69:
1037:
1117:
1946:
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444:
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782:
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biofuels that are secreted by the bioengineered organisms are expected to have higher photon-to-fuel conversion efficiency, compared to older generations of biofuels. One of the advantages of this class of biofuels is that the cultivation of the organisms that produce the biofuels does not require the use of arable land. The disadvantages include the cost of cultivating the biofuel-producing organisms being very high.
1774:
1832:
42:
2106:
1399:
906:' type systems from the late 1990s onwards can only use biodiesel blended with conventional diesel fuel. These engines have finely metered and atomized multiple-stage injection systems that are very sensitive to the viscosity of the fuel. Many current-generation diesel engines are designed to run on B100 without altering the engine itself, although this depends on the
979:
hydroprocessing. In the thermochemical route, syngas produced from gasification, bio-oil produced from pyrolysis or biocrude produced from hydrothermal liquefaction is upgraded to green diesel using hydroprocessing. Hydroprocessing is the process of using hydrogen to reform a molecular structure. For example,
2041:
The production of biofuels can be very energy intensive, which if generated from non-renewable sources can heavily mitigate the benefits gained through biofuel use. A solution proposed to solve this issue is to supply biofuel production facilities with excess nuclear energy, which can supplement the
549:
or drop-in biofuels) are made from feedstocks which do not directly compete with food or feed crop such as waste products and energy crops. A wide range of waste feedstocks such as those derived from agriculture and forestry activities like rice straw, rice husk, wood chips, and sawdust can be used
999:
engines. Green diesel may also be called renewable diesel, drop-in biodiesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO fuel) or hydrogen-derived renewable diesel. Unlike biodiesel, green diesel has exactly the same chemical properties as petroleum-based diesel. It does not require new engines, pipelines or
2026:
Third generation biofuels, produced from Algae, in theory shouldn't have a negative impact on the environment than the first or second generation biofuels, due to lower changes in land use and not requiring pesticide use for production. When looking at the data however, it has been shown that the
1998:
required to produce additional biofuel feedstocks. If no land-use change is involved, first-generation biofuels canâon averageâhave lower emissions than fossil fuels. However, biofuel production can compete with food crop production. Up to 40% of corn produced in the United States is used to make
1987:
is significant. Several factors are responsible for the variation in emission numbers of biofuel such as feedstock and its origin, fuel production technique, system boundary definitions, and energy sources. However, many government policies such as those by
European Union and the UK require that
1632:
Third and fourth-generation biofuels also include biofuels that are produced by bioengineered organisms i.e. algae and cyanobacteria. Algae and cyanobacteria will use water, carbon dioxide, and solar energy to produce biofuels. This method of biofuel production is still at the research level. The
1054:
vegetable oil is generally not used as fuel, but lower-quality oil has been used for this purpose. Used vegetable oil is increasingly being processed into biodiesel, or (more rarely) cleaned of water and particulates and then used as a fuel. The IEA estimates that biodiesel production used 17% of
978:
can be produced from a combination of biochemical and thermochemical processes. Conventional green diesel is produced through hydroprocessing biological oil feedstocks, such as vegetable oils and animal fats. Recently, it is produced using series of thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis and
1704:
A bio-digester is a mechanized toilet that uses decomposition and sedimentation to turn human waste into a renewable fuel called biogas. Biogas can be made from substances like agricultural waste and sewage. The bio-digester uses a process called anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. Anaerobic
332:
required to produce additional biofuel feedstocks. The outcomes of lifecycle assessments (LCAs) for biofuels are highly situational and dependent on many factors including the type of feedstock, production routes, data variations, and methodological choices. This could be added to emphasize the
3236:
Börjesson P, Lundgren J, Ahlgren S, Nyström I (18 June 2013). Dagens och framtidens hÄllbara biodrivmedel: underlagsrapport frÄn f3 till utredningen om fossilfri fordonstrafik [Today's and the future's sustainable biofuels: background report from f3 to the inquiry into fossil-free vehicle
2022:
The use of second generation biofuels is thought to increase environmental sustainability, since the non-food part of plants is being used to produce second-generation biofuels, instead of being disposed. But the use of second-generation biofuels increases the competition for lignocellulosic
1107:
fed with glucose found in plants or other non-food crops to produce biogasoline with the produced enzymes. The enzymes converted the sugar into fatty acids and then turned these into hydrocarbons that were chemically and structurally identical to those found in commercial gasoline fuel. The
746:
as the only liquid product. Biobutanol is often claimed to provide a direct replacement for gasoline, because it will produce more energy than ethanol and allegedly can be burned "straight" in existing gasoline engines (without modification to the engine or car), is less corrosive and less
890:
Biodiesel can be used in any diesel engine and modified equipment when mixed with mineral diesel. It can also be used in its pure form (B100) in diesel engines, but some maintenance and performance problems may occur during wintertime utilization, since the fuel becomes somewhat more
1147:
enhancers. "Bioethers are produced by the reaction of reactive iso-olefins, such as iso-butylene, with bioethanol." Bioethers are created from wheat or sugar beets, and also be produced from the waste glycerol that results from the production of biodiesel. They also enhance
1266:
medium and long-haul air travel. These types of travel generate the most emissions, and could extend the life of older aircraft types by lowering their carbon footprint. Synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) refers to any non-petroleum-based fuel designed to replace kerosene
1203:
The
European Fuel Oxygenates Association identifies MTBE and ETBE as the most commonly used ethers in fuel to replace lead. Ethers were introduced in Europe in the 1970s to replace the highly toxic compound. Although Europeans still use bioether additives, the U.S.
2142:
As farmers worldwide respond to higher crop prices in order to maintain the global food supply-and-demand balance, pristine lands are cleared to replace the food crops that were diverted elsewhere to biofuels' production. Because natural lands, such as
1749:
An assessment from 2017 found that: "Biofuels will never be a major transport fuel as there is just not enough land in the world to grow plants to make biofuel for all vehicles. It can however, be part of an energy mix to take us into a future of
1745:
in 2017 which represented an annual increase of about 3% compared to 2010. In 2017, the US was the largest biofuel producer in the world producing 37 Mtoe, followed by Brazil and South
America at 23 Mtoe and Europe (mainly Germany) at 12 Mtoe.
1212:
to include an oxygenate, leading to less MTBE being added to fuel. Although bioethers are likely to replace ethers produced from petroleum in the UK, it is highly unlikely they will become a fuel in and of itself due to the low energy density.
1925:
outlined the wider and interrelated factors that need to be considered when deciding on the relative merits of pursuing one biofuel over another. The IRP concluded that not all biofuels perform equally in terms of their effect on climate,
455:
is used in different ways. One definition is "Biofuels are biobased products, in solid, liquid, or gaseous forms. They are produced from crops or natural products, such as wood, or agricultural residues, such as molasses and bagasse."
1364:
SAF technology faces significant challenges due to feedstock constraints. The oils and fats known as hydrotreated esters and fatty acids (Hefa), crucial for SAF production, are in limited supply as demand increases. Although advanced
1289:. The first test flight using blended biofuel was in 2008, and in 2011, blended fuels with 50% biofuels were allowed on commercial flights. In 2023 SAF production was 600 million liters, representing 0.2% of global jet fuel use.
1625:
and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled. However, production requires large amounts of energy and fertilizer, the produced fuel degrades faster than other biofuels, and it does not flow well in cold temperatures.
1764:
The US, Europe, Brazil and
Indonesia are driving the majority of biofuel consumption growth. This demand for biodiesel, renewable diesel and biojet fuel is projected to increase by 44% (21 billion litres) over 2022-2027.
557:
but are byproducts of the main crop, or they are grown on marginal land. Second-generation feedstocks also include straw, bagasse, perennial grasses, jatropha, waste vegetable oil, municipal solid waste and so forth.
344:
Global demand for biofuels is predicted to increase by 56% over 2022â2027. By 2027 worldwide biofuel production is expected to supply 5.4% of the world's fuels for transport including 1% of aviation fuel. Demand for
1078:
can be blended with diesel in all proportions. They have several advantages over biodiesel, including good performance at low temperatures, no storage stability problems and no susceptibility to microbial attack.
360:. Brazil is the largest producer of bioethanol, while the EU is the largest producer of biodiesel. The energy content in the global production of bioethanol and biodiesel is 2.2 and 1.8 EJ per year, respectively.
948:
In many
European countries, a 5% biodiesel blend is widely used and is available at thousands of gas stations. In France, biodiesel is incorporated at a rate of 8% in the fuel used by all French diesel vehicles.
602:
through the fermentation of sugars or starches (easiest to produce) or cellulose (more difficult to produce).The IEA estimates that ethanol production used 20% of sugar supplies and 13% of corn supplies in 2021.
4392:
3216:
Houghton J, Weatherwax S, Ferrell J (7 June 2006). Breaking the biological barriers to cellulosic ethanol: a joint research agenda (Report). Washington, DC (United States): EERE Publication and
Product Library.
333:
complexity and variability in assessing the environmental impacts of biofuels. Estimates about the climate impact from biofuels vary widely based on the methodology and exact situation examined. Therefore, the
3949:
4144:
3114:
1705:
digestion uses a chemical process to break down organic matter with the use of microorganisms in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas. The processes involved in anaerobic respiration are hydrolysis,
1380:, presents a promising solution, it is still under development and comes with high costs. To overcome these issues, SAF developers are exploring more readily available feedstocks such as
1093:
Biogasoline can be produced biologically and thermochemically. Using biological methods, a study led by
Professor Lee Sang-yup at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (
3381:
3115:"What are â and who's making â 2G, 3G and 4G biofuels? : Biofuels Digest - biofuels, biodiesel, ethanol, algae, jatropha, green gasoline, green diesel, and biocrude daily news"
859:. Pure biodiesel (B100, also known as "neat" biodiesel) currently reduces emissions with up to 60% compared to diesel Second generation B100. As of 2020, researchers at Australia's
4138:"Impact Assessment of the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council modifying Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels"
3993:
4044:
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2027:
environmental cost to produce the infrastructure and energy required for third generation biofuel production, are higher than the benefits provided from the biofuels use.
4022:
6087:
5075:
Abdullah B, Muhammad SA, Shokravi Z, Ismail S, Kassim KA, Mahmood AN, et al. (June 2019). "Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies".
1108:
thermochemical approach of producing biogasoline are similar to those used to produced biodiesel. Biogasoline may also be called drop-in gasoline or renewable gasoline.
4067:
4988:
8651:
2993:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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1557:
to produce a diesel substitute, or a mixture of alcohols that can be blended into gasoline. Gasification normally relies on temperatures greater than 700 °C.
337:
potential of biofuel varies considerably: in some scenarios emission levels are comparable to fossil fuels, and in other scenarios the biofuel emissions result in
226:
3894:
2169:
Other authors have also argued that indirect land use changes produce other significant social and environmental impacts, affecting biodiversity, water quality,
5836:
2374:"Biofuels and their sources of production: A review on cleaner sustainable alternative against conventional fuel, in the framework of the food and energy nexus"
983:
which is a widely used hydroprocessing technique in refineries is used at elevated temperatures and pressure in the presence of a catalyst to break down larger
4860:
4137:
3918:
A Brief
Literature Overview of Various Routes to Biorenewable Fuels from Lipids for the National Alliance of Advanced Biofuels and Bio-products NAAB Consortium
3118:
4498:
8492:
4283:
3924:
2038:-based biofuels by 2030. Unsustainable palm oil agriculture has caused significant environmental and social problems, including deforestation and pollution.
