
There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States: Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, and Stephen Breyer. As retired justices, they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court, but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal
3270:
Devins and Baum argue that before 2010, the Court never had clear ideological blocs that fell perfectly along party lines. In choosing their appointments, Presidents often focused more on friendship and political connections than on ideology. Republican presidents sometimes appointed liberals and
13388:
judiciary. The justices retained nominal circuit riding duties until 1891 when the Circuit Court of Appeals Act was passed. With the Judicial Code of 1911, Congress officially ended the practice. The struggle between the legislative and judicial branches over circuit riding was finally concluded.
10019:
In a statement Friday morning, Murray cited Republicans' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland, a similarly well-qualified jurist β and went on to lambaste President Trump's conduct in his first few months in office. And Murray added
8060:
The first Chief Justice, John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinionsβa practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case. (You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions). Marshall sought to do away with this
5987:
The Supreme Court's conservative supermajority has, in recent weeks, restructured American democracy in the Republican Party's preferred image, fundamentally altering the balance of power between the branches and the citizens themselves.... In the course of its most recent term that conservative
4896:
It is the court's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular term by the end of that term. Within that term, the court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument. Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the Supreme
3275:
designated as important and that had at least two dissenting votes in which the Justices divided along party lines, about one-half of one percent." Even in the turbulent 1960s and 1970s, Democratic and Republican elites tended to agree on some major issues, especially concerning civil rights and
1770:
limited the ability of the president to make recess appointments (including appointments to the Supreme Court); the court ruled that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session or in recess. Writing for the court, Justice Breyer stated, "We hold that, for purposes of the Recess Appointments
18647:
Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court's involvement in that case, its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half-baked and strained decision that resulted...Toobin remains white-hot about it, calling it 'one of the lowest moments in the court's history,' one that
5910:
to set "ethics rules and principles that guide the conduct of the Members of the Court." The Code has been received by some as a significant first step but does not address the ethics concerns of many notable critics who found the Code was a significantly weakened version of the rules for other
5793:
The 2016 stonewalling of Merrick Garland's confirmation and subsequent filling with Neil Gorsuch has been critiqued as a 'stolen seat' citing precedent from the 20th century of confirmations during election years, while proponents cited three blocked nominations between 1844 and 1866. In recent
5236:
His contention was not that the court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements, but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary, as well as the other branches of government, to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution. This decision was criticized by then-President
5175:
A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October, and continues until June or early July of the following year. Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as "sittings" and "recesses"; justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings, and
4426:
Before 1990, the rules of the Supreme Court also stated that "a writ of injunction may be granted by any Justice in a case where it might be granted by the Court." However, this part of the rule (and all other specific mention of injunctions) was removed in the Supreme Court's rules revision of
3254:
Justices are nominated by the president in power, and receive confirmation by the Senate, historically holding many of the views of the nominating president's political party. While justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties, as is accepted practice in the
8579:
Some prominent states' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn, a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress's power to legislate in the public interest. Supporters of states' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong
8097:
Congress tried the process again in 1804, when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct. As a judge, Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair β¦ But Chase never committed a crimeβhe was just incredibly bad at his job. The Senate acquitted him on every
6683:
sees flaws in the American system of having courts (and specifically the Supreme Court) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches; he argues that because the courts must wait, sometimes for years, for cases to navigate their way through the system, their ability to restrain other
6405:
writer Colm Quinn says that a criticism leveled at the court, as well as other American institutions, is that after two centuries they are beginning to look their age. He cites four features of the United States Supreme Court that make it different from high courts in other countries, and help
5685:, stated that the court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government. "We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives," Professor Garrow said. "Each side is putting forward only ideological purists." According to the
5402:
In addition, the other two branches can restrain the court through other mechanisms. Congress can increase the number of justices, giving the president power to influence future decisions by appointments (as in Roosevelt's court-packing plan discussed above). Congress can pass legislation that
12603:
Had anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term, she told me after his death, she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies. Her reason for leaving was that her husband, suffering from
12363:
Based on what we know about measuring the ideology of justices and judges, the Supreme Court will soon take a hard and quick turn to the right. It's a new path that is likely to last for years. Chief Justice John Roberts, a George W. Bush appointee, will almost certainly become the new median
8761:
Public schools need not proselytizeβindeed, must notβin teaching students about the Good Book β¦ In Abington School District v. Schempp, decided in 1963, the Supreme Court stated that "study of the Bible or of religion, when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education," was
8650:
On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional. This
6562:
asserted Congress's power over interstate commerce was "complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations, other than are prescribed in the Constitution." Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is "quite broad"; modern-day
4988:
are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports (or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations) to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily. As of January 2019, there are:
3341:
found the number of unanimous decisions dropped from the 20-year average of nearly 50% to nearly 30% in 2021 while party-line rulings increased from a 60-year average just above zero to a record high 21%. That year Ryan Williams pointed to the party-line votes for confirmations of justices as
1926:, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice, but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office. No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment.
8994:
Split almost exactly down the middle, the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise. It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden, but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities. It thus approved the
5847:
saying she would introduce impeachment articles when Congress is back in session. On July 10, 2024, she filed Articles of Impeachment against Thomas and Alito, citing their "widely documented financial and personal entanglements." As of late July, 2024, nearly 1.4 million people had signed a
4866:
Justices are free to change their votes on a case up until the decision is finalized and published. In any given case, a justice is free to choose whether or not to author an opinion or else simply join the majority or another justice's opinion. There are several primary types of opinions:
9298:
Seminole Tribe v. Florida (1996) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts, Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress's will and protect state prerogatives, even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this
6652:'s book compared the Court to a cartel where its inner-workings are mostly unknown, arguing this lack of transparency reduces scrutiny which hurts ordinary Americans who know little about the nine extremely consequential Justices. A 2010 poll found that 61% of American voters agreed that
5747:
and permitted states to restrict abortion rights, Democrats and independents have increasingly lost trust in the court, seen the court as political, and expressed support for reforming the institution. Historically, the court had relatively more trust than other government institutions.
3885:
Visitors are seated on a first-come first-served basis. One estimate is there are about 250 seats available. The number of open seats varies from case to case; for important cases, some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night. The court releases opinions beginning at 10
7889:
The decision β¦ in Martin vs. Hunter's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question, in the highest court of a State, and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court
3889:
am on scheduled "non-argument days" (also called opinion days) These sessions, which typically last 15 to 30-minute, are also open to the public. From mid-May until the end of June, at least one opinion day is scheduled each week. Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions.
12326:
Erwin Chemerinsky, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley, told Bloomberg that Roberts' recent voting record may indicate that he is taking his role as the median justice "very seriously" and that the recent period was "perhaps the beginning of his being the swing
4775:
cases and other cases in which the court orders briefing from the respondent, the respondent may, but is not required to, file a response to the cert petition. The court grants a petition for cert only for "compelling reasons", spelled out in the court's Rule 10. Such reasons include:
17962:
as the jury continued to be more diverse in gender and race, the jury was less desirable to judges and corporationsβ¦this shift has occurred, particularly in the 1930sβ¦The Supreme Court likely has been influenced by legal elites as well as by corporations to reduce jury authority over
8024:, Marshall's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinionsβeach issuing oneβso that the court could speak in a single voice. Since the mid-1940s, however, there's been a significant increase in individual 'concurring' and 'dissenting' opinions.
1967:, an arduous process requiring long travel on horseback or carriage over harsh terrain that resulted in months-long extended stays away from home, Congress added justices to correspond with the growth such that the number of seats for associate justices plus the chief justice became
696:(1791), a case involving procedure. As the court initially had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two-thirds (voting four to two). However, Congress has always allowed less than the court's full membership to make decisions, starting with a
4839:
When the court grants a cert petition, the case is set for oral argument. Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case, as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition. With the consent of the parties or approval of the court,
5668:
Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft. "Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s," according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of
574:, vesting federal judicial power in "one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." They delineated neither the exact powers and prerogatives of the Supreme Court nor the organization of the judicial branch as a whole.
4631:
Five of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges: Chief Justice Roberts (D.C. Circuit), Justice Sotomayor (Second Circuit), Justice Alito (Third Circuit), Justice Barrett (Seventh Circuit), and Justice Gorsuch (Tenth Circuit).
17354:
This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects β¦ protects people who are captured β¦ at Guantanamo β¦ Wrong, Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent. He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English
8135:
the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase, who had been impeached by the House of Representatives β¦ This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III" of the Constitution, Chief Justice Rehnquist
10757:
and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office, this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution, and, in a great measure, as the citadel of the public justice and the public
6441:
argued that no other country gives its Supreme Court as much power. Warren E. Burger, before becoming Chief Justice, argued that since the Supreme Court has such "unreviewable power", it is likely to "self-indulge itself", and unlikely to "engage in dispassionate analysis."
9603:
It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared β¦ This was a more conservative court, sometimes muscularly so, sometimes more tentatively, its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and
1727:
administrations, justices were typically approved within one month. From the Reagan administration to the present, the process has taken much longer and some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past. According to the
5011:
have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions, covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012. This figure does not reflect the number of cases the court has taken up, as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion (see, for example,
818:, which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear, it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in
9336:
The argument in this case, Alden v. Maine, No. 98-436, proceeded on several levels simultaneously. On the surface β¦ On a deeper level, the argument was a continuation of the Court's struggle over an even more basic issue: the Government's substantive authority over the
8958:
The shocker, however, came in 1973, when the Court, by a vote of 7 to 2, relied on Griswold's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional, invalidating the laws of most states. Relying on a woman's right to
7813:, Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review, an important addition to the system of 'checks and balances' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful...A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void.
5496:, and draft opinions. Associate justices are allowed four clerks. The chief justice is allowed five clerks, but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year, and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four. Generally, law clerks serve a term of one to two years.
6453:
Some members of Congress considered the results from the 2021β2022 term a shift of government power into the Supreme Court, and a "judicial coup". The 2021β2022 term of the court was the first full term following the appointment of three judges by Republican president
2078:
advocates for 19 justices, with the court being gradually expanded by two new members per presidential term, bringing the U.S. Supreme Court to a similar size as its counterparts in other developed countries. He says that a bigger court would reduce the power of the
3173:
justice, and in 2010 by Elena Kagan. After Ginsburg's death on September 18, 2020, Amy Coney Barrett was confirmed as the fifth woman in the court's history on October 26, 2020. Ketanji Brown Jackson is the sixth woman and first African-American woman on the court.
9260:
His (Rehnquist's) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision, City of Boerne v. Flores, in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, exceeded Congress's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the
8541:
He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s, when subsidies were brought in for farmers. With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could growβeven, Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case, Wickard v. Filburn (1942), wheat grown on his modest
6470:β which created a six-strong conservative majority on the court. Subsequently, at the end of the term, the court issued a number of decisions that favored this conservative majority while significantly changing the landscape with respect to rights. These included
1596:
conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive, negative or neutral report. The committee's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent. The first nominee to appear before the committee was
1748:
hold office only until the end of the next Senate session (less than two years). The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments, only Chief Justice
9191:
United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher. The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law, the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990, that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a
7773:
From the beginning, Burns continues, the Court has established its "supremacy" over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall's "brilliant political coup" in Marbury v. Madison (1803): asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional
17834:
A criticism leveled at the Supreme Court and U.S. institutions more generally is that after more than two centuries in operation, it's beginning to look its age, with questions of legitimacy, political interference, and power all combining to undermine the
14972:
A criticism leveled at the Supreme Court and U.S. institutions more generally is that after more than two centuries in operation, it's beginning to look its age, with questions of legitimacy, political interference, and power all combining to undermine the
9787:
The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self-defense. But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v.
4273:
to lower courts. It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal. In practice, the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the court are disputes between two or more states.
1994:
of 1866, providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced, which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition. Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867. Soon after Johnson left office, the new president
636:
in New York City, then the U.S. capital. A second session was held there in August 1790. The earliest sessions of the court were devoted to organizational proceedings, as the first cases did not reach it until 1791. When the nation's capital was moved to
6586:. One critic wrote "the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state, not federal, law." Others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends "protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level."
9121:
Thirty-two years ago, Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous "never mind" ruling by the Supreme Court. Gregg v. Georgia, in 1976, overturned Furman v. Georgia, which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years
1682:
has received a floor vote in the Senate. A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs, typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee; this occurred with President George W. Bush's nomination of
4722:, a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court, and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval. Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of
18238:
In every State there have been made, and must continue to be made, regulations on this subject which will, in many cases, leave little more to be done by the federal legislature, than to review the different laws, and reduce them in one general
8243:
The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision, as we know, later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War (p. 176)... his opinion (Taney's) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue... (p.
1788:
wrote: "The insularity of lifetime tenure, combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench, produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day."
18387:
Purcell filed a $ 60-million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999, arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines. 'I'm disappointed,' Purcell
1783:
Lifetime tenure of justices can only be found for US Supreme Court Justices and the State of Rhode Island's Supreme Court justices, with all other democratic nations and all other US states having set term limits or mandatory retirement ages.
15834:
9565:
John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States, enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come, even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine-member
6759:
to its website that seemed to indicate that the court will temporarily allow abortions in medical emergencies in Idaho. The official opinion was posted the next day, which returned the case to the lower courts without a ruling on the merits.
10843:
5673:. "As law has moved closer to mere politics, political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts," former federal court of appeals judge
2034:
reported that it was "essential to the continuance of our constitutional democracy" that the proposal "be so emphatically rejected that its parallel will never again be presented to the free representatives of the free people of America."
17704:
6318:. However, those on both sides of the political aisle often level this accusation at the court. The debate around judicial activism typically involves accusing the other side of activism, whilst denying that your own side engages in it.
4904:
It is possible that through recusals or vacancies the court divides evenly on a case. If that occurs, then the decision of the court below is affirmed, but does not establish binding precedent. In effect, it results in a return to the
12513:
an Associated Press-NORC poll showed that 7 out of 10 Americans think that the justices make their decisions 'to fit their own ideologies,' instead of serving as 'an independent check on other branches of government by being fair and
4261:
to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices, who found nine individuals guilty of contempt, sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail.
6743:
are often purported to harm the court's reputation. Chief Justice Roberts has previously described leaks as an "egregious breach of trust" that "undermine the integrity of our operations" in reference to the leaked draft opinion for
4332:). In the last case, an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal. For example, a decision rendered by one of the
589:
and would initially be composed of a chief justice and five associate justices. The act also divided the country into judicial districts, which were in turn organized into circuits. Justices were required to "ride circuit" and hold
1858:
were subjected to hearings from the Judiciary Committee, with Douglas being the subject of hearings twice, in 1953 and again in 1970 and Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969. On July 10, 2024, Representative
9156:
The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction
5689:
study, this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is "a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law."
3876:. Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied. There is a cafeteria, a gift shop, exhibits, and a half-hour informational film. When the court is not in session, lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9:30
1882:
left within days of each other, the shortest period of time between vacancies in the court's history. Sometimes a great length of time passes between vacancies, such as the 11-year span, from 1994 to 2005, from the retirement of
4886:: a justice agrees with the outcome the court reached but disagrees with its reasons for doing so. A justice in this situation does not join the majority opinion. Like regular concurrences, these do not create binding precedent.
5427:
On the other hand, through its power of judicial review, the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government; for example, in
3836:
from 1791 until 1800. After the government moved to Washington, D.C., the court occupied various spaces in the Capitol building until 1935, when it moved into its own purpose-built home. The four-story building was designed by
4712:, such as when two states have a dispute against each other, or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state. In such instances, a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly. Examples of such cases include
2073:
At nine members, the U.S. Supreme Court is one of the smallest supreme courts in the world. David Litt argues the court is too small to represent the perspectives of a country the United States' size. Lawyer and legal scholar
11865:
1943:. The power to define the Supreme Court's size and membership has been assumed to belong to Congress, which initially established a six-member Supreme Court composed of a chief justice and five associate justices through the
9478:
Re-enter the Rehnquist court. Amid the chaos, somebody had to play Daddy. β¦ the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracksβand stayed its willfulness. By, mind you,
3627:, the justice may retire with a pension based on the same formula used for federal employees. As with other federal courts judges, their pension can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement according to the
16424:
1771:
Clause, the Senate is in session when it says it is, provided that, under its own rules, it retains the capacity to transact Senate business." This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of
8379:
be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment, we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement.
6707:. Critics argue that the Court has acted slowly in order to delay this case until after the election. They point out that the Court can move quickly when it wants to, as it did when it disregarded typical procedures in
5879:
laws impacting branches beyond the judiciary and citing falsehoods in written opinions, often supplied to the justices by amicus briefs from groups advocating a particular outcome. Allison Orr Larsen, Associate Dean at
5411:
of Article Three, where the appellate jurisdiction is granted "with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make." The court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction Era case
15281:
Morris, G. Elliot; Burton, Cooper; Fuong, Holly; Groskopf, Christopher; King, Ritchie; Koeze, Ella; Mehta, Dhrumil; Mithani, Jasmine; et al. (February 25, 2024). Frostenson, Sarah; Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia (eds.).
5940:
The lack of external enforcement of ethics or other conduct violations makes the Supreme Court an outlier in modern organizational best-practices. 2024 reform legislation has been blocked by congressional Republicans.
22143:
7318:
5914:
The ethics rules guiding the justices are set and enforced by the justices themselves, meaning the members of the court have no external checks on their behavior other than the impeachment of a justice by Congress.
5446:(1979), which effectively gave the presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress. The court's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority, as in
7274:
18203:
seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports, and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this
8866:
1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision. That's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer, and waived
1962:
promptly negated the 1801 act, restoring the court's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred. As the nation's boundaries grew across the continent and as Supreme Court justices in those days had to
9887:
20064:
18164:
Power being almost always the rival of power; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government; and these will have the same disposition toward the General
18352:
many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights, and federal officialsβespecially federal courtsβas the special guardians of those
12313:
10060:
After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump's nominee, Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority.
9863:
The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child, a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday β¦ The 5-to-4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other
5398:
in 2007). Also, the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration: lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations, as do law enforcement officials.
4370:
Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain "cases" or "controversies", the Supreme Court cannot decide cases that are moot and it does not render
13992:
11403:
10488:
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This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice's tenure (not seniority, as the chief justice has seniority over all associate justices regardless of tenure) on the court:
18480:
20203:
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8617:
Justice Black developed his controversial theory, first stated in a lengthy, scholarly dissent in 1947, that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states.
3831:
The Supreme Court first met on February 1, 1790, at the Merchants' Exchange Building in New York City. When Philadelphia became the capital, the court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in
4790:
When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals, lawyers call this situation a
2125:
20103:
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speculates that the decades-long decline in cases heard could be due to the increasing political makeup of judges, that he says might be more interested in settling political disputes than legal ones.
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A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called conference. A conference is a private meeting of the nine justices by themselves; the public and the justices' clerks are excluded. The
559:, advocated for a national judicial authority consisting of tribunals chosen by the national legislature. It was proposed that the judiciary should have a role in checking the executive's power to
20054:
12447:
11436:
5388:
When the court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution, simple legislative action can reverse the decisions (for example, in 2009 Congress passed the
22133:
20098:
4880:: a justice agrees with and joins the majority opinion but authors a separate concurrence to give additional explanations, rationales, or commentary. Concurrences do not create binding precedent.
3157:
justice. Marshall was succeeded by African-American Clarence Thomas in 1991. O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the first Jewish woman on the Court, in 1993. After O'Connor's retirement
15761:
8345:β¦ of what eventually became the 'incorporation doctrine,' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection.
6700:
1842:. No constitutional mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, but unable (or unwilling) to resign. The only justice ever to be impeached was
23557:
12048:
9226:
Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress's reach under the Commerce Clause, Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5-to-4 majority in United States v. Morrison.
5198:
The federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. The power of
4970:
is made available on the court's web site and through other outlets. Next, several opinions and lists of the court's orders are bound together in paperback form, called a preliminary print of
22153:
21998:
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may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees. The court advises counsel to assume that the justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case.
2906:
Three justices are from the state of New York, two are from Washington, D.C., and one each is from New Jersey, Georgia, Colorado, and Louisiana. Eight of the current justices received their
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It is high-profile: the high court in the United States is one of the few courts in the world that can unilaterally strike down legislation passed by other politically accountable branches.
1540:
487:
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7984:
Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter's lessee, in which the court asserted its authority to overrule, within certain limits, the decisions of the highest State courts.
5830:
cases where their spouses have taken public stances or been involved in efforts to overturn the election. In 2017, Neil Gorsuch sold a property he co-owned for $ 1.8 million to the CEO of
4257:
Justice Harlan. Come get your nigger now." The local sheriff, John Shipp, cited the Supreme Court's intervention as the rationale for the lynching. The court appointed its deputy clerk as
20069:
15471:
A longtime leader within the Federalist Society, Leo has had Donald Trump's ear on judicial appointments and has been the main curator of the president's list of Supreme Court candidates.
12416:
10377:, Justice Stevens observed that the case involved "the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century." 544 U.S. 942 (2005), Stevens, J., concurring in denial of
9743:
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Chief Justice Roberts refused to testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee in April 2023, reasserting his desire for the Supreme Court to continue to monitor itself despite mounting
427:
over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party." The court holds the power of
24769:
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6446:
wrote that the federal courts, and especially the Supreme Court, have excessive power. Suja A. Thomas argues the Supreme Court has taken most of the constitutionally-defined power from
5621:
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3363:, the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court. The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken
3021:
1640:
as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas's ethics. President
12385:
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5751:
After recording recent high approval ratings in the late 1980s around 66% approval, the court's ratings have declined to an average of around 40% between mid-2021 and February 2024.
20340:
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8274:
its Lochner line of cases, substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy, the right to maintain intimate family relationships.
5810:
Ethical controversies have grown with reports of justices (and their close family members) accepting expensive gifts, travel, business deals, and speaking fees without oversight or
2067:
2022:
on elderly judges, but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to "pack" the court with justices who would support Roosevelt's New Deal. The plan, usually called the "
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Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the court into the political arena, and deciding questions that are the purview of the elected branches of government. The
18682:
UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as 'utterly lacking in any legal principle" and added that the court was "remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly.'
15803:
6753:
In addition to leaks, the Court has sometimes mistakenly released opinions before they are ready to be published. On June 26, 2024, the Court inadvertently posted an opinion for
6546:
explicitly grants "powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
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The Supreme Court cannot directly enforce its rulings; instead, it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments. One notable instance of
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Furman v. Georgia β¦ Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional.
6641:' facilitates the court making decisions in secret without knowing how each Justice came to their decision. In 2024, after comparing the analysis of shadow-docket decisions to
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But there is no guarantee that when the decision comes, it will end the matter. It may just set the stage for the next legal wrangle over compliance with the Court's decision.
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the ballot), then the risks that come with an anti-democratic status-quo of the current court will outweigh the dangers that come from court reform (including court packing).
4682:, regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court. For example, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual, as in
18414:
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12478:
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The court's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe. That is the precedent of the court and settled, in terms of the holding of the court.
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and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy.
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However, others argue that the court is too protective of some individual rights, particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention. For example, Chief Justice
5814:
from cases that present conflicts of interest. Spousal income and connections to cases has been redacted from the Justices' ethical disclosure forms while justices, such as
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1936:
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stated lifelong tenure has "produced a critical time lag, with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times." Proposals to solve these problems include
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Gonzales v. Carhartβin which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late-term abortion procedure opponents call "partial birth abortion"βto be settled law.
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4976:, the official series of books in which the final version of the court's opinions appears. About a year after the preliminary prints are issued, a final bound volume of
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led to analysts calling the court the most conservative since the 1930s as well as calls for an expansion in the court's size to fix what some saw as an imbalance, with
1508:
762:, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshall's tenure, although beyond the court's control, the impeachment and
463:
126:
19204:. The reason given is: Should have more recent books, as older books might be out of date and not contain the latest thinking, information and analysis about the court.
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24, 1909, stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court. On that day, the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history.
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Critics have accused the Court of "slow-walking" important cases relating to former President Donald Trump in order to benefit his election chances in the face of the
4205:
2092:
494:, appoints a new justice. Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before the court. When in the majority, the chief justice decides who writes the
14383:
11695:
He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent, but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years."
6619:, received scrutiny as political based on the controversial justifications used by the five conservative justices to elevate a fellow conservative to the presidency.
6413:
The United States Constitution is very difficult to amend: other countries allow for constitutional changes via referendum or with a supermajority in the legislature.
6327:(1973) as an example of liberal judicial activism. In its decision, the court legalized abortion on the basis of a "right to privacy" that they found inherent in the
5855:
President Biden proposed term limits for justices, an enforceable ethics code, and elimination of "immunity for crimes a former president committed while in office".
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justices may require as they convene alone, such as answering the door of their conference room, serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk.
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the chiefs. During Roberts's first decade as chief, the Court was the most conservative in more than a half-century and likely the most conservative since the 1930s.
8505:
casesβAdkins in particularβevince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers.
6713:, granting the petition on a Saturday, receiving briefs on Sunday, holding oral arguments on Monday, and issuing the final opinion on Tuesday. Author Sonja West, of
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3303:, the court is composed of six justices appointed by Republican presidents and three appointed by Democratic presidents. It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice
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that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred; or, in other words, the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute."
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3367:, and eligibility of a Supreme Court justice to assume retired status (rather than simply resign from the bench) is governed by the same age and service criteria.
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for itself thanks in part to the influence of legal elites and companies that prefer judges over juries as well as the inability of the jury to defend its power.
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who said, "the Constitution, on this hypothesis, is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary, which they may twist and shape into any form they please."
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that the decision should prompt the court to reconsider all of the court's past substantive due process decisions. Due process rights claimed to be at risk are:
5085:. In court documents, legal periodicals and other legal media, case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters; for example, citation to
4786:
Resolving an important question of federal law, or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the court.
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veterans. Samuel Alito is the only veteran currently serving on the court. Retired justices Stephen Breyer and Anthony Kennedy also served in the U.S. military.
16303:
12653:
bolstered arguments to reform the process. A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute.
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10024:, the landmark abortion-legalization decision, and his comments about the 'Hobby Lobby' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth-control coverage.
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introduced the Judiciary Act of 2021, a bill to expand the Supreme Court from nine to 13 seats. It met divided views within the party, and Speaker of the House
77:
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to study possible reforms to the Supreme Court. The commission's December 2021 final report discussed but took no position on expanding the size of the court.
1580:, including justices of the Supreme Court. This clause is one example of the system of checks and balances inherent in the Constitution. The president has the
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WIPO International Patent Case Management Judicial Guide: United States. 2022. SSRN Electronic Journal. P.S. Menell, A.A. Schmitt. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4106648.
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attempted to expand the court in 1937. His proposal envisioned the appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70
1609:
in 1955. Once the committee reports out the nomination, the full Senate considers it. Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected
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of the country, rather than religious, ethnic, or gender diversity. Racial, ethnic, and gender diversity in the court increased in the late 20th century.
1850:
adopted eight articles of impeachment against him; however, he was acquitted by the Senate, and remained in office until his death in 1811. Two justices,
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Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative or tied vote in committee to block a nomination, prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by
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6430:, the relatively few updates to the constitution or the courts, the rightward shift of the court and the diminished stature of the United States abroad.
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Last week, in a 7 to 2 decision, the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decisionβMapp v. Ohio (1961).
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Because justices have indefinite tenure, timing of vacancies can be unpredictable. Sometimes they arise in quick succession, as in September 1971, when
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The Brown decision of 1954, desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia, awakened the nation to the court's new claim to power.
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13356:
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United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly. It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial.
11922:
4244:. The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the court's history. The contempt proceeding arose from the
2948:
Previous positions or offices, judicial or federal government, prior to joining the court (by order of seniority following the Chief Justice) include:
1523:
1513:
1085:
625:
as associate justices. All six were confirmed by the Senate on September 26, 1789; however, Harrison declined to serve, and Washington later nominated
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1922:
is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice. Presidents
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1761:"unusual circumstances"; such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress's views in the hope of guiding executive action.
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10655:"Supreme court prognosis β Ruth Bader Ginsburg's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices shouldn't serve life terms"
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on the Gorsuch nomination, citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy, and the Republican majority's prior refusal to take up President
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6150:, some experts expressed concern that this may be the beginning of a rollback of individual rights that had been previously established under the
1891:, which was the second longest timespan between vacancies in the court's history. On average a new justice joins the court about every two years.
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held constitutional almost every modern procedure before and after the a jury deliberation that has eliminated or reduced jury authority. (75-77)
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6314:. This criticism is leveled by those who believe the court should not interpret the law in any way besides through the lens of past precedent or
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The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37, mainly along party lines; Democrats supported the resolution 48β4, and Republicans opposed it 33β0.
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4901:". However, this practice has become passΓ© as the Court now posts electronic copies of the opinions on its website as they are being announced.
3864:
Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue, the building is open to the public from 9
1732:, the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days (2.2 months), while the median is 71 days (2.3 months).
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of four justices in 1789. The court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige, a situation not helped by the era's highest-profile case,
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she's 'deeply troubled' by Gorsuch's 'extreme conservative perspective on women's health', citing his 'inability' to state a clear position on
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argued that one benefit of lifetime tenure was that, "nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office."
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1490:
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Democratic presidents sometimes appointed conservatives. As a result, "... between 1790 and early 2010 there were only two decisions that the
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6645:, Matt Ford called this trend of secrecy "increasingly troubling", arguing the court's power comes entirely from persuasion and explanation.
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as activism on the part of the court's conservative majority because the court failed to respect past precedent, eschewing the principle of
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See also Arthur D. Hellman, "Reining in the Supreme Court: Are Term Limits the Answer?", in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds.,
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As of 2024, associate justices receive a yearly salary of $ 298,500 and the chief justice is paid $ 312,200 per year. Once a justice meets
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6055:(1857) decision that said people of African descent could not be U.S. citizens or enjoy constitutionally protected rights and privileges,
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1716:, Stanton died on December 24, prior to taking the prescribed oaths. He is not, therefore, considered to have been a member of the court.
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15154:"Has the Supreme Court become just another political branch? Public perceptions of court approval and legitimacy in a post- Dobbs world"
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Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic, but attends an Episcopalian church. It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant.
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5721:. The continued consolidation of power by the court and, as a result of its rulings, the Republican Party, has sparked debate over when
2003:. This returned the number of justices to nine (where it has since remained), and allowed Grant to immediately appoint two more judges.
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13510:("The circuit justice, however, shall have precedence over all the circuit judges and shall preside at any session which he attends.").
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17854:(First Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). New York London ; Toronto ; Sydney ; New Delhi: Simon & Schuster.
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to fill the vacancy. This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations.
1413:, remains especially controversial with debate ongoing over the rightful winner and whether or not the ruling should set a precedent.
127:
https://web.archive.org/web/20081023193212/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-scotus23-2008oct23%2C0%2C1693757.story
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5155:. For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print, the volume and page numbers may be replaced with
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6599:", whereby a criminal defendant can be prosecuted in state court as well as federal court on separate charges for the same offense.
6345:(2022), ending the recognition of abortion access as a constitutional right and returning the issue of abortion back to the states.
5826:
including free vacations valued at as much as $ 500,000. In 2024, Justices Alito and Thomas refused calls to recuse themselves from
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historic decision marked the end of the "separate but equal" β¦ and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement...
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Supreme Court decisions can be purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment, something that has happened on six occasions:
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to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there. This has only occurred once in U.S. history, in the case of
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2023:
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1103:
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But Brandeis's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law: that the states should be free to serve as
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5933: (1776) establishes that the justices hold their office during good behavior. Thus far only one justice (Associate Justice
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Court Building, the delivery of the decision to the media has historically been done via paper copies in what was known as the "
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Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute"
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16821:
16304:"Ocasio-Cortez Introduces Articles of Impeachment Against Justice Thomas and Justice Alito | Representative Ocasio-Cortez"
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United States and a State; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens."
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Comiskey, Michael (2008). "The Supreme Court Appointment Process: Lessons from Filling the Rehnquist and O'Connor Vacancies".
3849:, various meeting spaces, and auxiliary services including a gymnasium. The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the
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Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige.
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Resolving a conflict between circuit courts in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution
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1972:
78:
https://ocasio-cortez.house.gov/media/press-releases/ocasio-cortez-introduces-articles-impeachment-against-justice-thomas-and
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too much power to interfere with state authority. One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the
6524:
There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power. While Framers such as
5926:
according to the 1973 Code of Conduct for U.S. judges which is enforced by the Judicial Conduct and Disability Act of 1980.
1674:
giving testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the 1993 hearings on her nomination to be an associate justice
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25354:
25186:
25151:
24702:
24432:
24165:
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23887:
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23784:
23743:
23222:
23176:
23158:
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22392:
21561:
20261:
19648:
17594:
7162:
7046:
6637:
The court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view. For example, the increasing use of a '
6502:
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6013:
5971:
movement as evidence that the Supreme Court has created a "permanent minority" incapable of being defeated democratically.
5798:
of hypocrisy, as they were instrumental in blocking the nomination of Merrick, but then rushing through the appointment of
5389:
3943:
3810:
2809:
2489:
2083:, ensure the court has "a greater diversity of views", and make confirmation of new justices less politically contentious.
2018:
months and refused retirement, up to a maximum bench of 15 justices. The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the
1431:
946:
718:
467:
428:
19058:
Tomkins, Adam (2002). "In Defence of the Political Constitution". United Kingdom: 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157.
18589:
18263:
18190:
16077:
10744:
4218:
Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction.
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3359:
of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice. In recent years, Justice Souter has frequently sat on the
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25920:
25908:
25846:
25603:
25094:
24993:
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24249:
24145:
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22638:
22601:
20997:
20985:
18695:
17662:
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10511:
9909:
9100:
7469:
New York's Legal Landmarks: A Guide to Legal Edifices, Institutions, Lore, History, and Curiosities on the City's Streets
7306:
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6225:
5898:
include fundraising done by the Justices from corporations and wealthy donors apparently seeking access to the justices.
4313:
3096:
1704:
1588:
In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups, which
1165:
1160:
49:
18437:
18126:"The Federalist Papers/No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered"
16318:
12017:
11277:
10308:
10037:
9766:
9544:
7745:
6538:
that their then-proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments, others argue that expansive
6049:
Some of the most notable historical decisions that were criticized for failing to protect individual rights include the
5698:
The following are some of the criticisms and controversies about the Court that are not discussed in previous sections.
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13658:
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13558:
13502:
13234:
13216:
13201:
13186:
13171:
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12244:
10114:
9824:
His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case, Baze v. Rees, was likewise low key and undramatic.
6799:
6688:
that has original jurisdiction on constitutional claims brought by persons or political institutions; for example, the
6578:, have also criticized the court, saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority. Justice
6210:
4415:
4328:), and "final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had" (through
4113:
3979:
1311:
1022:
459:
359:
18850:
18225:
16989:
16425:"FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces Bold Plan to Reform the Supreme Court and Ensure No President Is Above the Law"
15543:
15152:
Levendusky, Matthew; Patterson, Shawn; Margolis, Michele; Pasek, Josh; Winneg, Kenneth; Jamieson, Kathleen H. (2024).
13400:
10874:
9043:
8361:
7731:, (1796), wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain.
7262:
2903:. In recent years the historical situation has reversed, as most recent justices have been either Catholic or Jewish.
1592:
senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group's views. The
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25856:
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1954:
of 1801 which would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy (as federal judges have
900:
722:
416:
317:
154:
19078:
18999:
16597:
12636:
12340:
12071:
11121:
10550:
9879:
8438:
5923:
3624:
1712:. Although confirmed by the Senate on December 20, 1869, and duly commissioned as an associate justice by President
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25886:
25871:
25773:
25608:
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would "be good for democracy", and 50% of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised.
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3578:
3512:
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2807:
2767:
2703:
2627:
2555:
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2411:
2339:
2267:
2195:
2027:
1911:
1910:) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Andrew Johnson, who became president after the
1060:
911:
70:
17:
16578:
16466:
16007:
11707:
9007:
5596:
Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals: John Roberts for Judge
4697:
The court also hears questions submitted to it by appeals courts themselves via a process known as certification.