4115:
1490:
In Sweden, "waste-to-energy" power plants capture methane biogas from garbage and use it to power transport systems. Farmers can produce biogas from cattle
9743:
5857:
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7928:
7754:
3863:
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1915:
for biofuel production can have the inverse effect. Technical issues include possible modifications necessary to run the engine on biofuel, as well as
257:
7791:
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1999:
ethanol and worldwide 10% of all grain is turned into biofuel. A 50% reduction in grain used for biofuels in the US and Europe would replace all of
1523:
that is not sufficient to convert the biomass completely to carbon dioxide and water). Before partial combustion the biomass is dried and sometimes
513:(also denoted as "conventional biofuels") are made from food crops grown on arable land. The crop's sugar, starch, or oil content is converted into
5593:
Bryngemark E (December 2019). "Second generation biofuels and the competition for forest raw materials: A partial equilibrium analysis of Sweden".
5534:
5404:
3283:
1887:
are social, economic, environmental and technical problems that may arise from biofuel production and use. Social and economic issues include the "
6153:
5907:
1988:
biofuels have at least 65% greenhouse gas emissions savings (or 70% if it is renewable fuels of non-biological origins) relative to fossil fuels.
10166:
9836:
7728:
6586:
5963:
1058:
Oils and fats reacted with 10 pounds of a short-chain alcohol (usually methanol) in the presence of a catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide can be
2042:
energy provided by fossil fuels. This can provide a carbon inexpensive solution to help reduce the environmental impacts of biofuel production.
9704:
3100:
2525:
2441:
694:. This is technically feasible, but the production is currently being postponed for concerns that the economic viability is still pending. The
2003:'s grain exports. Several studies have shown that reductions in emissions from biofuels are achieved at the expense of other impacts, such as
9003:
7437:
5502:
3385:
918:
may need to be replaced more often, as the biofuel dissolves old deposits in the fuel tank and pipes. It also effectively cleans the engine
10510:
7670:
2116:
2052:
1912:
5713:
4799:
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production. Farming for biofuels feedstock can be detrimental to the environment if not done sustainably. Environmental concerns include
805:
and is a liquid similar in composition to fossil/mineral diesel. Chemically, it consists mostly of fatty acid methyl (or ethyl) esters (
658:
and drying. The distillation process requires significant energy input to generate heat. Heat is sometimes generated with unsustainable
9363:
7813:
7771:
6975:
6949:
1629:
By 2017, due to economic considerations, most efforts to produce fuel from algae have been abandoned or changed to other applications.
215:
494:
in this context as "organic material excluding the material that is fossilised or embedded in geological formations". This means that
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7808:
7393:
6591:
4177:
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2290:
1975:
from the atmosphere by the crops used in biofuel production. They can have greenhouse gas emissions ranging from as low as -127.1 gCO
1761:. By 2027, worldwide biofuel production is expected to supply 5.4% of the world's fuels for transport including 1% of aviation fuel.
5516:
4048:
10378:
8813:
8023:
7744:
7462:
7239:
6010:
3165:
5695:
4499:"A Detailed Economic Assessment of Anaerobic Digestion Technology and its Suitability to UK Farming and Waste Systems (Andersons)"
3643:
1527:. Syngas is more efficient than direct combustion of the original biofuel; more of the energy contained in the fuel is extracted.
929:
fuel, meaning it contains a reduced amount of carbon and higher hydrogen and oxygen content than fossil diesel. This improves the
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8379:
8168:
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1255:
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traffic.] (Report) (in
Swedish). Vol. 13. The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Renewable Transportation Fuels. p. 170.
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7991:
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7830:
7749:
7398:
7342:
6738:
6037:
Renton Righelato, Dominick V. Spracklen (17 August 2007). "Carbon Mitigation by Biofuels or by Saving and Restoring Forests?".
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4030:
2128:
250:
4112:"Council Directive 85/536/EEC of 5 December 1985 on crude-oil savings through the use of substitute fuel components in petrol"
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8687:
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6094:
5653:
3133:
3076:
2501:
2417:
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6206:
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Demirbas AH (2011). "Biodiesel from oilgae, biofixation of carbon dioxide by microalgae: A solution to pollution problems".
4063:
10366:
8709:
7665:
7660:
6659:
6157:
5412:
4984:
4700:
Dinh LT, Guo Y, Mannan MS (2009). "Sustainability evaluation of biodiesel production using multicriteria decision-making".
2270:
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of about 300 °F (148 °C) compared to petroleum diesel fuel, which has a flash point of 125 °F (52 °C).
6163:
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8190:
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7708:
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7598:
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and ecosystems, and suggested that environmental and social effects need to be assessed throughout the entire life-cycle.
1757:
In 2021, worldwide biofuel production provided 4.3% of the world's fuels for transport, including a very small amount of
7723:
4621:
4591:
3756:"A review of techno-economic analyses and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of biomass-to-hydrocarbon "drop-in" fuels"
3546:
403:
for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form (E100), but it is usually used as a
9715:
9593:
9513:
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Fuel and Technology Alternatives for Buses. Overall Energy Efficiency and Emission Performance. IEA Bioenergy Task 46
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of biodiesel and reduces the particulate emissions from unburnt carbon. However, using pure biodiesel may increase NO
243:
123:
1960:
Estimates about the climate impact from biofuels vary widely based on the methodology and exact situation examined.
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9598:
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8779:
8417:
8397:
8344:
8296:
7358:
5833:
4856:
4502:
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T. M. Letcher, ed. (2020). "Chapter1: Introduction With a Focus on Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change".
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is forecast to increase. However some policy has been criticised for favoring ground transportation over aviation.
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1842:
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338:
162:
10622:
3700:"Comparative techno-economic and life cycle analyses of synthetic "drop-in" fuel production from UK wet biomass"
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1120:
10103:
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9822:
9558:
9456:
8991:
8604:
7888:
7645:
6185:
5868:
5648:. Woodhead Publishing series in energy. Cambridge, MA Kidlington: Woodhead Publishing, an imprint of Elsevier.
4557:"BIOGAS: No bull, manure can power your farm." Farmers Guardian (25 September 2009): 12. General OneFile. Gale.
4525:
4362:
Bauen A, Howes J, Bertuccioli L, Chudziak C (August 2009). "Review of the potential for biofuels in aviation".
4026:
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1384:
and agricultural and municipal waste, aiming to produce lower-carbon jet fuel more sustainably and efficiently.
289:. Biofuels are mostly used for transportation, but can also be used for heating and electricity. Biofuels (and
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9553:
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68:
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as a result of land clearing for biofuels agriculture. While biofuels can contribute to reduction in global
1278:-derived fuels from plants, animals, or waste; depending on which type of biomass is used, they could lower
11159:
11134:
10371:
9538:
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8697:
8369:
7898:
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7798:
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7232:
6343:
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4348:
2325:
1922:
471:
6176:âNatural gas requires the least water to produce energy, some biofuels the most, according to a new study.
5401:
5118:
LĂŒ J, Sheahan C, Fu P (2011). "Metabolic engineering of algae for fourth generation biofuels production".
4452:
1436:, siloxanes, hydrocarbons, ammonia, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. It can be produced either from
773:, which is incorrect as it is chemically different, being an alcohol and not a hydrocarbon like gasoline.
10422:
10388:
10203:
9646:
9578:
8954:
7908:
7761:
6823:
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6679:
6606:
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3967:
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2300:
1884:
1783:
1554:
1329:
6398:
5212:"A comprehensive review of the recent development and challenges of a solar-assisted biodigester system"
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7181:
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1949:
975:
796:
735:
538:
5783:"Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change"
5305:
5211:
4744:
3523:
3346:
Fukuda H, Kondo A, Noda H (January 2001). "Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils".
2938:"Effect of the use of additives in biodiesel blends on the performance and opacity of a diesel engine"
1609:
Algae can be produced in ponds or tanks on land, and out at sea. Algal fuels have high yields, a high
324:
as the carbon emitted has been captured from the atmosphere by the crops used in production. However,
10340:
9878:
9548:
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and various hydrocarbons, is produced by partial combustion of biomass (combustion with an amount of
1205:
1021:
334:
32:
This article is about mainly liquid or gaseous fuels used for transport. For other applications, see
8151:
6542:
5901:"Accounting for indirect land-use changes in GHG balances of biofuels: Review of current approaches"
4800:"Life-cycle analysis on biodiesel production from microalgae: water footprint and nutrients balance"
4368:
3409:"Safflower oil hailed by scientists as possible recyclable, biodegradable replacement for petroleum"
3305:
Pontrelli S, Fricke RC, Sakurai SS, Putri SP, Fitz-Gibbon S, Chung M, et al. (September 2018).
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infrastructure to distribute and use, but has not been produced at a cost that is competitive with
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17:
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The published version on Science Letters is included in Searchinger E-Letter responses 2008-08-12
4945:
4944:
Rodionova M, Poudyal R, Tiwari I, Voloshin R, Zharmukhamedov S, Nam H, et al. (March 2017).
2995:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.020
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2195:
1483:
through naturally occurring anaerobic digestion. If it escapes into the atmosphere, it acts as a
1381:
1171:
806:
5776:
5774:
5351:
2155:
as plants grow each year, clearance of wilderness for new farms translates to a net increase in
738:(acetone, butanol, ethanol) and experimental modifications of the process show potentially high
10383:
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10001:
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6768:
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6015:
4838:
4745:"Comparative life cycle assessment of biodiesel from algae and jatropha: A case study of India"
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4209:
1187:
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to give a diesel substitute. The resulting product is a straight-chain hydrocarbon with a high
670:
are more common in Europe. Corn-to-ethanol and other food stocks has led to the development of
607:
438:
192:
6136:
5467:
3382:"Perstop Press release: Verdis Polaris Aura â second generation B100 â The advanced green one"
285:
such as oil. Biofuel can be produced from plants or from agricultural, domestic or industrial
10188:
9928:
9873:
9845:
9686:
9631:
9588:
9471:
9446:
9411:
9087:
8743:
8389:
8266:
8074:
7534:
7457:
7068:
7035:
6904:
5771:
3950:"Preem makes major investment in green diesel at the Port of Gothenburg â Port of Gothenburg"
3307:"Directed strain evolution restructures metabolism for 1-butanol production in minimal media"
2320:
2120:
1991:
1979:
eq per MJ when carbon capture is incorporated into their production to those exceeding 95 gCO
1209:
1194:
769:
can produce butanol with minimal nutritional supplementation. Biobutanol is sometimes called
417:. It can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form (B100), but it is usually used as a
325:
5851:
5849:
4653:"Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges"
10445:
9651:
9621:
9573:
9568:
9491:
9396:
9292:
9115:
8974:
8959:
8934:
8919:
8876:
8582:
8460:
8121:
7696:
7623:
7206:
7136:
7126:
7063:
6999:
6813:
6783:
5796:
5744:
5602:
5317:
5223:
5166:
5084:
5028:
4957:
4891:
4814:
4756:
4709:
4464:
3821:
3767:
3711:
2734:
2675:
2662:
Lark TJ, Hendricks NP, Smith A, Pates N, Spawn-Lee SA, Bougie M, et al. (March 2022).
2615:
1972:
1940:
970:
368:
152:
98:
4170:
1036:
8:
10427:
9981:
9966:
9918:
9888:
9583:
9466:
9461:
9206:
9125:
8944:
8924:
8914:
8599:
8374:
7608:
7603:
7191:
7186:
7141:
7100:
7030:
6694:
6030:
5894:
5892:
5846:
5732:
2542:
Lewandrowski J, Rosenfeld J, Pape D, Hendrickson T, Jaglo K, Moffroid K (25 March 2019).
2031:
2004:
1968:
1945:
1892:
1891:" debate and the need to develop responsible policies and economic instruments to ensure
1538:, a wood-fueled gasification reactor, can be connected to an internal combustion engine.
1437:
1421:
1351:
1333:
1116:
802:
546:
522:
414:
399:, derived from non-food sources, such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a
364:
321:
302:
286:
182:
93:
5922:
5800:
5748:
5606:
5321:
5227:
5170:
5088:
5032:
4961:
4895:
4818:
4760:
4713:
4570:
Electricity from wood through the combination of gasification and solid oxide fuel cells
4468:
3825:
3771:
3715:
3157:
3041:
3006:
2894:"More Electric Cars Are Key To Meeting SAF Targets, Boeing Says | Aviation Week Network"
2738:
2679:
2619:
2078:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1809:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
11144:
10330:
10315:
10096:
9528:
9523:
9158:
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8359:
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8126:
8091:
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7613:
7009:
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6899:
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6232:
6064:
5985:
5958:
5822:
5626:
5575:
5100:
5049:
5016:
4925:
Demirbas AH (2009). "Inexpensive oil and fats feedstocks for production of biodiesel".
4725:
4677:
4652:
4314:"Bio-aviation Fuel: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of the Supply Chain Components"
4045:
Liquid Transport Fuels&Lubes - South Korean scientists use E. coli to make gasoline
3639:
3094:
3005:
Cavelius P, Engelhart-Straub S, Mehlmer N, Lercher J, Awad D, BrĂŒck T (30 March 2023).
2967:
2763:
2722:
2698:
2663:
2636:
2603:
2573:
2519:
2435:
1535:
1445:
1263:
1045:
919:
875:'s Advanced Fuels Center in the US have been studying the oil's performance in a large
822:
801:
Biodiesel is the most common biofuel in Europe. It is produced from oils or fats using
754:
671:
635:
108:
6560:
5950:
5889:
5442:
3438:
3359:
1994:
of first generation biofuels have shown large emissions associated with the potential
937:-emissions Biodiesel is also safe to handle and transport because it is non-toxic and
11129:
10490:
10277:
9737:
9720:
9691:
9486:
9370:
9176:
8929:
8866:
8661:
8324:
8069:
7835:
7628:
7591:
7378:
7332:
7056:
6933:
6633:
6525:
6056:
6039:
5990:
5959:"Climate change, biofuels and eco-social impacts in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado"
5814:
5787:
5760:
5649:
5630:
5618:
5333:
5286:
5247:
5239:
5192:
5184:
5135:
5104:
5054:
4830:
4780:
4772:
4729:
4682:
4533:
4480:
3785:
3729:
3363:
3328:
3082:
3072:
3046:
3028:
2971:
2959:
2768:
2750:
2703:
2641:
2577:
2565:
2537:
2535:
2507:
2497:
2423:
2413:
2280:
2237:
2109:
2016:
1900:
1733:
1693:
1653:
1337:
1140:
753:
strains have also been successfully engineered to produce butanol by modifying their
542:
310:
103:
10978:
6068:
5826:
5579:
5235:
4574:
3471:
1230:
1028:
as well as Preem in Gothenburg, Sweden, creating what is known as Evolution Diesel.
11174:
10963:
10857:
10791:
10358:
10292:
9986:
9923:
9913:
9908:
9661:
9533:
9508:
9401:
9227:
9201:
9153:
9148:
9130:
9067:
9018:
8939:
8909:
8904:
8861:
8704:
8271:
8254:
8195:
8086:
7850:
7574:
7447:
7383:
7151:
7105:
7072:
7046:
7020:
6970:
6954:
6808:
6803:
6773:
6565:
6476:
6316:
6191:
6048:
5980:
5972:
5804:
5752:
5610:
5565:
5325:
5278:
5231:
5179:
5174:
5154:
5127:
5092:
5044:
5036:
4969:
4965:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4826:
4822:
4768:
4764:
4717:
4672:
4664:
4476:
4472:
4328:
3829:
3775:
3719:
3600:
3355:
3318:
3218:
3036:
3018:
2949:
2758:
2742:
2727:
Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
2693:
2683:
2631:
2623:
2608:
Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
2555:
2385:
2265:
2260:
2124:
1908:
1758:
1751:
1648:
may or may not be biofuels, depending on whether they contain biological elements.
1433:
1425:
1341:
1246:(also known as bio-jet fuel or bio-aviation fuel (BAF)) is a biofuel used to power
1243:
1223:
1099:
1075:
851:
749:
747:
water-soluble than ethanol, and could be distributed via existing infrastructures.
699:
695:
651:
479:
443:
346:
294:
278:
118:
113:
60:
10617:
6915:
6409:
5900:
2560:
2543:
2532:
11029:
10938:
10627:
10287:
9496:
9406:
9391:
9257:
9222:
9031:
8656:
8577:
8541:
8470:
8444:
8432:
8349:
8281:
8156:
8013:
7635:
7586:
7564:
7171:
7146:
7014:
7004:
6674:
6536:
6486:
6219:
6143:
5840:
5614:
3023:
2012:
1995:
1984:
1927:
1777:
Wheat fields in the USA: wheat is grown for food but also for biofuel production.
1677:
1512:
1429:
1128:
1004:. Gasoline versions are also being developed. Green diesel is being developed in
846:
818:
781:
739:
422:
329:
5646:
3rd generation biofuels: disruptive technologies to enable commercial production
3809:
3698:
Lilonfe S, Dimitriou I, Davies B, Abdul-Manan AF, McKechnie J (1 January 2024).
3323:
3306:
2954:
2937:
2460:
2390:
2373:
2346:
1848:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
11169:
11049:
10887:
10882:
10821:
10597:
10562:
10542:
10006:
9948:
9903:
9421:
9338:
9272:
9267:
8986:
8964:
8899:
8822:
8609:
8465:
8407:
8402:
8244:
8133:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7713:
7650:
7388:
7368:
7327:
7248:
7095:
7077:
6848:
6828:
6793:
5329:
5096:
3833:
3754:
Lilonfe S, Davies B, Abdul-Manan AF, Dimitriou I, McKechnie J (17 April 2024).
2668:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2251:
2223:
2164:
2160:
2008:
1853:
1714:
1689:
1577:
1546:
1484:
1417:
1377:
1013:
958:
550:
to produce advanced biofuels through biochemical and thermochemical processes.
6088:
A new springtime for the oils and proteins sectors : Activity Report 2014
5282:
5040:
4501:. National Non-Food Crops Centre. 4 October 2008. NNFCC 08-006. Archived from
3780:
3755:
3724:
3699:
3086:
2918:
2511:
2427:
2163:
of the soil and the biomass, indirect land use change has consequences in the
281:, rather than by the very slow natural processes involved in the formation of
11123:
11059:
11054:
10786:
10769:
10607:
10500:
10415:
10297:
10282:
10233:
10089:
9938:
9726:
9451:
9436:
9431:
9416:
9237:
9191:
8949:
8682:
8614:
8339:
8161:
8146:
8081:
7976:
6833:
6798:
6684:
6350:
5764:
5622:
5337:
5290:
5243:
5188:
5139:
4776:
4537:
4484:
4333:
4299:
3789:
3733:
3032:
2963:
2754:
2569:
2209:
2170:
1896:
1661:
1622:
1167:
1144:
1063:
988:
980:
938:
903:
876:
826:
762:
687:
595:
534:
407:
392:
306:
167:
157:
6052:
5832:
Originally published online in Science Express on 7 February 2008 available
5809:
5266:
3550:
3479:. Possibly the new emission standards Euro VI/EPA 10 will lead to reduced NO
2843:"Biofuel is approaching a feedstock crunch. How bad? And what must be done?"
2787:"Biofuel is approaching a feedstock crunch. How bad? And what must be done?"
2688:
1725:
1166:
In transportation fuel there are six ether additives: dimethyl ether (DME),
882:
11074:
10872:
10652:
10587:
10567:
10557:
10537:
10320:
10193:
9898:
9699:
9097:
8856:
8567:
8364:
8008:
7998:
7655:
7539:
7452:
7196:
7115:
6723:
6626:
6496:
6333:
6291:
6271:
6200:
6060:
5994:
5976:
5818:
5251:
5196:
5058:
4927:
Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research
4834:
4784:
4686:
4668:
3668:
3367:
3332:
3069:
Future energy : improved, sustainable and clean options for our planet
3050:
2772:
2746:
2707:
2645:
2627:
2494:
Future energy : improved, sustainable and clean options for our planet
2410:
Future energy : improved, sustainable and clean options for our planet
2132:
1904:
1888:
1710:
1706:
1503:
1476:
1355:
1059:
709:
655:
611:
591:
577:
372:
298:
172:
5210:
Mahmudul HM, Rasul MG, Akbar D, Narayanan R, Mofijur M (20 January 2021).
4573:(PhD thesis). Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. Archived from
2095:
11039:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10943:
10933:
10897:
10831:
10816:
10764:
10754:
10547:
10485:
10470:
10409:
10404:
10261:
10256:
10183:
9282:
9277:
9242:
9105:
8594:
8111:
8103:
7363:
7131:
6669:
6621:
6616:
6601:
6387:
6360:
6321:
6306:
6281:
6164:
Biofuels guidance for businesses, including permits and licences required
2544:"The greenhouse gas benefits of corn ethanol â assessing recent evidence"
2174:
1649:
1641:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1465:
1441:
1366:
1359:
1311:
1235:
1156:
1088:
996:
992:
950:
942:
899:
770:
691:
683:
659:
587:
554:
499:
426:
418:
282:
187:
177:
145:
135:
11104:
10552:
9814:
6131:
3497:
957:, a fifth of 11 million tons of biodiesel consumed annually by the
297:
source. The use of biofuel has been subject to criticism regarding the "
10948:
10826:
10781:
10678:
10495:
10433:
10198:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10126:
10037:
9441:
9426:
9252:
9232:
8626:
8003:
6530:
6466:
6311:
6276:
6154:
Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels
5402:
Towards sustainable production and use of resources: Assessing Biofuels
5306:"Reviewing the anaerobic digestion of food waste for biogas production"
5131:
4252:
4089:
2144:
1645:
1618:
1604:
1583:
1457:
930:
915:
856:
743:
667:
627:
623:
483:
204:
199:
140:
130:
10612:
5756:
5494:"Food vs fuel: Ukraine war sharpens debate on use of crops for energy"
4911:
4651:
Greenwell HC, Laurens LM, Shields RJ, Lovitt RW, Flynn KJ (May 2010).
3994:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biodiesel Production and Distribution"
3544:
3004:
2992:
1292:
Aviation biofuel can be produced from plant or animal sources such as
690:
fossil fuel. In the future it is hoped to be produced from biomass as
666:
is the most common fuel in Brazil, while pellets, wood chips and also
654:(to release sugars from stored starches), fermentation of the sugars,
353:
11084:
11079:
11064:
11008:
10892:
10862:
10759:
10708:
10577:
10572:
10353:
10325:
10210:
10141:
10136:
10131:
9710:
9656:
9110:
7581:
7201:
6924:
6654:
6570:
6471:
6296:
6255:
6036:
4721:
4279:"Sustainable aviation fuel market demand drives new product launches"
4143:. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities. 31 January 2007.
2148:
2136:
1524:
1449:
1325:
1067:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1001:
984:
926:
907:
892:
868:
864:
834:
790:
514:
487:
400:
396:
388:
357:
328:
of biofuels have shown large emissions associated with the potential
290:
46:
33:
5535:"Cutting biofuels can help avoid global food shock from Ukraine war"
5424:
5377:"Is the biofuel industry approaching a feedstock crunch? â Analysis"
3222:
3191:"Is the biofuel industry approaching a feedstock crunch? â Analysis"
2657:
2655:
2541:
2189:
2139:
production in response to the increased global demand for biofuels.