2811:
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1703:
Once the Senate confirms a nomination, the president must prepare and sign a commission, to which the Seal of the
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19707:
17977:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
17948:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
17919:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
17766:
16662:
15432:
15021:
13982:
13880:
11976:
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11147:
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A People's History of the Supreme Court: The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution
6233:
5770:
5547:
4283:
3974:
3352:
2914:
1838:. The Framers of the Constitution chose good behavior tenure to limit the power to remove justices and to ensure
1035:
105:
18943:
16888:
13371:
11890:
11307:
8748:
7714:
The court's prestige has been hard-won. In the early 1800s, Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected
5110:
4431:
are sometimes directed to the circuit justice. In the past, circuit justices also sometimes granted motions for
3706:
25957:
25631:
25578:
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25484:
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24227:
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21486:
20805:
20269:
19779:
19130:"Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts orders investigation into 'egregious' leak of draft abortion opinion"
18366:
13945:
9969:
7837:
7741:
7343:
7070:
5225:
5003:: 21 volumes (565β585 for 2011β2017 terms, three two-part volumes each), plus part 1 of volume 586 (2018 term).
4751:
4449:
4394:
4154:
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3670:
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2516:
1940:
1729:
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1204:
876:
633:
618:
483:
300:
120:
https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-ethics-code-conflicts-clarence-thomas-64d393ceb6f05402d762dca06f0f4187
14625:
12580:
11361:
10722:
Brian Opeskin, "Models of Judicial Tenure: Reconsidering Life Limits, Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges",
6582:, in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference, suggested that states should be
5407:
of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases: this is suggested by language in
3789:
For the most part, the day-to-day activities of the justices are governed by rules of protocol based upon the
3279:
844:
Courts (1864β1910) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of
25709:
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25489:
25420:
25391:
25329:
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23046:
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17426:
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9738:
7174:
7009:
6426:
wrote in 2008 that the court has declined in relevance in other constitutional courts. He cites factors like
6114:
5839:
5244:
Since the founding of the republic, there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the
4245:
4179:
4108:
1687:
in 2005. The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination, which expires at the end of the session. President
1285:
986:
732:
21455:
18540:
17607:'An activist court is a court that makes a decision you don't like.' - Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy
11912:
6286:
6025:
3323:, and Barrett, appointed by Republican presidents, compose the court's conservative wing, and that Justices
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13669:
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6237:
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5823:
4724:
4453:
Maryland and Virginia, the states surrounding the District of Columbia), and since it was established, the
4357:
4305:
3858:
3833:
3283:
Balance of the US Supreme Court since 2020, shaded by party of the nominating president: Blue represents a
2051:
941:
880:
737:
532:
258:
246:
14596:
14511:
14287:
14038:
13695:
13139:"Discretionary Gatekeeping: The Supreme Court's Management of Its Original Jurisdiction Docket Since 1961"
11488:"Op-Ed: Battling over Neil Gorsuch is beside the point: The Supreme Court needs an institutional overhaul"
10072:
7406:
6727:
and should therefore be treated as expeditiously, but the Court seems to be taking the opposite approach.
5151:
is 410 U.S. 113 (1973), which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of
4744:. Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in
3745:
63:
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20335:
20136:
19678:
18825:"In the shadows: Why the Supreme Court's lack of transparency may cost it in the long run | CNN Politics"
18409:
17264:
Chief Justice Taney stating in his opinion that: ' no rights which the white man was bound to respect...'
17246:
15892:
13921:"Opinion: The Supreme Court Decisions on Guns and Abortion Relied Heavily on History. But Whose History?"
11225:
11172:
10163:
8260:
8179:(page 115)... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts' jurisdiction.
7957:
7862:
7850:
More than 200 years after the high court ruled, the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate.
7791:
6912:
6484:
6447:
6362:
4078:
3964:
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1968:
1399:
1116:
567:
412:
18902:
16579:"'Operation Higher Court': Inside the religious right's efforts to wine and dine Supreme Court justices"
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9395:
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23237:
22658:
22502:
22492:
22457:
22168:
22113:
22003:
19794:
19700:
19440:
The Shadow Docket: How the Supreme Court Uses Stealth Rulings to Amass Power and Undermine The Republic
19413:
18131:
the States will retain, under the proposed Constitution, a very extensive portion of active sovereignty
16144:"Justice Neil Gorsuch's property sale to prominent lawyer raises more ethical questions | CNN Politics"
15511:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It is Easier Than You Think
15313:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think
11460:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think
10705:, "Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices", in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds.,
8637:
8600:
8209:
respect," has ensured his place in historyβnot as a brilliant jurist, but as among the most insensitive
7796:
7691:
4293:
3237:
2039:
1561:
1065:
451:
113:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/12/08/schenck-supreme-court-influence-judiciary-committee/
18001:
17730:
17307:
11782:
5232:
stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts, part of the
4728:, parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a
2588:
1667:
25408:
24714:
24519:
24514:
24076:
23530:
23309:
23171:
22742:
22537:
22447:
22412:
22387:
22352:
22322:
22148:
22123:
22098:
22043:
22013:
21095:
20424:
20279:
20146:
18558:
15283:
8845:
7110:
6583:
6366:, which banned racial segregation in public schools was also criticized as activist by conservatives
5760:
5504:
5436:
5184:
2228:
1976:
1793:
has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity.
1353:
1341:
905:
18068:
14954:
13520:
11951:
11945:
10132:
8673:
8592:
5834:, who was not listed on his ethics form when reporting a profit of between $ 250,000 and $ 500,000.
3177:
There have been six foreign-born justices in the court's history: James Wilson (1789β1798), born in
25521:
24901:
24871:
24866:
24856:
24622:
24578:
24419:
24180:
23966:
23830:
23644:
23584:
23264:
23005:
22695:
22542:
22442:
22332:
22292:
22163:
22103:
22068:
22023:
21027:
20829:
20432:
18971:
18626:
17821:
17454:
16402:
14317:
13032:
12720:
12304:"Chief Justice Roberts' recent votes raise doubts about 'conservative revolution' on Supreme Court"
9492:
8084:
7441:
7086:
5844:
5294:. More recently, many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the court's order in
5147:
is used to "pinpoint" to a specific page number within the opinion. For instance, the citation for
4913:
4346:
4337:
3850:
3190:
2828:
The court currently has five male and four female justices. Among the nine justices, there are two
1860:
1478:
1383:
1347:
420:
19637:
Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court
19028:
12504:
9465:
8981:
8819:
8784:
8713:
25015:
24751:
24509:
23476:
23319:
23126:
22867:
22552:
22507:
22427:
22402:
22377:
22342:
22108:
22033:
22028:
22018:
21959:
21279:
21267:
20961:
20955:
20853:
19255:
19249:
18438:"U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito's Nomination to the Supreme Court"
13973:
took place over three days and lasted over six hours, covering several issues; the arguments for
13452:. And "Injunction, writ of" was removed from the index. Compare 445 U.S. 1064 with 493 U.S. 1172.
12746:
Sandra Day O'Connor: How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice
11575:
10847:
10710:
10690:
9840:
9698:
9694:
9360:
9080:
8554:
8523:
8042:
7351:
7314:
7270:
7094:
6956:
6591:
6427:
6290:
6218:
6168:
6151:
6029:
5682:
5249:
4771:. If it is granted, the case proceeds to the briefing stage; otherwise, the case ends. Except in
4149:
4103:
3659:
2062:
did not bring it to the floor for a vote. Shortly after taking office in January 2021, President
1894:
Despite the variability, all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice.
1879:
1692:
1606:
1446:
1148:
1107:
1051:
990:
845:
646:
17514:
17241:
13294:
11673:
8228:
8222:
6516:
which weakened the power of executive branch agencies to interpret their congressional mandate.
5418:(1869), although it rejected Congress' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in
3415:
26013:
25467:
24817:
24627:
24607:
24409:
24264:
24059:
24006:
23991:
23835:
23523:
23314:
22515:
22470:
22422:
22397:
22372:
22327:
22317:
22307:
22224:
22093:
22038:
21341:
21273:
21145:
20823:
20613:
19632:
19231:
16008:"Jamie Raskin: How to Force Justices Alito and Thomas to Recuse Themselves in the Jan. 6 Cases"
15580:
14879:
14325:
14221:
13978:
13430:
Supreme Court Rule 23 (1989) (titled "Stays"; moved from Rule 44), published at 493 U.S. 1097,
12999:
11752:
11611:
10446:
9205:
9135:
7520:"Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments, United States Reports volumes 2β107 (1791β82)"
7245:
to exclude suits against states that are brought by persons who are not citizens of that state.
7078:
7024:
6848:
6755:
6051:
5961:
5722:
5531:
5460:
5420:
5404:
5324:
5296:
5287:
5059:
4918:
4898:
4799:"; currently, all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool.
4746:
4249:
4240:
4174:
4005:
3845:, and is clad in marble. The building includes the courtroom, justices' chambers, an extensive
3541:
3496:
3436:
3146:
3134:
2363:
1895:
1831:
1335:
1259:
1045:
994:
856:
820:
632:
The Supreme Court held its inaugural session from February 2 through February 10, 1790, at the
436:
404:
19572:
19461:. New York ; London ; Toronto ; Sydney ; New Delhi: Simon & Schuster.
17540:
17515:"THE HIGHER LAW BACKGROUND OF THE PRIVILEGES OR IMMUNITIES CLAUSE OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT"
14695:
14689:
14555:
14549:
11825:
10957:
10584:
10342:
10334:
9582:
8392:
8316:
8152:
4716:, a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas, and
4265:
In all other cases, the court has only appellate jurisdiction, including the ability to issue
1652:'s death was the second. Unlike the Fortas filibuster, only Democratic senators voted against
498:; otherwise, the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion.
25666:
25349:
24464:
24021:
23986:
23981:
23924:
23907:
23637:
23061:
22586:
22557:
22532:
22462:
22417:
22357:
22302:
22128:
22053:
21419:
21169:
21076:
21021:
20991:
20979:
20901:
20609:
20356:
20156:
20151:
20131:
20121:
19888:
19804:
19486:
Nine black robes: inside the Supreme Court's drive to the right and the historic consequences
19399:
18669:
18042:
17431:
17285:
16635:
14006:
13678:
12843:
12041:"Ketanji Brown Jackson's Historic Rise Leaves Just One Military Veteran on the Supreme Court"
11063:
10406:
9663:
8898:
8475:"Responses of Judge John G. Roberts, Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden"
8357:
7519:
7179:
6832:
6534:
6080:
5637:
5050:, which are a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the
4972:
4718:
4491:
3782:
3332:
3264:
3256:
3117:
3090:
2942:
2837:
2745:
2043:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1959:
1944:
1839:
1802:
1794:
1026:
864:
771:
743:
582:
536:
455:
338:
22650:
18473:"Editorial Observer; Brandeis's Views on States' Rights, and Ice-Making, Have New Relevance"
17145:
16723:"The Supreme Court says it is adopting a code of ethics, but it has no means of enforcement"
16631:"The Supreme Court says it is adopting a code of ethics, but it has no means of enforcement"
16467:"The Supreme Court rules that state officials can engage in a little corruption, as a treat"
16365:
14911:
14222:"Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term, 2012 β March 26 through June 13, 2013"
13845:
13808:
13807:
11744:
9801:
7586:
6611:
decision, in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election, awarding
4783:
Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings
1801:
for justices, as proposed by Levinson and Sabato and a mandatory retirement age proposed by
136:
26075:
26018:
25146:
25020:
24911:
24289:
23721:
23701:
23649:
23599:
23540:
23471:
22482:
22367:
22297:
21175:
21120:
21113:
21057:
21015:
20641:
20401:
20182:
19982:
15165:
14657:"'Shall Not be Construed': Reversal of Supreme Court Decisions by Constitutional Amendment"
13617:
13104:
12671:
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11252:"Some Democrats Want to Make the Supreme Court Bigger. Here's the History of Court Packing"
10931:"Ocasio-Cortez Introduces Articles of Impeachment Against Justice Thomas and Justice Alito"
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10242:
9659:"A new era for the Supreme Court: the transformative potential of a shift in even one seat"
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Shugerman, Jed. "A Six-Three Rule: Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court".
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1025:, giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President
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731:) and making several important constitutional rulings that gave shape and substance to the
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19521:"A General Approach for Predicting the Behavior of the Supreme Court of the United States"
14918:"The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship: Its Rise, Fall, and Reincarnation?"
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11308:"Analysis: The Supreme Court hasn't been this conservative since the 1930s | CNN Politics"
11195:
7958:"Decisions of the Supreme Court β Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred and Eleven Years"
7492:
4460:
As of September 28, 2022, the allotment of the justices among the circuits is as follows:
953:
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The court lacked its own building until 1935. From 1791 to 1801, it met in Philadelphia's
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16796:"Analysis: Why the Supreme Court says ethics controversies are just a 'misunderstanding'"
16563:
16381:"Joe Biden: My plan to reform the Supreme Court and ensure no president is above the law"
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15723:"Supreme Court Justice Sotomayor's staff prodded colleges and libraries to buy her books"
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12186:"Split definitive: How party polarization turned the Supreme Court into a partisan court"
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The Coming of the Nixon Court: The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law
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4423:. Each justice also decides routine procedural requests, such as for extensions of time.
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1002:
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702:
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450:, the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were originally established by the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
19029:"Our Canadian Republic β Do we display too much deference to authority β¦ or not enough?"
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13005:
10121:. If two justices are commissioned on the same date, then the oldest one has precedence.
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5093:, 585 U.S. 50, 130 S. Ct. 876, 175 L. Ed. 2d 753 (2010), with "S. Ct." representing the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Substantive due process has also been the primary vehicle used by the Supreme Court to
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16107:"How the US supreme court could be a key election issue: 'They've grown too powerful'"
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14126:"Court will resume opinion announcements from the bench, but won't provide live audio"
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9940:"Frequently Asked Questions: General Information β Supreme Court of the United States"
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4686:. If the defendant is convicted, and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the
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15485:"We Don't Talk About Leonard: The Man Behind the Right's Supreme Court Supermajority"
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Courtiers of the Marble Palace: The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk
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12505:"Supreme Court's Roberts turns court to the right as Barrett emerges as a key player"
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11394:"Is the Supreme Court confirmation process irreparably broken? Some senators say yes"
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branches is severely weakened. In contrast, various other countries have a dedicated
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form of order; however, the justice may elect to write an opinion, referred to as an
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The Rehnquist Court (1986β2005) was known for its revival of judicial enforcement of
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19148:"SCOTUS appears to post opinion allowing Idaho to offer emergency medical abortions"
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Kaplan, Joshua; Elliot, Justin; Murphy, Brett; Mierjeski, Alex (November 13, 2023).
15096:"The Supreme Court's gerrymandering decision reveals a profound threat to democracy"
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12932:
11848:"Biden's court pick Ketanji Brown Jackson has navigated a path few Black women have"
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4997:: 569 volumes, covering cases through June 13, 2013 (part of the October 2012 term).
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2879:. Historically, most justices have been Protestants, including 36 Episcopalians, 19
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17541:"A Distinction with a Difference: Rights, Privileges, and the Fourteenth Amendment"
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15889:"Justice Obscured: Supreme court justices earn quarter-million in cash on the side"
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15173:
15070:"The Supreme Court's new voting rights decision is a love letter to gerrymandering"
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12527:"Sandra Day O'Connor, first woman on the Supreme Court, withdraws from public life"
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which made public possession of guns a protected right under the Second Amendment,
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In 1906, the court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for
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over acts of Congress, including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the
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471:
250:
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A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other
16403:"Biden calls for term limits, enforceable ethics rules for Supreme Court justices"
15754:"Opinion: Why Supreme Court justices should not be signing $ 2 million book deals"
15483:
Kroll, Andy; Bernstein, Andrea; Marritz, Ilya; Sweitzer, Nate (October 11, 2023).
14792:
Sorcerers' Apprentices: 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court
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Supreme Court Rule 44 (1980 revised) (titled "Stays"), published at 445 U.S. 985,
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Deciding to Leave: The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court
11251:
9642:
one in living memory, based on an analysis of four sets of political science data.
7787:"The People's Vote: 100 Documents that Shaped America β Marbury v. Madison (1803)"
519:
91:
84:
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16352:"Move-On petition to impeach Justice Clarence Thomas gets 1.4 million signatures"
16041:"Samuel Alito's refusal to recuse himself in Trump v US is another ethics breach"
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Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial, parallel reporters:
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Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the court's history, by its rulings in
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in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and
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believed it to be unconstitutional. It was defeated 70β20 in the Senate, and the
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1935:
assumes the existence of the office of the chief justice, because it mentions in
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475:
11278:"How FDR lost his brief war on the Supreme Court β National Constitution Center"
9421:
5218:
The Supreme Court established its own power to declare laws unconstitutional in
585:. The Supreme Court, the country's highest judicial tribunal, was to sit in the
71:
https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/impeachment/impeachment-chase.htm
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15920:"Justices shield spouses' work from potential conflict of interest disclosures"
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14153:
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11543:"Senate confirms Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to Supreme Court in historic vote"
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The expansion of a 5β4 conservative majority to a 6β3 supermajority during the
2019:
1987:
1964:
1903:
1884:
1653:
1649:
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1368:
1351:). It struck down single-sex state schools as a violation of equal protection (
1271:
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1235:
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The Warren Court (1953β1969) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional
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970:
837:
809:
756:
The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion
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577:
The 1st United States Congress provided the detailed organization of a federal
523:
The Royal Exchange, New York City, the first meeting place of the Supreme Court
19476:
17455:"LibGuides: Constitutional Law: Reconstruction Era Amendments (XIII, XIV, XV)"
17161:
15659:"McConnell fends off accusations of hypocrisy over holding Supreme Court vote"
15528:
14756:. Stanford University Press. pp. 195, 1, 20, 22, and 22β24 respectively.
11710:. adherents.com. January 31, 2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2001
11008:
10297:
5937:
in 1804) has ever been impeached, and none has ever been removed from office.
5286:
has made his decision; now let him enforce it!" Some state governments in the
5194:, in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review
1986:, and in an attempt by the Republican Congress to limit the power of Democrat
1697:
435:
for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down
106:
https://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2012/2/Stone.pdf
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18820:
18761:"Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden, With His Mind on Bush v. Gore"
18006:
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17422:
17216:
17205:"The Supreme Court Is Fully MAGA-Pilled. The Time for Action Is Now or Never"
17169:
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3355:. Such assignments are formally made by the chief justice, on request of the
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207:
194:
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16078:"Alito says the Supreme Court's fake ethics code allows him to be unethical"
15221:"A majority of Americans no longer trust the Supreme Court. Can it rebuild?"
11362:"Pelosi has "no plans" to bring bill expanding Supreme Court to House floor"
10369:, 387 F.3d 1220 (11th Cir. 2004), which concerned the recess appointment of
7863:"The Constitution in Law: Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court"
1333:, emphasizing the limits of the Constitution's affirmative grants of power (
860:). The size of the court was last changed in 1869, when it was set at nine.
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17566:"Judicial activism | Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"
16493:"Supreme Court ruling on Indiana mayor is latest to weaken corruption laws"
16447:
16284:"Ocasio-Cortez seeks US House impeachment of Supreme Court's Thomas, Alito"
16003:
15205:
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14009:, in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962.
13847:"Gorsuch, in Sign of Independence, Is Out of Supreme Court's Clerical Pool"
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11122:"Why does the Supreme Court have nine Justices? | Constitution Center"
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The United States Supreme Court lacks term limits or mandatory retirements.
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6084:(1873) that all but undermined civil rights legislation enacted during the
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at oral argument presents his case and answers questions from the justices.
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1641:
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1208:) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories.
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924:
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586:
369:
18662:"Roe vs. Wade? Bush vs. Gore? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions?"
18125:
17278:"Roe vs. Wade? Bush vs. Gore? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions?"
17021:"Advocate tells lawmakers of 'stealth' efforts to influence Supreme Court"
16559:"Advocate tells lawmakers of 'stealth' efforts to influence Supreme Court"
16527:"A Charity Tied to the Supreme Court Offers Donors Access to the Justices"
15345:
Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point
13483:"Judging in Chambers: The Powers of a Single Justice of the Supreme Court"
13463:"Judging in Chambers: The Powers of a Single Justice of the Supreme Court"
12378:"Brett Kavanaugh Is Supreme Court's Ideological Median as New Term Begins"
11913:"Influential Judge, Loyal Friend, Conservative Warrior β and D.C. Insider"
8461:
The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935.
7725:
The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case
6166:
The right to privacy, including a right to contraceptives. Established in
5290:
also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment
1719:
Before 1981, the approval process of justices was usually rapid. From the
1188:), and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by
478:, meaning they remain on the court until they die, retire, resign, or are
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19958:
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19546:
18877:"PolitiFact β The Supreme Court's 'shadow docket': What you need to know"
18796:"Opinion: The Supreme Court shrouds itself in secrecy. That needs to end"
18064:
18033:
17726:
17398:""Everything is on the table" after Supreme Court rulings: Law professor"
16913:
16851:
16754:"US supreme court announces ethics code amid pressure over gift scandals"
15783:
15581:"Opinion: Sorry, Neil Gorsuch. The Supreme Court Seat Was Already Filled"
15245:
14988:
14874:
13881:"An empirical Assessment of the Supreme Court's use of legal scholarship"
13841:
13803:
12945:
12617:
12260:
11908:
10551:"It's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country"
9616:
9519:"So, who really won? What the Bush v. Gore studies showed | CNN Politics"
8699:
8502:
8501:
I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins.
8038:"Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty: A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled"
7825:
7004:
6478:
6423:
6371:
6323:
6199:, have claimed that protections for interracial marriage, established in
6146:
6130:
5957:
5702:
5554:
5500:
4587:
4144:
3846:
3766:
3328:
3178:
3035:
2918:
2849:
2683:
2455:
1955:
1871:, citing their "widely documented financial and personal entanglements."
1637:
1614:
1602:
1290:
909:), and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee (
791:
787:
783:
26105:
26058:
17625:, edited by Kermit Hall; article written by Gary McDowell. 1992. p. 454.
17591:"The Associated Press: Justice questions way court nominees are grilled"
16889:"Supreme Court, under pressure, issues ethics code specific to justices"
16822:"The Supreme Court Has Adopted a Conduct Code, but Who Will Enforce It?"
15212:
11016:
10794:
10298:"Supreme Court Appointment Process: Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote"
8559:"What's New in the Legal World? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal"
7630:"The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts"
6176:
The right to privacy with regard to private sexual acts. Established in
5550:
had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice.
4651:
Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of
3121:
The first four female justices: O'Connor, Sotomayor, Ginsburg, and Kagan
1914:, was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the
1277:
The Burger Court (1969β1986) saw a conservative shift. It also expanded
547:
between the legislative and executive departments that delegates to the
26051:
24064:
23870:
23696:
23691:
23609:
21303:
21201:
20629:
20413:
19988:
19000:"The Supreme Court: The most powerful, least busy people in Washington"
17129:
17110:
12950:"Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado's Marijuana Laws"
12684:
12233:
The company they keep: How partisan divisions came to the Supreme Court
7661:
6346:
6315:
5876:
5849:
5543:
5539:
5512:
5484:
5082:
4907:
4812:
4663:
4653:
4410:
4169:
3673: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3130:
2911:
2868:
2080:
1899:
1875:
1855:
1798:
1633:
1625:
1330:
1199:
1021:
courts (1930β1953), the court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and
803:
64:
https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm
20454:
13989:"'Obamacare' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever"
13067:"Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court: The Strange Case of Ed Johnson"
11649:
11151:
10773:; Smith, Steven D. (2006). "(Mis)Understanding Good-Behavior Tenure".
10481:"Obama Won't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week"
10038:"Senate Republicans Deploy 'Nuclear Option' to Clear Path for Gorsuch"
8630:"100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education (1954)"
8259:. Exploring Constitutional Conflicts. October 31, 2009. Archived from
8193:"Sotomayor's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race, Gender Nonsense"
5908:
Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
4457:. Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits.
2102:
There are currently nine justices on the Supreme Court: Chief Justice
1679:
1416:
The Roberts Court (2005βpresent) is regarded as more conservative and
1168:
most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states, prominently
717:
Court (1801β1835). Under Marshall, the court established the power of
641:
in 1790, the Supreme Court did so as well. After initially meeting at
25553:
25546:
21009:
20485:
19934:
19600:
The Puzzle of Unanimity: Consensus on the United States Supreme Court
18935:
15918:
Fuchs, Hailey; Gerstein, Josh; Canellos, Peter (September 29, 2022).
15459:"Trump's Judge Whisperer Promised to Take Our Laws Back to the 1930s"
11887:
10844:"How the Federal Courts Are Organized: Can a federal judge be fired?"
10786:
10173:. Arlington, Virginia: Federal Bar Association. pp. 5β9, 76β77.
9171:"William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of Supreme Court, Is Dead at 80"
8443:
7923:
6736:
6668:
6416:
The United States Supreme Court has a politicized nominating process.
4796:
4700:
The Supreme Court relies on the record assembled by lower courts for
3911:
3790:
2888:
2762:
2687:
2063:
1939:
that "the Chief Justice" must preside over impeachment trials of the
1541:
Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States
1320:), but later that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional (
890:
763:
658:
578:
26190:
26046:
20408:
18367:"Justices Swat Down Texans' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law"
16319:"AOC's Move on Thomas and Alito Has All the Right Historical Echoes"
16210:"Gorsuch property sale renews calls for Supreme Court ethics reform"
14834:. New York City: Simon & Schuster (published 1998). p. 44.
13482:
13462:
9075:
History of the Court, in Hall, Ely Jr., Grossman, and Wiecek (eds.)
7829:
7645:
5983:
and Mark Joseph Stern criticizing several recent decisions, stating:
5282:, who sided with the Georgia courts, is supposed to have remarked, "
3648:
570:
compromised by sketching only a general outline of the judiciary in
98:
23736:
23686:
22178:
20481:
19313:
19112:"Explainer: The Leak of Supreme Court's Draft Roe v. Wade Reversal"
18101:
18069:"Gridlock in Congress Has Amplified the Power of the Supreme Court"
15368:
12308:
12201:
11427:"Biden Supreme Court study panel unanimously approves final report"
11398:
11366:
7409:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary, United States Senate.
5886:
5843:
decision granted broad immunity to presidents, with Representative
5737:
Public trust in the court peaked in the late 1980s. Since the 2022
5622:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
4847:
3815:
3166:
3109:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
3069:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2989:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2969:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2899:
in 1836, and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice,
2892:
2841:
1589:
1577:
1420:
than the Rehnquist Court. Some of its major rulings have concerned
1152:), limited the role of religion in public school, most prominently
1030:
758:
706:(1793), which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the
602:
19537:
17150:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
15607:"Empty Supreme Court seat is being 'stolen' by GOP, senator warns"
14072:
I Dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases
13809:"A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom: The 'Cert. Pool'"
13357:"On the road: The Supreme Court and the history of circuit riding"
12409:"Just How Sharp Was The Supreme Court's Rightward Turn This Term?"
11517:"Op-Ed: Make the Supreme Court bigger, but not the Democrats' way"
10405:. Congressional Research Service (RL31112): CRS-18. Archived from
8115:"Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings, Defending Judicial Independence"
5553:
Ten Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices:
3210:
3022:
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
2444:
1552:
giving testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the
1238:(center-right) in October 2005. The justices (left to right) are:
18590:"Supreme Court agrees to hear 'double jeopardy' case in the fall"
17921:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 75β77, 109.
17371:"Supreme Court decision on Roe v. Wade puts other rights at risk"
17085:"U.S. Senate: Impeachment Trial of Justice Samuel Chase, 1804β05"
16288:
16244:"Supreme Court Gives Trump Substantial Immunity From Prosecution"
11640:"Growing up Italian in Jersey: Alito reflects on ethnic heritage"
7044:(1984, most cited administrative law case, overturned in 2024 by
6616:
6406:
explain why polarization is an issue in the United States court:
6185:
The right to marry an individual of the same sex. Established in
5811:
3170:
2864:
1744:, a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies.
501:
On average, the Supreme Court receives about 7,000 petitions for
432:
22254:
21926:
List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments
18851:"The Supreme Court 'Shadow Docket' | Brennan Center for Justice"
18724:
18514:"Altering 14th Amendment would curb court's activist tendencies"
18142:
15151:
12265:"Judge Jackson's Rulings: Detailed, Methodical and Leaning Left"
8303:
No. 293 Argued: October 29, 30, 1907 β Decided: January 27, 1908
6785:
List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments
5773:(which elects the President who nominates the justices) and the
5701:
Unlike in most high courts, the United States Supreme Court has
4427:
December 1989. Nevertheless, requests for injunctions under the
3749:
The Roberts Court (since June 2022): Front row (left to right):
1585:
qualifications or otherwise limit who the president can choose.
18903:"The Supreme Court's Silent Rulings Are Increasingly Troubling"
17881:. United States of America: Simon & Schuster. p. 541.
17715:– via University of Chicago Law School β Chicago Unbound.
17308:"The Road to 'Separate But Equal' (U.S. National Park Service)"
17055:"Chief Justice Roberts declines to testify before Senate panel"
15373:"American democracy is cracking. These forces help explain why"
14184:. Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing. pp. 11β12.
13326:"Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys: 3.3 Mootness"
12667:"Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices"
9699:"Respecting Precedent, or Settled Law, Unless It's Not Settled"
8938:"Roe v. Wade: On Anniversary, Abortion Is out of the Spotlight"
8321:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 245.
6805:
Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States
6721:
Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)
6705:
Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)
5960:
points to the blocking progress of democratizing institutions,
4850:
the respondent's arguments after the respondent has concluded.
4375:, as the supreme courts of some states may do. For example, in
3226:
3202:
2539:
1902:) made an appointment during that presidential term. Likewise,
1358:
1189:
1059:, the court continued to favor government power, upholding the
697:
690:(1789β1801), the court heard few cases; its first decision was
19272:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
17622:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
17146:"The Supreme Court and the Dynamics of Democratic Backsliding"
16269:"AOC Moves to Impeach Supreme Court Justices Thomas and Alito"
14831:
Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World
14691:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
14551:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
11800:
He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court.
9997:"Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court"
9316:"Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism"
9077:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
8147:
5546:
board. By the mid-1970s, clerking previously for a judge in a
5519:-secretary." Most law clerks are recent law school graduates.
5115:
Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases, in the form "
4405:. Congress has specifically authorized one justice to issue a
3481:
2803:
26081:
22680:
21619:
Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
18038:"The Supreme Court's Conservatives Have Asserted Their Power"
17731:"Barry Goldwater, Conservative and Individualist, Dies at 89"
15482:
14039:"Supreme Court gives lawyers 2 minutes with no interruptions"
9206:"The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States' Rights Legacy"
6937:
6770:
Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
5474:
Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
5304:. Nixon ultimately complied with the Supreme Court's ruling.
4966:
The court's opinions are published in three stages. First, a
3186:
2046:
having appointed 14 of the 18 justices immediately preceding
713:
The court's power and prestige grew substantially during the
19372:
17979:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 92β93.
15513:(First ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 334.
14477:. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 117β118.
13018:
13016:
13014:
10820:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center.
10265:"The Stakes of the 2016 Election Just Got Much, Much Higher"
6810:
6692:, which can declare a law unconstitutional when challenged.
6491:
New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen
5802:, even though both vacancies occurred close to an election.
5765:
United States Electoral College Β§ Impacts and reception
5228:. In explaining the power of judicial review, Chief Justice
4282:
The court's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from
3250:
Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices
3133:. Diversity concerns focused on geography, to represent all
3125:
For much of the court's history, every justice was a man of
2735:
1708:
importance of the oath taking is underscored by the case of
1534:
19598:
Corley, Pamela C.; Steigerwalt, Amy; Ward, Artemus (2013).
16856:"Supreme Court's New Ethics Code Is Toothless, Experts Say"
16819:
15951:"What to know about the Supreme Court and ethical concerns"
15827:"Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort"
14180:
Pepall, Lynne; Richards, Daniel L.; Norman, George (1999).
10707:
Reforming the Court: Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices
10687:
Reforming the Court: Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices
7901:
5634:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
5188:
Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from
4729:
4432:
560:
349:
19166:"What Overruling Chevron Could Mean for Environmental Law"
18097:"The conservative Supreme Court is just getting warmed up"
16990:"Supreme Court Ethics Reform | Brennan Center for Justice"
16984:
16982:
16980:
16689:"The Supreme Court's code of conduct is a good first step"
15544:"This Supreme Court Was Designed to Kill Climate Policies"
14512:"The Supreme Court Was Never Meant to Be Kings and Queens"
14005:
The longest modern-day oral arguments were in the case of
12785:. US Senator John McCain. October 24, 2009. Archived from
10339:
Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
9240:"Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally"
8739:
Mattox, William R. Jr; Trinko, Katrina (August 17, 2009).
8022:
Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
6739:
or inadvertently released before they are published. Such
6567:
suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today.
5589:, Brett Kavanaugh also for Kennedy, Amy Coney Barrett for
5024:
was also decided in the same opinion; by a similar logic,
4706:
the question of how the law applies to the facts presented
4690:, when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes
2107:
30, 2022, after being confirmed by the Senate on April 7.
2093:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1898:
died a month after taking office, although his successor (
812:
Court (1836β1864) made several important rulings, such as
19582:
Uncertain Justice: The Roberts Court and the Constitution
18967:"Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court"
17950:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 105.
16880:
16366:"Clarence Thomas must be removed from the Supreme Court!"
15280:
15250:"Approval Rating for Supreme Court Hits Just 44% in Poll"
14182:
Industrial Organization: Contemporary Theory and Practice
13011:
11677:
10959:
John Marshall Harlan: Great Dissenter of the Warren Court
10484:
7434:"February 2, 1790: Supreme Court Holds Inaugural Session"
6250:, Thomas has received little support for this viewpoint.
5794:
years, Democrats have accused Republican leaders such as
5709:
rules, increased gerrymandering, weakened voting rights,
3793:
of justices. The chief justice always ranks first in the
3595:
3590:
3558:
3529:
3524:
3492:
3469:
3464:
3432:
3103:
United States District Court for the District of Columbia
2784:
2753:
2720:
2679:
2644:
2607:
2572:
2535:
2500:
2463:
2428:
2391:
2356:
2319:
2284:
2247:
2212:
2175:
1601:
in 1925, who sought to quell concerns about his links to
949:, current home of the Supreme Court, which opened in 1935
19459:
The Supermajority: How the Supreme Court Divided America
17852:
The supermajority: how the Supreme Court divided America
15858:"Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors"
15433:"Kavanaugh Fourth Justice Picked By Unpopular President"
15399:"Analysis | The minoritarian third of the Supreme Court"
14093:"Why Aren't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again?"
12407:
Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia; Bronner, Laura (July 5, 2022).
11582:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
11337:"The Supreme Court is the most conservative in 90 years"
11041:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
7495:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
7383:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
6775:
List of courts which publish audio or video of arguments
2742:
19292:
Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch
17874:
17612:
16977:
14474:
Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch
13946:"It's a Fact: Supreme Court Errors Aren't Hard to Find"
13684: (1794), in which the Court conducted a jury trial.
13252:"Confronting a PCA: Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall"
10510:
Ziblatt, Daniel; Levitsky, Steven (September 5, 2023).
9543:
Babington, Charles; Baker, Peter (September 30, 2005).
8061:
practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch.
6488:
in recognizing abortion is not a constitutional right,
5234:
duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.
5143:
is the year in which the case was decided. Optionally,
5111:
Case citation Β§ Supreme Court of the United States
2026:", failed in Congress after members of Roosevelt's own
1906:
died 16 months after taking office, but his successor (
19722:
19657:
The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court
19226:
Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States
18124:
16443:"Something Has Gone Deeply Wrong at the Supreme Court"
14880:"A Sign of the Court's Polarization: Choice of Clerks"
14544:
Mendelson, Wallace (1992). "Separation of Powers". In
14414:. The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from
13549:
13225:
12816:. Supreme Court of the United States. March 18, 2010.
12406:
12074:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court Historical Society.
10239:"The passionate intensity of the confirmation process"
10073:"U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations, Present-1789"
8314:
8153:"The Court vs. Congress: Prayer, Busing, and Abortion"
6310:
The Supreme Court has been criticized for engaging in
6195:
Some experts such as Melissa Murray, law professor at
5906:
On November 13, 2023, the court issued its first-ever
5581:, John Roberts for William Rehnquist, Elena Kagan for
3236:
Since 1789, about one-third of the justices have been
3083:
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
2824:
Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
1314:, ruling first that most applications were defective (
601:
nominated the following people to serve on the court:
597:
Immediately after signing the act into law, President
26035:
19616:
The Oath: The Obama White House and The Supreme Court
19514:
18849:
Black, Harry Isaiah; Bannon, Alicia (July 19, 2022).