2119:, also known as ILUC or iLUC (pronounced as i-luck), relates to the
1656:
in the chemical bonds of liquids and gases. The primary targets are
11069:
10918:
10902:
10877:
10867:
10718:
10647:
10475:
10460:
9503:
6554:
6519:
6444:
6434:
6377:
5570:
5553:
2461:"Biofuels explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
2217:
2035:
1953:
1685:
1550:
1542:
1531:
1516:
1480:
1316:
1307:
1294:
1268:
1247:
1124:
838:
814:
703:
631:
583:
404:
10662:
5155:"Anaerobic digestion of food waste â Challenges and opportunities"
4798:
Yang J, Xu M, Zhang X, Hu Q, Sommerfeld M, Chen Y (January 2011).
4626:
Renewable Energy Magazine, at the heart of clean energy journalism
4526:"In Sweden, Trash Heats Homes, Powers Buses and Fuels Taxi Fleets"
4408:"How sustainable fuel will help power aviation's green revolution"
4230:
3470:(Report). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. Archived from
2231:
11099:
11003:
10928:
10923:
10749:
10713:
10698:
10693:
10637:
10632:
10582:
10251:
10176:
10171:
10081:
9476:
8791:
7559:
7217:
6461:
6455:
6404:
6286:
6167:
6011:"The Ripple Effect: Biofuels, Food Security, and the Environment"
5696:"Palm Oil Exporter Indonesia Concerned by EU's Deforestation Law"
3753:
3697:
2652:
2203:
2152:
2099:
2000:
1681:
1665:
1664:, but include other alcohols and carbon-containing gases such as
1657:
1561:
1413:
1345:
1321:
1303:
1275:
1025:
954:
911:
809:). Feedstocks for biodiesel include animal fats, vegetable oils,
663:
639:
518:
88:
4742:
4047:(Report). Fuels&Lubes Daily. 4 November 2013. Archived from
2408:
T. M. Letcher, ed. (2020). "Chapter 9: Biofuels for transport".
1773:
606:
Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide, particularly
11094:
11044:
10998:
10973:
10968:
10958:
10836:
10811:
10806:
10703:
10688:
10683:
10642:
9140:
8562:
6507:
6439:
6355:
6301:
5733:"The Real Path to Green Energy: Hybrid Nuclear-Renewable Power"
3235:
2347:"Biofuel | Definition, Types, & Pros and Cons | Britannica"
2045:
1669:
1520:
1508:
1491:
1432:. Other trace components of this mixture includes water vapor,
1407:
1286:
1149:
1071:
1051:
643:
599:
380:
83:
5644:
Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ, Severo IA, Maroneze MM, eds. (2022).
5643:
5074:
4943:
4743:
Ajayebi A, Gnansounou E, Kenthorai Raman J (1 December 2013).
3067:
T. M. Letcher, ed. (2020). "Chapter 21: Energy from biomass".
1560:
Lower-temperature gasification is desirable when co-producing
1530:
Syngas may be burned directly in internal combustion engines,
11089:
11034:
11024:
10953:
10841:
10801:
10739:
10734:
10657:
10602:
10112:
8476:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
7569:
6481:
6424:
6414:
6367:
6214:
6085:
5551:
4650:
4361:
4305:
3574:
2936:
Bayetero CM, YĂ©pez CM, Cevallos IB, Rueda EH (January 2022).
1586:
that are made from biomass, even though this is less common.
1299:
1160:
1153:
1136:
1094:
860:
647:
619:
615:
384:
376:
6224:
4450:
4208:. . The European Fuel Oxygenates Association. Archived from
41:
10796:
10744:
10592:
10480:
10465:
6449:
6419:
6186:
Biofuels from Biomass: Technology and Policy Considerations
6147:
5209:
5017:"From first generation biofuels to advanced solar biofuels"
4560:
4385:"Net zero 2050: sustainable aviation fuels â December 2023"
4271:
3519:
3304:
3185:
3183:
3007:"The potential of biofuels from first to fourth generation"
2869:"How to scale Sustainable Aviation Fuel in the next decade"
2131:
around the world induced by the expansion of croplands for
2105:
1673:
1456:
and other impurities are removed from biogas, it is called
842:
830:
505:
495:
274:
5671:"Biofuel Made from Algae Isn't the Holy Grail We Expected"
4355:
3248:
2935:
2664:"Environmental outcomes of the US Renewable Fuel Standard"
1152:
performance, while significantly reducing engine wear and
410:
to increase octane ratings and improve vehicle emissions.
8652:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
6429:
5425:"Indonesia's biodiesel drive is leading to deforestation"
3215:
2371:
2177:, worker migration, and community and cultural stability.
1565:
1398:
886:
Targray Biofuels Division railcar transporting Biodiesel.
810:
5554:"Second-generation biofuels and local bioenergy systems"
3180:
895:
at lower temperatures, depending on the feedstock used.
9681:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
5552:
Antizar-Ladislao B, Turrion-Gomez JL (September 2008).
4857:"First Algae Biodiesel Plant Goes Online: 1 April 2008"
4453:"Techniques for transformation of biogas to biomethane"
2720:
2661:
2601:
1336:-to-jet (ATJ) process from waste fermentation; or from
1967:
when burned in an engine and are generally considered
320:
when burned in an engine and are generally considered
8493:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
5781:
Timothy Searchinger, et al. (29 February 2008).
5714:"EU palm oil use and imports seen plummeting by 2032"
4451:
Ryckebosch E, Drouillon M, Vervaeren H (1 May 2011).
1271:, which is often, but not always, made from biomass.
1097:) and published in the international science journal
5928:
5858:"Letter to Science about Searchinger et al. article"
5271:
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering
4592:"Biofuel from Algae: The Pros and Cons of Pond Scum"
4426:"New Technology Helps Advance Non-Hefa SAF Projects"
4023:
Liquid Transport Biofuels â Technology Status Report
2723:"Environmental sustainability of biofuels: a review"
2721:
Jeswani HK, Chilvers A, Azapagic A (November 2020).
2604:"Environmental sustainability of biofuels: a review"
2602:
Jeswani HK, Chilvers A, Azapagic A (November 2020).
2185:
1163:
emissions, they contribute to improved air quality.
961:. It is the leading European producer of biodiesel.
922:
of carbon deposits, helping to maintain efficiency.
614:
are produced by fermentation of sugars derived from
553:
The feedstock used to make the fuels either grow on
478:
as "A fuel, generally in liquid form, produced from
5855:
5780:
4622:"Biomass - Offshore wind farms = seaweed = biofuel"
3923:(Report). Prepared by the US Department of Energy.
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
1452:, can be used as a biofuel or a fertilizer. When CO
6220:Learn Biofuels â Educational Resource for Students
6093:(Report). Paris: Avril. p. 65. Archived from
5517:"Guest view: Global hunger fight means no biofuel"
5492:
5304:Zhang C, Su H, Baeyens J, Tan T (1 October 2014).
4985:"Hard Lessons From the Great Algae Biofuel Bubble"
4946:"Biofuel production: Challenges and opportunities"
4169:Sukla MK, Bhaskar T, Jain AK, Singal SK, Garg MO.
4168:
2455:
2453:
2451:
1676:produced from solar energy. Light is converted to
1617:resources, can be produced using saline water and
1358:. Sustainable aviation fuel is certified as being
1258:(IATA) considers it a key element in reducing the
5303:
5264:
5153:Xu F, Li Y, Ge X, Yang L, Li Y (1 January 2018).
4229:. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from
3439:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biodiesel Blends"
3415:. Landline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
2818:"Transport biofuels â Renewables 2022 â Analysis"
2372:Mahapatra S, Kumar D, Singh B, Sachan PK (2021).
1159:. By greatly reducing the amount of ground-level
914:and cleans residues deposited by mineral diesel,
11121:
8693:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
6174:How Much Water Does It Take to Make Electricity?
5407:2016-05-13 at the Portuguese Web Archive, 2009,
5070:
5068:
3549:. Biodieselfillingstations.co.uk. Archived from
2983:
2981:
2478:
2023:biomass, increasing the cost of these biofuels.
490:from canola or soybeans.". It goes on to define
459:Other publications reserve the term biofuel for
6587:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
5964:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
4702:Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy
4061:
3345:
3131:
3062:
3060:
2448:
2034:has officially approved a measure to phase out
1720:
1636:
1448:to supplement gas yields. The solid byproduct,
1344:. Small piston engines can be modified to burn
9705:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
6180:International Conference on Biofuels Standards
4586:
4584:
3915:
3810:"Biodiesel and renewable diesel: a comparison"
3280:Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining (BioFPR)
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
1479:, a less clean form of biogas, is produced in
879:, with results described as a "breakthrough".
413:Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using
10097:
9830:
8807:
7438:History of climate change policy and politics
7233:
6739:
6240:
5956:
5065:
4797:
4699:
4171:"Bio-Ethers as Transportation Fuel: A Review"
3462:
3066:
2978:
2944:. Advances in Mechanical Engineering Trends.
2491:
2407:
277:that is produced over a short time span from
251:
6753:
4405:
4349:"Developing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)"
3887:"Breakthroughs in Green Gasoline Production"
3580:
3545:RRI Limited for Biodiesel Filling Stations.
3057:
2117:indirect land use change impacts of biofuels
2053:Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels
2046:Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels
1589:
662:fossil fuel, but cellulosic biomass such as
7555:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
5117:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4976:
4581:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2584:
586:, most commonly ethanol, and less commonly
541:and third-generation biofuels (also called
421:additive to reduce levels of particulates,
10104:
10090:
10064:
9837:
9823:
9776:
8814:
8800:
8774:
8762:
8219:
7240:
7226:
6746:
6732:
6247:
6233:
5898:
5592:
5265:Kougias PG, Angelidaki I (30 April 2018).
5152:
4253:"Biofuels â Types of Biofuels â Bioethers"
4176:. Indian Institute of Petroleum Dehradun.
4090:"Biofuels - Types of Biofuels - Bioethers"
3099:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2524:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2440:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1412:Biogas is a mixture composed primarily of
650:waste, etc.). Production methods used are
502:is not a form of biomass in this context.
258:
244:
216:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
9844:
9716:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
8514:
8320:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
7463:United Nations Climate Change conferences
6592:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
6182:â European Union Biofuels Standardization
6112:
5984:
5929:Alexander E. Farrell (13 February 2008).
5808:
5569:
5447:European Commission - European Commission
5178:
5048:
4676:
4367:
4332:
4312:Doliente SS, et al. (10 July 2020).
3970:. Sustainable Business. 3 February 2009.
3814:Progress in Energy and Combustion Science
3779:
3723:
3598:
3586:
3322:
3040:
3022:
2953:
2762:
2697:
2687:
2635:
2559:
2403:
2401:
2389:
2291:List of biofuel companies and researchers
1872:Learn how and when to remove this message
1031:
506:Conventional biofuels (first generation)
486:from sugarcane, sugar beet or maize, and
352:The two most common types of biofuel are
10379:International corn production statistics
9744:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
8024:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
6839:Environmentally healthy community design
5908:Ăcole Polytechnique FĂ©dĂ©rale de Lausanne
5730:
5310:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
5077:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
5003:
4950:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
4924:
4881:
4311:
4016:
4014:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3348:Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
3071:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands.
2911:
2805:
2496:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands.
2412:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands.
2104:
2094:
1944:
1934:
1772:
1732:
1724:
1397:
1393:
1229:
1139:or oxygenated fuels) are cost-effective
1115:
1035:
910:design. Since biodiesel is an effective
881:
780:
765:, however, recent work has demonstrated
757:. One drawback to butanol production in
442:
40:
8380:National Adaptation Programme of Action
8169:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
5856:Michael Wang, Zia Haq (14 March 2008).