18312:
legislative right of any State within its own limits.
17365:
17363:
17334:"Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions"
17203:
Lithwick, Dahlia; Stern, Mark Joseph (July 3, 2024).
16887:
Barnes, Robert; Marimow, Ann E. (November 13, 2023).
15917:
14013:"Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years"
12364:
justice, defining the court's new ideological center.
11747:
The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited
9767:"Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights"
9621:"Court Under Roberts Is Most Conservative in Decades"
6817:
List of landmark court decisions in the United States
6730:
6542:
is good and consistent with the Framers' wishes. The
5602:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
5074:
United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers' Edition
4767:
permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of
4336:
can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if (a) the
3819:
From the 1860s until the 1930s, the court sat in the
3028:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
3002:
United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey
2124:
1339:) and the force of its restrictions on those powers (
18936:"Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy"
14597:"Supreme Court hears case of United States v. Nixon"
14264:. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from
14179:
13878:
11947:
Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics
11824:. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from
10905:"Impeachment Trial of Justice Samuel Chase, 1804β05"
9841:"Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape"
8593:"Justice Black Dies at 85; Served on Court 34 Years"
7584:
7143:
New York State Rifle and Pistol Association v. Bruen
5870:
Something Has Gone Deeply Wrong at the Supreme Court
5650:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
5642:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
5614:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
5511:
were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent
5139:
is the page number on which the opinion begins, and
4710:
situations where the court has original jurisdiction
4642:
Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States
4252:
in Chattanooga, Tennessee the evening after Justice
3055:
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
3008:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
2668:
1628:
once debate had begun in the full Senate. President
1605:, and the modern practice of questioning began with
482:
and removed from office. When a vacancy occurs, the
19232:
The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States
18648:
revealed the worst of just about everyone involved.
18516:. University of Texas School of Law. Archived from
18405:"The Commerce Clause; The Expanding Economic Vista"
17812:"For a Less Politicized Supreme Court, Look Abroad"
17481:"The Self-Fulfilling Prophecies of Clarence Thomas"
17111:"The U.S. Supreme Court and Democratic Backsliding"
16577:Canellos, Peter S.; Gerstein, Josh (July 8, 2022).
16142:Sneed, Jessica Schneider,Tierney (April 25, 2023).
14955:"For a Less Politicized Supreme Court, Look Abroad"
14384:"For lawyers, the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip"
14351:Glazer, Eric M.; Zachary, Michael (February 1997).
13441:. Also available at the Supreme Court's website at
13412:
Historical Rules of the Supreme Court, 1980 revised
13410:. Also available at the Supreme Court's website at
13105:"United States v. Shipp (U.S. Supreme Court, 1909)"
13008: (Supreme Court of the United States 1906).
12754:
Rookie on the Bench: The Role of the Junior Justice
12664:
11950:(6th ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. p.
11906:
11674:"What is Neil Gorsuch's religion? It's complicated"
9583:"In Steps Big and Small, Supreme Court Moved Right"
8362:"Opinion for the Court, Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366"
6384:was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in
6205:(1967), may also be at risk. Other experts such as
5852:petition asking Congress to remove Justice Thomas.
5499:The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice
4302:
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
735:between the federal government and states, notably
57:
https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/institution.aspx
21981:
19442:. New York, NY: Basic Books, Hachette Book Group.
19228:, 5 vols., Detroit Macmillan Reference USA, 2008
18725:CQ Transcriptions (Senator Kohl) (July 14, 2009).
18329:"The Bill of Rights β Creation and Reconstruction"
17360:
16184:"It's Neil Gorsuch's Turn for a Financial Scandal"
15788:"Justices Disclose Privately Paid Trips and Gifts"
15450:
14916:; I. Scott Messinger; Michael Jo (November 2009).
14878:
13969:See the arguments on the constitutionality of the
13332:. Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law.
12665:Stolzenberg, Ross M.; Lindgren, James (May 2010).
11196:"February 5, 1937: FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan"
9910:"Qualifications To Become A Supreme Court Justice"
8810:"The Supreme Court: Now Comes the Sixth Amendment"
7587:"Seriatim: The Supreme Court Before John Marshall"
6232:referred to it as 'legal fiction,' preferring the
5176:discuss cases and write opinions during recesses.
5104:
3422:
3149:became the first female justice in 1981. In 1986,
2596:
2380:
2236:
1086:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
594:twice a year in their assigned judicial district.
21430:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
19290:Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T., eds. (2005).
19023:
18095:Gerstein, Josh; Ward, Alexander (June 30, 2022).
18002:"The Supreme Court's Shock-and-Awe Judicial Coup"
16282:Warburton, Moira; Brice, Makini (July 10, 2024).
15825:Berman, Mark; Markon, Jerry (February 17, 2016).
14471:Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T., eds. (2005).
14318:"How to Cite Cases: U.S. Supreme Court Decisions"
13249:
12004:
12002:
11911:; Savage, Charlie; Protess, Ben (July 15, 2018).
11570:
11568:
9385:
9044:"Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist's Key Decisions"
7471:. New York: Attorney Street Editions. p. 7.
6780:List of pending United States Supreme Court cases
6544:Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
4820:and understand the credibility of amicus briefs.
3548:
1576:) of the United States Senate, to appoint public
1211:
770:from 1804 to 1805 helped cement the principle of
515:History of the Supreme Court of the United States
26201:
24765:Native American recognition in the United States
19531:(4). Social Science Research Network: e0174698.
19505:, "Constrain the Court β Without Crippling It",
16576:
16567:, December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
16267:Robinson, Kimberly Strawbridge (July 11, 2024).
12471:"How to rein in partisan Supreme Court justices"
12196:(1). University of Chicago Law School: 301β365.
11664:
10447:"National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al"
9388:"Retire the 'Ginsburg rule' β The 'Roe' recital"
7307:"Essays on Article III: Judicial Vesting Clause"
6602:
5896:Supreme Court Historical Society's controversies
5891:facts have time to be challenged and uncovered.
5875:Other criticisms of the Court include weakening
3619:Supreme Court of the United States Β§ Ethics
3441:
2848:). One of the justices was born to at least one
1417:
1301:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
19515:Katz, Daniel Martin; Bommarito, Michael James;
19294:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
18398:
18396:
18323:
16955:"The Supreme Court's new ethics code is a joke"
16918:"The Supreme Court's Self-Excusing Ethics Code"
15721:Slodysko, Bryan; Tucker, Eric (July 11, 2023).
15335:
14983:
14981:
14745:
14743:
14741:
14739:
14737:
13554:
13552:
13330:Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys
13230:
13228:
12808:
12806:
12804:
12777:
12775:
12773:
12771:
12769:
12223:
11888:Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity?
10509:
9647:
8472:
7525:. Library, Supreme Court of the United States.
7375:
7373:
6896:(1942, federal regulation of economic activity)
6144:overturned nearly 50 years of precedent set by
5021:Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education
4388:
4350:, or (b) the district court of appeal issued a
3567:
2692:
2616:
2544:
2524:
2472:
2400:
2308:
2164:
1950:The size of the court was first altered by the
1863:filed Articles of Impeachment against justices
1822:The interior of the United States Supreme Court
1409:, which ended the electoral recount during the
896:Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States
572:Article Three of the United States Constitution
448:Article Three of the United States Constitution
92:https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1257
85:https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1254
19488:. New York, NY: William Morrow & Company.
19367:Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook
18617:
18615:
16281:
15996:
15720:
15128:"Justices Sotomayor and Kagan must retire now"
13879:Petherbridge, Lee; Schwartz, David L. (2012).
13492:, 76 U. Cinn. L. Rev. 1159, 1163 n. 25 (2008).
13060:
13058:
12179:
12177:
12175:
12138:Harris, Allison P.; Sen, Maya (May 11, 2019).
11999:
11816:
11814:
11812:
11810:
11808:
11565:
10907:. Washington, D.C.: Senate Historical Office.
10541:
10539:
10537:
9802:"Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment"
9542:
9127:
9038:
9036:
6984:(1971, religious activities in public schools)
6381:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
5693:
5663:
5087:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
3201:(1889β1910), born to American missionaries in
2452:
1767:National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning
1491:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
1023:changed its interpretation of the Constitution
25162:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
23346:
22990:
22666:
22240:
21967:
21943:
21471:
20440:
19708:
17202:
16886:
16525:Becker, Jo; Tate, Julie (December 30, 2022).
15633:"The History of 'Stolen' Supreme Court Seats"
15306:
15304:
15244:
14869:
14867:
14865:
14863:
14466:
14464:
14462:
14350:
12604:Alzheimer's disease, needed her care at home.
12341:"How Kavanaugh will change the Supreme Court"
11907:Shane, Scott; Eder, Steve; Ruiz, Rebecca R.;
11743:Segal, Jeffrey A.; Spaeth, Harold J. (2002).
9516:
9444:
9379:
9342:
9162:
7994:
7992:
7952:
7950:
7263:"Essays on Article III: Good Behavior Clause"
7199:
6868:(1896, separate but equal treatment of races)
6549:The court has been criticized for giving the
5824:failed to disclose many large financial gifts
4736:remains the only case in which the court has
4199:
1234:Justices of the Supreme Court with President
23004:
20341:Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court
18435:
18393:
18282:
18244:
18209:
18170:
18094:
16167:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
15824:
15684:"Can America's Supreme Court police itself?"
14978:
14734:
14720:"United States v. Klein, 80 U.S. 128 (1871)"
13687:
12858:
12832:
12801:
12766:
11077:National Archives and Records Administration
10769:
10729:
10607:
10389:
10387:
10035:
9609:
9374:were free to be gay without being criminals.
9266:
9093:
8935:
8738:
7370:
7135:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
6747:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
6473:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
6141:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
5754:
5431:United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.
5224:(1803), consummating the American system of
4448:A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the
1459:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
871:Courts (1910β1930), the court held that the
22932:Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals
19289:
19017:
18848:
18793:
18752:
18718:
18687:
18653:
18612:
18532:
18502:
18464:
18429:
18358:
18317:
18136:
18116:
17719:
17654:
17325:
17269:
17230:
15886:
14782:
14594:
14470:
14353:"Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court"
13610:"Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials"
13472:, 76 U. Cinn. L. Rev. 1159, 1168β70 (2008).
13443:Historical Rules of the Supreme Court, 1989
13250:Brannock, Steven; Weinzierl, Sarah (2003).
13055:
12842:. docstoc. October 24, 2009. Archived from
12172:
11943:
11805:
11742:
10643:
10573:
10534:
10512:"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind"
10133:"Facts about Supreme Court oath ceremonies"
9880:"Essays on Article II: Appointments Clause"
9450:
9304:
9231:
9197:
9033:
9000:
8964:
8929:
8838:
8802:
8767:
8732:
8692:
8656:
8622:
8585:
8547:
8510:
8466:
8384:
8315:Bodenhamer, David J.; James W. Ely (1993).
8279:
7824:
6357:that usually guides the court's decisions.
6339:was overturned nearly fifty years later by
5951:Democratic backsliding in the United States
5515:graduates as clerks, rather than hiring "a
5395:Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
5206:accepted the notion of judicial review; in
4393:The United States is divided into thirteen
3613:Federal judge salaries in the United States
3539:
3501:
3479:
3413:
2933:, Sonia Sotomayor and Clarence Thomas from
2658:
2586:
2514:
2442:
2370:
2298:
2256:
2226:
2152:
1632:'s nomination of sitting associate justice
1444:), voting rights and federal preclearance (
458:. The court consists of nine justices: the
23360:
23353:
23339:
22997:
22983:
22673:
22659:
22247:
22233:
21974:
21960:
21478:
21464:
20447:
20433:
19715:
19701:
19396:The Supreme Court in United States History
19314:The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation
19051:
18758:
18538:
17868:
16751:
16524:
16038:
15301:
14860:
14821:
14788:
14684:Vile, John R. (1992). "Court curbing". In
14664:University of North Carolina School of Law
14581:by Horace Greeley (1873), p. 106; also in
14459:
14254:
13971:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
13940:
12575:
12229:
12183:
10815:
10579:
9835:
9799:
9577:
9490:
9413:
9310:
9237:
9203:
9168:
9133:
8249:
8184:
8141:
8109:
8103:
8066:
8029:
7989:
7947:
7895:
7855:
7818:
7779:
7734:
7680:
7578:
7485:
6968:(1966, rights of those detained by police)
6795:Lists of United States Supreme Court cases
6735:Sometimes draft opinions are deliberately
6397:
6121:should be limited to sovereign territory.
5658:U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
4206:
4192:
2941:did not; she received her Juris Doctor at
2734:
2328:
2184:
1361:as violations of substantive due process (
24775:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
22832:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Air Force
22681:United States Military Judicial Authority
19580:Tribe, Laurence H.; Matz, Joshua (2014).
19579:
19554:
19536:
18997:
18693:
18621:
18539:Hornberger, Jacob C. (November 1, 2005).
17128:
17049:
16949:
16598:"The Oily Truth About This Supreme Court"
16461:
16072:
15367:
15195:
15177:
15122:
15093:
15064:
14993:"U.S. Court Is Now Guiding Fewer Nations"
14595:Brokaw, Tom; Stern, Carl (July 8, 1974).
14543:
14143:
12692:
12499:
12155:
12137:
12114:
12069:
11937:
11331:
10955:
10585:"New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure"
10384:
10295:
9869:
9829:
9793:
9758:
9687:
9571:
9545:"Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice"
9536:
8308:
8227:. United States: Penguin Books. pp.
7407:"Supreme Court Nominations: presentβ1789"
6811:Selected landmark Supreme Court decisions
6633:List of United States Supreme Court leaks
6387:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
6321:Conservatives often cite the decision in
5944:
5837:The criticism intensified after the 2024
5478:Each Supreme Court justice hires several
5091:Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n
4277:
3733:Learn how and when to remove this message
1535:Nomination, confirmation, and appointment
439:for violating either the Constitution or
155:Learn how and when to remove this message
26220:Courts and tribunals established in 1789
26215:1789 establishments in the United States
19800:Cert. dismissed as improvidently granted
19483:
18874:
18819:
18727:"Key Excerpt: Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore"
18250:
17690:
17660:
17539:Aceves, William J. (September 9, 2019).
17421:
16790:
16490:
16316:
16266:
15752:Gerber, Scott Douglas (April 23, 2021).
14509:
14214:
14123:
13977:were 90 minutes long; oral arguments in
13133:
13022:
12438:Williams, Ryan C. (September 19, 2021).
12437:
11974:
11302:
11226:"TSHA | Court-Packing Plan of 1937"
10994:
10962:. Oxford University Press. p. 334.
10875:"Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice"
10866:
10735:
10649:
10613:
10296:McMillion, Barry J. (October 19, 2015).
9517:Payson-Denney, Wade (October 31, 2015).
9493:"Why Bush v. Gore Still Matters in 2020"
9348:
9069:
8433:
8427:
7589:. New York University Press. p. 3.
6697:2024 United States presidential election
6622:
6289:by adding descriptive text and removing
6123:
6028:by adding descriptive text and removing
5585:, Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and
5341:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
5272:ignored the Supreme Court's decision in
5183:
4827:
4221:
3814:
3744:
3638:
3278:
3116:
1817:
1666:
1572:to nominate and, with the confirmation (
1544:
1411:2000 United States presidential election
1229:
952:
940:
686:Under chief justices Jay, Rutledge, and
674:
526:
518:
45:lists the same citations more than once.
24826:List of counties and county equivalents
22873:Military tribunals in the United States
22717:Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)
20323:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937
20280:Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol
19456:
19437:
19325:A People's History of the Supreme Court
19057:
18794:Chemerinsky, Erwin (October 17, 2019).
18696:"Two-and-a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore"
18600:from the original on September 27, 2018
18587:
18569:from the original on September 28, 2018
18508:
18403:Reich, Robert B. (September 13, 1987).
18288:
18215:
18176:
18122:
17875:Woodward, Bob; Scott Armstrong (1979).
17846:
17427:"Justice Thomas and Loving v. Virginia"
17395:
17018:
16720:
16595:
16137:
16135:
15849:
15702:from the original on September 21, 2023
15657:Levine, Marianne (September 22, 2020).
15541:
15371:; Morse, Clara Ence (August 18, 2023).
14749:
13986:
13784:from the original on September 30, 2007
13693:
13537:from the original on September 28, 2022
13064:
12893:
12891:
12713:
12468:
12369:
12038:
11977:"Clarence Thomas' Supreme Court legacy"
11637:
11171:. University of Houston. Archived from
10816:Garnett, Richard W.; Strauss, David A.
10522:from the original on September 20, 2023
10396:"Recess Appointments of Federal Judges"
9994:
9853:from the original on September 13, 2019
9169:Greenhouse, Linda (September 4, 2005).
8878:
8491:from the original on September 30, 2015
8397:. Transaction Publishers. p. 146.
8289:. Cornell University Law School. 1908.
8214:
8072:
7624:
7573:A People's History of the Supreme Court
7517:
7205:"When Did the Constitution Become Law?"
7151:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
6690:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
5979:published an op-ed on July 3, 2024, by
5964:in wealth and power, and empowering an
5392:, superseding the limitations given in
5179:
4754:states upstream of navigable waters in
4674:Case names before the court are styled
3872:pm weekdays but closed on weekends and
2983:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
2917:: Neil Gorsuch, Ketanji Brown Jackson,
1560:Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the
1198:). At the same time, the court limited
27:Highest court of jurisdiction in the US
14:
26202:
21491:federal judiciary of the United States
20778:
19654:
19613:
19414:The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court
19072:
19070:
19068:
19039:from the original on November 11, 2009
18706:from the original on February 25, 2016
18694:McConnell, Michael W. (June 1, 2001).
18659:
18541:"Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment"
18228:from the original on February 15, 2009
18063:
18032:
17974:
17945:
17916:
17895:from the original on November 18, 2020
17878:The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court
17791:from the original on February 17, 2021
17725:
17538:
17512:
17331:
17275:
17236:
17000:from the original on December 22, 2022
16965:from the original on November 15, 2023
16912:
16868:from the original on November 14, 2023
16850:
16832:from the original on November 14, 2023
16772:from the original on November 13, 2023
16733:from the original on November 13, 2023
16669:from the original on November 13, 2023
16643:from the original on November 13, 2023
16241:
16100:
16098:
16002:
15855:
15806:from the original on February 13, 2020
15782:
15751:
15733:from the original on November 13, 2023
15656:
15604:
15118:
15116:
15046:from the original on February 17, 2021
14987:
14873:
14848:from the original on November 18, 2020
14636:from the original on November 25, 2016
14603:from the original on February 21, 2019
14491:from the original on November 17, 2020
14412:"How The Court Works; Library Support"
14381:
14198:. Supreme Court of the United States.
14188:
14045:from the original on November 20, 2022
13995:from the original on November 16, 2011
13936:
13934:
13918:
13914:
13912:
13910:
13908:
13840:
13822:from the original on December 11, 2008
13802:
13582:Adequate and independent state grounds
13153:from the original on February 17, 2022
12944:
12642:from the original on February 17, 2021
12593:from the original on November 25, 2020
12544:important cases, is now fully retired.
12338:
12316:from the original on November 18, 2020
12259:
11775:
11604:
11511:
11482:
11424:
11128:from the original on December 14, 2021
10976:from the original on November 16, 2023
10667:from the original on September 6, 2013
10619:"Appointees Who Really Govern America"
10545:
10459:from the original on December 12, 2020
10393:
10314:from the original on December 28, 2015
10277:from the original on February 14, 2016
10161:
9884:The Heritage Guide To The Constitution
9814:from the original on December 11, 2008
9764:
9693:
9653:
9615:
9419:
8762:permissible under the First Amendment.
8531:from the original on December 19, 2013
8519:"All the News That's Fit to Subsidize"
8516:
8473:Justice Roberts (September 21, 2005).
8411:from the original on February 20, 2021
8390:
8335:from the original on November 18, 2020
8035:
7879:from the original on December 17, 2020
7830:"Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters"
7704:from the original on November 26, 2020
7466:
7344:"Essays on Article III: Supreme Court"
6595:, the Court examined the doctrine of "
6221:grounds than substantive due process.
3375:Retired justices of the Supreme Court
3041:Solicitor General of the United States
2111:Current justices of the Supreme Court
1915:
1735:
1613:Supreme Court nominees, most recently
1488:), and the Bill of Rights, such as in
1076:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
401:federal judiciary of the United States
23334:
22978:
22955:Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
22927:Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals
22712:United States Constitution, Article I
22654:
22228:
21955:
21942:
21459:
20777:
20467:
20428:
20142:Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837
19898:
19696:
19275:. New York: Oxford University Press.
18964:
18660:Savage, David G. (October 23, 2008).
18470:
18448:from the original on October 19, 2008
18402:
18377:from the original on January 12, 2012
18266:from the original on February 3, 2010
18193:from the original on October 27, 2009
17999:
17910:
17809:
17761:
17707:from the original on December 4, 2020
17478:
17276:Savage, David G. (October 23, 2008).
17184:from the original on January 30, 2023
17031:from the original on February 9, 2023
16378:
16181:
16141:
16104:
15948:
15575:
15456:
15430:
15284:"Supreme Court : Approval Polls"
15016:
14952:
14827:
14789:Weiden, David; Ward, Artemus (2006).
14770:from the original on November 7, 2020
14019:from the original on February 4, 2014
14010:
13987:Christy, Andrew (November 15, 2011).
13919:Larsen, Allison Orr (July 26, 2022).
13774:"Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party"
13771:
13738:
13696:"Special Juries in the Supreme Court"
13607:
13354:
13295:"Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989)"
12752:, Harper Collins, 2005, p. 105. Also
12481:from the original on February 8, 2023
12450:from the original on February 8, 2023
12419:from the original on February 9, 2023
12388:from the original on October 30, 2021
12375:
12353:from the original on December 7, 2020
12230:Baum, Lawrence; Devins, Neal (2019).
12184:Devins, Neal; Baum, Lawrence (2017).
12157:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051617-090650
12116:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051317-125141
12096:
12078:from the original on October 10, 2022
11975:de Vogue, Ariane (October 22, 2016).
11671:
11648:. Trenton, New Jersey. Archived from
11258:from the original on February 1, 2021
11193:
11162:
11102:from the original on November 3, 2020
11095:. U.S. Courts Library β 8th Circuit.
11045:from the original on December 7, 2020
10872:
10747:from the original on January 11, 2010
10491:from the original on December 3, 2020
10130:
10079:from the original on December 9, 2020
9970:"United States Senate. "Nominations""
9746:from the original on January 25, 2010
9671:from the original on February 2, 2019
9555:from the original on January 16, 2010
9288:from the original on October 14, 2008
9134:Greenhouse, Linda (January 8, 2009).
8698:
8607:from the original on October 15, 2009
8553:
8287:"Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161"
8220:
8190:
8073:Suddath, Claire (December 19, 2008).
7974:from the original on December 5, 2020
7942:Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304 (1816).
7919:"Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore"
7828:; McKean, David (February 21, 2009).
7740:
7550:
7499:from the original on December 5, 2020
7448:from the original on December 3, 2020
7431:
7413:from the original on December 9, 2020
7387:from the original on December 7, 2020
7219:from the original on October 26, 2020
6228:against state and local governments.
5858:Yale professor of constitutional law
5761:United States Senate Β§ Criticism
4925:
4322:District of Columbia Court of Appeals
3379:
2817:
2115:
1764:The Supreme Court's 2014 decision in
1136:must be roughly equal in population (
1095:restricted the pro-government trend.
777:
505:each year, but only grants about 80.
26088:
22811:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Navy
22795:Marine Corps Judge Advocate Division
22774:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Army
22759:Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG)
19584:. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
19268:
19186:
19076:
18900:
18875:Jacobson, Louis (October 18, 2021).
18543:. The Future of Freedom Foundation.
18364:
18216:Madison, James (February 16, 1788).
17634:
17108:
17019:Marimow, Ann E. (December 8, 2022).
16752:Pilkington, Ed (November 13, 2023).
16518:
16391:from the original on August 1, 2024.
16207:
16132:
15930:from the original on October 5, 2022
15868:from the original on January 7, 2021
15508:
15396:
15310:
15218:
14809:from the original on January 1, 2016
14683:
14332:from the original on August 22, 2012
14298:from the original on August 22, 2012
14202:from the original on January 8, 2019
13694:Shelfer, Lochlan F. (October 2013).
13640:from the original on August 18, 2013
12888:
12615:
12301:
12072:"In Celebration of Armed Forces Day"
12020:from the original on August 20, 2016
11790:from the original on August 24, 2017
11638:DeMarco, Megan (February 14, 2008).
11457:
11439:from the original on October 8, 2022
11206:from the original on August 15, 2011
10885:from the original on August 27, 2009
10341:. Oxford University Press. pp.
10332:
10050:from the original on October 2, 2018
10036:Flegenheimer, Matt (April 6, 2017).
9890:from the original on August 22, 2020
9875:
9800:Greenhouse, Linda (April 18, 2008).
9631:from the original on August 24, 2021
9491:MacDougall, Ian (November 1, 2020).
9272:
9238:Greenhouse, Linda (March 22, 2005).
9111:from the original on August 24, 2017
8936:O'Connor, Karen (January 22, 2009).
8318:The Bill of Rights in modern America
8191:Ifill, Sherrilyn A. (May 27, 2009).
8050:from the original on August 14, 2020
7763:from the original on August 14, 2020
7686:
7358:from the original on August 22, 2020
7321:from the original on August 22, 2020
7277:from the original on August 22, 2020
7253:
7251:
7163:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
7047:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
6519:
6503:Kennedy v. Bremerton School District
6257:
6253:
5996:
5992:
5449:Humphrey's Executor v. United States
5390:Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
5161:
4929:
3811:United States Supreme Court Building
3682:"Supreme Court of the United States"
3671:adding citations to reliable sources
3642:
3243:
1999:, a Republican, signed into law the
1929:
29:
22937:Court of Military Commission Review
22922:Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
19065:
18637:from the original on April 11, 2009
18342:from the original on April 16, 2009
18289:Madison, James (January 22, 1788).
18177:Madison, James (January 25, 1788).
17771:and conservative judicial activism"
17663:"The judges war: an issue of power"
17344:from the original on April 13, 2010
17143:
16721:Sherman, Mark (November 13, 2023).
16413:from the original on July 31, 2024.
16095:
15764:from the original on March 26, 2023
15630:
15605:Cahill, Petra (November 11, 2016).
15248:; Kopicki, Allison (June 7, 2012).
15113:
15026:and conservative judicial activism"
14694:. Oxford University Press. p.
14554:. Oxford University Press. p.
14359:. Florida Bar Journal. p. 63.
14242:from the original on March 31, 2021
14105:from the original on March 25, 2017
14090:
14074:, Malaysia: Beacon Press, pp. 256,
13931:
13905:
13336:from the original on April 27, 2017
13274:from the original on August 4, 2016
13115:from the original on April 27, 2017
13081:from the original on April 27, 2017
13065:Hindley, Meredith (November 2014).
13039:from the original on April 27, 2017
12820:from the original on March 22, 2010
12051:from the original on April 15, 2022
12039:Preston, Matthew (April 15, 2022).
11868:from the original on April 30, 2021
11284:from the original on March 29, 2021
10873:Appel, Jacob M. (August 22, 2009).
10824:from the original on April 29, 2022
10394:Fisher, Louis (September 5, 2001).
10218:from the original on April 15, 2010
10009:from the original on April 10, 2017
9777:from the original on April 23, 2018
9593:from the original on April 17, 2009
9386:Justice Sotomayor (July 16, 2009).
9250:from the original on March 26, 2014
9204:Greenhouse, Linda (June 12, 2005).
8948:from the original on March 26, 2009
8775:"The Law: The Retroactivity Riddle"
8293:from the original on April 24, 2012
7840:from the original on August 2, 2009
6989:New York Times Co. v. United States
6933:Abington School District v. Schempp
6916:(1954, school segregation of races)
6158:wrote in his concurring opinion in
6154:principle, in part because Justice
5732:
4807:The Court also relies on and cites
4802:
4684:State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda
4314:Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands
4228:original and exclusive jurisdiction
3345:
3097:United States Sentencing Commission
2875:considers himself a Catholic or an
2097:
1304:) and campaign finance regulation (
1161:Abington School District v. Schempp
899:), upheld the constitutionality of
652:
551:established the parameters for the
24:
26210:Supreme Court of the United States
26084:Supreme Court of the United States
22274:Supreme Court of the United States
21438:
20758:
20468:
20457:Supreme Court of the United States
19724:Supreme Court of the United States
19430:
19373:Supreme Court Historical Society.
19252:'s Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court
19079:"SCOTUS Is Slow-Walking for Trump"
18014:from the original on June 30, 2022
17743:from the original on March 7, 2013
17693:"What Judge Bork Should Have Said"
17452:
17332:Savage, David G. (July 13, 2008).
16491:Jouvenal, Justin (June 26, 2024).
16256:from the original on July 1, 2024.
15979:
15899:from the original on July 12, 2017
15856:Lipton, Eric (February 26, 2016).
15837:from the original on June 24, 2017
15542:Aronoff, Kate (October 14, 2020).
15262:from the original on June 16, 2019
14893:from the original on July 13, 2012
14448:from the original on June 26, 2022
14442:Supreme Court of the United States
14382:Gresko, Jessica (March 24, 2013).
14363:from the original on April 5, 2014
13886:Northwestern University Law Review
13720:from the original on June 30, 2017
13528:Supreme Court of the United States
13521:"Miscellaneous Order (09/28/2022)"
13323:
13102:
12909:from the original on June 24, 2023
12872:. October 24, 2009. Archived from
12559:(University Press of Kansas 1999)
12533:from the original on June 30, 2022
12376:Roche, Darragh (October 5, 2021).
12339:Roeder, Oliver (October 6, 2018).
12144:Annual Review of Political Science
12103:Annual Review of Political Science
12097:Hasen, Richard L. (May 11, 2019).
11987:from the original on April 2, 2017
11925:from the original on July 16, 2018
11822:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)"
11684:from the original on June 25, 2017
11605:Walthr, Matthew (April 21, 2014).
11586:from the original on July 21, 2011
11540:
11406:from the original on June 25, 2022
11374:from the original on June 25, 2022
10997:PS: Political Science and Politics
10937:from the original on July 10, 2024
10595:from the original on July 26, 2010
10236:
10212:Supreme Court of the United States
10188:from the original on June 22, 2022
10162:Satola, James W. (December 2017).
9976:from the original on April 7, 2019
9765:Barnes, Robert (October 1, 2009).
9181:from the original on April 2, 2015
9008:"Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo"
8995:principle of 'affirmative action'β¦
8926:(University Press of Kansas; 2016)
8833:can no longer be regarded as law.'
8569:from the original on March 7, 2013
7668:from the original on July 16, 2019
7585:Scott Douglas Gerber, ed. (1998).
7532:from the original on July 23, 2011
7432:Hodak, George (February 1, 2011).
7348:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
7339:
7311:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
7304:
7267:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
7257:
6924:(1962, state-sponsored prayers in
6800:Models of judicial decision making
6731:Leaks and inadvertent publications
6217:actually relied more heavily upon
6211:South Texas College of Law Houston
5901:
5652:, and Amy Coney Barrett for Judge
1284:s right to privacy to strike down
460:chief justice of the United States
389:Supreme Court of the United States
360:Chief Justice of the United States
172:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
26236:
24171:Director of National Intelligence
18979:from the original on July 5, 2010
18588:Vazquez, Maegan (June 28, 2018).
18483:from the original on May 11, 2011
18436:FDCH e-Media (January 10, 2006).
18417:from the original on May 12, 2011
18301:from the original on July 9, 2009
18189:. No. 44 (quote: 8th para).
18154:from the original on July 9, 2009
17778:University of Illinois Law Review
17669:from the original on May 13, 2011
17254:from the original on May 12, 2011
17109:Keck, Thomas M. (February 2024).
16020:from the original on May 29, 2024
15397:Bump, Philip (December 2, 2021).
15094:Beauchamp, Zack (June 27, 2019).
15033:University of Illinois Law Review
13753:from the original on June 2, 2009
13741:"Roberts Dips Toe into Cert Pool"
13305:from the original on June 2, 2018
12962:from the original on May 31, 2017
12469:Lazarus, Simon (March 23, 2022).
12070:Shurtleff, Kathy (May 12, 2021).
11751:. Cambridge Univ. Press. p.
11627:– via The ANNOTICO Reports.
11553:from the original on May 15, 2022
11425:Kruzel, John (December 7, 2021).
10631:from the original on May 12, 2011
10561:from the original on May 31, 2010
10143:from the original on May 17, 2022
9950:from the original on July 8, 2023
9920:from the original on July 8, 2023
9711:from the original on May 11, 2011
9326:from the original on May 11, 2011
9146:from the original on May 12, 2011
9054:from the original on May 25, 2010
9018:from the original on May 11, 2011
8856:from the original on May 11, 2011
8517:Lipsky, Seth (October 22, 2009).
8451:from the original on June 5, 2009
8356:
8169:from the original on May 11, 2011
8125:from the original on May 11, 2011
8006:. October 2, 2000. Archived from
7603:from the original on May 11, 2011
7248:
6790:List of supreme courts by country
6574:, such as constitutional scholar
6510:separating church and state, and
6128:Protestors in support of keeping
5931:Constitution of the United States
4646:
4334:Florida District Courts of Appeal
2895:. The first Catholic justice was
1397:s restrictions on abortion laws (
682:, chief justice from 1801 to 1835
99:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1282265
26182:
26165:
26148:
26131:
26114:
26097:
26069:
26057:
26045:
24327:Government Accountability Office
23060:
22725:
22177:
22144:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
20407:
20395:
20385:
20384:
20285:Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol
19761:
19361:Skifos, Catherine Hetos (1976).
19191:
19158:
19140:
19122:
19104:
18991:
18958:
18946:from the original on May 1, 2011
18928:
18894:
18868:
18842:
18813:
18787:
18700:University of Chicago Law Review
18581:
18551:
18471:Cohen, Adam (December 7, 2003).
18144:Alexander Hamilton (aka Publius)
18088:
18057:
18026:
17993:
17968:
17939:
17840:
17803:
17755:
17684:
17628:
17583:
17558:
17532:
17506:
17472:
17446:
17415:
17396:Stanton, Andrew (July 2, 2023).
17389:
17300:
17196:
17137:
17102:
17077:
17065:from the original on May 6, 2023
17043:
17012:
16943:
16906:
16844:
16813:
16784:
16745:
16714:
16681:
16655:
16623:
16589:
16570:
16552:
16484:
16455:
16435:
16417:
16395:
16372:
16358:
16344:
16317:Hartmann, Thom (July 12, 2024).
16310:
16296:
16275:
16260:
16235:
16201:
16175:
16066:
16032:
15973:
15961:from the original on May 5, 2023
15942:
15911:
15887:O'Brien, Reity (June 20, 2014).
15880:
15818:
15776:
15745:
15714:
15676:
15650:
15624:
15598:
15569:
15535:
15502:
15476:
15424:
15390:
15361:
15329:
15274:
15238:
15145:
15087:
15058:
15010:
14946:
14905:
14712:
14677:
14654:
14648:
14618:
14588:
14572:
14537:
14510:Hartmann, Thom (June 27, 2024).
14503:
14430:
14404:
14375:
14344:
14310:
14280:
14173:
14158:
14117:
14084:
14057:
14031:
13963:
13872:
13860:from the original on May 2, 2017
13834:
13796:
13765:
13739:Mauro, Tony (October 21, 2005).
13732:
13652:
13601:
13586:
13567:
13513:
13495:
13475:
13455:
13424:
13393:
13348:
13317:
13286:
13243:
13210:
13195:
13180:
13165:
13127:
13096:
12991:
12974:
12938:
12921:
12870:Supreme Court Historical Society
12758:Journal of Supreme Court History
12738:
12658:
12609:
12569:
12549:
12519:
12493:
12462:
12431:
12400:
12332:
12302:Betz, Bradford (March 2, 2019).