5267:"Biogas and its opportunitiesâA review"
4854:
4657:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
4064:"Bioethers Impact on the Gasoline Pool"
3575:Avril Group : Activity Report 2014
3570:
3568:
3547:"Welcome to Biodiesel Filling Stations"
3267:
3158:"Biofuels â Second Generation Biofuels"
2296:List of vegetable oils used for biofuel
1672:. A solar fuel is a synthetic chemical
1594:
1256:International Air Transport Association
1055:global vegetable oil supplies in 2021.
14:
11122:
9314:Corporate environmental responsibility
8029:Economics of climate change mitigation
7992:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
7515:
7343:Scientific consensus on climate change
6008:
5931:"Better biofuels before more biofuels"
5899:Gnansounou, et al. (March 2008).
5505:from the original on 10 December 2022.
4982:
4848:
3807:
3760:Sustainable Production and Consumption
3601:"Fast Pyrolysis and Bio-Oil Upgrading"
2398:
1613:, can be grown with minimal impact on
1564:, but results in syngas polluted with
1464:can also be combined with hydrogen in
301:" debate, varied assessments of their
10085:
9818:
8795:
8688:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
8513:
8218:
7954:
7514:
7426:
7307:
7259:
7221:
6727:
6228:
6009:Naylor, et al. (November 2007).
5558:Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining
4566:
4100:from the original on 1 February 2016.
4070:from the original on 14 November 2016
4037:
4020:
4011:
3916:Albrecht KO, Hallen RT (March 2011).
3796:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3663:
3661:
3625:
3520:"ADM Biodiesel: Hamburg, Leer, Mainz"
3273:
2286:International Renewable Energy Agency
1582:The term "biofuels" is also used for
9687:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
8710:Representative Concentration Pathway
7661:Tipping points in the climate system
7337:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
6660:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
6158:United Nations Environment Programme
5668:
5413:United Nations Environment Programme
4382:
4259:from the original on 1 February 2016
4183:from the original on 14 October 2011
3840:from the original on 6 November 2012
3646:from the original on 27 October 2012
3565:
2271:BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport
2058:
1825:
1789:
1534:or high-temperature fuel cells. The
1135:Bioethers (also referred to as fuel
682:Methanol is currently produced from
677:
528:
8481:Nationally determined contributions
8191:Individual action on climate change
7406:World energy supply and consumption
6137:Alternative Fueling Station Locator
5014:
4523:
3884:
3613:from the original on 5 January 2012
3406:
3286:from the original on 10 August 2009
3107:
2161:off-site change in the carbon stock
1216:
634:and any sugar or starch from which
439:Biomass (energy) § Terminology
313:as a result of biofuel production.
24:
10111:
9329:Environmental full-cost accounting
8821:
8620:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
7247:
6976:waste-water treatment technologies
5120:Energy & Environmental Science
3897:from the original on 11 March 2012
3866:from the original on 5 August 2018
3740:
3686:
3658:
3640:"Alternative & Advanced Fuels"
3526:from the original on 2 August 2009
2835:
2779:
2554:(3). Informa UK Limited: 361â375.
25:
11191:
9992:Research in lithium-ion batteries
9263:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
8547:Satellite temperature measurement
8152:forestry for carbon sequestration
7443:History of climate change science
6961:agricultural wastewater treatment
6125:
5737:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
4863:from the original on 18 June 2019
4632:from the original on 27 July 2020
4602:from the original on 6 April 2020
4150:from the original on 15 July 2011
3930:from the original on 12 July 2012
3255:from the original on 10 July 2019
3168:from the original on 15 July 2019
2276:Biofuels Center of North Carolina
2151:, store carbon in their soil and
1971:as the carbon they emit has been
1741:Global biofuel production was 81
1369:technology, which combines waste
10063:
9775:
9764:
9763:
9733:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
8773:
8761:
8750:
8749:
8737:
8398:Climate Change Performance Index
6914:
6708:
6707:
6002:
5724:
5706:
5688:
5662:
5637:
5586:
5545:
5216:Science of the Total Environment
4991:from the original on 5 July 2017
4118:from the original on 21 May 2011
3968:"Wal-Mart To Test Hybrid Trucks"
3419:from the original on 7 June 2020
2244:
2230:
2216:
2202:
2188:
2063:
2051:This section is an excerpt from
1963:In general, biofuels emit fewer
1830:
1794:
1782:This section is an excerpt from
1699:
1285:emissions by 20â98% compared to
1260:environmental impact of aviation
1222:This section is an excerpt from
594:, are produced by the action of
467:fuels, used for transportation.
447:Types and generation of biofuels
316:In general, biofuels emit fewer
67:
9319:Corporate social responsibility
9248:Ocean thermal energy conversion
9187:Community-supported agriculture
8872:Human impact on the environment
8537:Instrumental temperature record
8488:Sustainable Development Goal 13
7042:List of energy storage projects
6966:industrial wastewater treatment
6819:Environmental impact assessment
6789:Environmental impact assessment
6197:The US DOE Clean Cities Program
5527:
5509:
5485:
5460:
5435:
5417:
5395:
5369:
5344:
5297:
5258:
5236:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141920
5203:
5146:
5111:
4937:
4918:
4875:
4791:
4736:
4693:
4644:
4551:
4517:
4491:
4444:
4418:
4399:
4376:
4341:
4245:
4219:
4195:
4162:
4130:
4104:
4082:
4055:
3986:
3974:from the original on 8 May 2014
3960:
3942:
3909:
3878:
3852:
3592:
3538:
3512:
3486:
3456:
3431:
3400:
3374:
3339:
3298:
3251:. Butanol.com. 15 August 2005.
3241:
3229:
3209:
3150:
3125:
2998:
2929:
2886:
2861:
1729:Biofuel energy production, 2022
1473:mechanical biological treatment
1362:by a third-party organisation.
964:
227:Topics by country and territory
11140:Biodegradable waste management
9977:Lithium iron phosphate battery
9559:Socially responsible marketing
8605:Climate variability and change
7955:
7646:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
6215:Center for Sustainable Systems
5180:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.020
4970:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.125
4904:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.050
4827:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.017
4769:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.118
4477:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.02.033
4406:Mark Pilling (25 March 2021).
4062:Rock K, Korpelshoek M (2007).
4027:National Non-Food Crops Centre
2714:
2365:
2339:
1541:Syngas can be used to produce
1262:. Aviation biofuel is used to
1082:
702:to be contrasted with today's
432:
293:in general) are regarded as a
13:
1:
11150:Bright green environmentalism
10775:List of tortilla-based dishes
9957:Compressed-air energy storage
9750:Sustainable Development Goals
9554:Socially responsible business
8715:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
8250:Climate emergency declaration
6254:
6192:The Guardian news on biofuels
5999:Published on line 2008-02-11.
5957:Donald Sawyer (27 May 2008).
3952:. August 2014. Archived from
3496:. Hempcar.org. Archived from
3483:-levels also when using B100.
3463:Nylund NO, Koponen K (2012).
3360:10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80288-7
3117:. 21 May 2010. Archived from
2561:10.1080/17597269.2018.1546488
2332:
1471:Biogas can be recovered from
1074:and does not contain oxygen.
706:production from natural gas.
429:from diesel-powered vehicles.
11165:Economics and climate change
8698:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
7924:Middle East and North Africa
7260:
5615:10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102022
5409:International Resource Panel
4855:Cornell CB (29 March 2008).
4321:Frontiers in Energy Research
4300:Investable Universe>About
3704:Chemical Engineering Journal
3024:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002063
2942:Materials Today: Proceedings
2326:Table of biofuel crop yields
2167:(GHG) balance of a biofuel.
1923:International Resource Panel
1737:Biofuel production by region
1721:Extent of production and use
1637:Electrofuels and solar fuels
1111:
776:
472:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
7:
10423:National Cornbread Festival
10389:Three Sisters (agriculture)
9579:Sustainability organization
9364:Standards and certification
8955:Social return on investment
7427:
6824:Environmental impact design
6690:Issues relating to biofuels
6680:Energy return on investment
5865:Argonne National Laboratory
5731:Forsberg C (January 2009).
5595:Forest Policy and Economics
5352:"Biofuel energy production"
4524:Yee A (21 September 2018).
3860:"Green Diesel v. Biodiesel"
3642:. US Department of Energy.
3324:10.1016/j.ymben.2018.08.004
3274:Evans J (14 January 2008).
2955:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.478
2391:10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100036
2306:Renewable Energy Transition
2301:Renewable energy by country
2181:
1784:Issues relating to biofuels
1440:materials or by the use of
1420:produced by the process of
898:Electronically controlled '
232:Marketing and policy trends
10:
11196:
9004:Systemic change resistance
8532:Global surface temperature
8423:Popular culture depictions
8335:Ecosystem-based adaptation
8065:Carbon capture and storage
7987:Carbon offsets and credits
7308:
7182:High-performance buildings
6188:Thorough overview from MIT
6079:
5919:Working Paper REF. 437.101
5330:10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.038
5097:10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.018
4983:Wesoff E (19 April 2017).
3834:10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.004
3249:"ButylFuel, LLC Main Page"
2050:
1950:Deforestation in Indonesia
1938:
1885:Issues relating to biofuel
1781:
1598:
1575:
1501:
1475:waste processing systems.
1405:
1388:
1221:
1086:
1043:
968:
797:Biodiesel around the world
794:
788:
575:
571:
539:second-generation biofuels
436:
31:
11017:
10911:
10850:
10727:
10671:
10528:
10453:
10444:
10397:
10339:
10306:
10270:
10244:
10119:
10059:
10015:
9947:
9879:Artificial photosynthesis
9866:
9859:
9852:
9759:
9670:
9607:
9379:
9306:
9215:
9182:Climate-smart agriculture
9167:
9139:
9096:
9050:
9017:
8890:
8847:
8829:
8744:Climate change portal
8731:
8670:
8637:Extreme event attribution
8555:
8524:
8520:
8509:
8453:
8388:
8310:
8260:School Strike for Climate
8232:
8228:
8214:
8183:
8139:Climate-smart agriculture
8100:
8057:
7967:
7963:
7950:
7874:
7737:
7684:
7527:
7523:
7510:
7433:
7422:
7351:
7320:
7316:
7303:
7286:Climate change adaptation
7281:Climate change mitigation
7276:Effects of climate change
7266:
7255:
7177:Heat recovery ventilation
7162:Environmental remediation
7087:
6990:
6923:
6912:
6779:Climate smart agriculture
6761:
6703:
6665:Energy content of biofuel
6647:
6579:
6495:
6386:
6262:
6086:Avril Group, ed. (2015).
5283:10.1007/s11783-018-1037-8
5041:10.1007/s13280-015-0730-0
5027:(Supplement 1): S24âS31.
4021:Evans G (14 April 2008).
3781:10.1016/j.spc.2024.04.016
3725:10.1016/j.cej.2023.147516
2316:Sustainable aviation fuel
2072:This article needs to be
1803:This article needs to be
1768:
1590:Research into other types
1578:Solid fuel § Biomass
1497:
1494:via anaerobic digesters.
1252:sustainable aviation fuel
1208:lifted a requirement for
1206:Energy Policy Act of 2005
987:, such as those found in
953:produces under the brand
761:remains the high cost of
698:is an alternative to the
566:
525:, or yeast fermentation.