12295:
12283:from the original on May 3, 2023
12253:
12131:
12099:"Polarization and the Judiciary"
12090:
12063:
12032:
11968:
11900:
11880:
11840:
11769:
11736:
11700:
11672:Burke, Daniel (March 22, 2017).
11631:
11598:
11534:
11505:
11476:
11451:
11418:
11386:
11354:
11325:
11296:
11270:
11244:
11232:from the original on May 6, 2021
11218:
11187:
11156:
11140:
11114:
11082:
11057:
11031:
10988:
10949:
10923:
10911:from the original on May 3, 2022
10897:
10836:
10809:
10763:
10716:
10696:
10679:
9216:from the original on May 5, 2011
8818:. April 16, 1965. Archived from
8394:The Supreme Court's Constitution
8368:from the original on May 1, 2011
8075:"A Brief History of Impeachment"
6659:
6262:
6001:
5671:Vanderbilt University Law School
5482:to review petitions for writ of
5268:came in 1832, when the state of
5097:, and "L. Ed." representing the
4934:
4823:
3910:
3647:
3540:
3480:
3414:
2659:
2587:
2515:
2443:
2371:
2299:
2227:
2153:
1912:assassination of Abraham Lincoln
1753:was not subsequently confirmed.
1061:internment of Japanese Americans
1005:, who opposed New Deal policies.
965:. Members include Chief Justice
415:cases that turn on questions of
177:
34:
22901:Guantanamo military commissions
22641:(federal and state, all levels)
20372:United States Solicitor General
20099:Justices who served in Congress
19363:"The Supreme Court Gets a Home"
19182:
18901:Ford, Matt (January 25, 2024).
16596:Aronoff, Kate (June 18, 2024).
16039:Pilkington, Ed (May 31, 2024).
15431:Price, Greg (October 6, 2018).
14585:(2001) by Robert Vincent Remini
13985:was given a two-hour argument.
13023:Curriden, Mark (June 2, 2009).
11708:"Religion of the Supreme Court"
10503:
10473:
10439:
10430:
10359:
10326:
10289:
10257:
10230:
10200:
10155:
10124:
10108:
10091:
10065:
10029:
9995:Brunner, Jim (March 24, 2017).
9988:
9962:
9932:
9902:
9726:
9510:
9484:
9351:"The Court's Gay Rights Legacy"
9136:"The Chief Justice on the Spot"
8980:. July 10, 1978. Archived from
8916:
8872:
8783:. June 18, 1965. Archived from
8672:. July 15, 1966. Archived from
8350:
7719:
7618:
7565:
7544:
7511:
7460:
6940:readings and recitation of the
6679:British constitutional scholar
6234:Privileges or Immunities Clause
5534:, was hired in 1948 by Justice
5105:Citations to published opinions
4445:granting permission to appeal.
3893:
3658:needs additional citations for
3633:Article III of the Constitution
3353:United States Courts of Appeals
3273:Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court
1982:At the behest of Chief Justice
1554:2005 hearings on his nomination
1036:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
918:
824:, which helped precipitate the
466:, and the justices meet at the
25970:Separation of church and state
24186:National Reconnaissance Office
24129:President of the United States
22917:Army Court of Criminal Appeals
21982:Supreme Courts of the Americas
20301:Article III, U.S. Constitution
18998:Millhiser, Ian (May 3, 2024).
18000:Klein, Naomi (June 30, 2022).
17661:Buchanan, Pat (July 6, 2005).
17593:. June 5, 2010. Archived from
16242:Levien, Simon (July 1, 2024).
16182:Stieb, Matt (April 25, 2023).
16105:Smith, David (June 15, 2024).
15219:Gass, Henry (April 24, 2024).
14927:. p. 1749. Archived from
14438:"The Court and Its Procedures"
14288:"Supreme Court Research Guide"
14124:Amy Howe (December 12, 2022).
14011:Bobic, Igor (March 26, 2012).
11079:, retrieved September 12, 2017
10956:Yarbrough, Tinsley E. (1992).
10305:Congressional Research Service
10131:Mears, Bill (August 6, 2010).
8664:"Essay: In defense of privacy"
8636:. May 17, 1954. Archived from
8422:District of Columbia. (p. 146)
8036:Slater, Dan (April 18, 2008).
7425:
7399:
7333:
7298:
7289:
7231:
7193:
7071:District of Columbia v. Heller
6226:incorporate the Bill of Rights
5929:Article III, Section I of the
5681:, professor of history at the
5530:. The first African-American,
5259:
3295:Following the confirmation of
1941:President of the United States
1937:Article I, Section 3, Clause 6
1730:Congressional Research Service
1529:
1212:Burger, Rehnquist, and Roberts
1205:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
549:1787 Constitutional Convention
431:, the ability to invalidate a
13:
1:
23047:Bill (United States Congress)
21506:All Supreme Court nominations
20270:Royal Exchange, New York City
20152:Judicial Circuits Act of 1866
19673:McCloskey, Robert G. (2005).
19602:. Stanford University Press.
19269:Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992).
19077:West, Sonja (March 1, 2024).
18965:Mauro, Tony (March 9, 2010).
18759:Adam Cohen (March 21, 2004).
18365:Gold, Scott (June 14, 2005).
17635:Litt, David (July 24, 2022).
17479:Robin, Corey (July 9, 2022).
17144:Huq, Aziz Z. (January 2022).
17123:(2). Rochester, NY: 197β218.
16208:Wang, Amy B. (May 11, 2023).
15949:Jones, Dustin (May 5, 2023).
15225:The Christian Science Monitor
14953:Quinn, Colm (March 8, 2024).
14396:. pp. 2A. Archived from
11039:"The Court as an Institution"
10333:Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992).
9739:The Christian Science Monitor
9456:"The Winner in Bush v. Gore?"
9420:Kamiya, Gary (July 5, 2001).
8439:"Supreme Court gets makeover"
7518:Ashmore, Anne (August 2006).
7381:"The Court as an Institution"
7187:
7175:Trump v. United States (2024)
7058:(2000, presidential election)
6699:. The Court is considering a
6603:Ruling on political questions
5922:. Lower courts, by contrast,
5882:William & Mary Law School
5467:
5046:). A more unusual example is
4180:Common good constitutionalism
3804:
3600:27 years, 331 days
3534:18 years, 263 days
3474:30 years, 163 days
2856:'s father was born in Italy.
2360:18 years, 233 days
2288:32 years, 333 days
2216:18 years, 357 days
2086:
1662:nomination of Merrick Garland
1104:segregation in public schools
912:Adkins v. Children's Hospital
139:to identify unique citations.
24332:Government Publishing Office
23800:Technological and industrial
22602:United States Virgin Islands
21891:G. H. W. Bush
21826:G. H. W. Bush
21577:G. H. W. Bush
20318:Code of Conduct for Justices
19508:The New York Review of Books
19438:Vladeck, Stephen I. (2023).
16379:Biden, Joe (July 29, 2024).
15457:Green, Jamal (May 7, 2019).
13772:Mauro, Tony (July 4, 2006).
13355:Glick, Joshua (April 2003).
13025:"A Supreme Case of Contempt"
12581:"An Invisible Chief Justice"
11202:. American Bar Association.
11065:Federal Judiciary Act (1789)
8942:U.S. News & World Report
8741:"Teach the Bible? Of course"
8634:U.S. News & World Report
8197:U.S. News & World Report
8151:; Randall K. Miller (1989).
7792:U.S. News & World Report
6992:(1971, freedom of the press)
6976:(1967, interracial marriage)
6952:(1963, right to an attorney)
6723:is of similar importance to
5636:, Brett Kavanaugh for Judge
5034:but also three other cases:
4984:. The individual volumes of
4475:District of Columbia Circuit
4435:in criminal cases, writs of
4389:Justices as circuit justices
4306:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
3769:. Back row (left to right):
3625:age and service requirements
2724:3 years, 329 days
2648:5 years, 350 days
2576:7 years, 163 days
2504:14 years, 44 days
2432:15 years, 43 days
2050:. In April 2021, during the
645:, the court established its
7:
25804:Women's reproductive health
24770:Federally recognized tribes
24633:Public utilities commission
24537:Public Health Service Corps
24440:Code of Federal Regulations
24322:Congressional Budget Office
24176:Central Intelligence Agency
24082:Water supply and sanitation
23509:Declaration of Independence
22639:Courts of the United States
20336:Impeachment of Samuel Chase
20275:Old City Hall, Philadelphia
20137:Seventh Circuit Act of 1807
19753:Nomination and confirmation
19679:University of Chicago Press
19342:Rehnquist, William (1987).
18410:The New York Times Magazine
17810:Quinn, Colm (May 4, 2022).
17637:"A Court Without Precedent"
17247:The New York Times Magazine
15893:Center for Public Integrity
14599:. NBC Universal Media LLC.
12415:. Graphics by Elena MejΓa.
12239:. Oxford University Press.
8727:American people to recite.'
8603:(UPI). September 25, 1971.
8391:Siegan, Bernard H. (1987).
7241:. This was narrowed by the
7028:(1974, executive privilege)
6913:Brown v. Board of Education
6844:(1824, interstate commerce)
6763:
6701:Presidential immunity claim
6674:
6485:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
6448:juries in the United States
6363:Brown v. Board of Education
6349:criticized the decision in
5919:
5694:Criticism and controversies
5664:Politicization of the court
5526:, hired in 1944 by Justice
5522:The first female clerk was
5380:(1970) β overturned by the
5368:(1937) β overturned by the
5356:(1875) β overturned by the
5344:(1895) β overturned by the
5328:(1857) β overturned by the
5316:(1793) β overturned by the
5292:Brown v. Board of Education
5007:As of March 2012, the
4857:
4750:, and water rights between
4074:Right to keep and bear arms
3618:
3299:in 2020 after the death of
3129:descent, and almost always
2788:2 years, 82 days
1648:to the seat left vacant by
1403:). The court's decision in
1400:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1142:). It recognized a general
1117:Brown v. Board of Education
947:U.S. Supreme Court Building
327:
10:
26241:
24982:Red states and blue states
24887:City commission government
24882:Councilβmanager government
22848:Coast Guard Legal Division
21930:Supreme Court demographics
19759:
19675:The American Supreme Court
19618:. New York: Anchor books.
18782:power, not legal analysis.
17691:Sunstein, Carl R. (1991).
17459:libguides.law.illinois.edu
14583:The Life of Andrew Jackson
14294:. Georgetown Law Library.
13488:November 16, 2023, at the
13468:November 16, 2023, at the
12529:. CNBC. October 22, 2018.
11944:O'Brien, David M. (2003).
10818:"Article III, Section One"
10208:"Justices 1789 to Present"
8884:"The Antitrust Revolution"
8601:United Press International
6814:
6626:
5948:
5758:
5471:
5437:Dames & Moore v. Regan
5405:restricts the jurisdiction
5254:Section 1 of Article Three
5108:
5030:actually decided not only
4884:Concurring in the judgment
4732:determine issues of fact.
4657:, commonly referred to as
4639:
4635:
4304:(through certiorari), the
4294:certiorari before judgment
4084:Criminal procedural rights
3808:
3616:
3610:
3247:
2859:At least six justices are
2821:
2090:
2040:presidency of Donald Trump
2032:Senate Judiciary Committee
1594:Senate Judiciary Committee
1562:United States Constitution
1538:
1310:). It also wavered on the
1215:
1186:right to appointed counsel
1129:Green v. County School Bd.
1066:Korematsu v. United States
922:
781:
656:
543:It was while debating the
512:
508:
25991:
25817:
25690:
25622:
25275:
25271:
25262:
25210:
25075:
25066:
24962:
24933:
24910:
24849:
24816:
24807:
24750:
24738:Comparison of governments
24713:
24676:
24653:
24569:
24549:
24480:
24418:
24340:
24263:
24121:
24112:
24108:
24099:
23821:
23812:
23757:
23717:Post-Cold War (1991β2008)
23558:drafting and ratification
23531:Articles of Confederation
23444:
23378:
23369:
23195:
23172:Law School Admission Test
23157:
23135:
23080:
23069:
23058:
23012:
22945:
22909:
22888:
22881:
22860:
22840:
22824:
22803:
22787:
22766:
22757:
22743:Manual for Courts-Martial
22734:
22723:
22704:
22686:
22631:
22610:
22566:
22283:
22263:
22186:
22175:
21987:
21949:
21944:Links to related articles
21923:
21860:Appointment controversies
21859:
21781:F. D. Roosevelt
21610:
21532:F. D. Roosevelt
21497:
21436:
20786:
20773:
20756:
20476:
20463:
20380:
20293:
20254:
20165:
20147:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863
20112:
20104:Burial places of justices
20040:
19925:
19897:
19827:
19770:
19730:
19457:Waldman, Michael (2023).
19200:This section needs to be
19033:Literary Review of Canada
18559:"Gamble v. United States"
18260:No. 22 (quote: 4th para)"
18222:No. 56 (quote: 6th para)"
17513:Thomas, Clarence (1989).
17162:10.1177/00027162211061124
14750:Peppers, Todd C. (2006).
13608:James, Robert A. (1998).
12756:by Clare Cushman (2008).
12625:. SUNY Press. p. 9.
11728:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11165:"The New Deal in Decline"
11071:November 5, 2020, at the
11009:10.1017/S1049096508080542
10850:. fjc.gov. Archived from
9734:"A Bad Day for Democracy"
9349:Lindenberger, Michael A.
8972:"Bakke Wins, Quotas Lose"
8155:. Duke University Press.
7753:by James MacGregor Burns)
7128:tribal reservation rights
7114:(2020, discrimination on
7111:Bostock v. Clayton County
7106:(2015, same-sex marriage)
7090:(2013, same-sex marriage)
6654:televising Court hearings
6584:laboratories of democracy
6394:applies to corporations.
5805:
5755:Composition and selection
5505:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
5040:Westover v. United States
4943:This section needs to be
4667:and the non-mover is the
4395:circuit courts of appeals
4358:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
3606:
3563:San Francisco, California
3390:
3387:
3384:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2123:
2120:
1778:
1617:, nominated by President
1354:United States v. Virginia
1342:Seminole Tribe v. Florida
1202:suits by public figures (
961:in 1937, photographed by
906:Selective Draft Law Cases
889:), grappled with the new
738:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
375:
365:
358:
344:
333:
323:
313:
296:
257:
241:
223:
189:
185:
176:
171:
25757:Prescription drug prices
24877:Mayorβcouncil government
24867:Coterminous municipality
24857:Consolidated city-county
24623:Agriculture commissioner
24273:House of Representatives
24181:National Security Agency
23831:Contiguous United States
23006:Law of the United States
22696:Law of the United States
22592:Northern Mariana Islands
21498:Supreme Court candidates
20402:United States portal
20346:Supreme Court in fiction
19655:Toobin, Jeffrey (2007).
19614:Toobin, Jeffrey (2013).
18972:The National Law Journal
18129:– via Wikisource.
17975:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
17946:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
17917:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
14041:. CNN. October 3, 2019.
13983:the Pentagon papers case
13981:lasted three hours; and
13033:American Bar Association
12190:The Supreme Court Review
11893:August 14, 2020, at the
11607:"Sam Alito: A Civil Man"
10373:Concurring in denial of
10241:. Jurist. Archived from
10075:. United States Senate.
7575:, p. 101 (Penguin 2006).
7442:American Bar Association
7087:United States v. Windsor
7082:(2010, campaign finance)
7036:(1976, campaign finance)
6860:(1883, civil rights law)
6506:which both weakened the
6433:
5962:increasing the disparity
5845:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
5616:, Elena Kagan for Judge
5548:federal court of appeals
5300:(1974) to surrender the
4347:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
4338:Supreme Court of Florida
4284:federal courts of appeal
4155:Political process theory
3853:, but maintains its own
3851:Architect of the Capitol
3391:Tenure (active service)
2871:. It is unclear whether
2056:House of Representatives
2054:, some Democrats in the
1861:Alexandria Ocasia-Cortez
1848:House of Representatives
1827:Article Three, Section 1
1756:No U.S. president since
1678:Not every Supreme Court
1479:United States v. Windsor
1384:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
1348:City of Boerne v. Flores
1294:) but divided deeply on
26225:National supreme courts
25842:Criticism of government
25187:Social welfare programs
24780:State-recognized tribes
23765:Outline of U.S. history
23477:Continental Association
22861:Non-judicial punishment
22256:Highest judicial bodies
21866:L. B. Johnson
21801:L. B. Johnson
21552:L. B. Johnson
19659:. New York: Doubleday.
19633:Greenburg, Jan Crawford
19484:Biskupic, Joan (2023).
19256:Congressional Quarterly
19250:Congressional Quarterly
19247:and Elder Witt (1997).
18224:. Independent Journal.
18150:. Independent Journal.
18123:Madison, James (1789).
17620:"Judicial activism" in
14015:. Talking Points Memo.
12840:"Visiting-Capitol-Hill"
12721:"Judicial Compensation"
12014:Smithsonian Institution
11783:Encyclopædia Britannica
10848:Federal Judicial Center
10743:. Independent Journal.
10741:"The Federalist No. 78"
10711:Carolina Academic Press
10691:Carolina Academic Press
10403:CRS Report for Congress
9886:. Heritage Foundation.
9105:The Wall Street Journal
9081:Oxford University Press
8524:The Wall Street Journal
8043:The Wall Street Journal
7692:"Don't Do It, Justices"
7467:Pigott, Robert (2014).
7352:The Heritage Foundation
7315:The Heritage Foundation
7271:The Heritage Foundation
7203:; Seidman, Guy (2001).
7095:Shelby County v. Holder
6957:Griswold v. Connecticut
6944:in U.S. public schools)
6828:(1803, judicial review)
6592:Gamble v. United States
6428:American exceptionalism
6398:Outdated and an outlier
6291:less pertinent examples
6219:Equal Protection Clause
6169:Griswold v. Connecticut
6152:substantive due process
6030:less pertinent examples
5743:ruling that overturned
5683:University of Cambridge
5440:(1981), and notably in
5370:Twenty-fourth Amendment
5170:
4993:Final bound volumes of
4740:a jury, in this case a
4441:, and applications for
4150:Substantive due process
3307:and associate justices
2468:New York City, New York
2396:New York City, New York
2068:presidential commission
1880:John Marshall Harlan II
1693:John Marshall Harlan II
1691:'s first nomination of
1607:John Marshall Harlan II
1149:Griswold v. Connecticut
1108:Equal Protection Clause
1052:United States v. Butler
879:some guarantees of the
846:substantive due process
535:, before moving to the
437:presidential directives
229:; 235 years ago
25904:Environmental movement
25747:Health insurance costs
25642:Educational attainment
25167:Federal Reserve System
25125:Science and technology
24628:Insurance commissioner
24166:Intelligence Community
23861:minor outlying islands
23624:Civil rights movement
21500:and nomination results
21443:
20763:
20262:Supreme Court Building
18625:(September 23, 2007).
17697:Connecticut Law Review
16996:. September 24, 2019.
15982:"Friends of the Court"
15179:10.1126/sciadv.adk9590
14991:(September 17, 2008).
14328:University Libraries.
14326:University of Maryland
13979:United States v. Nixon
13806:(September 25, 2008).
13000:United States v. Shipp
12616:Ward, Artemus (2003).
11612:The American Spectator
11306:(September 26, 2020).
11194:Hodak, George (2007).
10724:Oxford J Legal Studies
10583:(September 10, 2007).
10549:(September 26, 2007).
9101:"A Supreme Revelation"
8358:White, Edward Douglass
8257:"Liberty of Contract?"
7795:. 2003. Archived from
7305:Pushaw, Robert J. Jr.
7239:Article III, Section 2
7079:Citizens United v. FEC
7025:United States v. Nixon
6849:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6836:(1819, implied powers)
6756:Moyle v. United States
6240:. However, outside of
6236:for incorporating the
6135:
6065:under the doctrine of
5990:
5945:Democratic backsliding
5840:Trump v. United States
5723:democratic backsliding
5532:William T. Coleman Jr.
5461:United States v. Nixon
5421:United States v. Klein
5382:Twenty-sixth Amendment
5325:Dred Scott v. Sandford
5297:United States v. Nixon
5195:
5135:is the volume number,
5095:Supreme Court Reporter
5060:Supreme Court Reporter
4919:United States v. Alcoa
4899:Running of the Interns
4836:
4747:New Jersey v. Delaware
4714:United States v. Texas
4704:and deals solely with
4278:Appellate jurisdiction
4241:United States v. Shipp
4226:The Supreme Court has
4175:Strict constructionism
4079:Right to trial by jury
4069:Freedom of association
3828:
3786:
3497:Melrose, Massachusetts
3437:Sacramento, California
3292:
3161:was joined in 2009 by
3122:
1990:, Congress passed the
1896:William Henry Harrison
1823:
1740:When the Senate is in
1675:
1557:
1336:United States v. Lopez
1274:
1046:United States v. Darby
1006:
995:James Clark McReynolds
950:
857:Adair v. United States
821:Dred Scott v. Sandford
683:
605:for chief justice and
540:
524:
468:Supreme Court Building
405:appellate jurisdiction
135:Please consider using
25730:Immigrant health care
25245:Transportation safety
25240:Transportation policy
25230:Public transportation
24300:President pro tempore
24156:Executive departments
23925:National Park Service
23580:Territorial evolution
22134:Saint Kitts and Nevis
21650:J. Q. Adams
21613:judicial appointments
21442:
20762:
20610:Edward Douglass White
20357:United States Reports
20306:original jurisdiction
20190:Reporter of Decisions
20157:Judiciary Act of 1869
20132:Judiciary Act of 1802
20127:Judiciary Act of 1801
20122:Judiciary Act of 1789
19889:Ketanji Brown Jackson
19805:Grant, vacate, remand
19795:Cert. before judgment
19519:(January 19, 2017) .
19400:Little, Brown and Co.
19398:(3 volumes). Boston:
19237:June 5, 2017, at the
18855:www.brennancenter.org
18823:(September 1, 2021).
18293:The Federalist Papers
18254:(December 14, 1787).
17432:The Volokh Conspiracy
16994:www.brennancenter.org
16953:(November 14, 2023).
16916:(November 21, 2023).
16854:(November 14, 2023).
16794:(November 14, 2023).
16639:. November 13, 2023.
16636:Associated Press News
15690:. September 7, 2023.
15343:(2023). "Chapter 6".
15315:. Ecco. p. 345.
14925:Vanderbilt Law Review
14877:(September 7, 2010).
14828:Chace, James (2007).
14579:The American Conflict
14229:United States Reports
14007:California v. Arizona
13670:Georgia v. Brailsford
13448:May 10, 2023, at the
13437:May 11, 2023, at the
13417:May 10, 2023, at the
13406:May 11, 2023, at the
13377:on September 25, 2018
12866:"How The Court Works"
12579:(September 9, 2010).
12263:(February 25, 2022).
11462:. Ecco. p. 352.
11090:"Judges on Horseback"
10854:on September 15, 2012
10164:"Mr. Justice Stanton"
9664:The American Prospect
9454:(December 18, 2000).
9278:"Casing John Roberts"
9014:. November 12, 1998.
8846:"Guilt and Mr. Meese"
8557:(December 14, 2004).
8221:Irons, Peter (2006).
7917:(December 13, 2000).
7872:. February 27, 1893.
7809:With his decision in
7799:on September 20, 2003
7746:"Black Robe Politics"
7440:. Chicago, Illinois:
7341:Watson, Bradley C. S.
7209:Notre Dame Law Review
7180:Presidential immunity
7098:(2013, voting rights)
7000:(1972, contraception)
6960:(1965, contraception)
6833:McCulloch v. Maryland
6627:Further information:
6623:Secretive proceedings
6535:The Federalist Papers
6127:
6081:Slaughter-House Cases
5985:
5687:Vanderbilt Law Review
5577:, Stephen Breyer for
5472:Further information:
5187:
5109:Further information:
5044:California v. Stewart
4982:Reporter of Decisions
4973:United States Reports
4831:
4734:Georgia v. Brailsford
4725:Georgia v. Brailsford
4719:Virginia v. Tennessee
4624:Chief Justice Roberts
4528:Chief Justice Roberts
4480:Chief Justice Roberts
4222:Original jurisdiction
3818:
3783:Ketanji Brown Jackson
3748:
3639:Seniority and seating
3611:Further information:
3282:
3265:Judicial Common Space
3225:(1939β1962), born in
3217:(1922β1939), born in
3193:(1793β1806), born in
3185:(1790β1799), born in
3127:Northwestern European
3120:
3091:Ketanji Brown Jackson
2929:; plus Samuel Alito,
2746:Ketanji Brown Jackson
2121:Appointed by (party)
2008:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2001:Judiciary Act of 1869
1992:Judicial Circuits Act
1960:Judiciary Act of 1802
1945:Judiciary Act of 1789
1840:judicial independence
1821:
1795:James MacGregor Burns
1705:Department of Justice
1670:
1548:
1233:
1134:legislative districts
1083:was soon repudiated (
1027:Franklin D. Roosevelt
956:
944:
901:military conscription
772:judicial independence
744:McCulloch v. Maryland
678:
583:Judiciary Act of 1789
530:
522:
456:Judiciary Act of 1789
425:original jurisdiction
281:38.89056Β°N 77.00444Β°W
208:38.89056Β°N 77.00444Β°W
48:The reason given is:
25899:Environmental issues
25564:Political ideologies
25463:Indigenous languages
24663:List of legislatures
24460:separation of powers
24161:Independent agencies
24087:World Heritage Sites
23722:September 11 attacks
23645:SpanishβAmerican War
23585:MexicanβAmerican War
23541:Confederation period
23472:Continental Congress
23182:Admission to the bar
23032:Separation of powers
22582:District of Columbia
22285:State supreme courts
22258:in the United States
21901:G. W. Bush
21836:G. W. Bush
21587:G. W. Bush
20642:Charles Evans Hughes
20183:Supreme Court Police
19748:Ideological leanings
19677:(4th ed.). Chicago:
19547:10.2139/ssrn.2463244
19375:"The Court Building"
19254:. Washington, D.C.:
19027:(November 1, 2008).
18459:place β Samuel Alito
15637:Smithsonian Magazine
15579:(February 1, 2017).
15509:Litt, David (2020).
15311:Litt, David (2020).
14418:on February 21, 2014
13944:(October 17, 2017).
13267:: 368β369, 387β390.
13135:McKusick, Vincent L.
13006:203 U.S. 563
12814:"Visiting the Court"
12725:United States Courts
12016:. October 21, 2015.
11580:www.supremecourt.gov
11486:(February 1, 2017).
11458:Litt, David (2020).
11254:. October 17, 2019.
10775:The Yale Law Journal
10653:(February 9, 2009).
10371:William H. Pryor Jr.
10245:on December 18, 2007
9944:www.supremecourt.gov
9742:. January 22, 2010.
9657:(October 10, 2016).
9468:on November 22, 2010
9452:Krauthammer, Charles
8852:. January 31, 1987.
8704:"America's Holy War"
8702:(December 9, 1991).
8263:on November 22, 2009
8087:on December 19, 2008
7967:. February 3, 1901.
7903:Ginsburg, Ruth Bader
7690:(October 24, 2004).
7350:. Washington, D.C.:
7313:. Washington, D.C.:
7269:. Washington, D.C.:
7103:Obergefell v. Hodges
7017:Miller v. California
6949:Gideon v. Wainwright
6886:forced sterilization
6686:constitutional court
6615:the presidency over
6513:West Virginia v. EPA
6508:Establishment Clause
6333:Fourteenth Amendment
6197:N.Y.U. School of Law
6188:Obergefell v. Hodges
5832:a prominent law firm
5365:Breedlove v. Suttles
5358:Nineteenth Amendment
5334:Fourteenth Amendment
5330:Thirteenth Amendment
5275:Worcester v. Georgia
5180:Institutional powers
4872:Opinion of the court
4708:. There are however
4271:writs of prohibition
4254:John Marshall Harlan
4124:Comprehensible rules
4094:Freedom from slavery
4054:Freedom of the press
3998:Government structure
3960:Separation of powers
3904:of the United States
3857:, separate from the
3855:Supreme Court Police
3667:improve this article
3382:Birthdate and place
3351:courts, usually the
3287:president and red a
2118:birthdate and place
1758:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1700:of President Trump.
1485:Obergefell v. Hodges
1469:Massachusetts v. EPA
1181:Gideon v. Wainwright
1112:Fourteenth Amendment
1071:Pledge of Allegiance
1069:) and the mandatory
967:Charles Evans Hughes
883:against the states (
873:Fourteenth Amendment
545:separation of powers
496:opinion of the court
25742:Health care finance
25235:Rail transportation
25001:Imperial presidency
24723:State constitutions
24668:List of legislators
24618:Auditor/Comptroller
24591:Lieutenant governor
24317:Library of Congress
24208:Diplomatic Security
23851:Indian reservations
23514:American Revolution
23122:International Trade
22749:Convening authority
22154:Trinidad and Tobago
21999:Antigua and Barbuda
20626:William Howard Taft
20351:Supreme Court leaks
19817:In-chambers opinion
18763:. Opinion section.
18731:The Washington Post
18672:on October 23, 2008
18627:"Meet the Supremes"
18520:on December 4, 2010
18442:The Washington Post
18297:. New York Packet.
18262:. New York Packet.
18252:Hamilton, Alexander
18187:Independent Journal
18148:"Federalist No. 28"
18034:Gersen, Jeannie Suk
17288:on October 23, 2008
16914:Gersen, Jeannie Suk
16564:The Washington Post
16385:The Washington Post
15831:The Washington Post
15347:. New York: Crown.
15170:2024SciA...10K9590L
14912:William E. Nelson;
14630:The Washington Post
12899:"Calendar Info/Key"
12876:on February 3, 2014
12789:on October 30, 2009
12555:David N. Atkinson,
12010:"The Four Justices"
11853:The Washington Post
11776:Schumacher, Alvin.
10879:The Huffington Post
10771:Prakash, Saikrishna
10737:Hamilton, Alexander
10555:The Huffington Post
10452:. pp. 34, 35.
10270:The Huffington Post
9771:The Washington Post
9549:The Washington Post
9048:The Washington Post
8984:on October 14, 2010
8897:(3). Archived from
8716:on November 2, 2007
8676:on October 13, 2009
8640:on November 6, 2009
8482:The Washington Post
8004:The Washington Post
7757:The Washington Post
7697:The Washington Post
7237:U.S. Constitution,
7041:Chevron v. N.R.D.C.
6997:Eisenstadt v. Baird
6906:Japanese internment
6873:Lochner v. New York
6597:separate sovereigns
6287:improve the article
6209:, law professor at
6117:detainees, arguing
6061:(1896) that upheld
6026:improve the article
5862:wrote an op-ed for
5725:becomes entrenched
5559:Frederick M. Vinson
5542:or a member of the
5443:Goldwater v. Carter
5353:Minor v. Happersett
5346:Sixteenth Amendment
5313:Chisholm v. Georgia
5226:checks and balances
5048:The Telephone Cases
5036:Vignera v. New York
4702:the facts of a case
4688:state supreme court
4403:in-chambers opinion
4378:DeFunis v. Odegaard
4352:per curiam decision
4298:certified questions
4140:Living Constitution
4059:Freedom of assembly
4044:Freedom of religion
3843:Library of Congress
3795:order of precedence
3629:Compensation Clause
3376:
3301:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
3147:Sandra Day O'Connor
2957:Position or office
2832:justices (Justices
2324:Trenton, New Jersey
2112:
1952:Midnight Judges Act
1836:impeachment process
1736:Recess appointments
1672:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
1566:Appointments Clause
1556:to be chief justice
1453:Gonzales v. Carhart
1374:Clinton v. New York
1260:Sandra Day O'Connor
1240:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
1003:Willis Van Devanter
975:Benjamin N. Cardozo
851:Lochner v. New York
703:Chisholm v. Georgia
539:in Washington, D.C.
503:writs of certiorari
417:U.S. constitutional
334:Number of positions
286:38.89056; -77.00444
277: /
213:38.89056; -77.00444
204: /
50:DuplicateReferences
25852:affirmative action
25825:Capital punishment
25784:Poverty and health
25779:Physician shortage
25752:Health care prices
25682:Standard of living
25365:standard of living
25172:Financial position
24799:Hawaiian home land
24787:Indian reservation
24760:Tribal sovereignty
24603:Secretary of state
24472:United States Code
24388:Territorial courts
24360:Associate Justices
24245:Inspector generals
23732:War in Afghanistan
23595:Reconstruction era
23462:Stamp Act Congress
23218:Child sexual abuse
23208:Administrative law
23052:United States Code
23014:Constitutional law
22623:Philippine Islands
22064:Dominican Republic
21444:
20780:Associate justices
20764:
20113:Statutes affecting
20055:Associate justices
19849:Associate justices
19743:Court demographics
19503:Tribe, Laurence H.
19394:, Charles (1924).
19309:Harvard Law Review
18940:PublicMind.fdu.edu
18765:The New York Times
18631:The New York Times
18477:The New York Times
18334:The New York Times
18074:The New York Times
17765:(March 26, 2012).
17763:Stone, Geoffrey R.
17736:The New York Times
17570:www.britannica.com
17240:(April 24, 2005).
17130:10.1111/lapo.12237
17053:(April 25, 2023).
16861:The New York Times
16531:The New York Times
16249:The New York Times
16013:The New York Times
15862:The New York Times
15792:The New York Times
15577:Stone, Geoffrey R.
15255:The New York Times
15020:(March 26, 2012).
15018:Stone, Geoffrey R.
14997:The New York Times
14886:The New York Times
14400:on March 23, 2013.
14394:Melbourne, Florida
14357:Volume LXXI, No. 2
14322:lib.guides.umd.edu
14292:law.georgetown.edu
14068:Tushnet, Mark, ed.
13853:The New York Times
13815:The New York Times
13364:Cardozo Law Review
13260:Stetson Law Review
12955:The New York Times
12948:(March 21, 2016).
12846:on August 21, 2016
12685:10.1353/dem.0.0100
12586:The New York Times
12269:The New York Times
12140:"Bias and Judging"
11918:The New York Times
11370:. April 15, 2021.
11163:Mintz, S. (2007).
10624:The New York Times
10589:The New York Times
10171:The Federal Lawyer
10043:The New York Times
9914:The Law Dictionary
9846:The New York Times
9807:The New York Times
9704:The New York Times
9625:The New York Times
9587:The New York Times
9398:on August 22, 2009
9320:The New York Times
9282:The New York Times
9274:Amar, Vikram David
9244:The New York Times
9210:The New York Times
9175:The New York Times
9140:The New York Times
9107:. April 19, 2008.
9012:The New York Times
8850:The New York Times
8751:on August 20, 2009
8597:The New York Times
8563:The New York Times
8437:(March 29, 2005).
8119:The New York Times
8113:(April 10, 1996).
8000:"The Supreme Quiz"
7965:The New York Times
7870:The New York Times
7811:Marbury v. Madison
7554:Georgia Law Review
7493:"Building History"
7243:Eleventh Amendment
7156:affirmative action
7123:McGirt v. Oklahoma
7074:(2008, gun rights)
6973:Loving v. Virginia
6965:Miranda v. Arizona
6893:Wickard v. Filburn
6865:Plessy v. Ferguson
6857:Civil Rights Cases
6825:Marbury v. Madison
6719:, argues that the
6589:More recently, in
6551:federal government
6530:Alexander Hamilton
6329:Due Process Clause
6202:Loving v. Virginia
6136:
6106:Boumediene v. Bush
6086:Reconstruction era
6075:Civil Rights Cases
6068:separate but equal
6058:Plessy v. Ferguson
5787:Federalist Society
5654:Laurence Silberman
5528:William O. Douglas
5455:Steel Seizure Case
5377:Oregon v. Mitchell
5318:Eleventh Amendment
5221:Marbury v. Madison
5212:Alexander Hamilton
5196:
5191:Marbury v. Madison
5027:Miranda v. Arizona
5015:Parents v. Seattle
4926:Published opinions
4837:
4757:Kansas v. Colorado
4692:Miranda v. Arizona
4364:Cohens v. Virginia
4340:declined to grant
4160:Judicial restraint
4119:Right to candidacy
4006:Legislative branch
3902:Constitutional law
3829:
3821:Old Senate Chamber
3787:
3493:September 17, 1939
3374:
3293:
3261:Martin-Quinn score
3233:(now in Austria).
3123:
3095:Vice Chair of the
2818:Court demographics
2754:September 14, 1970
2252:Pin Point, Georgia
2213:September 29, 2005
2136:length of service
2110:
2024:court-packing plan
1852:William O. Douglas
1824:
1807:Alexander Hamilton
1773:pro-forma sessions
1676:
1599:Harlan Fiske Stone
1574:advice and consent
1558:
1422:federal preemption
1296:affirmative action
1275:
1195:Miranda v. Arizona
1092:Steel Seizure Case
1040:Wickard v. Filburn
1033:(most prominently
1007:
951:
886:Gitlow v. New York
830:Reconstruction era
826:American Civil War
778:From Taney to Taft
728:Marbury v. Madison
708:Eleventh Amendment
684:
615:Robert H. Harrison
553:national judiciary
541:
525:
488:advice and consent
464:associate justices
409:U.S. federal court
403:. It has ultimate
380:September 29, 2005
297:Composition method
227:March 4, 1789
26033:
26032:
26027:
26026:
25987:
25986:
25983:
25982:
25953:National security
25662:Income inequality
25542:Statue of Liberty
25345:income inequality
25258:
25257:
25250:Trucking industry
25062:
25061:
25058:
25057:
24989:Foreign relations
24977:Electoral College
24958:
24957:
24746:
24745:
24698:District attorney
24545:
24544:
24372:Courts of appeals
24095:
24094:
23808:
23807:
23749:COVID-19 pandemic
23702:Feminist Movement
23548:American frontier
23467:Thirteen Colonies
23328:
23327:
23153:
23152:
23108:
22972:
22971:
22968:
22967:
22856:
22855:
22648:
22647:
22618:Panama Canal Zone
22222:
22221:
21936:
21935:
21751:T. Roosevelt
21453:
21452:
21449:
21448:
20769:
20768:
20722:William Rehnquist
20422:
20421:
20041:Lists of justices
19884:Amy Coney Barrett
19666:978-0-385-51640-2
19625:978-0-307-39071-4
19608:978-0-8047-8472-6
19591:978-0-8050-9909-6
19495:978-0-06-305278-9
19468:978-1-6680-0606-1
19449:978-1-5416-0263-2
19423:978-0-7432-7402-9
19344:The Supreme Court
19301:978-0-19-530917-1
19282:978-0-19-505835-2
19241:(2013 ed.) (PDF).
19221:
19220:
19025:Christopher Moore
18942:. March 9, 2010.
18800:Los Angeles Times
18666:Los Angeles Times
18512:(July 19, 2005).
18371:Los Angeles Times
17986:978-1-316-61803-5
17957:978-1-107-05565-0
17928:978-1-316-61803-5
17888:978-0-7432-7402-9
17861:978-1-6680-0606-1
17425:(June 28, 2022).
17338:Los Angeles Times
17282:Los Angeles Times
16465:(June 26, 2024).
16409:. July 29, 2024.
15786:(June 22, 2016).
15520:978-0-06-287936-3
15354:978-0-593-44307-1
15322:978-0-06-287936-3
15126:(June 10, 2024).
14841:978-0-684-80843-7
14802:978-0-8147-9404-3
14763:978-0-8047-5382-1
14705:978-0-19-505835-2
14565:978-0-19-505835-2
14484:978-0-19-530917-1
14091:Kessler, Robert.
14080:978-0-8070-0036-6
13925:Politico Magazine
13324:Gutman, Jeffrey.
13103:Linder, Douglas.
12632:978-0-7914-5651-4
12577:Greenhouse, Linda
12557:Leaving the Bench
11961:978-0-393-93218-8
11828:on March 20, 2017
11762:978-0-521-78971-4
11576:"Current Members"
11521:Los Angeles Times
11515:(April 4, 2019).
11492:Los Angeles Times
11469:978-0-06-287936-3
11402:. April 2, 2022.
10933:. July 10, 2024.
10739:(June 14, 1788).
10726:2015 35: 627β663.
10651:Levinson, Sanford
10615:Kakutani, Michiko
10581:Greenhouse, Linda
10412:on April 17, 2020
10367:Evans v. Stephens
10352:978-0-19-505835-2
10002:The Seattle Times
9877:McGinnis, John O.
9839:(June 26, 2008).
9837:Greenhouse, Linda
9697:(July 14, 2009).
9619:(July 24, 2010).
9579:Greenhouse, Linda
9422:"Against the Law"
9314:(April 1, 1999).
9312:Greenhouse, Linda
9276:(July 27, 2005).
9050:. June 29, 1972.
8787:on April 23, 2008
8580:federal action...
8404:978-0-88738-671-8
8328:978-0-253-35159-3
8238:978-0-14-303738-5
8111:Greenhouse, Linda
8020:According to the
8010:on April 29, 2011
7751:Packing the Court
7478:978-0-61599-283-9
7168:Chevron deference
7166:(2024, overruled
7063:Lawrence v. Texas
7020:(1973, obscenity)
6981:Lemon v. Kurtzman
6901:Korematsu v. U.S.
6876:(1905, labor law)
6648:A 2007 review of
6520:Federalism debate
6476:which overturned
6468:Amy Coney Barrett
6378:. More recently,
6312:judicial activism
6308:
6307:
6254:Judicial activism
6244:'s commentary in
6179:Lawrence v. Texas
6113:of the rights of
6097:exclusionary rule
6047:
6046:
5993:Individual rights
5969:white nationalist
5800:Amy Coney Barrett
5771:electoral college
5727:single-party rule
5675:J. Michael Luttig
5630:David B. Sentelle
5583:Thurgood Marshall
5575:Robert H. Jackson
5571:William Rehnquist
5563:John Paul Stevens
5536:Felix Frankfurter
5494:bench memorandums
5415:ex parte McCardle
5246:democratic ideals
5208:Federalist No. 78
5162:Supreme Court bar
5077:(simply known as
4980:is issued by the
4964:
4963:
4629:
4628:
4576:Justice Kavanaugh
4552:Justice Kavanaugh
4504:Justice Sotomayor
4373:advisory opinions
4267:writs of mandamus
4236:contempt of court
4216:
4215:
4064:Right to petition
4049:Freedom of speech
4036:Individual rights
3990:Tiers of scrutiny
3965:Individual rights
3771:Amy Coney Barrett
3743:
3742:
3735:
3717:
3604:
3603:
3465:February 18, 1988
3297:Amy Coney Barrett
3257:SegalβCover score
3244:Judicial leanings
3223:Felix Frankfurter
3215:George Sutherland
3153:became the first
3145:justice in 1967.
3141:became the first
3139:Thurgood Marshall
3115:
3114:
3077:Amy Coney Barrett
2939:Amy Coney Barrett
2844:justice (Justice
2797:
2796:
2672:Amy Coney Barrett
2608:February 12, 1965
2180:Buffalo, New York
2048:Amy Coney Barrett
1930:Size of the court
1916:size of the court
1889:William Rehnquist
1746:Recess appointees
1696:Neil Gorsuch, an
1689:Dwight Eisenhower
1644:'s nomination of
1630:Lyndon B. Johnson
1474:same-sex marriage
1364:Lawrence v. Texas
1317:Furman v. Georgia
1252:John Paul Stevens
1176:exclusionary rule
1123:Bolling v. Sharpe
1079:). Nevertheless,
999:George Sutherland
643:Independence Hall
599:George Washington
385:
384:
324:Judge term length
318:U.S. Constitution
165:
164:
157:
16:(Redirected from
26232:
26195:
26187:
26186:
26185:
26178:
26170:
26169:
26168:
26161:
26153:
26152:
26151:
26144:
26136:
26135:
26134:
26127:
26119:
26118:
26117:
26110:
26102:
26101:
26100:
26090:
26074:
26073:
26072:
26062:
26061:
26050:
26049:
26041:
26007:
26000:
25887:African American
25769:Health insurance
25657:Household income
25527:National symbols
25458:American English
25431:Federal holidays
25340:household income
25273:
25272:
25269:
25268:
25073:
25072:
25011:Anti-Americanism
24935:Special district
24862:Independent city
24831:County executive
24814:
24813:
24608:Attorney general
24567:
24566:
24556:Federal District
24139:Executive Office
24119:
24118:
24110:
24109:
24106:
24105:
23866:populated places
23846:federal enclaves
23841:federal district
23819:
23818:
23682:American Century
23665:Great Depression
23660:Roaring Twenties
23620:Women's suffrage
23499:Halifax Resolves
23492:Founding Fathers
23487:military history
23452:Pre-colonial era
23376:
23375:
23355:
23348:
23341:
23332:
23331:
23228:Conflict of laws
23102:
23078:
23077:
23064:
22999:
22992:
22985:
22976:
22975:
22886:
22885:
22764:
22763:
22729:
22728:
22691:Military justice
22675:
22668:
22661:
22652:
22651:
22249:
22242:
22235:
22226:
22225:
22181:
21976:
21969:
21962:
21953:
21952:
21940:
21939:
21741:
21733:B. Harrison
21728:
21611:All presidential
21480:
21473:
21466:
21457:
21456:
21432:
21332:
21186:
21124:
21080:
20796:
20775:
20774:
20706:Warren E. Burger
20514:Oliver Ellsworth
20465:
20464:
20455:Justices of the
20449:
20442:
20435:
20426:
20425:
20412:
20411:
20400:
20399:
20398:
20388:
20387:
20364:Lawyers' Edition
19899:Retired justices
19765:
19764:
19717:
19710:
19703:
19694:
19693:
19670:
19649:978-168217-180-6
19629:
19595:
19576:
19558:
19540:
19499:
19480:
19453:
19409:Armstrong, Scott
19388:
19386:
19384:
19379:
19323:, Peter (1999).
19305:
19286:
19216:
19213:
19207:
19195:
19194:
19187:
19177:
19176:
19174:
19172:
19162:
19156:
19155:
19144:
19138:
19137:
19126:
19120:
19119:
19116:Voice of America
19108:
19102:
19101:
19099:
19097:
19074:
19063:
19062:
19055:
19049:
19048:
19046:
19044:
19021:
19015:
19014:
19012:
19010:
18995:
18989:
18988:
18986:
18984:
18962:
18956:
18955:
18953:
18951:
18932:
18926:
18925:
18923:
18921:
18907:The New Republic
18898:
18892:
18891:
18889:
18887:
18872:
18866:
18865:
18863:
18861:
18846:
18840:
18839:
18837:
18835:
18817:
18811:
18810:
18808:
18806:
18791:
18785:
18784:
18778:
18776:
18767:. Archived from
18756:
18750:
18749:
18744:
18742:
18733:. Archived from
18722:
18716:
18715:
18713:
18711:
18691:
18685:
18684:
18679:
18677:
18668:. Archived from
18657:
18651:
18650:
18644:
18642:
18623:Margolick, David
18619:
18610:
18609:
18607:
18605:
18585:
18579:
18578:
18576:
18574:
18555:
18549:
18548:
18536:
18530:
18529:
18527:
18525:
18506:
18500:
18499:
18490:
18488:
18468:
18462:
18461:
18455:
18453:
18433:
18427:
18426:
18424:
18422:
18400:
18391:
18390:
18384:
18382:
18362:
18356:
18355:
18349:
18347:
18321:
18315:
18314:
18308:
18306:
18286:
18280:
18279:
18273:
18271:
18248:
18242:
18241:
18235:
18233:
18213:
18207:
18206:
18200:
18198:
18174:
18168:
18167:
18161:
18159:
18140:
18134:
18133:
18128:
18120:
18114:
18113:
18111:
18109:
18092:
18086:
18085:
18083:
18081:
18067:(July 2, 2022).
18061:
18055:
18054:
18052:
18050:
18036:(July 3, 2022).
18030:
18024:
18023:
18021:
18019:
17997:
17991:
17990:
17972:
17966:
17965:
17943:
17937:
17936:
17914:
17908:
17907:
17902:
17900:
17872:
17866:
17865:
17848:Waldman, Michael
17844:
17838:
17837:
17831:
17829:
17824:on March 2, 2024
17820:. Archived from
17807:
17801:
17800:
17798:
17796:
17790:
17775:
17759:
17753:
17752:
17750:
17748:
17729:(May 29, 1998).
17723:
17717:
17716:
17714:
17712:
17688:
17682:
17681:
17676:
17674:
17665:. Townhall.com.
17658:
17652:
17651:
17649:
17647:
17632:
17626:
17618:See for example
17616:
17610:
17609:
17604:
17602:
17587:
17581:
17580:
17578:
17576:
17562:
17556:
17555:
17553:
17551:
17545:Texas Law Review
17536:
17530:
17529:
17527:
17525:
17510:
17504:
17503:
17501:
17499:
17476:
17470:
17469:
17467:
17465:
17453:Scully, Conrad.
17450:
17444:
17443:
17441:
17439:
17419:
17413:
17412:
17410:
17408:
17393:
17387:
17386:
17384:
17382:
17367:
17358:
17357:
17351:
17349:
17329:
17323:
17322:
17320:
17318:
17304:
17298:
17297:
17295:
17293:
17284:. Archived from
17273:
17267:
17266:
17261:
17259:
17234:
17228:
17227:
17225:
17223:
17200:
17194:
17193:
17191:
17189:
17141:
17135:
17134:
17132:
17116:Law & Policy
17106:
17100:
17099:
17097:
17095:
17081:
17075:
17074:
17072:
17070:
17047:
17041:
17040:
17038:
17036:
17016:
17010:
17009:
17007:
17005:
16986:
16975:
16974:
16972:
16970:
16947:
16941:
16940:
16938:
16936:
16910:
16904:
16903:
16901:
16899:
16884:
16878:
16877:
16875:
16873:
16848:
16842:
16841:
16839:
16837:
16817:
16811:
16810:
16808:
16806:
16788:
16782:
16781:
16779:
16777:
16749:
16743:
16742:
16740:
16738:
16718:
16712:
16711:
16709:
16707:
16685:
16679:
16678:
16676:
16674:
16659:
16653:
16652:
16650:
16648:
16627:
16621:
16620:
16618:
16616:
16602:The New Republic
16593:
16587:
16586:
16574:
16568:
16556:
16550:
16549:
16547:
16545:
16522:
16516:
16515:
16513:
16511:
16488:
16482:
16481:
16479:
16477:
16459:
16453:
16452:
16439:
16433:
16432:
16431:. July 29, 2024.
16421:
16415:
16414:
16399:
16393:
16392:
16376:
16370:
16369:
16362:
16356:
16355:
16354:. July 26, 2024.
16348:
16342:
16341:
16339:
16337:
16323:The New Republic
16314:
16308:
16307:
16306:. July 10, 2024.
16300:
16294:
16293:
16279:
16273:
16272:
16264:
16258:
16257:
16239:
16233:
16232:
16230:
16228:
16205:
16199:
16198:
16196:
16194:
16179:
16173:
16172:
16166:
16158:
16156:
16154:
16139:
16130:
16129:
16127:
16125:
16102:
16093:
16092:
16090:
16088:
16076:(May 29, 2024).
16070:
16064:
16063:
16061:
16059:
16036:
16030:
16029:
16027:
16025:
16006:(May 29, 2024).
16000:
15994:
15993:
15991:
15989:
15980:Kaplan, Joshua.
15977:
15971:
15970:
15968:
15966:
15946:
15940:
15939:
15937:
15935:
15915:
15909:
15908:
15906:
15904:
15884:
15878:
15877:
15875:
15873:
15853:
15847:
15846:
15844:
15842:
15822:
15816:
15815:
15813:
15811:
15780:
15774:
15773:
15771:
15769:
15749:
15743:
15742:
15740:
15738:
15718:
15712:
15711:
15709:
15707:
15680:
15674:
15673:
15671:
15669:
15654:
15648:
15647:
15645:
15643:
15631:Trickey, Erick.
15628:
15622:
15621:
15619:
15617:
15602:
15596:
15595:
15593:
15591:
15573:
15567:
15566:
15564:
15562:
15548:The New Republic
15539:
15533:
15532:
15506:
15500:
15499:
15497:
15495:
15480:
15474:
15473:
15468:
15466:
15454:
15448:
15447:
15445:
15443:
15428:
15422:
15421:
15419:
15417:
15394:
15388:
15387:
15385:
15383:
15365:
15359:
15358:
15337:Levitsky, Steven
15333:
15327:
15326:
15308:
15299:
15298:
15296:
15294:
15278:
15272:
15271:
15269:
15267:
15242:
15236:
15235:
15233:
15231:
15216:
15210:
15209:
15199:
15181:
15164:(10): eadk9590.
15158:Science Advances
15149:
15143:
15142:
15140:
15138:
15120:
15111:
15110:
15108:
15106:
15091:
15085:
15084:
15082:
15080:
15068:(May 23, 2024).
15062:
15056:
15055:
15053:
15051:
15045:
15030:
15014:
15008:
15007:
15005:
15003:
14985:
14976:
14975:
14969:
14967:
14950:
14944:
14943:
14941:
14939:
14934:on July 27, 2010
14933:
14922:
14909:
14903:
14902:
14900:
14898:
14882:
14871:
14858:
14857:
14855:
14853:
14825:
14819:
14818:
14816:
14814:
14786:
14780:
14779:
14777:
14775:
14747:
14732:
14731:
14729:
14727:
14716:
14710:
14709:
14681:
14675:
14674:
14672:
14670:
14661:
14652:
14646:
14645:
14643:
14641:
14622:
14616:
14615:
14610:
14608:
14592:
14586:
14576:
14570:
14569:
14541:
14535:
14534:
14532:
14530:
14516:The New Republic
14507:
14501:
14500:
14498:
14496:
14468:
14457:
14456:
14455:
14453:
14434:
14428:
14427:
14425:
14423:
14408:
14402:
14401:
14379:
14373:
14372:
14370:
14368:
14348:
14342:
14341:
14339:
14337:
14314:
14308:
14307:
14305:
14303:
14284:
14278:
14277:
14275:
14273:
14268:on April 6, 2017
14258:
14252:
14251:
14249:
14247:
14241:
14226:
14218:
14212:
14211:
14209:
14207:
14192:
14186:
14185:
14177:
14171:
14162:
14156:
14147:
14141:
14140:
14138:
14136:
14121:
14115:
14114:
14112:
14110:
14088:
14082:
14061:
14055:
14054:
14052:
14050:
14035:
14029:
14028:
14026:
14024:
14004:
14002:
14000:
13967:
13961:
13960:
13958:
13956:
13942:Gabrielson, Ryan
13938:
13929:
13928:
13916:
13903:
13902:
13876:
13870:
13869:
13867:
13865:
13849:
13838:
13832:
13831:
13829:
13827:
13811:
13800:
13794:
13793:
13791:
13789:
13769:
13763:
13762:
13760:
13758:
13736:
13730:
13729:
13727:
13725:
13701:Yale Law Journal
13691:
13685:
13656:
13650:
13649:
13647:
13645:
13639:
13614:
13605:
13599:
13590:
13584:
13571:
13565:
13556:
13547:
13546:
13544:
13542:
13536:
13525:
13517:
13511:
13509:
13499:
13493:
13479:
13473:
13459:
13453:
13428:
13422:
13397:
13391:
13390:
13384:
13382:
13376:
13370:. Archived from
13361:
13352:
13346:
13345:
13343:
13341:
13321:
13315:
13314:
13312:
13310:
13290:
13284:
13283:
13281:
13279:
13273:
13256:
13247:
13241:
13232:
13223:
13214:
13208:
13199:
13193:
13184:
13178:
13169:
13163:
13162:
13160:
13158:
13143:Maine Law Review
13131:
13125:
13124:
13122:
13120:
13100:
13094:
13093:
13088:
13086:
13062:
13053:
13052:
13046:
13044:
13020:
13009:
13003:
12995:
12989:
12988:
12978:
12972:
12971:
12969:
12967:
12942:
12936:
12935:
12925:
12919:
12918:
12916:
12914:
12903:SupremeCourt.gov
12895:
12886:
12885:
12883:
12881:
12862:
12856:
12855:
12853:
12851:
12836:
12830:
12829:
12827:
12825:
12810:
12799:
12798:
12796:
12794:
12783:"Plan Your Trip"
12779:
12764:
12744:See for example
12742:
12736:
12735:
12733:
12731:
12717:
12711:
12710:
12696:
12662:
12656:
12655:
12649:
12647:
12641:
12624:
12613:
12607:
12606:
12600:
12598:
12573:
12567:
12553:
12547:
12546:
12540:
12538:
12523:
12517:
12516:
12503:(July 6, 2024).
12497:
12491:
12490:
12488:
12486:
12466:
12460:
12459:
12457:
12455:
12435:
12429:
12428:
12426:
12424:
12404:
12398:
12397:
12395:
12393:
12373:
12367:
12366:
12360:
12358:
12336:
12330:
12329:
12323:
12321:
12299:
12293:
12292:
12290:
12288:
12257:
12251:
12250:
12238:
12227:
12221:
12220:
12218:
12216:
12181:
12170:
12169:
12159:
12135:
12129:
12128:
12118:
12094:
12088:
12087:
12085:
12083:
12067:
12061:
12060:
12058:
12056:
12036:
12030:
12029:
12027:
12025:
12006:
11997:
11996:
11994:
11992:
11972:
11966:
11965:
11941:
11935:
11934:
11932:
11930:
11904:
11898:
11884:
11878:
11877:
11875:
11873:
11844:
11838:
11837:
11835:
11833:
11818:
11803:
11802:
11797:
11795:
11778:"Roger B. Taney"
11773:
11767:
11766:
11750:
11740:
11734:
11733:
11727:
11719:
11717:
11715:
11704:
11698:
11697:
11691:
11689:
11668:
11662:
11661:
11659:
11657:
11652:on July 30, 2017
11635:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11624:
11615:. Archived from
11602:
11596:
11595:
11593:
11591:
11572:
11563:
11562:
11560:
11558:
11538:
11532:
11531:
11529:
11527:
11513:Turley, Jonathan
11509:
11503:
11502:
11500:
11498:
11484:Turley, Jonathan
11480:
11474:
11473:
11455:
11449:
11448:
11446:
11444:
11422:
11416:
11415:
11413:
11411:
11390:
11384:
11383:
11381:
11379:
11358:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11347:
11335:(July 5, 2022).
11329:
11323:
11322:
11320:
11318:
11300:
11294:
11293:
11291:
11289:
11274:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11263:
11248:
11242:
11241:
11239:
11237:
11222:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11211:
11191:
11185:
11184:
11182:
11180:
11160:
11154:
11144:
11138:
11137:
11135:
11133:
11118:
11112:
11111:
11109:
11107:
11101:
11094:
11086:
11080:
11061:
11055:
11054:
11052:
11050:
11035:
11029:
11028:
10992:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10981:
10953:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10942:
10927:
10921:
10920:
10918:
10916:
10901:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10890:
10870:
10864:
10863:
10861:
10859:
10840:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10829:
10813:
10807:
10806:
10787:10.2307/20455716
10767:
10761:
10760:
10754:
10752:
10733:
10727:
10720:
10714:
10713:, 2006), p. 415.
10700:
10694:
10693:, 2006), p. 291.
10683:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10647:
10641:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10617:(July 6, 2009).
10611:
10605:
10604:
10602:
10600:
10577:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10566:
10543:
10532:
10531:
10529:
10527:
10507:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10496:
10477:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10464:
10458:
10451:
10443:
10437:
10434:
10428:
10427:
10419:
10417:
10411:
10400:
10391:
10382:
10363:
10357:
10356:
10330:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10319:
10313:
10302:
10293:
10287:
10286:
10284:
10282:
10261:
10255:
10254:
10252:
10250:
10237:Balkin, Jack M.
10234:
10228:
10227:
10225:
10223:
10204:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10187:
10168:
10159:
10153:
10152:
10150:
10148:
10128:
10122:
10112:
10106:
10095:
10089:
10088:
10086:
10084:
10069:
10063:
10062:
10057:
10055:
10033:
10027:
10026:
10016:
10014:
9992:
9986:
9985:
9983:
9981:
9966:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9955:
9936:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9897:
9895:
9873:
9867:
9866:
9860:
9858:
9833:
9827:
9826:
9821:
9819:
9797:
9791:
9790:
9784:
9782:
9762:
9756:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9730:
9724:
9723:
9718:
9716:
9691:
9685:
9684:
9678:
9676:
9651:
9645:
9644:
9638:
9636:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9600:
9598:
9581:(July 1, 2007).
9575:
9569:
9568:
9562:
9560:
9540:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9529:
9514:
9508:
9507:
9505:
9503:
9488:
9482:
9481:
9475:
9473:
9464:. Archived from
9448:
9442:
9441:
9436:
9434:
9417:
9411:
9410:
9405:
9403:
9394:. Archived from
9383:
9377:
9376:
9370:
9368:
9363:on June 29, 2008
9359:. Archived from
9346:
9340:
9339:
9333:
9331:
9308:
9302:
9301:
9295:
9293:
9270:
9264:
9263:
9257:
9255:
9235:
9229:
9228:
9223:
9221:
9201:
9195:
9194:
9188:
9186:
9166:
9160:
9159:
9153:
9151:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9118:
9116:
9097:
9091:
9073:
9067:
9066:
9061:
9059:
9040:
9031:
9030:
9025:
9023:
9004:
8998:
8997:
8991:
8989:
8968:
8962:
8961:
8955:
8953:
8933:
8927:
8920:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8904:on June 21, 2017
8903:
8888:
8882:(October 2008).
8880:Graglia, Lino A.
8876:
8870:
8869:
8863:
8861:
8842:
8836:
8835:
8829:
8827:
8806:
8800:
8799:
8794:
8792:
8771:
8765:
8764:
8758:
8756:
8747:. Archived from
8736:
8730:
8729:
8723:
8721:
8712:. Archived from
8696:
8690:
8689:
8683:
8681:
8660:
8654:
8653:
8647:
8645:
8626:
8620:
8619:
8614:
8612:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8576:
8574:
8551:
8545:
8544:
8538:
8536:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8498:
8496:
8490:
8479:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8456:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8418:
8416:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8375:
8373:
8354:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8340:
8312:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8298:
8283:
8277:
8276:
8270:
8268:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8205:
8203:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8176:
8174:
8145:
8139:
8138:
8132:
8130:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8094:
8092:
8083:. Archived from
8070:
8064:
8063:
8057:
8055:
8033:
8027:
8026:
8017:
8015:
7996:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7979:
7973:
7962:
7954:
7945:
7944:
7938:
7936:
7927:. Archived from
7907:Stevens, John P.
7899:
7893:
7892:
7886:
7884:
7878:
7867:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7845:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7806:
7804:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7770:
7768:
7754:
7749:(book review of
7744:(July 5, 2009).
7738:
7732:
7723:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7709:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7640:(8): 1663β1750.
7634:Yale Law Journal
7626:Manning, John F.
7622:
7616:
7615:
7610:
7608:
7582:
7576:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7531:
7524:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7403:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7377:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7302:
7296:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7259:Turley, Jonathan
7255:
7246:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7197:
7146:(2022, firearms)
7138:(2022, abortion)
7033:Buckley v. Valeo
6841:Gibbons v. Ogden
6390:(1978) that the
6360:The decision in
6342:Dobbs v. Jackson
6303:
6300:
6294:
6266:
6265:
6258:
6247:Timbs v. Indiana
6042:
6039:
6033:
6005:
6004:
5997:
5733:Approval ratings
5712:Dobbs v. Jackson
5707:campaign finance
5638:Walter Stapleton
5610:Leonard I. Garth
5239:Thomas Jefferson
5204:Founding Fathers
5099:Lawyers' Edition
5089:is presented as
5081:), published by
5079:Lawyers' Edition
4959:
4956:
4950:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4803:Written evidence
4607:Eleventh Circuit
4463:
4462:
4450:Court of Appeals
4422:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4104:Equal protection
4089:Right to privacy
4028:Local government
4023:State government
4011:Executive branch
3914:
3898:
3897:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3757:, Chief Justice
3738:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3675:
3651:
3643:
3597:
3592:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3531:
3526:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3471:
3466:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3377:
3373:
3346:Retired justices
3191:William Paterson
3155:Italian-American
3143:African-American
2951:
2950:
2830:African American
2786:
2758:Washington, D.C.
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2722:
2721:October 27, 2020
2700:
2699:
2698:
2681:
2680:January 28, 1972
2676:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2663:
2646:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:Washington, D.C.
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2574:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2540:Denver, Colorado
2537:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2502:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2447:
2430:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2375:
2358:
2357:January 31, 2006
2336:
2335:
2334:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2303:
2286:
2285:October 23, 1991
2264:
2263:
2262:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2231:
2214:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2177:
2176:January 27, 1955
2172:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2128:
2113:
2109:
2098:Current justices
2028:Democratic Party
2017:
2013:
1997:Ulysses S. Grant
1965:ride the circuit
1908:Millard Fillmore
1887:to the death of
1805:, among others.
1791:Sanford Levinson
1714:Ulysses S. Grant
1710:Edwin M. Stanton
1524:Eighth Amendment
1514:Second Amendment
1396:
1357:), laws against
1323:Gregg v. Georgia
1307:Buckley v. Valeo
1283:
1144:right to privacy
1139:Reynolds v. Sims
750:Gibbons v. Ogden
733:balance of power
653:Early beginnings
587:nation's capital
566:Eventually, the
563:or revise laws.
537:Capitol Building
472:Washington, D.C.
411:cases, and over
354:
351:
303:nomination with
292:
291:
289:
288:
287:
282:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
251:Washington, D.C.
245:1 First Street,
237:
235:
230:
219:
218:
216:
215:
214:
209:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
181:
169:
168:
160:
153:
149:
146:
140:
137:named references
129:(refs: 318, 362)
122:(refs: 299, 302)
115:(refs: 296, 311)
108:(refs: 244, 335)
101:(refs: 194, 195)
94:(refs: 187, 199)
87:(refs: 183, 198)
80:(refs: 113, 285)
73:(refs: 112, 313)
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:US Supreme Court
26240:
26239:
26235:
26234:
26233:
26231:
26230:
26229:
26200:
26199:
26198:
26188:
26183:
26181:
26177:from Wikisource
26171:
26166:
26164:
26154:
26149:
26147:
26137:
26132:
26130:
26120:
26115:
26113:
26109:from Wiktionary
26103:
26098:
26096:
26093:
26089:sister projects
26086:at Knowledge's
26080:
26070:
26068:
26056:
26044:
26036:
26034:
26029:
26028:
26023:
26010:
26003:
25996:
25979:
25965:Opioid epidemic
25882:Native American
25862:intersex rights
25813:
25809:Life expectancy
25799:Medical deserts
25789:Race and health
25686:
25672:Personal income
25618:
25522:National anthem
25355:personal income
25320:Economic issues
25254:
25206:
25054:
24954:
24943:School district
24929:
24912:Minor divisions
24906:
24845:
24803:
24742:
24728:Statutory codes
24709:
24672:
24649:
24559:
24554:
24541:
24476:
24433:civil liberties
24414:
24405:Other tribunals
24384:District courts
24336:
24295:current members
24278:current members
24259:
24193:Law enforcement
24091:
23804:
23753:
23744:Great Recession
23615:Progressive Era
23605:Native genocide
23536:Perpetual Union
23524:Treaty of Paris
23482:United Colonies
23440:
23365:
23359:
23329:
23324:
23223:Civil procedure
23191:
23149:
23131:
23072:
23065:
23056:
23042:Act of Congress
23016:
23008:
23003:
22973:
22964:
22947:
22941:
22905:
22877:
22868:UCMJ Article 15
22852:
22836:
22820:
22799:
22783:
22753:
22730:
22726:
22721:
22700:
22682:
22679:
22649:
22644:
22627:
22606:
22562:
22279:
22259:
22253:
22223:
22218:
22196:Central America
22182:
22173:
21990:
21983:
21980:
21945:
21937:
21932:
21919:
21855:
21739:
21738:Cleveland
21726:
21725:Cleveland
21700:A. Johnson
21612:
21606:
21499:
21493:
21484:
21454:
21445:
21434:
21433:
21427:
21425:
21327:
21268:J. M. Harlan II
21181:
21119:
21075:
20791:
20782:
20765:
20754:
20753:
20658:Harlan F. Stone
20594:Melville Fuller
20562:Salmon P. Chase
20472:
20459:
20453:
20423:
20418:
20406:
20396:
20394:
20390:Other countries
20376:
20289:
20250:
20161:
20114:
20108:
20087:All nominations
20042:
20036:
20025:Rehnquist Court
19947:Ellsworth Court
19921:
19907:Anthony Kennedy
19893:
19879:Brett Kavanaugh
19864:Sonia Sotomayor
19854:Clarence Thomas
19828:Current members
19823:
19766:
19762:
19757:
19726:
19721:
19691:
19667:
19626:
19592:
19496:
19469:
19450:
19433:
19431:Further reading
19428:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19348:Alfred A. Knopf
19302:
19283:
19239:Wayback Machine
19217:
19211:
19208:
19205:
19196:
19192:
19185:
19180:
19170:
19168:
19164:
19163:
19159:
19146:
19145:
19141:
19128:
19127:
19123:
19110:
19109:
19105:
19095:
19093:
19075:
19066:
19056:
19052:
19042:
19040:
19022:
19018:
19008:
19006:
18996:
18992:
18982:
18980:
18963:
18959:
18949:
18947:
18934:
18933:
18929:
18919:
18917:
18899:
18895:
18885:
18883:
18873:
18869:
18859:
18857:
18847:
18843:
18833:
18831:
18818:
18814:
18804:
18802:
18792:
18788:
18774:
18772:
18771:on May 11, 2011
18757:
18753:
18740:
18738:
18737:on May 13, 2011
18723:
18719:
18709:
18707:
18692:
18688:
18675:
18673:
18658:
18654:
18640:
18638:
18620:
18613:
18603:
18601:
18586:
18582:
18572:
18570:
18557:
18556:
18552:
18537:
18533:
18523:
18521:
18507:
18503:
18486:
18484:
18469:
18465:
18451:
18449:
18434:
18430:
18420:
18418:
18401:
18394:
18380:
18378:
18363:
18359:
18345:
18343:
18325:Akhil Reed Amar
18322:
18318:
18304:
18302:
18287:
18283:
18269:
18267:
18249:
18245:
18231:
18229:
18214:
18210:
18196:
18194:
18175:
18171:
18157:
18155:
18141:
18137:
18121:
18117:
18107:
18105:
18093:
18089:
18079:
18077:
18062:
18058:
18048:
18046:
18031:
18027:
18017:
18015:
17998:
17994:
17987:
17973:
17969:
17958:
17944:
17940:
17929:
17915:
17911:
17898:
17896:
17889:
17873:
17869:
17862:
17845:
17841:
17827:
17825:
17808:
17804:
17794:
17792:
17788:
17773:
17769:Citizens United
17760:
17756:
17746:
17744:
17724:
17720:
17710:
17708:
17689:
17685:
17672:
17670:
17659:
17655:
17645:
17643:
17633:
17629:
17617:
17613:
17600:
17598:
17597:on June 5, 2010
17589:
17588:
17584:
17574:
17572:
17564:
17563:
17559:
17549:
17547:
17537:
17533:
17523:
17521:
17511:
17507:
17497:
17495:
17477:
17473:
17463:
17461:
17451:
17447:
17437:
17435:
17420:
17416:
17406:
17404:
17394:
17390:
17380:
17378:
17377:. June 26, 2022
17369:
17368:
17361:
17347:
17345:
17330:
17326:
17316:
17314:
17306:
17305:
17301:
17291:
17289:
17274:
17270:
17257:
17255:
17238:Safire, William
17235:
17231:
17221:
17219:
17201:
17197:
17187:
17185:
17142:
17138:
17107:
17103:
17093:
17091:
17083:
17082:
17078:
17068:
17066:
17051:Totenberg, Nina
17048:
17044:
17034:
17032:
17025:Washington Post
17017:
17013:
17003:
17001:
16988:
16987:
16978:
16968:
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16934:
16932:
16911:
16907:
16897:
16895:
16893:Washington Post
16885:
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16845:
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16818:
16814:
16804:
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16789:
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16773:
16750:
16746:
16736:
16734:
16719:
16715:
16705:
16703:
16687:
16686:
16682:
16672:
16670:
16663:"DocumentCloud"
16661:
16660:
16656:
16646:
16644:
16629:
16628:
16624:
16614:
16612:
16594:
16590:
16575:
16571:
16557:
16553:
16543:
16541:
16523:
16519:
16509:
16507:
16497:Washington Post
16489:
16485:
16475:
16473:
16460:
16456:
16451:. July 2, 2024.