511:First-generation biofuels
335:climate change mitigation
11155:Sustainable technologies
10028:Battery electric vehicle
10023:Alternative fuel vehicle
9894:Concentrated solar power
9324:Environmental accounting
9073:Sustainable architecture
9063:Environmental technology
8647:Global warming potential
8454:International agreements
8101:Preserving and enhancing
7545:Arctic methane emissions
7467:Years in climate change
7374:Greenhouse gas emissions
7271:Causes of climate change
7167:Glass in green buildings
7111:sustainable architecture
6755:Environmental technology
6639:Thermal depolymerization
6612:Industrial biotechnology
4334:10.3389/fenrg.2020.00110
2919:"Renewables Report 2022"
2311:Residue-to-product ratio
2157:greenhouse gas emissions
1965:greenhouse gas emissions
1913:indirect land use change
1680:, typically by reducing
1571:
873:Montana State University
561:
318:greenhouse gas emissions
10033:Hybrid electric vehicle
9962:Flywheel energy storage
9934:Space-based solar power
9197:Sustainable agriculture
8678:Climate change scenario
8330:Disaster risk reduction
7982:Carbon emission trading
7792:U.S. insurance industry
7772:Civilizational collapse
7619:sea surface temperature
6607:FischerâTropsch process
6597:Biomass heating systems
6203:coalitions, as of 2004.
6113:EurObserv (July 2014).
6053:10.1126/science.1141361
5936:San Francisco Chronicle
5810:10.1126/science.1151861
5468:"Biomass Strategy 2023"
5015:Aro EM (January 2016).
4389:www.iata.org/flynetzero
2689:10.1073/pnas.2101084119
2196:Renewable energy portal
1555:FischerâTropsch process
1553:, or converted via the
1330:FischerâTropsch process
1040:A biofuel truck in 2009
642:, can be made (such as
27:Type of biological fuel
10384:List of popcorn brands
10002:Thermal energy storage
9740:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
9609:Sustainable management
9594:Urban drainage systems
9334:Environmental planning
9298:Water recycling shower
9288:Tidal stream generator
9083:Sustainable industries
9042:Sustainable population
9027:Demographic transition
9009:Tragedy of the commons
8671:Research and modelling
8355:Nature-based solutions
8175:Nature-based solutions
8117:Carbon dioxide removal
8034:Fossil fuel divestment
8019:Climate risk insurance
7929:Small island countries
7550:Arctic sea ice decline
7157:Environmental movement
6854:Sustainability science
6844:Public interest design
6769:Appropriate technology
6211:University of Michigan
5977:10.1098/rstb.2007.0030
5159:Bioresource Technology
4807:Bioresource Technology
4749:Bioresource Technology
4669:10.1098/rsif.2009.0322
4383:IATA (December 2023).
4203:"What are Bio-Ethers?"
3808:Knothe G (June 2010).
2747:10.1098/rspa.2020.0351
2628:10.1098/rspa.2020.0351
2171:food prices and supply
2121:unintended consequence
2112:
2102:
1992:Life-cycle assessments
1957:
1778:
1738:
1730:
1468:to form more methane.
1403:
1354:are an alternative to
1320:(bio-SPK); from solid
1239:
1132:
1127:on the right (G) at a
1123:on the left (A),
1041:
1032:Straight vegetable oil
887:
786:
582:Biologically produced
448:
326:life-cycle assessments
193:Tidal stream generator
49:
10189:Quality Protein Maize
9929:Photovoltaic pavement
9874:Airborne wind turbine
9846:Emerging technologies
9632:Humanistic capitalism
9447:Environmental finance
9088:Sustainable packaging
8632:Earth's energy budget
8515:Background and theory
8403:Climate crisis (term)
8075:Fossil fuel phase-out
7969:Economics and finance
7934:by individual country
7876:By country and region
7851:Security and conflict
7846:Psychological impacts
7535:Abrupt climate change
7458:Charles David Keeling
7291:By country and region
7036:hydrogen technologies
6950:Solid waste treatment
6199:â links to the 87 US
4628:. 14 September 2020.
4457:Biomass and Bioenergy
4114:. Eur-lex.europa.eu.
3669:"Technology | Comsyn"
3599:Brown R, Holmgren J.
3407:Lee T (7 June 2020).
3311:Metabolic Engineering
3276:"Biofuels aim higher"
3132:European Parliament.
2321:Sustainable transport
2108:
2098:
1952:, to make way for an
1948:
1939:Further information:
1935:Environmental impacts
1776:
1736:
1728:
1401:
1394:Biogas and biomethane
1287:conventional jet fuel
1233:
1210:reformulated gasoline
1119:
1039:
1024:, Dynamic Fuels, and
885:
871:, and researchers at
795:Further information:
784:
755:amino acid metabolism
446:
44:
10162:Genetically modified
9599:Urban infrastructure
9293:Water heat recycling
9116:Conservation biology
8960:Steady-state economy
8935:Micro-sustainability
8920:Ecological footprint
8877:Planetary boundaries
8461:Glasgow Climate Pact
8122:Carbon sequestration
7697:Mass mortality event
7207:Water heat recycling
7137:Efficient energy use
7127:Conservation biology
7064:Sustainable lighting
7000:Efficient energy use
6814:Environmental Design
6784:Environmental design
6142:14 July 2008 at the
4844:on 27 February 2012.
4395:on 24 February 2024.
4066:. Digital Refining.
4051:on 7 September 2022.
3673:www.comsynproject.eu
3477:on 16 February 2020.
2873:World Economic Forum
1969:carbon-neutral fuels
1941:Sustainable biofuels
1652:are made by storing
1595:Algae-based biofuels
1402:Biogas plant in 2007
1352:Sustainable biofuels
1238:with biofuel in 2011
1050:Straight unmodified
971:Biodiesel production
547:sustainable biofuels
322:carbon-neutral fuels
153:Marine current power
99:Crosswind kite power
11160:Emissions reduction
11135:Anaerobic digestion
10428:Sweet Corn Festival
9997:Siliconâair battery
9982:Molten-salt battery
9972:Lithiumâair battery
9967:Grid energy storage
9919:Molten salt reactor
9889:Carbon-neutral fuel
9700:Earth Summit (1992)
9354:Metrics and indices
9207:Sustainable fishery
9126:Holocene extinction
8945:Product stewardship
8915:Earth Overshoot Day
8600:Climate sensitivity
8375:The Adaptation Fund
7831:Infectious diseases
7738:Social and economic
7192:Nature conservation
7187:Land rehabilitation
7142:Energy conservation
7031:carbon-neutral fuel
6939:dispersion modeling
6695:Sustainable biofuel
5971:(1498): 1747â1752.
5874:on 15 February 2013
5801:2008Sci...319.1238S
5795:(5867): 1238â1240.
5749:2009BuAtS..65f..65F
5607:2019ForPE.10902022B
5322:2014RSERv..38..383Z
5228:2021ScTEn.75341920M
5171:2018BiTec.247.1047X
5089:2019RSERv.107...37A
5033:2016Ambio..45S..24A
4962:2017IJHE...42.8450R
4896:2011ApEn...88.3541D
4819:2011BiTec.102..159Y
4761:2013BiTec.150..429A
4714:2009EPSE...28...38D
4469:2011BmBe...35.1633R
4430:Energy Intelligence
4284:Investable Universe
3826:2010PECS...36..364K
3772:2024SusPC..47..425L
3716:2024ChEnJ.47947516L
3134:"Advanced biofuels"
2739:2020RSPSA.47600351J
2680:2022PNAS..11901084L
2620:2020RSPSA.47600351J
2032:European Commission
1893:sustainable biofuel
1446:anaerobic digesters
1438:biodegradable waste
1422:anaerobic digestion
863:have been studying
803:transesterification
785:Biofuel pumps, 2010
763:nutrient rich media
636:alcoholic beverages
523:transesterification
482:. Biofuels include
415:transesterification
183:Sustainable biofuel
94:Carbon-neutral fuel
55:Part of a series on
10623:MÄmÄligÄ Ăźn pÄturi
10331:Maize streak virus
9159:Sustainable energy
9121:Endangered species
9078:Sustainable design
8992:Consumer behaviour
8171:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
8143:Forest management
8127:Direct air capture
8092:Sustainable energy
8049:Net zero emissions
8044:Low-carbon economy
8039:Green Climate Fund
7826:Indigenous peoples
7729:Plant biodiversity
7517:Effects and issues
7010:Energy development
6992:Sustainable energy
6981:water purification
6945:Industrial ecology
6207:Biofuels Factsheet
6100:on 26 October 2020
5839:2009-12-11 at the
5720:. 8 December 2022.
5431:. 8 December 2021.
5132:10.1039/c0ee00593b
4530:The New York Times
4233:on 6 December 2013
2925:. 6 December 2022.
2614:(2243): 20200351.
2351:www.britannica.com
2123:of releasing more
2113:
2103:
1958:
1779:
1739:
1731:
1536:wood gas generator
1404:
1332:(FT-SPK); with an
1240:
1191:-amyl methyl ether
1133:
1046:Vegetable oil fuel
1042:
920:combustion chamber
888:
787:
672:cellulosic ethanol
449:
397:Cellulosic biomass
339:negative emissions
109:Geothermal heating
50:
11117:
11116:
11113:
11112:
10278:Corn construction
10079:
10078:
10055:
10054:
10051:
10050:
9812:
9811:
9738:Earth Summit 2002
9721:Lisbon Principles
9693:Our Common Future
9371:Sustainable yield
9177:Civic agriculture
8930:Green consumption
8867:Global governance
8789:
8788:
8727:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8662:Radiative forcing
8505:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8325:Adaptive capacity
8210:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8070:Energy transition
7946:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7666:Tropical cyclones
7592:Urban heat island
7506:
7505:
7418:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7379:Carbon accounting
7333:Greenhouse effect
7299:
7298:
7215:
7214:
7052:commercialization
6721:
6720:
6634:Sabatier reaction
6115:Biofuel barometer
5757:10.2968/065006007
5655:978-0-323-90971-6
5383:. 6 December 2022
5356:Our World in Data
4956:(12): 8450â8461.
4890:(10): 3541â3547.
4577:on 13 March 2011.
4505:on 4 October 2008
4287:. 4 December 2020
3956:on 1 August 2014.
3197:. 6 December 2022
3078:978-0-08-102887-2
2991:. In IPCC, 2022:
2989:Annex I: Glossary
2849:. 23 January 2023
2793:. 23 January 2023
2503:978-0-08-102887-2
2419:978-0-08-102887-2
2281:Biogas powerplant
2238:Technology portal
2110:Amazon rainforest
2100:Brazilian cerrado
2093:
2092:
2017:biodiversity loss
1901:biodiversity loss
1882:
1881:
1874:
1824:
1823:
1694:organic compounds
1660:, biodiesel, and
1654:electrical energy
1338:synthetic biology
1328:processed with a
1198:-amyl ethyl ether
1157:exhaust emissions
1131:in Brazil in 2008
1076:Hydrogenated oils
941:, and has a high
867:oil as an engine
678:Other bioalcohols
543:advanced biofuels
529:Advanced biofuels
363:Bioethanol is an
311:biodiversity loss
268:
267:
104:Geothermal energy
16:(Redirected from
11187:
10858:Battered sausage
10792:Pastel de choclo
10728:Breads and cakes
10511:Public relations
10451:
10450:
10419:(1994 sculpture)
10359:Cornstalk fiddle
10106:
10099:
10092:
10083:
10082:
10067:
10066:
9987:Nanowire battery
9914:Methanol economy
9909:Hydrogen economy
9864:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9839:
9832:
9825:
9816:
9815:
9779:
9778:
9767:
9766:
9711:Agenda 21 (1992)
9682:
9647:Natural resource
9534:Organic movement
9509:Impact investing
9228:Hydroelectricity
9202:Sustainable diet
9154:Renewable energy
9149:Carbon footprint
9131:Invasive species
9068:Natural building
9019:World population
8980:Marketing myopia
8940:Over-consumption
8910:Circular economy
8905:Anti-consumerism
8862:Environmentalism
8816:
8809:
8802:
8793:
8792:
8777:
8776:
8765:
8764:
8753:
8752:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8705:Paleoclimatology
8522:
8521:
8511:
8510:
8272:Ecological grief
8255:Climate movement
8230:
8229:
8216:
8215:
8196:Plant-based diet
8087:Renewable energy
7965:
7964:
7952:
7951:
7787:Economic impacts
7719:Invasive species
7575:Coastal flooding
7525:
7524:
7512:
7511:
7448:Svante Arrhenius
7424:
7423:
7394:from agriculture
7384:Carbon footprint
7369:Greenhouse gases
7318:
7317:
7305:
7304:
7257:
7256:
7242:
7235:
7228:
7219:
7218:
7152:Energy recycling
7073:electric vehicle
7047:Renewable energy
7021:alternative fuel
6971:sewage treatment
6955:Waste management
6918:
6809:Energy recycling
6804:Electric vehicle
6774:Clean technology
6748:
6741:
6734:
6725:
6724:
6711:
6710:
6555:Pongamia pinnata
6249:
6242:
6235:
6226:
6225:
6132:Biofuels Journal
6121:
6119:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6092:
6073:
6072:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6006:
6000:
5998:
5988:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5905:
5896:
5887:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5867:. Archived from
5862:
5853:
5844:
5830:
5812:
5778:
5769:
5768:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5573:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5541:. 14 March 2022.