16441:
16440:
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16422:
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16401:
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16377:
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16364:
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16311:
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16214:Washington Post
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15885:
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15809:
15807:
15781:
15777:
15767:
15765:
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15703:
15682:
15681:
15677:
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15655:
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15625:
15615:
15613:
15603:
15599:
15589:
15587:
15574:
15570:
15560:
15558:
15540:
15536:
15521:
15507:
15503:
15493:
15491:
15481:
15477:
15464:
15462:
15455:
15451:
15441:
15439:
15429:
15425:
15415:
15413:
15403:Washington Post
15395:
15391:
15381:
15379:
15377:Washington Post
15366:
15362:
15355:
15341:Ziblatt, Daniel
15334:
15330:
15323:
15309:
15302:
15292:
15290:
15288:FiveThirtyEight
15279:
15275:
15265:
15263:
15243:
15239:
15229:
15227:
15217:
15213:
15150:
15146:
15136:
15134:
15121:
15114:
15104:
15102:
15092:
15088:
15078:
15076:
15063:
15059:
15049:
15047:
15043:
15028:
15024:Citizens United
15015:
15011:
15001:
14999:
14986:
14979:
14965:
14963:
14951:
14947:
14937:
14935:
14931:
14920:
14914:Harvey Rishikof
14910:
14906:
14896:
14894:
14872:
14861:
14851:
14849:
14842:
14826:
14822:
14812:
14810:
14803:
14787:
14783:
14773:
14771:
14764:
14748:
14735:
14725:
14723:
14718:
14717:
14713:
14706:
14686:Hall, Kermit L.
14682:
14678:
14668:
14666:
14659:
14653:
14649:
14639:
14637:
14626:"Nixon Resigns"
14624:
14623:
14619:
14606:
14604:
14593:
14589:
14577:
14573:
14566:
14546:Hall, Kermit L.
14542:
14538:
14528:
14526:
14508:
14504:
14494:
14492:
14485:
14469:
14460:
14451:
14449:
14436:
14435:
14431:
14421:
14419:
14410:
14409:
14405:
14380:
14376:
14366:
14364:
14349:
14345:
14335:
14333:
14316:
14315:
14311:
14301:
14299:
14286:
14285:
14281:
14271:
14269:
14260:
14259:
14255:
14245:
14243:
14239:
14224:
14220:
14219:
14215:
14205:
14203:
14196:"Bound Volumes"
14194:
14193:
14189:
14178:
14174:
14163:
14159:
14148:
14144:
14134:
14132:
14122:
14118:
14108:
14106:
14089:
14085:
14062:
14058:
14048:
14046:
14037:
14036:
14032:
14022:
14020:
13998:
13996:
13968:
13964:
13954:
13952:
13939:
13932:
13917:
13906:
13893:(3): 995β1032.
13877:
13873:
13863:
13861:
13844:(May 1, 2017).
13839:
13835:
13825:
13823:
13801:
13797:
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13766:
13756:
13754:
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13733:
13723:
13721:
13692:
13688:
13657:
13653:
13643:
13641:
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13612:
13606:
13602:
13591:
13587:
13572:
13568:
13557:
13550:
13540:
13538:
13534:
13523:
13519:
13518:
13514:
13501:
13500:
13496:
13490:Wayback Machine
13480:
13476:
13470:Wayback Machine
13460:
13456:
13450:Wayback Machine
13439:Wayback Machine
13429:
13425:
13419:Wayback Machine
13408:Wayback Machine
13398:
13394:
13380:
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13374:
13359:
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13215:
13211:
13200:
13196:
13185:
13181:
13170:
13166:
13156:
13154:
13132:
13128:
13118:
13116:
13101:
13097:
13084:
13082:
13063:
13056:
13042:
13040:
13021:
13012:
12997:
12996:
12992:
12980:
12979:
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12922:
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12910:
12897:
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12879:
12877:
12864:
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12859:
12849:
12847:
12838:
12837:
12833:
12823:
12821:
12812:
12811:
12802:
12792:
12790:
12781:
12780:
12767:
12743:
12739:
12729:
12727:
12719:
12718:
12714:
12663:
12659:
12645:
12643:
12639:
12633:
12622:
12614:
12610:
12596:
12594:
12574:
12570:
12554:
12550:
12536:
12534:
12525:
12524:
12520:
12501:Totenberg, Nina
12498:
12494:
12484:
12482:
12467:
12463:
12453:
12451:
12436:
12432:
12422:
12420:
12413:FiveThirtyEight
12405:
12401:
12391:
12389:
12374:
12370:
12356:
12354:
12346:FiveThirtyEight
12337:
12333:
12319:
12317:
12300:
12296:
12286:
12284:
12258:
12254:
12247:
12236:
12228:
12224:
12214:
12212:
12182:
12173:
12136:
12132:
12095:
12091:
12081:
12079:
12068:
12064:
12054:
12052:
12037:
12033:
12023:
12021:
12008:
12007:
12000:
11990:
11988:
11973:
11969:
11962:
11942:
11938:
11928:
11926:
11905:
11901:
11895:Wayback Machine
11885:
11881:
11871:
11869:
11846:
11845:
11841:
11831:
11829:
11820:
11819:
11806:
11793:
11791:
11774:
11770:
11763:
11741:
11737:
11721:
11720:
11713:
11711:
11706:
11705:
11701:
11687:
11685:
11669:
11665:
11655:
11653:
11636:
11632:
11622:
11620:
11619:on May 22, 2017
11603:
11599:
11589:
11587:
11574:
11573:
11566:
11556:
11554:
11541:Cathey, Libby.
11539:
11535:
11525:
11523:
11510:
11506:
11496:
11494:
11481:
11477:
11470:
11456:
11452:
11442:
11440:
11423:
11419:
11409:
11407:
11392:
11391:
11387:
11377:
11375:
11360:
11359:
11355:
11345:
11343:
11333:Totenberg, Nina
11330:
11326:
11316:
11314:
11301:
11297:
11287:
11285:
11276:
11275:
11271:
11261:
11259:
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11249:
11245:
11235:
11233:
11224:
11223:
11219:
11209:
11207:
11192:
11188:
11178:
11176:
11169:Digital History
11161:
11157:
11145:
11141:
11131:
11129:
11120:
11119:
11115:
11105:
11103:
11099:
11092:
11088:
11087:
11083:
11073:Wayback Machine
11062:
11058:
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11046:
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10993:
10989:
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10977:
10970:
10954:
10950:
10940:
10938:
10929:
10928:
10924:
10914:
10912:
10903:
10902:
10898:
10888:
10886:
10871:
10867:
10857:
10855:
10842:
10841:
10837:
10827:
10825:
10814:
10810:
10768:
10764:
10750:
10748:
10734:
10730:
10721:
10717:
10703:Richard Epstein
10701:
10697:
10684:
10680:
10670:
10668:
10648:
10644:
10634:
10632:
10612:
10608:
10598:
10596:
10578:
10574:
10564:
10562:
10544:
10535:
10525:
10523:
10508:
10504:
10494:
10492:
10479:
10478:
10474:
10462:
10460:
10456:
10449:
10445:
10444:
10440:
10435:
10431:
10415:
10413:
10409:
10398:
10392:
10385:
10364:
10360:
10353:
10331:
10327:
10317:
10315:
10311:
10300:
10294:
10290:
10280:
10278:
10263:
10262:
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10235:
10231:
10221:
10219:
10206:
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10201:
10191:
10189:
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10166:
10160:
10156:
10146:
10144:
10129:
10125:
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10109:
10096:
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10080:
10071:
10070:
10066:
10053:
10051:
10034:
10030:
10012:
10010:
9993:
9989:
9979:
9977:
9968:
9967:
9963:
9953:
9951:
9938:
9937:
9933:
9923:
9921:
9908:
9907:
9903:
9893:
9891:
9874:
9870:
9856:
9854:
9834:
9830:
9817:
9815:
9798:
9794:
9780:
9778:
9763:
9759:
9749:
9747:
9732:
9731:
9727:
9714:
9712:
9695:Savage, Charlie
9692:
9688:
9674:
9672:
9655:Caplan, Lincoln
9652:
9648:
9634:
9632:
9614:
9610:
9596:
9594:
9576:
9572:
9558:
9556:
9541:
9537:
9527:
9525:
9515:
9511:
9501:
9499:
9489:
9485:
9471:
9469:
9449:
9445:
9432:
9430:
9418:
9414:
9401:
9399:
9384:
9380:
9366:
9364:
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9329:
9327:
9309:
9305:
9291:
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9271:
9267:
9253:
9251:
9236:
9232:
9219:
9217:
9202:
9198:
9184:
9182:
9167:
9163:
9149:
9147:
9132:
9128:
9114:
9112:
9099:
9098:
9094:
9074:
9070:
9057:
9055:
9042:
9041:
9034:
9021:
9019:
9006:
9005:
9001:
8987:
8985:
8970:
8969:
8965:
8951:
8949:
8934:
8930:
8922:Earl M. Maltz,
8921:
8917:
8907:
8905:
8901:
8886:
8877:
8873:
8859:
8857:
8844:
8843:
8839:
8825:
8823:
8822:on May 28, 2010
8808:
8807:
8803:
8790:
8788:
8773:
8772:
8768:
8754:
8752:
8737:
8733:
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7934:
7932:
7931:on May 25, 2010
7915:Breyer, Stephen
7900:
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7646:10.2307/4135780
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7185:
6921:Engel v. Vitale
6852:(1857, slavery)
6819:
6813:
6766:
6733:
6703:as part of the
6677:
6662:
6635:
6625:
6605:
6565:Robert B. Reich
6555:Commerce Clause
6522:
6497:Carson v. Makin
6464:Brett Kavanaugh
6439:Michael Waldman
6436:
6400:
6392:First Amendment
6376:Barry Goldwater
6304:
6298:
6295:
6284:
6267:
6263:
6256:
6230:Clarence Thomas
6156:Clarence Thomas
6095:criticized the
6043:
6037:
6034:
6023:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5981:Dahlia Lithwick
5953:
5947:
5920:ethics scandals
5904:
5902:Code of Conduct
5860:Akhil Reed Amar
5820:Clarence Thomas
5808:
5796:Mitch McConnell
5767:
5759:Main articles:
5757:
5735:
5703:lifetime tenure
5696:
5679:David J. Garrow
5666:
5587:Anthony Kennedy
5579:Arthur Goldberg
5476:
5470:
5332:(1865) and the
5302:Watergate tapes
5266:nonacquiescence
5262:
5200:judicial review
5182:
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5069:Thomson Reuters
5067:(now a part of
5063:, published by
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4619:Federal Circuit
4600:Justice Gorsuch
4564:Justice Barrett
4559:Seventh Circuit
4492:Justice Jackson
4455:Federal Circuit
4414:
4391:
4280:
4224:
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4018:Judicial branch
3944:Judicial review
3903:
3896:
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3779:Brett Kavanaugh
3755:Clarence Thomas
3751:Sonia Sotomayor
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3525:October 9, 1990
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3426:Anthony Kennedy
3424:
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3339:FiveThirtyEight
3252:
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3231:Austria-Hungary
3221:, England; and
3219:Buckinghamshire
3163:Sonia Sotomayor
3106:
3100:
3063:Brett Kavanaugh
3025:
3016:Sonia Sotomayor
3005:
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2977:Clarence Thomas
2931:Brett Kavanaugh
2861:Roman Catholics
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2600:Brett Kavanaugh
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2100:
2095:
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2076:Jonathan Turley
2015:
2011:
1932:
1865:Clarence Thomas
1846:, in 1804. The
1803:Richard Epstein
1781:
1738:
1568:, empowers the
1564:, known as the
1543:
1537:
1532:
1496:First Amendment
1432:civil procedure
1427:Wyeth v. Levine
1394:
1379:school vouchers
1281:
1268:Clarence Thomas
1264:Anthony Kennedy
1228:
1222:Rehnquist Court
1216:Main articles:
1214:
1155:Engel v. Vitale
1102:. It held that
1100:civil liberties
939:
923:Main articles:
921:
815:Sheldon v. Sill
806:
782:Main articles:
780:
719:judicial review
673:
667:Ellsworth Court
657:Main articles:
655:
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24398:list of judges
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21503:
21501:
21495:
21494:
21483:
21482:
21475:
21468:
21460:
21451:
21450:
21447:
21446:
21437:
21435:
21426:
21424:
21423:
21422:(2022βpresent)
21417:
21416:(2020βpresent)
21411:
21410:(2018βpresent)
21405:
21404:(2017βpresent)
21399:
21398:(2010βpresent)
21393:
21392:(2009βpresent)
21387:
21386:(2006βpresent)
21381:
21375:
21369:
21368:(1991βpresent)
21363:
21357:
21351:
21345:
21339:
21333:
21325:
21319:
21313:
21307:
21301:
21295:
21289:
21283:
21277:
21271:
21265:
21259:
21253:
21247:
21241:
21235:
21229:
21223:
21217:
21211:
21205:
21199:
21193:
21187:
21179:
21173:
21167:
21161:
21155:
21149:
21143:
21137:
21131:
21125:
21117:
21111:
21105:
21099:
21093:
21087:
21081:
21073:
21067:
21061:
21055:
21049:
21043:
21037:
21031:
21025:
21019:
21013:
21007:
21001:
20995:
20989:
20983:
20977:
20971:
20965:
20959:
20953:
20947:
20941:
20935:
20929:
20923:
20917:
20911:
20905:
20899:
20893:
20887:
20881:
20875:
20869:
20863:
20857:
20851:
20845:
20839:
20833:
20827:
20821:
20815:
20809:
20803:
20797:
20788:
20787:
20784:
20783:
20771:
20770:
20767:
20766:
20757:
20755:
20752:
20751:
20735:
20719:
20703:
20687:
20674:Fred M. Vinson
20671:
20655:
20639:
20623:
20607:
20591:
20578:Morrison Waite
20575:
20559:
20546:Roger B. Taney
20543:
20527:
20511:
20495:
20478:
20477:
20474:
20473:
20470:Chief justices
20461:
20460:
20452:
20451:
20444:
20437:
20429:
20420:
20419:
20417:
20416:
20414:Law portal
20404:
20392:
20381:
20378:
20377:
20375:
20374:
20369:
20368:
20367:
20353:
20348:
20343:
20338:
20333:
20325:
20320:
20315:
20310:
20309:
20308:
20297:
20295:
20291:
20290:
20288:
20287:
20282:
20277:
20272:
20265:
20264:
20258:
20256:
20252:
20251:
20249:
20248:
20247:
20246:
20241:
20236:
20231:
20226:
20221:
20216:
20211:
20206:
20192:
20187:
20186:
20185:
20175:
20169:
20167:
20163:
20162:
20160:
20159:
20154:
20149:
20144:
20139:
20134:
20129:
20124:
20118:
20116:
20110:
20109:
20107:
20106:
20101:
20096:
20095:
20094:
20084:
20083:
20082:
20080:time in office
20077:
20072:
20067:
20057:
20052:
20050:Chief justices
20046:
20044:
20038:
20037:
20035:
20034:
20033:(2005βpresent)
20028:
20022:
20016:
20010:
20004:
19998:
19992:
19986:
19980:
19974:
19968:
19962:
19956:
19953:Marshall Court
19950:
19944:
19941:Rutledge Court
19938:
19931:
19929:
19923:
19922:
19920:
19919:
19917:Stephen Breyer
19914:
19909:
19903:
19901:
19895:
19894:
19892:
19891:
19886:
19881:
19876:
19871:
19866:
19861:
19856:
19844:
19843:
19831:
19829:
19825:
19824:
19822:
19821:
19820:
19819:
19809:
19808:
19807:
19802:
19797:
19785:
19776:
19774:
19768:
19767:
19760:
19758:
19756:
19755:
19750:
19745:
19740:
19738:Lists of cases
19734:
19732:
19728:
19727:
19720:
19719:
19712:
19705:
19697:
19690:
19689:
19671:
19665:
19652:
19630:
19624:
19611:
19596:
19590:
19577:
19517:Blackman, Josh
19512:
19500:
19494:
19481:
19467:
19454:
19448:
19434:
19432:
19429:
19427:
19426:
19402:
19389:
19370:
19359:
19340:
19318:
19311:Assn. (2000).
19306:
19300:
19287:
19281:
19266:
19245:Biskupic, Joan
19242:
19229:
19222:
19219:
19218:
19199:
19197:
19190:
19184:
19181:
19179:
19178:
19157:
19139:
19136:. May 3, 2022.
19121:
19118:. May 4, 2022.
19103:
19064:
19050:
19016:
18990:
18957:
18927:
18893:
18867:
18841:
18821:Biskupic, Joan
18812:
18786:
18751:
18717:
18686:
18652:
18611:
18580:
18550:
18531:
18501:
18463:
18428:
18392:
18357:
18316:
18281:
18258:The Federalist
18243:
18220:The Federalist
18208:
18181:The Federalist
18169:
18135:
18115:
18087:
18056:
18025:
17992:
17985:
17967:
17956:
17938:
17927:
17909:
17887:
17867:
17860:
17839:
17817:Foreign Policy
17802:
17784:(2): 485β500.
17754:
17718:
17683:
17653:
17627:
17611:
17582:
17557:
17531:
17505:
17485:The New Yorker
17471:
17445:
17423:Blackman, Josh
17414:
17388:
17359:
17324:
17299:
17268:
17229:
17195:
17136:
17101:
17089:www.senate.gov
17076:
17042:
17011:
16976:
16951:Millhiser, Ian
16942:
16922:The New Yorker
16905:
16879:
16843:
16812:
16792:Biskupic, Joan
16783:
16744:
16713:
16680:
16654:
16622:
16588:
16569:
16551:
16517:
16483:
16463:Millhiser, Ian
16454:
16434:
16429:Whitehouse.gov
16416:
16394:
16371:
16357:
16343:
16309:
16295:
16274:
16259:
16234:
16200:
16174:
16131:
16094:
16074:Millhiser, Ian
16065:
16031:
15995:
15972:
15941:
15910:
15879:
15848:
15817:
15775:
15744:
15713:
15675:
15649:
15623:
15597:
15568:
15534:
15519:
15501:
15475:
15449:
15423:
15389:
15360:
15353:
15328:
15321:
15300:
15273:
15237:
15211:
15144:
15124:Millhiser, Ian
15112:
15086:
15066:Millhiser, Ian
15057:
15039:(2): 485β500.
15009:
14977:
14960:Foreign Policy
14945:
14904:
14859:
14840:
14820:
14801:
14781:
14762:
14733:
14711:
14704:
14676:
14655:Orth, John V.
14647:
14617:
14587:
14571:
14564:
14536:
14502:
14483:
14458:
14429:
14403:
14374:
14343:
14309:
14279:
14253:
14213:
14187:
14172:
14165:28 U.S.C.
14157:
14150:28 U.S.C.
14142:
14116:
14083:
14056:
14030:
13962:
13930:
13904:
13871:
13833:
13795:
13764:
13731:
13708:(1): 208β252.
13686:
13659:28 U.S.C.
13651:
13600:
13593:28 U.S.C.
13585:
13574:28 U.S.C.
13566:
13559:28 U.S.C.
13548:
13512:
13494:
13481:Daniel Gonen,
13474:
13461:Daniel Gonen,
13454:
13423:
13392:
13347:
13316:
13285:
13242:
13235:28 U.S.C.
13224:
13217:28 U.S.C.
13209:
13202:28 U.S.C.
13194:
13187:28 U.S.C.
13179:
13172:28 U.S.C.
13164:
13126:
13095:
13054:
13010:
12990:
12986:Β§ 1251(b)
12973:
12937:
12933:Β§ 1251(a)
12920:
12887:
12857:
12831:
12800:
12765:
12737:
12712:
12679:(2): 269β298.
12657:
12631:
12608:
12568:
12548:
12518:
12492:
12461:
12430:
12399:
12368:
12331:
12294:
12252:
12246:978-0190278052
12245:
12222:
12202:10.1086/691096
12171:
12150:(1): 241β259.
12130:
12109:(1): 261β276.
12089:
12062:
12031:
11998:
11967:
11960:
11936:
11921:. p. A1.
11899:
11897:(May 1, 2010).
11886:Mark Sherman,
11879:
11839:
11804:
11768:
11761:
11735:
11699:
11663:
11630:
11597:
11564:
11533:
11504:
11475:
11468:
11450:
11417:
11385:
11353:
11324:
11304:Biskupic, Joan
11295:
11269:
11243:
11217:
11200:ABAjournal.com
11186:
11175:on May 5, 2008
11155:
11139:
11113:
11081:
11056:
11030:
11003:(2): 355β358.
10987:
10968:
10948:
10922:
10896:
10865:
10835:
10808:
10781:(1): 159β169.
10762:
10728:
10715:
10695:
10678:
10663:. Manchester.
10642:
10606:
10572:
10533:
10502:
10472:
10438:
10429:
10383:
10358:
10351:
10335:"Appendix Two"
10325:
10288:
10256:
10229:
10199:
10154:
10123:
10115:28 U.S.C.
10107:
10090:
10064:
10028:
9987:
9961:
9931:
9901:
9868:
9828:
9792:
9757:
9725:
9686:
9646:
9608:
9570:
9535:
9509:
9483:
9443:
9412:
9378:
9341:
9303:
9265:
9230:
9196:
9161:
9126:
9092:
9068:
9032:
8999:
8963:
8928:
8915:
8871:
8837:
8801:
8766:
8731:
8691:
8655:
8621:
8584:
8546:
8509:
8465:
8435:Biskupic, Joan
8426:
8403:
8383:
8349:
8327:
8307:
8278:
8248:
8237:
8213:
8183:
8161:
8140:
8102:
8065:
8028:
7988:
7946:
7894:
7854:
7817:
7778:
7742:Rosen, Jeffrey
7733:
7728:Ware v. Hylton
7718:
7679:
7617:
7595:
7577:
7571:Irons, Peter.
7564:
7543:
7510:
7484:
7477:
7459:
7438:abajournal.com
7424:
7398:
7369:
7332:
7297:
7288:
7247:
7230:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7171:
7159:
7147:
7139:
7131:
7119:
7107:
7099:
7091:
7083:
7075:
7067:
7066:(2003, sodomy)
7059:
7051:
7037:
7029:
7021:
7013:
7001:
6993:
6985:
6977:
6969:
6961:
6953:
6945:
6929:
6926:public schools
6917:
6909:
6897:
6889:
6884:(1927, upheld
6877:
6869:
6861:
6853:
6845:
6837:
6829:
6820:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6765:
6762:
6732:
6729:
6676:
6673:
6661:
6658:
6650:Jeffrey Toobin
6624:
6621:
6613:George W. Bush
6604:
6601:
6572:states' rights
6521:
6518:
6435:
6432:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6403:Foreign Policy
6399:
6396:
6306:
6305:
6270:
6268:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6238:Bill of Rights
6213:, argued that
6193:
6192:
6183:
6174:
6111:too protective
6099:, and Justice
6045:
6044:
6009:
6007:
6000:
5994:
5991:
5949:Main article:
5946:
5943:
5903:
5900:
5807:
5804:
5785:Moreover, the
5756:
5753:
5734:
5731:
5695:
5692:
5665:
5662:
5618:Abner J. Mikva
5598:Henry Friendly
5591:Antonin Scalia
5567:Wiley Rutledge
5509:Louis Brandeis
5492:them, prepare
5469:
5466:
5386:
5385:
5373:
5361:
5349:
5337:
5321:
5280:Andrew Jackson
5261:
5258:
5250:egalitarianism
5181:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5103:
5005:
5004:
4998:
4962:
4961:
4942:
4940:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4859:
4856:
4833:Seth P. Waxman
4825:
4822:
4804:
4801:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4648:
4647:Case selection
4645:
4640:Main article:
4637:
4634:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:Justice Thomas
4609:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4571:Eighth Circuit
4567:
4566:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4523:Fourth Circuit
4519:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4499:Second Circuit
4495:
4494:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4443:writs of error
4420:Β§ 2101(f)
4390:
4387:
4279:
4276:
4259:special master
4223:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3907:
3906:
3895:
3892:
3859:Capitol Police
3809:Main article:
3806:
3803:
3741:
3740:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3591:August 3, 1994
3588:
3585:
3582:
3565:
3552:Stephen Breyer
3546:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3499:
3486:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3439:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3347:
3344:
3248:Main article:
3245:
3242:
3207:Ottoman Empire
3151:Antonin Scalia
3113:
3112:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2901:Louis Brandeis
2822:Main article:
2819:
2816:
2802:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2760:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2690:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2614:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2573:April 10, 2017
2570:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2542:
2521:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2501:August 7, 2010
2498:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2470:
2464:April 28, 1960
2449:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2429:August 8, 2009
2426:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2398:
2377:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2326:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2254:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2182:
2159:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2099:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2066:established a
2052:117th Congress
1988:Andrew Johnson
1931:
1928:
1904:Zachary Taylor
1885:Harry Blackmun
1780:
1777:
1737:
1734:
1650:Antonin Scalia
1539:Main article:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1464:climate change
1369:line-item veto
1272:Stephen Breyer
1248:Antonin Scalia
1236:George W. Bush
1213:
1210:
971:Louis Brandeis
920:
917:
881:Bill of Rights
779:
776:
693:West v. Barnes
671:Marshall Court
663:Rutledge Court
654:
651:
649:at City Hall.
634:Royal Exchange
629:in his place.
623:John Blair Jr.
513:Main article:
510:
507:
474:Justices have
423:. It also has
383:
382:
377:
373:
372:
367:
363:
362:
356:
355:
346:
342:
341:
335:
331:
330:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
310:
298:
294:
293:
261:
255:
254:
243:
239:
238:
225:
221:
220:
187:
186:
183:
182:
174:
173:
163:
162:
145:September 2024
132:
131:
124:
117:
110:
103:
96:
89:
82:
75:
68:
61:
59:(refs: 7, 116)
47:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
26237:
26226:
26223:
26221:
26218:
26216:
26213:
26211:
26208:
26207:
26205:
26194:from Wikidata
26193:
26192:
26180:
26176:
26175:
26163:
26159:
26158:
26146:
26143:from Wikinews
26142:
26141:
26129:
26125:
26124:
26112:
26108:
26107:
26095:
26094:
26091:
26085:
26077:
26076:United States
26067:
26065:
26060:
26055:
26053:
26048:
26043:
26042:
26039:
26020:
26017:
26015:
26012:
26011:
26006:
26002:
25999:
25995:
25994:
25990:
25976:
25973:
25971:
25968:
25966:
25963:
25959:
25956:
25955:
25954:
25951:
25947:
25944:
25943:
25942:
25939:
25937:
25934:
25932:
25929:
25927:
25924:
25922:
25919:
25917:
25914:
25910:
25907:
25905:
25902:
25901:
25900:
25897:
25895:
25894:Energy policy
25892:
25888:
25885:
25883:
25880:
25878:
25875:
25873:
25870:
25868:
25865:
25863:
25860:
25858:
25855:
25853:
25850:
25849:
25848:
25845:
25843:
25840:
25836:
25835:incarceration
25833:
25832:
25831:
25828:
25826:
25823:
25822:
25820:
25816:
25810:
25807:
25805:
25802:
25800:
25797:
25795:
25792:
25790:
25787:
25785:
25782:
25780:
25777:
25775:
25772:
25770:
25767:
25765:
25762:
25758:
25755:
25753:
25750:
25748:
25745:
25744:
25743:
25740:
25736:
25733:
25731:
25728:
25726:
25723:
25721:
25720:Prenatal care
25718:
25716:
25715:Birth control
25713:
25711:
25708:
25707:
25706:
25703:
25701:
25698:
25697:
25695:
25693:
25689:
25683:
25680:
25678:
25675:
25673:
25670:
25668:
25665:
25663:
25660:
25658:
25655:
25653:
25652:Homeownership
25650:
25648:
25645:
25643:
25640:
25638:
25635:
25633:
25630:
25629:
25627:
25625:
25621:
25615:
25612:
25610:
25607:
25605:
25602:
25600:
25597:
25595:
25592:
25590:
25587:
25585:
25582:
25580:
25577:
25575:
25572:
25570:
25567:
25565:
25562:
25560:
25557:
25555:
25552:
25548:
25545:
25543:
25540:
25538:
25535:
25533:
25530:
25529:
25528:
25525:
25523:
25520:
25518:
25515:
25513:
25510:
25506:
25503:
25501:
25498:
25496:
25493:
25491:
25488:
25486:
25483:
25482:
25481:
25478:
25476:
25473:
25469:
25466:
25464:
25461:
25459:
25456:
25455:
25454:
25451:
25449:
25446:
25444:
25441:
25439:
25436:
25432:
25429:
25428:
25427:
25424:
25422:
25419:
25415:
25412:
25411:
25410:
25407:
25405:
25402:
25400:
25397:
25393:
25390:
25388:
25385:
25384:
25383:
25380:
25376:
25375:working class
25373:
25371:
25368:
25366:
25363:
25361:
25358:
25356:
25353:
25351:
25348:
25346:
25343:
25341:
25338:
25336:
25335:homeownership
25333:
25331:
25328:
25326:
25323:
25322:
25321:
25318:
25316:
25313:
25311:
25308:
25306:
25303:
25301:
25298:
25296:
25293:
25291:
25288:
25286:
25283:
25282:
25280:
25278:
25274:
25270:
25267:
25265:
25261:
25251:
25248:
25246:
25243:
25241:
25238:
25236:
25233:
25231:
25228:
25226:
25223:
25221:
25218:
25217:
25215:
25213:
25209:
25203:
25200:
25198:
25195:
25193:
25190:
25188:
25185:
25183:
25180:
25178:
25175:
25173:
25170:
25168:
25165:
25163:
25160:
25158:
25155:
25153:
25150:
25148:
25145:
25141:
25138:
25136:
25133:
25131:
25128:
25126:
25123:
25121:
25118:
25116:
25115:Manufacturing
25113:
25111:
25108:
25106:
25103:
25101:
25098:
25096:
25093:
25091:
25088:
25086:
25083:
25082:
25081:
25078:
25077:
25074:
25071:
25069:
25065:
25051:
25048:
25044:
25043:Third parties
25041:
25039:
25036:
25034:
25031:
25030:
25029:
25026:
25022:
25019:
25017:
25014:
25012:
25009:
25008:
25007:
25004:
25002:
24999:
24995:
24992:
24991:
24990:
24987:
24983:
24980:
24978:
24975:
24974:
24973:
24970:
24968:
24965:
24964:
24961:
24949:
24946:
24945:
24944:
24941:
24940:
24938:
24936:
24932:
24926:
24923:
24921:
24918:
24917:
24915:
24913:
24909:
24903:
24900:
24898:
24895:
24893:
24890:
24888:
24885:
24883:
24880:
24878:
24875:
24873:
24870:
24868:
24865:
24863:
24860:
24858:
24855:
24854:
24852:
24848:
24842:
24839:
24837:
24834:
24832:
24829:
24827:
24824:
24823:
24821:
24819:
24815:
24812:
24810:
24806:
24800:
24797:
24793:
24790:
24789:
24788:
24785:
24781:
24778:
24776:
24773:
24771:
24768:
24767:
24766:
24763:
24761:
24758:
24757:
24755:
24753:
24749:
24739:
24736:
24734:
24731:
24729:
24726:
24724:
24721:
24720:
24718:
24716:
24712:
24704:
24701:
24700:
24699:
24696:
24692:
24689:
24688:
24687:
24684:
24683:
24681:
24679:
24675:
24669:
24666:
24664:
24661:
24660:
24658:
24656:
24652:
24644:
24641:
24640:
24639:
24636:
24634:
24631:
24629:
24626:
24624:
24621:
24619:
24616:
24614:
24611:
24609:
24606:
24604:
24601:
24597:
24594:
24593:
24592:
24589:
24585:
24582:
24581:
24580:
24577:
24576:
24574:
24572:
24568:
24565:
24563:
24557:
24552:
24548:
24538:
24535:
24533:
24530:
24526:
24523:
24521:
24518:
24516:
24513:
24511:
24508:
24506:
24503:
24501:
24498:
24496:
24493:
24492:
24491:
24488:
24487:
24485:
24483:
24479:
24473:
24470:
24466:
24463:
24461:
24458:
24456:
24453:
24451:
24448:
24447:
24446:
24443:
24441:
24438:
24434:
24431:
24430:
24429:
24426:
24425:
24423:
24421:
24417:
24411:
24410:U.S. attorney
24408:
24406:
24403:
24399:
24396:
24394:
24391:
24390:
24389:
24385:
24382:
24378:
24375:
24374:
24373:
24370:
24366:
24363:
24361:
24358:
24356:
24355:Chief Justice
24353:
24352:
24351:
24350:Supreme Court
24348:
24347:
24345:
24343:
24339:
24333:
24330:
24328:
24325:
24323:
24320:
24318:
24315:
24313:
24310:
24306:
24303:
24301:
24298:
24296:
24293:
24292:
24291:
24288:
24284:
24281:
24279:
24276:
24275:
24274:
24271:
24270:
24268:
24266:
24262:
24256:
24255:Public policy
24253:
24251:
24250:Civil service
24248:
24246:
24243:
24239:
24236:
24234:
24231:
24229:
24226:
24224:
24221:
24219:
24216:
24214:
24211:
24209:
24206:
24204:
24201:
24199:
24196:
24195:
24194:
24191:
24187:
24184:
24182:
24179:
24177:
24174:
24172:
24169:
24168:
24167:
24164:
24162:
24159:
24157:
24154:
24152:
24149:
24147:
24144:
24140:
24137:
24135:
24132:
24131:
24130:
24127:
24126:
24124:
24120:
24117:
24115:
24111:
24107:
24104:
24102:
24098:
24088:
24085:
24083:
24080:
24078:
24075:
24071:
24068:
24066:
24063:
24061:
24058:
24056:
24053:
24051:
24048:
24046:
24043:
24041:
24038:
24036:
24033:
24032:
24031:
24027:
24023:
24020:
24018:
24015:
24013:
24010:
24008:
24005:
24003:
24000:
23998:
23995:
23993:
23990:
23988:
23985:
23983:
23980:
23978:
23975:
23973:
23970:
23968:
23965:
23963:
23960:
23958:
23955:
23953:
23950:
23948:
23945:
23943:
23940:
23939:
23938:
23935:
23931:
23928:
23927:
23926:
23923:
23919:
23918:Sierra Nevada
23916:
23914:
23911:
23909:
23906:
23904:
23901:
23899:
23896:
23895:
23894:
23891:
23889:
23886:
23884:
23881:
23879:
23876:
23872:
23869:
23867:
23864:
23862:
23859:
23857:
23856:insular zones
23854:
23852:
23849:
23847:
23844:
23842:
23839:
23837:
23834:
23832:
23829:
23828:
23827:
23824:
23823:
23820:
23817:
23815:
23811:
23801:
23798:
23796:
23793:
23791:
23788:
23786:
23783:
23781:
23778:
23776:
23773:
23771:
23768:
23766:
23763:
23762:
23760:
23756:
23750:
23747:
23745:
23742:
23738:
23735:
23733:
23730:
23729:
23728:
23727:War on Terror
23725:
23723:
23720:
23718:
23715:
23713:
23710:
23708:
23707:LGBT Movement
23705:
23703:
23700:
23698:
23695:
23693:
23690:
23688:
23685:
23683:
23680:
23676:
23673:
23672:
23671:
23668:
23666:
23663:
23661:
23658:
23656:
23653:
23651:
23648:
23646:
23643:
23639:
23636:
23634:
23631:
23629:
23626:
23625:
23623:
23621:
23618:
23616:
23613:
23611:
23608:
23606:
23603:
23601:
23598:
23596:
23593:
23591:
23588:
23586:
23583:
23581:
23578:
23576:
23573:
23571:
23568:
23564:
23561:
23559:
23556:
23555:
23554:
23551:
23549:
23546:
23542:
23539:
23537:
23534:
23533:
23532:
23529:
23525:
23522:
23520:
23517:
23516:
23515:
23512:
23510:
23507:
23505:
23502:
23500:
23497:
23493:
23490:
23488:
23485:
23483:
23480:
23478:
23475:
23473:
23470:
23468:
23465:
23463:
23460:
23459:
23458:
23455:
23453:
23450:
23449:
23447:
23443:
23437:
23434:
23432:
23429:
23427:
23424:
23422:
23419:
23417:
23414:
23412:
23409:
23407:
23404:
23402:
23399:
23397:
23394:
23392:
23389:
23387:
23384:
23383:
23381:
23377:
23374:
23372:
23368:
23363:
23362:United States
23356:
23351:
23349:
23344:
23342:
23337:
23336:
23333:
23321:
23318:
23316:
23313:
23311:
23308:
23306:
23303:
23301:
23298:
23295:
23291:
23288:
23286:
23283:
23281:
23278:
23276:
23273:
23271:
23268:
23266:
23263:
23259:
23256:
23255:
23254:
23251:
23249:
23246:
23244:
23241:
23239:
23236:
23234:
23231:
23229:
23226:
23224:
23221:
23219:
23216:
23214:
23213:Child custody
23211:
23209:
23206:
23204:
23201:
23200:
23198:
23194:
23188:
23185:
23183:
23180:
23178:
23175:
23173:
23170:
23168:
23165:
23164:
23162:
23160:
23156:
23146:
23145:State supreme
23143:
23142:
23140:
23138:
23134:
23128:
23125:
23123:
23120:
23118:
23115:
23113:
23110:
23106:
23101:
23098:
23096:
23093:
23091:
23088:
23087:
23085:
23083:
23079:
23076:
23074:
23073:United States
23071:Courts of the
23068:
23063:
23053:
23050:
23048:
23045:
23043:
23040:
23038:
23035:
23033:
23030:
23028:
23025:
23024:
23022:
23020:
23015:
23011:
23007:
23000:
22995:
22993:
22988:
22986:
22981:
22980:
22977:
22961:
22960:Supreme Court
22958:
22956:
22953:
22952:
22950:
22946:Discretionary
22944:
22938:
22935:
22933:
22930:
22928:
22925:
22923:
22920:
22918:
22915:
22914:
22912:
22908:
22902:
22899:
22897:
22894:
22893:
22891:
22887:
22884:
22882:Court systems
22880:
22874:
22871:
22869:
22866:
22865:
22863:
22859:
22849:
22846:
22845:
22843:
22839:
22833:
22830:
22829:
22827:
22823:
22816:
22812:
22809:
22808:
22806:
22802:
22796:
22793:
22792:
22790:
22786:
22779:
22775:
22772:
22771:
22769:
22765:
22762:
22760:
22756:
22750:
22747:
22745:
22744:
22740:
22739:
22737:
22733:
22718:
22715:
22713:
22710:
22709:
22707:
22703:
22697:
22694:
22692:
22689:
22688:
22685:
22676:
22671:
22669:
22664:
22662:
22657:
22656:
22653:
22640:
22637:
22636:
22634:
22632:Complete list
22630:
22624:
22621:
22619:
22616:
22615:
22613:
22609:
22603:
22600:
22598:
22595:
22593:
22590:
22588:
22585:
22583:
22580:
22578:
22575:
22574:
22572:
22569:
22565:
22559:
22556:
22554:
22551:
22549:
22548:West Virginia
22546:
22544:
22541:
22539:
22536:
22534:
22531:
22529:
22526:
22522:
22519:
22517:
22514:
22513:
22511:
22509:
22506:
22504:
22501:
22499:
22496:
22494:
22491:
22489:
22486:
22484:
22481:
22477:
22474:
22472:
22469:
22468:
22466:
22464:
22461:
22459:
22456:
22454:
22451:
22449:
22446:
22444:
22441:
22439:
22436:
22434:
22433:New Hampshire
22431:
22429:
22426:
22424:
22421:
22419:
22416:
22414:
22411:
22409:
22406:
22404:
22401:
22399:
22396:
22394:
22393:Massachusetts
22391:
22389:
22386:
22384:
22381:
22379:
22376:
22374:
22371:
22369:
22366:
22364:
22361:
22359:
22356:
22354:
22351:
22349:
22346:
22344:
22341:
22339:
22336:
22334:
22331:
22329:
22326:
22324:
22321:
22319:
22316:
22314:
22311:
22309:
22306:
22304:
22301:
22299:
22296:
22294:
22291:
22290:
22288:
22286:
22282:
22276:
22275:
22271:
22270:
22268:
22266:
22262:
22257:
22250:
22245:
22243:
22238:
22236:
22231:
22230:
22227:
22215:
22214:
22213:South America
22210:
22208:
22206:
22204:
22202:
22199:
22197:
22194:
22192:
22191:North America
22189:
22188:
22185:
22180:
22170:
22167:
22165:
22162:
22160:
22159:United States
22157:
22155:
22152:
22150:
22147:
22145:
22142:
22140:
22137:
22135:
22132:
22130:
22127:
22125:
22122:
22120:
22117:
22115:
22112:
22110:
22107:
22105:
22102:
22100:
22097:
22095:
22092:
22090:
22087:
22085:
22082:
22080:
22077:
22075:
22072:
22070:
22067:
22065:
22062:
22060:
22057:
22055:
22052:
22050:
22047:
22045:
22042:
22040:
22037:
22035:
22032:
22030:
22027:
22025:
22022:
22020:
22017:
22015:
22012:
22010:
22007:
22005:
22002:
22000:
21997:
21996:
21994:
21992:
21986:
21977:
21972:
21970:
21965:
21963:
21958:
21957:
21954:
21948:
21941:
21931:
21927:
21922:
21917:
21914:
21912:
21909:
21907:
21904:
21902:
21899:
21897:
21894:
21892:
21889:
21887:
21884:
21882:
21879:
21877:
21874:
21872:
21869:
21867:
21864:
21862:
21858:
21852:
21849:
21847:
21844:
21842:
21839:
21837:
21834:
21832:
21829:
21827:
21824:
21822:
21819:
21817:
21814:
21812:
21809:
21807:
21804:
21802:
21799:
21797:
21794:
21792:
21789:
21787:
21784:
21782:
21779:
21777:
21774:
21772:
21769:
21767:
21764:
21762:
21759:
21757:
21754:
21752:
21749:
21747:
21744:
21742:
21736:
21734:
21731:
21729:
21723:
21721:
21718:
21716:
21713:
21711:
21708:
21706:
21703:
21701:
21698:
21696:
21693:
21691:
21688:
21686:
21683:
21681:
21678:
21676:
21673:
21671:
21668:
21666:
21663:
21661:
21658:
21656:
21653:
21651:
21648:
21646:
21643:
21641:
21638:
21636:
21633:
21631:
21630:J. Adams
21628:
21626:
21623:
21622:
21621:
21620:
21615:
21609:
21603:
21600:
21598:
21595:
21593:
21590:
21588:
21585:
21583:
21580:
21578:
21575:
21573:
21570:
21568:
21565:
21563:
21560:
21558:
21555:
21553:
21550:
21548:
21545:
21543:
21540:
21538:
21535:
21533:
21530:
21528:
21525:
21523:
21520:
21518:
21515:
21513:
21510:
21509:
21508:
21507:
21502:
21496:
21492:
21488:
21481:
21476:
21474:
21469:
21467:
21462:
21461:
21458:
21441:
21431:
21421:
21418:
21415:
21412:
21409:
21406:
21403:
21400:
21397:
21394:
21391:
21388:
21385:
21382:
21379:
21376:
21373:
21370:
21367:
21364:
21361:
21358:
21355:
21352:
21349:
21346:
21343:
21340:
21337:
21334:
21331:* (1972β1986)
21330:
21326:
21323:
21320:
21317:
21314:
21311:
21308:
21305:
21302:
21299:
21296:
21293:
21290:
21287:
21284:
21281:
21278:
21275:
21272:
21269:
21266:
21263:
21260:
21257:
21254:
21251:
21248:
21245:
21242:
21239:
21236:
21233:
21230:
21227:
21224:
21221:
21218:
21215:
21212:
21209:
21206:
21203:
21200:
21197:
21194:
21191:
21188:
21185:* (1925β1941)
21184:
21180:
21177:
21174:
21171:
21168:
21165:
21162:
21159:
21156:
21153:
21150:
21147:
21144:
21141:
21138:
21135:
21132:
21129:
21126:
21123:* (1910β1916)
21122:
21118:
21115:
21112:
21109:
21106:
21103:
21100:
21097:
21094:
21091:
21088:
21085:
21082:
21079:* (1894β1910)
21078:
21074:
21071:
21068:
21065:
21062:
21059:
21056:
21053:
21050:
21047:
21044:
21041:
21038:
21035:
21032:
21029:
21026:
21023:
21020:
21017:
21014:
21011:
21008:
21005:
21002:
20999:
20996:
20993:
20990:
20987:
20984:
20981:
20978:
20975:
20972:
20969:
20966:
20963:
20960:
20957:
20954:
20951:
20948:
20945:
20942:
20939:
20936:
20933:
20930:
20927:
20924:
20921:
20918:
20915:
20912:
20909:
20906:
20903:
20900:
20897:
20894:
20891:
20888:
20885:
20882:
20879:
20876:
20873:
20870:
20867:
20864:
20861:
20858:
20855:
20852:
20849:
20846:
20843:
20840:
20837:
20834:
20831:
20828:
20825:
20822:
20819:
20816:
20813:
20810:
20807:
20804:
20801:
20798:
20795:* (1790β1791)
20794:
20790:
20789:
20785:
20781:
20776:
20772:
20761:
20749:
20748:
20743:
20739:
20736:
20733:
20732:
20727:
20723:
20720:
20717:
20716:
20711:
20707:
20704:
20701:
20700:
20695:
20691:
20688:
20685:
20684:
20679:
20675:
20672:
20669:
20668:
20663:
20659:
20656:
20653:
20652:
20647:
20643:
20640:
20637:
20636:
20631:
20627:
20624:
20621:
20620:
20615:
20611:
20608:
20605:
20604:
20599:
20595:
20592:
20589:
20588:
20583:
20579:
20576:
20573:
20572:
20567:
20563:
20560:
20557:
20556:
20551:
20547:
20544:
20541:
20540:
20535:
20531:
20530:John Marshall
20528:
20525:
20524:
20519:
20515:
20512:
20509:
20508:
20503:
20499:
20498:John Rutledge
20496:
20493:
20492:
20487:
20483:
20480:
20479:
20475:
20471:
20466:
20462:
20458:
20450:
20445:
20443:
20438:
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20427:
20415:
20410:
20405:
20403:
20393:
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20379:
20373:
20370:
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20334:
20332:
20330:
20326:
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20321:
20319:
20316:
20314:
20313:Camera policy
20311:
20307:
20304:
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20299:
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20296:
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20260:
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20232:
20230:
20227:
20225:
20222:
20220:
20217:
20215:
20212:
20210:
20207:
20205:
20204:Chief Justice
20201:
20198:
20197:
20196:
20193:
20191:
20188:
20184:
20181:
20180:
20179:
20176:
20174:
20171:
20170:
20168:
20166:Functionaries
20164:
20158:
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20150:
20148:
20145:
20143:
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20135:
20133:
20130:
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20125:
20123:
20120:
20119:
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20111:
20105:
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20100:
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20062:
20061:
20058:
20056:
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20048:
20047:
20045:
20039:
20032:
20031:Roberts Court
20029:
20026:
20023:
20020:
20017:
20014:
20011:
20008:
20005:
20002:
19999:
19996:
19993:
19990:
19987:
19984:
19981:
19978:
19975:
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19969:
19966:
19963:
19960:
19957:
19954:
19951:
19948:
19945:
19942:
19939:
19936:
19933:
19932:
19930:
19928:
19924:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19904:
19902:
19900:
19896:
19890:
19887:
19885:
19882:
19880:
19877:
19875:
19872:
19870:
19867:
19865:
19862:
19860:
19857:
19855:
19852:
19850:
19846:
19845:
19842:
19839:
19837:
19836:Chief justice
19833:
19832:
19830:
19826:
19818:
19815:
19814:
19813:
19812:Shadow docket
19810:
19806:
19803:
19801:
19798:
19796:
19793:
19792:
19791:
19790:
19786:
19784:
19782:
19781:Amicus curiae
19778:
19777:
19775:
19773:
19769:
19754:
19751:
19749:
19746:
19744:
19741:
19739:
19736:
19735:
19733:
19729:
19725:
19718:
19713:
19711:
19706:
19704:
19699:
19698:
19695:
19688:
19687:0-226-55682-4
19684:
19680:
19676:
19672:
19668:
19662:
19658:
19653:
19650:
19646:
19642:
19641:Penguin Press
19638:
19634:
19631:
19627:
19621:
19617:
19612:
19609:
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19601:
19597:
19593:
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19578:
19574:
19570:
19566:
19562:
19557:
19552:
19548:
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19530:
19526:
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19518:
19513:
19510:
19509:
19504:
19501:
19497:
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19474:
19470:
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19455:
19451:
19445:
19441:
19436:
19435:
19424:
19420:
19416:
19415:
19410:
19406:
19405:Woodward, Bob
19403:
19401:
19397:
19393:
19390:
19376:
19371:
19368:
19364:
19360:
19357:
19356:0-375-40943-2
19353:
19349:
19345:
19341:
19338:
19337:0-670-87006-4
19334:
19330:
19326:
19322:
19319:
19316:
19315:
19310:
19307:
19303:
19297:
19293:
19288:
19284:
19278:
19274:
19273:
19267:
19265:
19264:1-56802-130-5
19261:
19257:
19253:
19251:
19246:
19243:
19240:
19236:
19233:
19230:
19227:
19224:
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19212:February 2024
19203:
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18904:
18897:
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18797:
18790:
18783:
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18762:
18755:
18748:
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18728:
18721:
18705:
18701:
18697:
18690:
18683:
18671:
18667:
18663:
18656:
18649:
18636:
18632:
18628:
18624:
18618:
18616:
18604:September 28,
18599:
18595:
18591:
18584:
18573:September 28,
18568:
18564:
18560:
18554:
18547:
18542:
18535:
18519:
18515:
18511:
18510:Graglia, Lino
18505:
18498:
18496:
18482:
18478:
18474:
18467:
18460:
18447:
18443:
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18119:
18104:
18103:
18098:
18091:
18076:
18075:
18070:
18066:
18060:
18045:
18044:
18039:
18035:
18029:
18013:
18009:
18008:
18007:The Intercept
18003:
17996:
17988:
17982:
17978:
17971:
17964:
17959:
17953:
17949:
17942:
17935:
17930:
17924:
17920:
17913:
17906:
17894:
17890:
17884:
17880:
17879:
17871:
17863:
17857:
17853:
17849:
17843:
17836:
17823:
17819:
17818:
17813:
17806:
17787:
17783:
17779:
17772:
17770:
17764:
17758:
17742:
17738:
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17732:
17728:
17722:
17706:
17702:
17698:
17694:
17687:
17680:
17668:
17664:
17657:
17642:
17638:
17631:
17624:
17623:
17615:
17608:
17596:
17592:
17586:
17571:
17567:
17561:
17546:
17542:
17535:
17520:
17516:
17509:
17494:
17490:
17486:
17482:
17475:
17460:
17456:
17449:
17434:
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17428:
17424:
17418:
17403:
17399:
17392:
17376:
17372:
17366:
17364:
17356:
17343:
17339:
17335:
17328:
17313:
17309:
17303:
17287:
17283:
17279:
17272:
17265:
17253:
17249:
17248:
17243:
17242:"Dog Whistle"
17239:
17233:
17218:
17214:
17210:
17206:
17199:
17183:
17179:
17175:
17171:
17167:
17163:
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17105:
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17046:
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16956:
16952:
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16883:
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16863:
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16853:
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16816:
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16797:
16793:
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16771:
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16763:
16759:
16755:
16748:
16732:
16728:
16724:
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16702:
16698:
16694:
16693:The Economist
16690:
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16642:
16638:
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16607:
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16555:
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16332:
16328:
16324:
16320:
16313:
16305:
16299:
16291:
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16285:
16278:
16270:
16263:
16255:
16251:
16250:
16245:
16238:
16223:
16219:
16215:
16211:
16204:
16189:
16188:Intelligencer
16185:
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16164:
16149:
16145:
16138:
16136:
16120:
16116:
16112:
16108:
16101:
16099:
16083:
16079:
16075:
16069:
16054:
16050:
16046:
16042:
16035:
16019:
16015:
16014:
16009:
16005:
16004:Raskin, Jamie
15999:
15983:
15976:
15960:
15956:
15952:
15945:
15929:
15925:
15921:
15914:
15898:
15894:
15890:
15883:
15872:September 15,
15867:
15863:
15859:
15852:
15836:
15832:
15828:
15821:
15805:
15801:
15797:
15793:
15789:
15785:
15779:
15763:
15759:
15755:
15748:
15732:
15728:
15724:
15717:
15706:September 21,
15701:
15697:
15693:
15689:
15688:The Economist
15685:
15679:
15664:
15660:
15653:
15638:
15634:
15627:
15612:
15608:
15601:
15586:
15582:
15578:
15572:
15557:
15553:
15549:
15545:
15538:
15530:
15526:
15522:
15516:
15512:
15505:
15490:
15486:
15479:
15472:
15460:
15453:
15442:September 21,
15438:
15434:
15427:
15416:September 22,
15412:
15408:
15404:
15400:
15393:
15382:September 20,
15378:
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15364:
15356:
15350:
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15324:
15318:
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14984:
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14956:
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14908:
14892:
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14887:
14881:
14876:
14870:
14868:
14866:
14864:
14847:
14843:
14837:
14833:
14832:
14824:
14808:
14804:
14798:
14795:. NYU Press.
14794:
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14759:
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14754:
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14463:
14447:
14443:
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14395:
14391:
14390:
14389:Florida Today
14385:
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14313:
14297:
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14223:
14217:
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14127:
14120:
14104:
14100:
14099:
14094:
14087:
14081:
14077:
14073:
14069:
14065:
14064:See generally
14060:
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14034:
14018:
14014:
14008:
13994:
13990:
13984:
13980:
13976:
13972:
13966:
13951:
13947:
13943:
13937:
13935:
13926:
13922:
13915:
13913:
13911:
13909:
13900:
13896:
13892:
13888:
13887:
13882:
13875:
13859:
13855:
13854:
13848:
13843:
13837:
13821:
13817:
13816:
13810:
13805:
13799:
13783:
13779:
13775:
13768:
13752:
13748:
13747:
13742:
13735:
13719:
13715:
13711:
13707:
13703:
13702:
13697:
13690:
13683:
13680:
13676:
13672:
13671:
13667:
13664:
13660:
13655:
13636:
13632:
13628:
13624:
13620:
13619:
13618:The Green Bag
13611:
13604:
13598:
13594:
13589:
13583:
13579:
13575:
13570:
13564:
13560:
13555:
13553:
13541:September 28,
13533:
13529:
13522:
13516:
13508:
13504:
13498:
13491:
13487:
13484:
13478:
13471:
13467:
13464:
13458:
13451:
13447:
13444:
13440:
13436:
13433:
13427:
13420:
13416:
13413:
13409:
13405:
13402:
13396:
13389:
13381:September 24,
13373:
13369:
13365:
13358:
13351:
13335:
13331:
13327:
13320:
13304:
13300:
13296:
13289:
13270:
13266:
13262:
13261:
13253:
13246:
13240:
13236:
13231:
13229:
13222:
13218:
13213:
13207:
13203:
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13192:
13188:
13183:
13177:
13173:
13168:
13152:
13148:
13144:
13140:
13136:
13130:
13114:
13110:
13109:Famous Trials
13106:
13099:
13092:
13080:
13076:
13072:
13068:
13061:
13059:
13051:
13038:
13034:
13030:
13026:
13019:
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13015:
13007:
13002:
13001:
12994:
12987:
12983:
12977:
12961:
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12951:
12947:
12941:
12934:
12930:
12924:
12908:
12904:
12900:
12894:
12892:
12875:
12871:
12867:
12861:
12845:
12841:
12835:
12819:
12815:
12809:
12807:
12805:
12788:
12784:
12778:
12776:
12774:
12772:
12770:
12763:(3): 282β296.
12762:
12759:
12755:
12751:
12750:Joan Biskupic
12747:
12741:
12726:
12722:
12716:
12709:
12704:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12674:
12673:
12668:
12661:
12654:
12638:
12634:
12628:
12621:
12620:
12612:
12605:
12592:
12588:
12587:
12582:
12578:
12572:
12566:
12565:0-7006-0946-6
12562:
12558:
12552:
12545:
12532:
12528:
12522:
12515:
12510:
12506:
12502:
12496:
12480:
12476:
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12449:
12445:
12441:
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12418:
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12403:
12387:
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12379:
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12315:
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12266:
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12226:
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12100:
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12077:
12073:
12066:
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12046:
12042:
12035:
12019:
12015:
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12005:
12003:
11986:
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11971:
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11940:
11924:
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11910:
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11867:
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11703:
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11675:
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11646:
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11634:
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11613:
11608:
11601:
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11571:
11569:
11552:
11548:
11544:
11537:
11522:
11518:
11514:
11508:
11493:
11489:
11485:
11479:
11471:
11465:
11461:
11454:
11438:
11434:
11433:
11428:
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11405:
11401:
11400:
11395:
11389:
11373:
11369:
11368:
11363:
11357:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11328:
11313:
11309:
11305:
11299:
11283:
11279:
11273:
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11221:
11205:
11201:
11197:
11190:
11174:
11170:
11166:
11159:
11153:
11149:
11143:
11127:
11123:
11117:
11098:
11091:
11085:
11078:
11074:
11070:
11067:
11066:
11060:
11044:
11040:
11034:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10991:
10975:
10971:
10969:0-19-506090-3
10965:
10961:
10960:
10952:
10936:
10932:
10926:
10910:
10906:
10900:
10884:
10880:
10876:
10869:
10853:
10849:
10845:
10839:
10823:
10819:
10812:
10804:
10800:
10796:
10792:
10788:
10784:
10780:
10776:
10772:
10766:
10759:
10746:
10742:
10738:
10732:
10725:
10719:
10712:
10708:
10704:
10699:
10692:
10688:
10682:
10666:
10662:
10661:
10656:
10652:
10646:
10630:
10626:
10625:
10620:
10616:
10610:
10594:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10576:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10548:
10547:Sabato, Larry
10542:
10540:
10538:
10526:September 20,
10521:
10517:
10513:
10506:
10490:
10486:
10482:
10476:
10455:
10448:
10442:
10433:
10426:
10424:
10408:
10404:
10397:
10390:
10388:
10380:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10362:
10354:
10348:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10329:
10310:
10306:
10299:
10292:
10276:
10272:
10271:
10266:
10260:
10244:
10240:
10233:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10203:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10165:
10158:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10127:
10120:
10116:
10111:
10104:
10100:
10099:5 U.S.C.
10094:
10078:
10074:
10068:
10061:
10049:
10045:
10044:
10039:
10032:
10025:
10023:
10008:
10004:
10003:
9998:
9991:
9975:
9971:
9965:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9935:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9905:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9878:
9872:
9865:
9852:
9848:
9847:
9842:
9838:
9832:
9825:
9813:
9809:
9808:
9803:
9796:
9789:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9761:
9745:
9741:
9740:
9735:
9729:
9722:
9710:
9706:
9705:
9700:
9696:
9690:
9683:
9670:
9666:
9665:
9660:
9656:
9650:
9643:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9612:
9605:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9574:
9567:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9539:
9524:
9520:
9513:
9498:
9494:
9487:
9480:
9467:
9463:
9462:
9457:
9453:
9447:
9440:
9429:
9428:
9423:
9416:
9409:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9382:
9375:
9362:
9358:
9357:
9352:
9345:
9338:
9325:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9307:
9300:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9269:
9262:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9234:
9227:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9200:
9193:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9165:
9158:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9130:
9123:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9096:
9090:
9089:0-19-505835-6
9086:
9082:
9078:
9072:
9065:
9053:
9049:
9045:
9039:
9037:
9029:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9003:
8996:
8983:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8967:
8960:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8932:
8925:
8919:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8885:
8881:
8875:
8868:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8841:
8834:
8821:
8817:
8816:
8811:
8805:
8798:
8786:
8782:
8781:
8776:
8770:
8763:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8735:
8728:
8715:
8711:
8710:
8705:
8701:
8695:
8688:
8675:
8671:
8670:
8665:
8659:
8652:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8625:
8618:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8588:
8581:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8550:
8543:
8530:
8526:
8525:
8520:
8513:
8506:
8504:
8487:
8483:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8450:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8436:
8430:
8423:
8410:
8406:
8400:
8396:
8395:
8387:
8380:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8353:
8346:
8334:
8330:
8324:
8320:
8319:
8311:
8304:
8292:
8288:
8282:
8275:
8262:
8258:
8252:
8245:
8240:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8225:
8217:
8210:
8198:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8168:
8164:
8162:0-8223-0968-8
8158:
8154:
8150:
8149:Edward Keynes
8144:
8137:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8099:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8049:
8045:
8044:
8039:
8032:
8025:
8023:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7995:
7993:
7985:
7970:
7966:
7959:
7953:
7951:
7943:
7930:
7926:
7925:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7911:Souter, David
7908:
7904:
7898:
7891:
7875:
7871:
7864:
7858:
7851:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7821:
7814:
7812:
7798:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7782:
7775:
7762:
7758:
7752:
7747:
7743:
7737:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7715:
7703:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7688:Epps, Garrett
7683:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7621:
7614:
7602:
7598:
7596:0-8147-3114-7
7592:
7588:
7581:
7574:
7568:
7560:
7556:
7555:
7547:
7528:
7521:
7514:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7480:
7474:
7470:
7463:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7428:
7412:
7408:
7402:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7374:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7342:
7336:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7301:
7292:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7234:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7196:
7192:
7181:
7177:
7176:
7172:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7113:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7042:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7014:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6942:Lord's Prayer
6939:
6935:
6934:
6930:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6818:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6742:
6738:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6665:Ian Millhiser
6660:Too few cases
6657:
6655:
6651:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6639:shadow docket
6634:
6630:
6629:Shadow docket
6620:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6576:Kevin Gutzman
6573:
6570:Advocates of
6568:
6566:
6561:
6560:John Marshall
6556:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6540:federal power
6537:
6536:
6531:
6527:
6526:James Madison
6517:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6440:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6358:
6356:
6355:Stare decisis
6352:
6348:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6302:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6271:This section
6269:
6260:
6259:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6207:Josh Blackman
6204:
6203:
6198:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6142:
6133:
6132:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:habeas corpus
6116:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6093:Warren Burger
6089:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6069:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6053:
6041:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6010:This section
6008:
5999:
5998:
5989:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:authoritarian
5963:
5959:
5952:
5942:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5780:minority rule
5776:
5772:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5646:Alex Kozinski
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5366:
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5327:
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5319:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5309:
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5299:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5284:John Marshall
5281:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5230:John Marshall
5227:
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5216:
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5209:
5205:
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5001:Slip opinions
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4855:
4853:
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4834:
4830:
4824:Oral argument
4821:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4809:amicus briefs
4800:
4798:
4794:
4793:circuit split
4785:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:death penalty
4770:
4766:
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4759:
4758:
4753:
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4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:Tenth Circuit
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:Justice Kagan
4586:
4584:
4583:Ninth Circuit
4581:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:Sixth Circuit
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:Justice Alito
4538:
4536:
4535:Fifth Circuit
4533:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:Justice Alito
4514:
4512:
4511:Third Circuit
4509:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:First Circuit
4485:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4438:habeas corpus
4434:
4430:
4429:All Writs Act
4424:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4386:
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4380:
4379:
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4138:
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4136:
4135:
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4130:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Voting rights
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
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4100:
4097:
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4092:
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4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Equal footing
3983:
3981:
3980:Republicanism
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
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3900:
3899:
3891:
3875:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3834:Old City Hall
3826:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3737:
3734:
3726:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684: β
3683:
3679:
3678:Find sources:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3656:This section
3654:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3599:
3596:June 30, 2022
3594:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3530:June 29, 2009
3528:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3506:
3505:G. H. W. Bush
3500:
3498:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:July 31, 2018
3468:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3433:July 23, 1936
3427:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3385:Appointed by
3378:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:senior status
3362:
3361:First Circuit
3358:
3354:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3238:U.S. military
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:County Antrim
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:James Iredell
3180:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3107:Judge of the
3104:
3101:Judge of the
3098:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3081:Judge of the
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:Judge of the
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3053:Judge of the
3052:
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3047:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3026:Judge of the
3023:
3020:Judge of the
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3006:Judge of the
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:Judge of the
2984:
2981:Chair of the
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2967:Judge of the
2966:
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2909:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:Presbyterians
2878:
2874:
2870:
2867:, and one is
2866:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2854:Justice Alito
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2825:
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2793:
2790:
2785:June 30, 2022
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2392:June 25, 1954
2389:
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2320:April 1, 1950
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2261:
2260:G. H. W. Bush
2255:
2253:
2248:June 23, 1948
2245:
2241:
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2150:
2146:
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2094:
2084:
2082:
2081:swing justice
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
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2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:seven in 1807
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
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1938:
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1814:
1813:
1812:Federalist 78
1808:
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1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1751:John Rutledge
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
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1685:Harriet Miers
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1619:Ronald Reagan
1616:
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1600:
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1583:
1582:plenary power
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1471:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1450:), abortion (
1449:
1448:
1447:Shelby County
1443:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1418:controversial
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1377:) but upheld
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1312:death penalty
1309:
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1293:
1292:
1287:
1286:abortion laws
1280:
1273:
1269:
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1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1226:Roberts Court
1223:
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1119:
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1109:
1106:violates the
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1024:
1020:
1016:
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1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:Pierce Butler
988:
987:Four Horsemen
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:Erich Salomon
960:
955:
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861:
859:
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843:
839:
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823:
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816:
811:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:
754:
752:
751:
746:
745:
740:
739:
734:
730:
729:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
704:
699:
695:
694:
689:
681:
680:John Marshall
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
650:
648:
644:
640:
635:
630:
628:
627:James Iredell
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:John Rutledge
604:
600:
595:
593:
592:circuit court
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
557:James Madison
554:
550:
546:
538:
534:
529:
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516:
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497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
441:statutory law
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:highest court
394:
390:
381:
378:
374:
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
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343:
340:
336:
332:
329:
326:
322:
319:
316:
314:Authorized by
312:
309:
306:
302:
299:
295:
290:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
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226:
222:
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156:
148:
138:
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125:
121:
118:
114:
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107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:(refs: 8, 84)
65:
62:
58:
55:
54:
51:
46:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
26189:
26172:
26155:
26138:
26126:from Commons
26121:
26104:
26083:
25936:Human rights
25916:Gun politics
25867:Islamophobia
25857:antisemitism
25725:Hospice care
25667:Middle class
25647:Homelessness
25624:Social class
25584:Social class
25448:Human rights
25438:Homelessness
25350:middle class
25315:Demographics
25290:Architecture
25197:Unemployment
25177:Labor unions
24925:Town meeting
24902:City council
24897:City manager
24638:State police
24500:Marine Corps
24490:Armed Forces
24465:civil rights
24445:Constitution
24349:
24017:Southwestern
24012:Southeastern
24002:Northwestern
23997:Northeastern
23962:Mid-Atlantic
23952:Great Plains
23670:World War II
23553:Constitution
23457:Colonial era
23436:2008βpresent
23275:Human rights
23196:Types of law
23137:State courts
23089:
23037:Civil rights
22959:
22788:Marine Corps
22741:
22503:South Dakota
22493:Rhode Island
22488:Pennsylvania
22458:North Dakota
22273:
22272:
22211:
22158:
21617:
21504:
21429:
21128:Van Devanter
21016:J. M. Harlan
20745:
20742:2005βpresent
20738:John Roberts
20729:
20713:
20697:
20681:
20665:
20649:
20633:
20617:
20601:
20585:
20569:
20553:
20537:
20521:
20505:
20489:
20456:
20362:
20355:
20328:
20092:unsuccessful
20060:All justices
20043:and nominees
20019:Burger Court
20013:Warren Court
20007:Vinson Court
19995:Hughes Court
19977:Fuller Court
19912:David Souter
19874:Neil Gorsuch
19859:Samuel Alito
19847:
19841:John Roberts
19834:
19788:
19780:
19723:
19674:
19656:
19639:. New York:
19636:
19615:
19599:
19581:
19528:
19524:
19506:
19485:
19458:
19439:
19412:
19395:
19383:February 13,
19381:. Retrieved
19366:
19346:. New York:
19343:
19329:Viking Press
19327:. New York:
19324:
19312:
19291:
19271:
19248:
19225:
19209:
19201:
19183:Bibliography
19169:. Retrieved
19160:
19151:
19142:
19133:
19124:
19115:
19106:
19094:. Retrieved
19082:
19060:Bush v. Gore
19059:
19053:
19041:. Retrieved
19032:
19019:
19007:. Retrieved
19003:
18993:
18983:December 18,
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4852:Amici curiae
4851:
4843:amici curiae
4841:
4838:
4806:
4789:
4768:
4765:rule of four
4762:
4755:
4745:
4742:special jury
4733:
4723:
4717:
4713:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4630:
4459:
4447:
4436:
4425:
4399:
4392:
4382:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4356:
4345:
4341:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4287:
4281:
4264:
4239:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4017:
3894:Jurisdiction
3863:
3839:Cass Gilbert
3830:
3825:U.S. Capitol
3799:
3788:
3775:Neil Gorsuch
3763:Samuel Alito
3759:John Roberts
3729:
3723:January 2019
3720:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3677:
3665:Please help
3660:verification
3657:
3622:
3489:David Souter
3369:
3349:
3337:
3294:
3272:
3269:
3253:
3235:
3199:David Brewer
3181:, Scotland;
3176:
3165:, the first
3124:
3111:(2021β2022)
3085:(2017β2020)
3071:(2006β2018)
3057:(2006β2017)
3049:Neil Gorsuch
3043:(2009β2010)
3030:(1998β2009)
3010:(1990β2006)
2997:Samuel Alito
2991:(1990β1991)
2971:(2003β2005)
2963:John Roberts
2947:
2923:John Roberts
2908:Juris Doctor
2905:
2877:Episcopalian
2873:Neil Gorsuch
2858:
2827:
2798:
2741:
2667:
2595:
2528:Neil Gorsuch
2523:
2451:
2379:
2312:Samuel Alito
2307:
2235:
2168:John Roberts
2163:
2134:Start date /
2104:John Roberts
2101:
2072:
2060:Nancy Pelosi
2037:
2005:
1981:
1973:nine in 1837
1949:
1933:
1924:James Monroe
1920:Jimmy Carter
1893:
1873:
1869:Samuel Alito
1844:Samuel Chase
1825:
1810:
1786:Larry Sabato
1782:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1739:
1718:
1702:
1677:
1658:Barack Obama
1646:Neil Gorsuch
1642:Donald Trump
1623:
1587:
1559:
1550:John Roberts
1519:Baze v. Rees
1517:
1499:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1406:Bush v. Gore
1404:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1305:
1299:
1289:
1278:
1276:
1256:John Roberts
1244:David Souter
1218:Burger Court
1203:
1193:
1179:
1171:Mapp v. Ohio
1169:
1166:incorporated
1159:
1153:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1064:
1057:World War II
1050:
1044:
1034:
1008:
983:Owen Roberts
979:Harlan Stone
959:Hughes Court
937:Warren Court
933:Vinson Court
925:Hughes Court
919:New Deal era
910:
904:
894:
884:
877:incorporated
862:
855:
849:
819:
813:
807:
796:Fuller Court
768:Samuel Chase
757:
755:
748:
742:
736:
726:
723:Constitution
712:
701:
691:
685:
639:Philadelphia
631:
619:James Wilson
596:
581:through the
576:
565:
542:
500:
454:through the
452:1st Congress
445:
392:
388:
386:
370:John Roberts
350:supremecourt
308:confirmation
301:Presidential
166:
151:
142:
44:
26106:Definitions
25941:Immigration
25872:LGBT rights
25774:Food safety
25609:Video games
25202:Wall Street
25182:Public debt
25085:Agriculture
25021:nationalism
24733:Uniform act
24655:Legislative
24562:Territorial
24520:Coast Guard
24515:Space Force
24265:Legislative
24060:Red (South)
24050:Mississippi
23972:New England
23908:Appalachian
23878:Earthquakes
23775:Discoveries
23770:Demographic
23712:Vietnam War
23655:World War I
23650:Imperialism
23600:Indian Wars
23575:War of 1812
23187:Reading law
23019:legislation
22841:Coast Guard
22597:Puerto Rico
22568:Territorial
22408:Mississippi
22323:Connecticut
22139:Saint Lucia
22074:El Salvador
21380:(1994β2022)
21374:(1993β2020)
21362:(1990β2009)
21356:(1988β2018)
21350:(1986β2016)
21344:(1981β2006)
21338:(1975β2010)
21324:(1972β1987)
21318:(1970β1994)
21312:(1967β1991)
21310:T. Marshall
21306:(1965β1969)
21300:(1962β1965)
21294:(1962β1993)
21288:(1958β1981)
21282:(1957β1962)
21276:(1956β1990)
21270:(1955β1971)
21264:(1949β1956)
21258:(1949β1967)
21252:(1945β1958)
21246:(1943β1949)
21244:W. Rutledge
21240:(1941β1954)
21234:(1941β1942)
21228:(1940β1949)
21222:(1939β1975)
21216:(1939β1962)
21214:Frankfurter
21210:(1938β1957)
21204:(1937β1971)
21198:(1932β1938)
21192:(1930β1945)
21178:(1923β1930)
21172:(1923β1939)
21166:(1922β1938)
21160:(1916β1922)
21154:(1916β1939)
21148:(1914β1941)
21142:(1912β1922)
21136:(1911β1916)
21130:(1911β1937)
21116:(1910β1914)
21110:(1906β1910)
21104:(1903β1922)
21098:(1902β1932)
21092:(1898β1925)
21086:(1896β1909)
21072:(1893β1895)
21066:(1892β1903)
21060:(1891β1906)
21054:(1890β1910)
21048:(1888β1893)
21042:(1882β1893)
21036:(1882β1902)
21030:(1881β1889)
21024:(1881β1887)
21018:(1877β1911)
21012:(1873β1882)
21006:(1870β1892)
21000:(1870β1880)
20994:(1863β1897)
20988:(1862β1877)
20982:(1862β1890)
20976:(1862β1881)
20970:(1858β1881)
20964:(1853β1861)
20958:(1851β1857)
20952:(1846β1870)
20946:(1845β1851)
20940:(1845β1872)
20934:(1842β1860)
20928:(1838β1852)
20922:(1837β1865)
20916:(1836β1841)
20910:(1835β1867)
20904:(1830β1844)
20898:(1829β1861)
20892:(1826β1828)
20886:(1823β1843)
20880:(1812β1845)
20874:(1811β1835)
20868:(1807β1826)
20862:(1807β1823)
20856:(1804β1834)
20850:(1800β1804)
20844:(1798β1829)
20838:(1796β1811)
20832:(1793β1806)
20826:(1792β1793)
20820:(1790β1799)
20814:(1790β1795)
20808:(1789β1798)
20802:(1790β1810)
20793:J. Rutledge
20690:Earl Warren
20027:(1986β2005)
20021:(1969β1986)
20015:(1953β1969)
20009:(1946β1953)
20003:(1941β1946)
20001:Stone Court
19997:(1930β1941)
19991:(1921β1930)
19985:(1910β1921)
19983:White Court
19979:(1888β1910)
19973:(1874β1888)
19971:Waite Court
19967:(1864β1873)
19965:Chase Court
19961:(1836β1864)
19959:Taney Court
19955:(1801β1835)
19949:(1796β1800)
19937:(1789β1795)
19869:Elena Kagan
19317:, 17th ed.