5531:
5525:
5524:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5501:. 12 June 2022.
5496:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5421:
5415:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5182:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5072:
5063:
5062:
5052:
5012:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4837:. Archived from
4804:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4722:10.1002/ep.10335
4697:
4691:
4690:
4680:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4588:
4579:
4578:
4567:Nagel F (2008).
4564:
4558:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4463:(5): 1633â1645.
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4391:. Archived from
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4318:
4309:
4303:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4215:on 6 March 2014.
4214:
4207:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4175:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4142:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4033:on 11 June 2008.
4029:. Archived from
4018:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3891:Biomass Magazine
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3805:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3751:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3695:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3636:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3522:. Biodiesel.de.
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3494:"Biofuels Facts"
3490:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3469:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3388:on 4 August 2014
3384:. Archived from
3378:
3372:
3371:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3090:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3026:
3002:
2996:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2957:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2898:aviationweek.com
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2814:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2599:
2582:
2581:
2563:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2457:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2431:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2266:Bioenergy Europe
2261:Aviation biofuel
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2129:land-use changes
2125:carbon emissions
2088:
2085:
2079:
2067:
2066:
2059:
1919:and efficiency.
1909:carbon emissions
1877:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1759:aviation biofuel
1752:renewable energy
1434:hydrogen sulfide
1426:organic material
1375:
1284:
1244:aviation biofuel
1224:Aviation biofuel
1217:Aviation biofuel
925:Biodiesel is an
852:Pongamia pinnata
847:field pennycress
750:Escherichia coli
740:net energy gains
736:ABE fermentation
733:
731:
730:
722:
721:
700:hydrogen economy
696:methanol economy
652:enzyme digestion
535:food versus fuel
347:aviation biofuel
295:renewable energy
260:
253:
246:
124:Run-of-the-river
119:Hydroelectricity
114:Geothermal power
71:
61:Renewable energy
52:
51:
21:
11195:
11194:
11190:
11189:
11188:
11186:
11185:
11184:
11180:Renewable fuels
11120:
11119:
11118:
11109:
11030:Bourbon whiskey
11013:
10939:Corn on the cob
10907:
10846:
10723:
10667:
10530:
10524:
10440:
10393:
10335:
10302:
10288:Nixtamalization
10266:
10240:
10115:
10110:
10080:
10075:
10047:
10011:
9943:
9848:
9843:
9813:
9808:
9755:
9680:
9672:
9671:Agreements and
9666:
9603:
9407:Climate finance
9375:
9302:
9258:Reclaimed water
9211:
9163:
9135:
9092:
9046:
9032:Family planning
9013:
8886:
8843:
8825:
8820:
8790:
8785:
8738:
8736:
8719:
8666:
8657:Orbital forcing
8551:
8516:
8497:
8471:Paris Agreement
8449:
8445:Warming stripes
8384:
8350:Managed retreat
8345:Loss and damage
8306:
8240:Business action
8224:
8202:
8179:
8102:
8096:
8053:
8014:Climate finance
7959:
7938:
7870:
7733:
7709:Extinction risk
7685:Flora and fauna
7680:
7641:Permafrost thaw
7636:Ozone depletion
7565:Extreme weather
7519:
7502:
7429:
7410:
7347:
7312:
7295:
7262:
7251:
7246:
7216:
7211:
7172:Green computing
7147:Energy recovery
7083:
7015:Energy recovery
7005:Electrification
6986:
6932:Air pollution (
6919:
6910:
6757:
6752:
6722:
6717:
6699:
6675:Energy forestry
6643:
6575:
6537:Jatropha curcas
6498:
6491:
6399:Camelina sativa
6389:
6382:
6258:
6253:
6160:, October 2009.
6144:Wayback Machine
6128:
6117:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6035:
6031:
6021:
6019:
6007:
6003:
5955:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5927:
5923:
5912:
5910:
5903:
5897:
5890:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5860:
5854:
5847:
5841:Wayback Machine
5779:
5772:
5729:
5725:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5679:
5677:
5667:
5663:
5656:
5642:
5638:
5591:
5587:
5550:
5546:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5499:Financial Times
5491:
5490:
5486:
5476:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5302:
5298:
5263:
5259:
5208:
5204:
5151:
5147:
5116:
5112:
5073:
5066:
5013:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4981:
4977:
4942:
4938:
4923:
4919:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4853:
4849:
4841:
4802:
4796:
4792:
4741:
4737:
4698:
4694:
4663:(46): 703â726.
4649:
4645:
4635:
4633:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4433:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4404:
4400:
4381:
4377:
4369:10.1.1.170.8750
4360:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4290:
4288:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4060:
4056:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4019:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3998:afdc.energy.gov
3992:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3806:
3797:
3752:
3741:
3696:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3553:on 14 July 2018
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3443:afdc.energy.gov
3437:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3344:
3340:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3223:10.2172/1218382
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3121:on 21 May 2010.
3113:
3112:
3108:
3092:
3091:
3079:
3065:
3058:
3017:(3): e3002063.
3003:
2999:
2986:
2979:
2934:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2719:
2715:
2660:
2653:
2600:
2585:
2540:
2533:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2490:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2449:
2433:
2432:
2420:
2406:
2399:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2353:. 18 March 2024
2345:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2013:water footprint
1996:land-use change
1985:land-use change
1983:eq per MJ when
1982:
1978:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1928:energy security
1878:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1847:
1841:has an unclear
1835:
1831:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1771:
1723:
1702:
1678:chemical energy
1639:
1607:
1599:Main articles:
1597:
1592:
1580:
1574:
1513:carbon monoxide
1511:, a mixture of
1506:
1500:
1463:
1455:
1430:micro-organisms
1410:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1374:
1370:
1283:
1279:
1227:
1219:
1129:filling station
1114:
1091:
1085:
1048:
1034:
995:chains used in
991:, into shorter
973:
967:
936:
799:
793:
779:
734:) is formed by
729:
726:
725:
724:
720:
717:
716:
715:
713:
680:
580:
574:
569:
564:
531:
508:
441:
435:
423:carbon monoxide
330:land-use change
305:, and possible
264:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11193:
11183:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11115:
11114:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11050:Chicha de jora
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11021:
11019:
11015:
11014:
11012:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10979:MaĂz con hielo
10976:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10915:
10913:
10909:
10908:
10906:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10888:Corn schnitzel
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10854:
10852:
10848:
10847:
10845:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10822:Sopa paraguaya
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10778:
10777:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10731:
10729:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10675:
10673:
10669:
10668:
10666:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10598:Ginataang mais
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10563:Corn crab soup
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10543:Binte biluhuta
10540:
10534:
10532:
10529:Soups, stews,
10526:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10521:
10520:
10515:
10514:
10513:
10503:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10457:
10455:
10448:
10442:
10441:
10439:
10438:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10412:
10407:
10401:
10399:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10375:
10374:
10369:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10345:
10343:
10337:
10336:
10334:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10312:
10310:
10304:
10303:
10301:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10274:
10272:
10268:
10267:
10265:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10248:
10246:
10242:
10241:
10239:
10238:
10237:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10213:
10208:
10207:
10206:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10180:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10123:
10121:
10117:
10116:
10113:Maize and corn
10109:
10108:
10101:
10094:
10086:
10077:
10076:
10074:
10073:
10060:
10057:
10056:
10053:
10052:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10045:
10043:Wireless power
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10012:
10010:
10009:
10007:Ultracapacitor
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9953:
9951:
9945:
9944:
9942:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9904:Home fuel cell
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9870:
9868:
9861:
9854:
9850:
9849:
9842:
9841:
9834:
9827:
9819:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9806:
9799:
9792:
9785:
9773:
9760:
9757:
9756:
9754:
9753:
9747:
9746:(Rio+20, 2012)
9741:
9735:
9730:
9724:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9702:
9697:
9689:
9684:
9676:
9674:
9668:
9667:
9665:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9613:
9611:
9605:
9604:
9602:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9500:
9499:
9494:
9492:Infrastructure
9489:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9422:Eco-capitalism
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9383:
9381:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9373:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9339:Sustainability
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9310:
9308:
9307:Accountability
9304:
9303:
9301:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9219:
9217:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9173:
9171:
9165:
9164:
9162:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9145:
9143:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9102:
9100:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9054:
9052:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9023:
9021:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9006:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8994:
8984:
8983:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8965:Sustainability
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8900:Anthropization
8896:
8894:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8853:
8851:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8823:Sustainability
8819:
8818:
8811:
8804:
8796:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8783:
8771:
8759:
8747:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8701:
8700:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8674:
8672:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8623:
8622:
8612:
8610:Cloud feedback
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8565:
8559:
8557:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8528:
8526:
8518:
8517:
8507:
8506:
8503:
8502:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8484:
8483:
8478:
8468:
8466:Kyoto Protocol
8463:
8457:
8455:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8447:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8420:
8418:Media coverage
8415:
8410:
8408:Climate spiral
8405:
8400:
8394:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8316:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8297:Public opinion
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8263:
8262:
8252:
8247:
8245:Climate action
8242:
8236:
8234:
8226:
8225:
8212:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8204:
8203:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8159:
8157:REDD and REDD+
8154:
8149:
8141:
8136:
8134:Carbon farming
8131:
8130:
8129:
8124:
8114:
8108:
8106:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8067:
8061:
8059:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7995:
7994:
7984:
7979:
7973:
7971:
7961:
7960:
7948:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7880:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7868:
7866:Water security
7863:
7861:Water scarcity
7858:
7856:Urban flooding
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7817:
7816:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7741:
7739:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7714:Forest dieback
7711:
7706:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7688:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7651:Sea level rise
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7632:
7631:
7626:
7624:stratification
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7531:
7529:
7521:
7520:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7389:Carbon leakage
7386:
7381:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7355:
7353:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7330:
7328:Climate system
7324:
7322:
7314:
7313:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7253:
7252:
7249:Climate change
7245:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7222:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7078:hybrid vehicle
7075:
7069:Transportation
7066:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7044:
7039:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6996:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6936:
6929:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6856:
6851:
6849:Sustainability
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6829:Green building
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6794:Eco-innovation
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6751:
6750:
6743:
6736:
6728:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6551:
6540:
6533:
6528:
6526:Chinese tallow
6523:
6516:
6511:
6503:
6501:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6394:
6392:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6373:Water hyacinth
6370:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6353:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
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5702:. 22 May 2022.