19043:October 23,
18886:February 8,
18881:@politifact
18860:February 8,
18775:October 23,
18741:October 23,
18676:October 23,
18641:October 23,
18524:October 23,
18487:October 30,
18452:October 30,
18421:October 27,
18346:October 24,
18305:October 27,
18270:October 27,
18232:October 27,
18204:discretion.
18197:October 27,
18165:Government.
18158:October 24,
17899:October 29,
17747:October 22,
17711:November 8,
17673:October 23,
17348:October 30,
17312:www.nps.gov
17292:October 23,
17258:October 22,
17188:January 30,
16706:December 2,
15494:October 20,
15465:February 5,
15105:January 30,
14852:October 29,
14774:October 29,
14495:October 29,
14422:February 3,
14367:February 3,
14262:"Sliplists"
14169:Β§ 2109
14023:January 31,
13826:October 17,
13788:October 31,
13778:Legal Times
13757:October 31,
13746:Legal Times
13663:Β§ 1872
13644:February 5,
13597:Β§ 1253
13580:; see also
13578:Β§ 1257
13563:Β§ 1254
13309:October 31,
13239:Β§ 1257
13221:Β§ 1260
13206:Β§ 1258
13191:Β§ 1259
13176:Β§ 1254
13029:ABA Journal
12880:January 31,
12850:October 24,
12793:October 24,
12646:January 31,
12514:impartial.'
12485:February 8,
12454:February 8,
12423:February 8,
12392:October 30,
12082:October 12,
12055:October 12,
11590:October 21,
11210:January 29,
11179:October 27,
10751:October 28,
10671:October 10,
10635:October 27,
10599:October 10,
10565:October 23,
10495:January 25,
10103:Β§ 2902
10022:Roe v. Wade
9857:November 1,
9818:November 1,
9781:November 1,
9750:January 22,
9715:November 1,
9675:February 1,
9635:February 1,
9597:November 1,
9559:November 1,
9472:October 31,
9402:October 31,
9367:October 31,
9330:October 31,
9292:October 31,
9254:October 31,
9220:October 31,
9185:October 31,
9157:amendments.
9150:October 31,
9115:October 31,
9058:October 31,
9022:October 31,
8988:October 31,
8952:October 31,
8908:February 6,
8860:October 31,
8826:October 31,
8791:October 31,
8755:October 31,
8720:October 31,
8680:October 31,
8644:October 31,
8611:October 31,
8573:October 31,
8555:Cohen, Adam
8535:October 31,
8503:Lochner era
8495:October 31,
8455:October 31,
8415:October 31,
8339:October 29,
8297:October 31,
8267:October 31,
8202:October 31,
8173:October 31,
8129:October 31,
8091:October 31,
8054:October 31,
8014:October 31,
7978:October 31,
7935:December 8,
7883:October 31,
7844:October 31,
7803:October 31,
7767:October 31,
7708:October 31,
7607:October 31,
7223:October 23,
7005:Roe v. Wade
6479:Roe v. Wade
6424:Adam Liptak
6372:Robert Bork
6337:Roe v. Wade
6324:Roe v. Wade
6147:Roe v. Wade
6131:Roe v. Wade
6103:criticized
6078:(1883) and
6063:segregation
5958:Aziz Z. Huq
5884:, wrote in
5828:January 6th
5775:U.S. Senate
5745:Roe v. Wade
5555:Byron White
5501:Horace Gray
5260:Constraints
5149:Roe v. Wade
4955:August 2021
4383:Roe v. Wade
4361:(1816) and
4165:Purposivism
4145:Originalism
4109:Citizenship
4099:Due process
3970:Rule of law
3847:law library
3767:Elena Kagan
3357:chief judge
3213:, Turkey);
3197:, Ireland;
3189:, England;
3105:(2013β2021)
3099:(2010β2014)
3036:Elena Kagan
3024:(1992β1998)
3004:(1987β1990)
2985:(1982β1990)
2919:Elena Kagan
2897:Roger Taney
2684:New Orleans
2456:Elena Kagan
2044:Republicans
1977:ten in 1863
1958:), but the
1956:life tenure
1799:term limits
1638:Earl Warren
1636:to succeed
1615:Robert Bork
1603:Wall Street
1530:Composition
1291:Roe v. Wade
1132:) and that
1089:), and the
1009:During the
985:, and the "
929:Stone Court
800:White Court
792:Waite Court
788:Chase Court
784:Taney Court
766:of Justice
486:, with the
421:federal law
413:state court
328:Life tenure
284: /
259:Coordinates
224:Established
211: /
26204:Categories
26157:Quotations
25975:Xenophobia
25764:Disability
25705:Healthcare
25614:Visual art
25559:Philosophy
25505:television
25495:newspapers
25485:journalism
25475:Literature
25387:attainment
25038:Republican
25033:Democratic
25006:Ideologies
24967:Corruption
24532:NOAA Corps
24455:preemption
24450:federalism
24065:Rio Grande
23967:Midwestern
23947:West Coast
23942:East Coast
23785:Inventions
23697:Space Race
23692:Korean War
23675:home front
23610:Gilded Age
23167:Law school
23112:Bankruptcy
23027:Federalism
22543:Washington
22443:New Mexico
22438:New Jersey
22313:California
22049:Costa Rica
21791:Eisenhower
21625:Washington
21542:Eisenhower
21487:Presidents
21420:K. Jackson
21238:R. Jackson
21190:O. Roberts
21164:Sutherland
21146:McReynolds
21070:H. Jackson
21040:Blatchford
20860:Livingston
20854:W. Johnson
20842:Washington
20824:T. Johnson
20115:court size
19989:Taft Court
19789:Certiorari
19772:Procedures
19477:1380786442
18563:ScotusBlog
18043:New Yorker
17519:HeinOnline
16826:ProPublica
16227:August 23,
16193:August 23,
16153:August 23,
15934:October 5,
15529:1120147424
15489:ProPublica
14336:August 22,
14302:August 22,
14272:January 1,
14246:January 9,
14206:January 9,
14130:SCOTUSblog
13950:ProPublica
13724:October 2,
13625:(4): 378.
13299:Justia Law
13071:Humanities
12672:Demography
11443:October 8,
10889:August 23,
10379:certiorari
10375:certiorari
9497:ProPublica
8959:privacy...
7188:References
6815:See also:
6532:argued in
6347:David Litt
6316:Textualism
6299:March 2024
6279:irrelevant
6115:Guantanamo
6109:for being
6052:Dred Scott
6038:March 2024
6018:irrelevant
5924:discipline
5877:corruption
5850:moveon.org
5644:and Judge
5628:for Judge
5608:for Judge
5604:, Justice
5544:moot court
5540:law review
5513:law school
5485:certiorari
5480:law clerks
5468:Law clerks
5131:)", where
5083:LexisNexis
4908:status quo
4878:Concurring
4818:fact-check
4813:law review
4769:certiorari
4680:respondent
4676:petitioner
4669:respondent
4664:petitioner
4654:certiorari
4411:certiorari
4342:certiorari
4330:certiorari
4326:certiorari
4318:certiorari
4310:certiorari
4289:certiorari
4250:Ed Johnson
4170:Textualism
3975:Federalism
3952:Principles
3932:Amendments
3880:am to 3:30
3868:am to 4:30
3805:Facilities
3693:newspapers
3617:See also:
3402:Start date
3396:Retirement
3289:Republican
3285:Democratic
3131:Protestant
2943:Notre Dame
2915:law school
2912:Ivy League
2889:Methodists
2885:Unitarians
2869:Protestant
2840:) and one
2332:G. W. Bush
2188:G. W. Bush
2139:Succeeded
2091:See also:
2087:Membership
2006:President
1900:John Tyler
1876:Hugo Black
1856:Abe Fortas
1634:Abe Fortas
1626:filibuster
1389:reaffirmed
1367:) and the
1331:federalism
1200:defamation
1055:). During
969:(center),
893:statutes (
863:Under the
804:Taft Court
462:and eight
339:by statute
272:77Β°00β²16β³W
269:38Β°53β²26β³N
234:1789-03-04
199:77Β°00β²16β³W
196:38Β°53β²26β³N
25958:Terrorism
25735:Rationing
25632:Affluence
25579:Sexuality
25547:Uncle Sam
25453:Languages
25382:Education
25325:affluence
25285:Americana
25212:Transport
25110:Insurance
25100:Companies
25080:By sector
24972:Elections
24613:Treasurer
24571:Executive
24510:Air Force
24482:Uniformed
24305:President
24122:Executive
23893:Mountains
23826:Territory
23814:Geography
23638:1954β1968
23633:1896β1954
23628:1865β1896
23590:Civil War
23431:1991β2008
23426:1980β1991
23421:1964β1980
23416:1945β1964
23411:1917β1945
23406:1865β1917
23401:1849β1865
23396:1815β1849
23391:1789β1815
23386:1776β1789
23379:By period
23258:Procedure
23248:Corporate
23159:Education
22825:Air Force
22735:Standards
22705:Authority
22553:Wisconsin
22508:Tennessee
22467:Oklahoma
22403:Minnesota
22378:Louisiana
22201:Caribbean
22169:Venezuela
22114:Nicaragua
22084:Guatemala
22004:Argentina
21989:Sovereign
21660:Van Buren
21635:Jefferson
21408:Kavanaugh
21390:Sotomayor
21329:Rehnquist
21280:Whittaker
20726:1986β2005
20710:1969β1986
20694:1953β1969
20678:1946β1953
20662:1941β1946
20646:1930β1941
20630:1921β1930
20614:1910β1921
20598:1888β1910
20582:1874β1888
20566:1864β1873
20550:1836β1864
20534:1801β1835
20518:1796β1800
20486:1789β1795
20195:Law clerk
20070:education
19935:Jay Court
19731:The court
19538:1407.6333
19171:March 27,
19091:1091-2339
18915:0028-6583
18381:March 24,
17646:March 18,
17601:March 25,
17575:March 20,
17550:March 27,
17524:March 27,
17498:March 27,
17493:0028-792X
17464:March 27,
17438:March 27,
17407:March 27,
17381:March 20,
17355:territory
17317:March 27,
17217:1091-2339
17178:247499952
17170:0002-7162
17094:March 28,
16930:0028-792X
16766:0261-3077
16701:0013-0613
16610:0028-6583
16539:0362-4331
16505:0190-8286
16331:0028-6583
16222:0190-8286
16119:0261-3077
16053:0261-3077
15800:0362-4331
15768:March 26,
15696:0013-0613
15668:March 27,
15642:March 28,
15616:March 28,
15590:March 28,
15556:0028-6583
15411:0190-8286
15369:Balz, Dan
15230:April 26,
15188:2375-2548
14726:April 20,
14669:April 20,
14524:0028-6583
14109:March 24,
13999:March 31,
13899:0029-3571
13714:0044-0094
13631:1095-5216
13503:28 U.S.C.
13340:April 27,
13278:April 27,
13119:April 27,
13085:April 27,
13043:April 27,
12982:28 U.S.C.
12966:April 27,
12929:28 U.S.C.
12824:March 19,
12475:Brookings
12440:"Opinion"
12357:April 20,
12327:justice."
12320:April 20,
12277:0362-4331
12210:142355294
12166:1094-2939
12125:1094-2939
12045:USA Today
11862:0190-8286
11645:The Times
11346:March 19,
11317:March 20,
11025:154590128
10980:April 12,
10915:April 29,
10858:March 18,
10828:April 29,
10758:security.
10416:August 6,
10179:1080-675X
9788:Heller...
9528:March 18,
9502:March 18,
9392:USA Today
8745:USA Today
8444:USA Today
8372:March 30,
7924:USA Today
7654:0044-0094
7536:April 26,
6563:theorist
6275:excessive
6014:excessive
5503:in 1882.
5409:Section 2
4797:cert pool
4738:empaneled
4416:28 U.S.C.
4324:(through
4316:(through
4308:(through
4286:(through
3791:seniority
3325:Sotomayor
3321:Kavanaugh
3291:president
2863:, one is
2850:immigrant
2846:Sotomayor
2688:Louisiana
2220:Rehnquist
2116:Justice /
2064:Joe Biden
1698:appointee
1621:in 1987.
1578:officials
1570:president
891:antitrust
828:. In the
764:acquittal
688:Ellsworth
659:Jay Court
579:judiciary
533:City Hall
484:president
480:impeached
407:over all
395:) is the
366:Currently
52:detected:
26064:Politics
26014:Category
25710:Abortion
25574:Religion
25532:Columbia
25490:internet
25426:Holidays
25421:Folklore
25392:literacy
25330:eviction
25220:Aviation
25192:Taxation
25147:Currency
25140:by state
25050:Scandals
24920:Township
24678:Judicial
24579:Governor
24342:Judicial
24228:Marshals
24101:Politics
24055:Missouri
24045:Columbia
24040:Colorado
24035:Arkansas
24028:Longest
24007:Southern
23992:Northern
23836:counties
23790:Military
23780:Economic
23758:By topic
23737:Iraq War
23687:Cold War
23445:By event
23280:Juvenile
23253:Criminal
23243:Property
23238:Contract
23203:Abortion
23100:District
22815:Navy JAG
22778:Army JAG
22611:Obsolete
22538:Virginia
22521:criminal
22476:criminal
22448:New York
22423:Nebraska
22413:Missouri
22398:Michigan
22388:Maryland
22373:Kentucky
22353:Illinois
22328:Delaware
22318:Colorado
22308:Arkansas
22149:Suriname
22124:Paraguay
22099:Honduras
22059:Dominica
22044:Colombia
22014:Barbados
21771:Coolidge
21746:McKinley
21715:Garfield
21690:Buchanan
21680:Fillmore
21522:Coolidge
21489:and the
21372:Ginsburg
21342:O'Connor
21316:Blackmun
21298:Goldberg
21292:B. White
21152:Brandeis
21134:J. Lamar
21077:E. White
21046:L. Lamar
21028:Matthews
20968:Clifford
20962:Campbell
20944:Woodbury
20926:McKinley
20884:Thompson
20836:S. Chase
20830:Paterson
20482:John Jay
20268:Former:
20255:Location
19635:(2007).
19565:28403140
19525:PLOS ONE
19411:(1979).
19235:Archived
19134:PBS News
19096:June 18,
19037:Archived
18977:Archived
18944:Archived
18704:Archived
18635:Archived
18598:Archived
18567:Archived
18546:freedom.
18481:Archived
18446:Archived
18415:Archived
18375:Archived
18340:Archived
18327:(1998).
18299:Archived
18264:Archived
18226:Archived
18191:Archived
18152:Archived
18146:(1789).
18102:Politico
18018:June 30,
18012:Archived
17893:Archived
17850:(2023).
17828:March 2,
17786:Archived
17741:Archived
17705:Archived
17667:Archived
17402:Newsweek
17342:Archived
17252:Archived
17182:Archived
17063:Archived
17035:March 2,
17029:Archived
16998:Archived
16963:Archived
16866:Archived
16830:Archived
16770:Archived
16731:Archived
16667:Archived
16641:Archived
16615:June 19,
16583:Politico
16411:Archived
16389:Archived
16336:July 14,
16254:Archived
16163:cite web
16124:June 15,
16018:Archived
15959:Archived
15928:Archived
15924:POLITICO
15903:July 24,
15897:Archived
15866:Archived
15841:July 24,
15835:Archived
15804:Archived
15762:Archived
15758:The Hill
15731:Archived
15700:Archived
15663:Politico
15611:NBC News
15561:June 19,
15437:Newsweek
15266:June 28,
15260:Archived
15206:38457495
15197:10923515
15137:June 19,
15041:Archived
14966:March 2,
14891:Archived
14846:Archived
14807:Archived
14768:Archived
14722:. Justia
14634:Archived
14601:Archived
14489:Archived
14452:June 27,
14446:archived
14361:Archived
14330:Archived
14296:Archived
14237:Archived
14235:. 2018.
14200:Archived
14154:Β§ 1
14135:April 2,
14103:Archived
14043:Archived
14017:Archived
13993:Archived
13858:Archived
13820:Archived
13782:Archived
13751:Archived
13718:Archived
13635:Archived
13532:Archived
13486:Archived
13466:Archived
13446:Archived
13435:Archived
13415:Archived
13404:Archived
13334:Archived
13303:Archived
13269:Archived
13151:Archived
13137:(1993).
13113:Archived
13079:Archived
13037:Archived
12960:Archived
12907:Archived
12818:Archived
12703:20608097
12637:Archived
12591:Archived
12537:June 30,
12531:Archived
12479:Archived
12448:Archived
12444:NBC News
12417:Archived
12386:Archived
12382:Newsweek
12351:Archived
12314:Archived
12309:Fox News
12281:Archived
12076:Archived
12049:Archived
12018:Archived
11985:Archived
11929:July 16,
11923:Archived
11891:Archived
11866:Archived
11788:Archived
11724:cite web
11688:April 7,
11682:Archived
11656:June 15,
11623:June 15,
11584:Archived
11557:April 7,
11551:Archived
11547:ABC News
11437:Archived
11432:The Hill
11410:June 25,
11404:Archived
11399:NBC News
11378:June 25,
11372:Archived
11367:CBS News
11288:April 4,
11282:Archived
11262:April 4,
11256:Archived
11236:April 4,
11230:Archived
11204:Archived
11146:16
11126:Archived
11106:April 4,
11097:Archived
11069:Archived
11043:Archived
11017:20452185
10974:Archived
10941:July 10,
10935:Archived
10909:Archived
10883:Archived
10822:Archived
10803:52212217
10795:20455716
10745:Archived
10665:Archived
10629:Archived
10593:Archived
10559:Archived
10520:Archived
10489:Archived
10463:June 27,
10454:Archived
10423:Resolved
10309:Archived
10275:Archived
10216:Archived
10183:Archived
10141:Archived
10119:Β§ 4
10083:April 8,
10077:Archived
10054:April 7,
10048:Archived
10013:April 9,
10007:Archived
9974:Archived
9948:Archived
9918:Archived
9894:June 19,
9888:Archived
9851:Archived
9812:Archived
9775:Archived
9744:Archived
9709:Archived
9669:Archived
9629:Archived
9591:Archived
9553:Archived
9324:Archived
9286:Archived
9248:Archived
9214:Archived
9179:Archived
9144:Archived
9122:earlier.
9109:Archived
9083:, 1992,
9052:Archived
9016:Archived
8946:Archived
8854:Archived
8605:Archived
8567:Archived
8529:Archived
8486:Archived
8449:Archived
8409:Archived
8366:Archived
8333:Archived
8291:Archived
8167:Archived
8123:Archived
8048:Archived
7969:Archived
7874:Archived
7838:Archived
7834:Newsweek
7761:Archived
7702:Archived
7672:July 16,
7666:Archived
7628:(2004).
7601:Archived
7527:Archived
7497:Archived
7446:Archived
7411:Archived
7385:Archived
7356:Archived
7319:Archived
7275:Archived
7217:Archived
7215:: 1β37.
7010:abortion
6764:See also
6741:releases
6675:Too slow
6580:Brandeis
6281:examples
6020:examples
5887:Politico
5812:recusals
5490:research
5464:(1974).
5434:(1936),
5424:(1871).
5018:, where
4922:(1945).
4914:remanded
4858:Decision
4752:riparian
4469:Justice
4409:pending
4246:lynching
3927:Articles
3919:Overview
3874:holidays
3405:End date
3179:Caskardy
3167:Hispanic
3159:Ginsburg
2954:Justice
2910:from an
2893:Baptists
2891:, and 3
2852:parent:
2842:Hispanic
2728:Ginsburg
2364:O'Connor
2292:Marshall
2147:Present
1834:via the
1832:Congress
1723:through
1505:McDonald
1279:Griswold
1031:New Deal
759:seriatim
715:Marshall
647:chambers
603:John Jay
242:Location
26038:Portals
25998:Outline
25946:illegal
25931:Smoking
25794:Obesity
25677:Poverty
25599:Theater
25589:Society
25443:Housing
25404:Fashion
25360:poverty
25305:Cuisine
25277:Culture
25264:Society
25225:Driving
25152:Exports
25130:Tourism
25090:Banking
25068:Economy
25028:Parties
24872:Charter
24836:Sheriff
24283:Speaker
24151:Cabinet
24114:Federal
24022:Western
23987:Eastern
23982:Central
23977:Pacific
23937:Regions
23888:Islands
23371:History
23290:Privacy
23285:Martial
23095:Appeals
23090:Supreme
22558:Wyoming
22533:Vermont
22418:Montana
22358:Indiana
22338:Georgia
22333:Florida
22303:Arizona
22293:Alabama
22164:Uruguay
22104:Jamaica
22079:Grenada
22069:Ecuador
22024:Bolivia
22009:Bahamas
21896:Clinton
21831:Clinton
21796:Kennedy
21766:Harding
21695:Lincoln
21655:Jackson
21640:Madison
21582:Clinton
21547:Kennedy
21517:Harding
21414:Barrett
21402:Gorsuch
21354:Kennedy
21336:Stevens
21286:Stewart
21274:Brennan
21220:Douglas
21196:Cardozo
21176:Sanford
21090:McKenna
21084:Peckham
21004:Bradley
20914:Barbour
20902:Baldwin
20890:Trimble
20818:Iredell
20800:Cushing
20329:Lochner
20294:Related
20244:Seat 10
20178:Marshal
19927:History
19573:2463244
19556:5389610
19202:updated
19152:npr.org
18353:rights.
18336:: Books
18108:July 3,
18080:July 3,
18049:July 3,
17795:May 13,
17222:July 5,
16727:AP News
16510:July 2,
16476:July 2,
16289:Reuters
16087:June 6,
16058:June 6,
16024:May 29,
15727:AP News
15461:. Slate
15166:Bibcode
15079:May 29,
15050:May 13,
15002:June 7,
14813:May 28,
14688:(ed.).
14548:(ed.).
14529:July 2,
14070:(2008)
13991:. NPR.
13955:July 2,
13149:: 185.
12913:July 6,
12694:3000028
11872:July 8,
11714:July 9,
10343:965β971
10222:May 17,
10192:May 17,
10147:May 17,
9954:July 8,
9924:July 8,
9864:states.
9337:states.
9299:result.
9261:states.
9192:school.
8687:itself.
8229:176β177
7662:4135780
7154:(2023,
7126:(2020,
7008:(1973,
6936:(1963,
6904:(1942,
6617:Al Gore
6331:of the
6191:(2015).
6182:(2003).
5868:titled
5656:of the
5648:of the
5640:of the
5632:of the
5620:of the
5612:of the
5600:of the
5270:Georgia
5071:), and
5032:Miranda
4945:updated
4890:Dissent
4636:Process
4466:Circuit
4344:, e.g.
4320:), the
4312:), the
4300:), the
3939:History
3823:of the
3707:scholar
3571:Clinton
3408:Length
3399:Present
3388:Age at
3380:Justice
3333:Jackson
3317:Gorsuch
3305:Roberts
3267:score.
3135:regions
2937:. Only
2927:Harvard
2838:Jackson
2652:Kennedy
2508:Stevens
2131:Age at
2014:years 6
1680:nominee
1654:cloture
1516:), and
1437:Twombly
1110:of the
1081:Gobitis
568:framers
509:History
490:of the
433:statute
399:in the
345:Website
232: (
26019:Portal
25926:Hunger
25877:racism
25818:Issues
25692:Health
25594:Sports
25554:People
25399:Family
25370:wealth
25295:Cinema
25120:Mining
25105:Energy
24850:Cities
24818:County
24752:Tribal
24290:Senate
24134:powers
24030:rivers
23903:ranges
23871:states
23795:Postal
23305:Sports
23265:Energy
23177:US bar
23117:Claims
22948:review
22910:Appeal
22512:Texas
22483:Oregon
22428:Nevada
22368:Kansas
22343:Hawaii
22298:Alaska
22119:Panama
22109:Mexico
22089:Guyana
22034:Canada
22029:Brazil
22019:Belize
21991:states
21886:Reagan
21881:Carter
21821:Reagan
21816:Carter
21786:Truman
21776:Hoover
21761:Wilson
21720:Arthur
21685:Pierce
21675:Taylor
21645:Monroe
21572:Reagan
21567:Carter
21537:Truman
21527:Hoover
21512:Wilson
21378:Breyer
21366:Thomas
21360:Souter
21348:Scalia
21322:Powell
21304:Fortas
21262:Minton
21250:Burton
21232:Byrnes
21226:Murphy
21170:Butler
21158:Clarke
21140:Pitney
21121:Hughes
21114:Lurton
21096:Holmes
21064:Shiras
21052:Brewer
20998:Strong
20980:Miller
20974:Swayne
20956:Curtis
20938:Nelson
20932:Daniel
20920:Catron
20896:McLean
20872:Duvall
20806:Wilson
20239:Seat 9
20234:Seat 8
20229:Seat 6
20224:Seat 4
20219:Seat 3
20214:Seat 2
20209:Seat 1
19943:(1795)
19685:
19663:
19647:
19622:
19606:
19588:
19571:
19563:
19553:
19492:
19475:
19465:
19446:
19421:
19392:Warren
19354:
19335:
19298:
19279:
19262:
19154:. npr.
19089:
19009:May 4,
18913:
17983:
17954:
17925:
17885:
17858:
17835:court.
17491:
17215:
17176:
17168:
17069:May 6,
16928:
16764:
16699:
16608:
16537:
16503:
16329:
16220:
16117:
16051:
15965:May 5,
15798:
15694:
15554:
15527:
15517:
15409:
15351:
15319:
15204:
15194:
15186:
14973:court.
14838:
14799:
14760:
14702:
14562:
14522:
14481:
14167:
14152:
14078:
13897:
13864:May 2,
13712:
13661:
13629:
13621:. 2d.
13595:
13576:
13561:
13505:
13237:
13219:
13204:
13189:
13174:
13004:,
12984:
12931:
12868:. The
12701:
12691:
12629:
12563:
12287:May 3,
12275:
12243:
12208:
12164:
12123:
12024:May 3,
11991:May 3,
11958:
11860:
11832:May 3,
11794:May 3,
11759:
11466:
11150:
11049:May 6,
11023:
11015:
10966:
10801:
10793:
10349:
10177:
10117:
10101:
9604:small.
9566:court.
9087:
8891:Engage
8401:
8325:
8235:
8159:
8098:count.
7660:
7652:
7593:
7561:: 893.
7475:
6737:leaked
6466:, and
6215:Loving
6173:1965).
6138:After
6101:Scalia
5806:Ethics
5763:, and
5677:said.
5384:(1971)
5372:(1964)
5360:(1920)
5348:(1913)
5336:(1868)
5320:(1795)
5042:, and
4418:
4296:, and
4132:Theory
3887:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3781:, and
3765:, and
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3680:
3607:Salary
3445:Reagan
3331:, and
3309:Thomas
3263:, and
3227:Vienna
3203:Smyrna
3171:Latina
2865:Jewish
2834:Thomas
2792:Breyer
2580:Scalia
2436:Souter
2020:docket
2016:
2012:
1975:, and
1779:Tenure
1742:recess
1721:Truman
1611:twelve
1501:Heller
1387:) and
1359:sodomy
1270:, and
1224:, and
1190:police
1178:) and
1126:, and
1049:, and
1019:Vinson
1017:, and
1011:Hughes
1001:, and
935:, and
842:Fuller
840:, and
832:, the
802:, and
747:, and
698:quorum
669:, and
621:, and
492:Senate
446:Under
393:SCOTUS
305:Senate
253:, U.S.
26174:Texts
26123:Media
26005:Index
25830:Crime
25700:Aging
25517:Names
25512:Music
25500:radio
25480:Media
25310:Dance
25300:Crime
25135:Trade
24892:Mayor
24841:Clerk
24809:Local
24551:State
24070:Yukon
23913:Rocky
23898:peaks
23320:Trust
23310:State
23294:State
22889:Trial
22516:civil
22471:civil
22383:Maine
22348:Idaho
22094:Haiti
22039:Chile
21916:Biden
21911:Trump
21906:Obama
21871:Nixon
21851:Biden
21846:Trump
21841:Obama
21806:Nixon
21710:Hayes
21705:Grant
21665:Tyler
21602:Biden
21597:Trump
21592:Obama
21557:Nixon
21396:Kagan
21384:Alito
21256:Clark
21202:Black
21183:Stone
21108:Moody
21058:Brown
21022:Woods
20992:Field
20986:Davis
20950:Grier
20908:Wayne
20878:Story
20848:Moore
20812:Blair
20747:cases
20731:cases
20715:cases
20699:cases
20683:cases
20667:cases
20651:cases
20635:cases
20619:cases
20603:cases
20587:cases
20571:cases
20555:cases
20539:cases
20523:cases
20507:cases
20491:cases
20200:lists
20173:Clerk
20065:court
19783:brief
19533:arXiv
19378:(PDF)
19321:Irons
19083:Slate
18388:said.
17963:time.
17789:(PDF)
17774:(PDF)
17703:: 2.
17209:Slate
17174:S2CID
15044:(PDF)
15029:(PDF)
14932:(PDF)
14921:(PDF)
14660:(PDF)
14240:(PDF)
14225:(PDF)
13677:
13638:(PDF)
13613:(PDF)
13535:(PDF)
13524:(PDF)
13375:(PDF)
13360:(PDF)
13272:(PDF)
13265:XXXII
13255:(PDF)
13077:(6).
12748:, by
12640:(PDF)
12623:(PDF)
12237:(PDF)
12206:S2CID
11148:Stat.
11100:(PDF)
11093:(PDF)
11021:S2CID
11013:JSTOR
10799:S2CID
10791:JSTOR
10457:(PDF)
10450:(PDF)
10410:(PDF)
10399:(PDF)
10312:(PDF)
10301:(PDF)
10186:(PDF)
10167:(PDF)
9427:Salon
8902:(PDF)
8887:(PDF)
8542:farm.
8489:(PDF)
8478:(PDF)
7972:(PDF)
7961:(PDF)
7877:(PDF)
7866:(PDF)
7774:laws.
7658:JSTOR
7530:(PDF)
7523:(PDF)
6938:Bible
6888:laws)
6716:Slate
6434:Power
6351:Dobbs
6160:Dobbs
5976:Slate
5740:Dobbs
5288:South
5119:U.S.
4848:rebut
3714:JSTOR
3700:books
3329:Kagan
3313:Alito
3211:Δ°zmir
3209:(now
3187:Lewes
2925:from
2883:, 10
2774:53β47
2763:Biden
2710:52β48
2696:Trump
2634:50β48
2620:Trump
2562:54β45
2548:Trump
2490:63β37
2476:Obama
2418:68β31
2404:Obama
2346:58β42
2274:52β48
2202:78β22
2144:Start
1984:Chase
1725:Nixon
1590:lobby
1509:Bruen
1441:Iqbal
1395:'
1282:'
1174:(the
1015:Stone
865:White
838:Waite
834:Chase
810:Taney
376:Since
26191:Data
26140:News
25569:Race
25414:list
25409:Flag
24948:list
24792:list
24703:list
24643:list
24596:list
24584:list
24560:and
24505:Navy
24495:Army
24365:list
24077:Time
23957:Gulf
23315:Tort
23300:Race
23105:list
23017:and
22804:Navy
22767:Army
22587:Guam
22528:Utah
22463:Ohio
22363:Iowa
22129:Peru
22054:Cuba
21876:Ford
21811:Ford
21756:Taft
21740:(II)
21670:Polk
21562:Ford
21208:Reed
21034:Gray
21010:Hunt
20866:Todd
20502:1795
20075:seat
19683:ISBN
19661:ISBN
19645:ISBN
19620:ISBN
19604:ISBN
19586:ISBN
19569:SSRN
19561:PMID
19490:ISBN
19473:OCLC
19463:ISBN
19444:ISBN
19419:ISBN
19407:and
19385:2008
19352:ISBN
19333:ISBN
19296:ISBN
19277:ISBN
19260:ISBN
19173:2024
19098:2024
19087:ISSN
19045:2009
19011:2024
18985:2010
18952:2010
18922:2024
18911:ISSN
18888:2023
18862:2023
18836:2023
18807:2023
18777:2009
18743:2009
18712:2016
18678:2009
18643:2009
18606:2018
18575:2018
18526:2009
18489:2009
18454:2009
18423:2009
18383:2012
18348:2009
18307:2009
18272:2009
18239:act.
18234:2009
18199:2009
18160:2009
18110:2022
18082:2022
18051:2022
18020:2022
17981:ISBN
17952:ISBN
17923:ISBN
17901:2020
17883:ISBN
17856:ISBN
17830:2024
17797:2020
17782:2012
17749:2009
17713:2021
17675:2009
17648:2024
17603:2024
17577:2024
17552:2024
17526:2024
17500:2024
17489:ISSN
17466:2024
17440:2024
17409:2024
17383:2024
17350:2009
17319:2024
17294:2009
17260:2009
17224:2024
17213:ISSN
17190:2023
17166:ISSN
17096:2024
17071:2023
17037:2023
17006:2022
16971:2023
16937:2023
16926:ISSN
16900:2023
16874:2023
16838:2023
16807:2023
16778:2023
16762:ISSN
16739:2023
16708:2023
16697:ISSN
16675:2023
16649:2023
16617:2024
16606:ISSN
16546:2022
16535:ISSN
16512:2024
16501:ISSN
16478:2024
16338:2024
16327:ISSN
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16218:ISSN
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