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5523:. 6 June 2022.
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3820:(3): 364â373.
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2159:. Due to this
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2009:eutrophication
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1576:Main article:
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1406:Main article:
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1103:used modified
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989:vegetable oils
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9549:Refurbishment
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9453:
9452:Green economy
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9437:Eco-socialism
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9432:Eco-investing
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9417:Disinvestment
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9238:Marine energy
9236:
9234:
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9224:
9221:
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9208:
9205:
9203:
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9192:Cultured meat
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8950:Simple living
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8708:
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8696:
8695:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8683:Climate model
8681:
8679:
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8615:Cloud forcing
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8396:
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8391:
8390:Communication
8387:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8370:Vulnerability
8368:
8366:
8363:
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8348:
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8340:Flood control
8338:
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8162:reforestation
8160:
8158:
8155:
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8150:
8148:
8147:afforestation
8145:
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8119:
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8099:
8093:
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8083:
8082:Nuclear power
8080:
8076:
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8068:
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8002:
8000:
7997:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7977:Carbon budget
7975:
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7958:
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7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7815:
7814:Mental health
7812:
7811:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7756:
7755:United States
7753:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7740:
7736:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7683:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7609:deoxygenation
7607:
7605:
7604:acidification
7602:
7601:
7600:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7580:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7513:
7509:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7432:
7425:
7421:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7399:from wetlands
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7359:Deforestation
7357:
7356:
7354:
7350:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7306:
7302:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7243:
7238:
7236:
7231:
7229:
7224:
7223:
7220:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7121:New Classical
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6989:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6917:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6895:refurbishment
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:Sustainable (
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6834:Green vehicle
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6799:Ecotechnology
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6749:
6744:
6742:
6737:
6735:
6730:
6729:
6726:
6714:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6685:Food vs. fuel
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6327:vegetable oil
6325:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6250:
6245:
6243:
6238:
6236:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6116:
6111:
6096:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6047:(5840): 902.
6046:
6042:
6041:
6033:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6005:
5996:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5953:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5925:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5893:
5886:
5870:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5850:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5777:
5775:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5701:
5700:Jakarta Globe
5697:
5691:
5676:
5672:
5665:
5657:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5540:
5539:New Scientist
5536:
5530:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5488:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5398:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5165:: 1047â1058.
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5069:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5009:
5007:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4563:
4554:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4432:. 10 May 2024
4431:
4427:
4421:
4413:
4412:Flight Global
4409:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4370:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4344:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4211:
4204:
4198:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4146:
4139:
4133:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4015:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3576:
3571:
3569:
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3499:
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3489:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3444:
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3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3369:
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3349:
3342:
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3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3135:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3102:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2210:Energy portal
2205:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2186:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2075:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:acidification
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:deforestation
1894:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1873:
1865:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1839:This article
1837:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1806:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1700:Bio-digesters
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1623:biodegradable
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1383:
1382:woody biomass
1379:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:solar reactor
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1277:
1274:Biofuels are
1272:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1234:Refueling an
1232:
1225:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1168:diethyl ether
1164:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1145:octane rating
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:cetane number
1061:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1026:Honeywell UOP
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:hydrocracking
977:
972:
962:
960:
956:
952:
946:
944:
940:
939:biodegradable
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:Unit Injector
901:
896:
894:
884:
880:
878:
877:diesel engine
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
798:
792:
783:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:
745:
741:
737:
711:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:non-renewable
685:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Alcohol fuels
609:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
579:
559:
556:
551:
548:
544:
540:
536:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
457:
454:
445:
440:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:sweet sorghum
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:carbohydrates
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
350:
348:
342:
340:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
307:deforestation
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
261:
256:
254:
249:
247:
242:
241:
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233:
230:
228:
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223:
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217:
214:
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211:
206:
203:
201:
198:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
168:Osmotic power
166:
164:
163:Ocean thermal
161:
159:
158:Marine energy
156:
154:
151:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
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110:
107:
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102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
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75:
74:
70:
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
54:
53:
48:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
11075:Corn whiskey
10873:Corn fritter
10851:Fried dishes
10653:Suam na mais
10588:Creamed corn
10568:Corn pudding
10558:Corn chowder
10531:and porridge
10518:High-maltose
10491:Steep liquor
10446:Maize dishes
10432:
10414:
10348:
10321:Corn allergy
10068:
9899:Fusion power
9883:
9801:
9794:
9787:
9780:
9768:
9692:
9457:Construction
9380:Applications
9098:Biodiversity
8857:Anthropocene
8778:
8766:
8754:
8735:
8568:Carbon cycle
8525:Measurements
8220:Society and
8104:carbon sinks
8009:Climate debt
7999:Carbon price
7821:Human rights
7656:Season creep
7614:heat content
7540:Anoxic event
7453:James Hansen
7197:Permaculture
7116:New Urbanism
7088:Conservation
7025:
6880:food systems
6865:architecture
6553:
6547:
6543:
6535:
6518:
6514:Big bluestem
6506:
6499:energy crops
6454:
6397:
6263:
6201:Clean Cities
6102:. Retrieved
6095:the original
6044:
6038:
6032:
6020:. Retrieved
6014:
6004:
5968:
5962:
5952:
5940:. Retrieved
5934:
5924:
5911:. Retrieved
5884:
5876:. Retrieved
5869:the original
5831:
5792:
5786:
5743:(6): 65â71.
5740:
5736:
5726:
5717:
5708:
5699:
5690:
5678:. Retrieved
5674:
5669:Magazine H.
5664:
5645:
5639:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5538:
5529:
5520:
5511:
5498:
5487:
5475:. Retrieved
5471:
5462:
5450:. Retrieved
5446:
5437:
5428:
5419:
5397:
5385:. Retrieved
5380:
5371:
5359:. Retrieved
5355:
5346:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5219:
5215:
5205:
5162:
5158:
5148:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5080:
5076:
5024:
5020:
4993:. Retrieved
4978:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4865:. Retrieved
4850:
4839:the original
4810:
4806:
4793:
4752:
4748:
4738:
4708:(1): 38â46.
4705:
4701:
4695:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4634:. Retrieved
4625:
4616:
4604:. Retrieved
4595:
4575:the original
4569:
4562:
4553:
4541:. Retrieved
4529:
4519:
4507:. Retrieved
4503:the original
4493:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4434:. Retrieved
4429:
4420:
4411:
4401:
4393:the original
4388:
4378:
4357:
4343:
4324:
4320:
4307:
4298:
4289:. Retrieved
4282:
4273:
4261:. Retrieved
4247:
4235:. Retrieved
4231:the original
4221:
4210:the original
4197:
4185:. Retrieved
4164:
4152:. Retrieved
4132:
4120:. Retrieved
4106:
4093:
4084:
4072:. Retrieved
4057:
4049:the original
4039:
4031:the original
4001:. Retrieved
3997:
3988:
3976:. Retrieved
3962:
3954:the original
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3890:
3880:
3868:. Retrieved
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3817:
3813:
3763:
3759:
3707:
3703:
3676:. Retrieved
3672:
3648:. Retrieved
3615:. Retrieved
3594:
3582:
3577:, p. 58
3555:. Retrieved
3551:the original
3540:
3528:. Retrieved
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:the original
3488:
3472:the original
3458:
3446:. Retrieved
3442:
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3412:
3402:
3390:. Retrieved
3386:the original
3376:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3288:. Retrieved
3279:
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3243:
3231:
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3194:
3170:. Retrieved
3161:
3152:
3140:. Retrieved
3127:
3119:the original
3109:
3068:
3014:
3011:PLOS Biology
3010:
3000:
2987:IPCC, 2022:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2922:
2913:
2903:16 September
2901:. Retrieved
2897:
2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2872:
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2846:
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2821:
2795:. Retrieved
2790:
2781:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2671:
2667:
2611:
2607:
2551:
2547:
2493:
2468:. Retrieved
2464:
2409:
2381:
2378:Energy Nexus
2377:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2350:
2341:
2141:
2114:
2081:
2073:
2040:
2029:
2025:
2021:
1990:
1962:
1959:
1905:soil erosion
1889:food vs fuel
1883:
1868:
1859:
1840:
1812:
1804:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1711:acetogenesis
1707:acidogenesis
1703:
1650:Electrofuels
1642:Electrofuels
1640:
1631:
1628:
1608:
1581:
1559:
1540:
1529:
1507:
1504:Gasification
1489:
1477:Landfill gas
1470:
1442:energy crops
1411:
1356:electrofuels
1350:
1315:
1293:
1291:
1273:
1241:
1202:
1195:
1193:(TAME), and
1188:
1184:-butyl ether
1181:
1176:-butyl ether
1173:
1165:
1143:that act as
1134:
1121:Neat ethanol
1105:E. coli
1104:
1098:
1092:
1060:hydrogenated
1057:
1049:
976:Green diesel
974:
965:Green diesel
947:
924:
897:
889:
850:
800:
767:E. coli
766:
759:E. coli
758:
748:
708:
681:
656:distillation
605:
581:
578:Ethanol fuel
552:
533:To avoid a "
532:
510:
509:
500:fossil fuels
491:
475:
469:
464:
460:
458:
452:
450:
427:hydrocarbons
412:
375:produced in
369:fermentation
362:
351:
343:
315:
299:food vs fuel
283:fossil fuels
270:
269:
173:Solar energy
78:
45:A sample of
38:
29:
11040:Champurrado
10989:Maque choux
10964:Huitlacoche
10944:Corn relish
10934:Corn flakes
10912:Other foods
10898:Milho frito
10765:Corn cookie
10755:Chipa guasu
10471:Mielie-meal
10454:Ingredients
10410:Corn School
10405:Corn Palace
10363:By country
10293:Wet-milling
9673:conferences
9544:Procurement
9487:Development
9387:Advertising
9349:Measurement
9283:Tidal power
9278:Small hydro
9243:Micro hydro
9106:Biosecurity
9058:Appropriate
8987:Sustainable
8970:Advertising
8892:Consumption
8882:Development
8595:Carbon sink
8573:atmospheric
8438:video games
8112:Blue carbon
7745:Agriculture
7724:Marine life
7671:Water cycle
7629:temperature
7364:Fossil fuel
7132:Ecoforestry
6890:procurement
6875:development
6860:agriculture
6670:Energy crop
6617:Pellet fuel
6602:Biorefinery
6566:Switchgrass
6410:Coconut oil
6388:Energy from
6322:Cooking oil
6307:Biogasoline
6282:Babassu oil
6016:Environment
5316:: 383â392.
5126:(7): 2451.
4859:. Gas 2.0.
4755:: 429â437.
4291:12 December
4187:15 February
4074:15 February
3885:Jessica E.
3766:: 425â444.
3589:, p. 4
3317:: 153â163.
2847:Energy Post
2791:Energy Post
2465:www.eia.gov
2175:land tenure
2145:rainforests
2084:August 2021
1956:plantation.
1646:solar fuels
1615:fresh water
1601:Algaculture
1584:solid fuels
1466:methanation
1360:sustainable
1264:decarbonize
1254:(SAF). The
1236:Airbus A320
1089:Biogasoline
1083:Biogasoline
993:hydrocarbon
951:Avril Group
943:flash point
900:common rail
771:biogasoline
692:biomethanol
684:natural gas
660:natural gas
624:sugar beets
555:arable land
537:" dilemma,
433:Terminology
188:Tidal power
178:Solar power
146:Small hydro
136:Micro hydro
11124:Categories
10949:Corn sauce
10827:Spoonbread
10782:Johnnycake
10341:Production
10316:BBCH-scale
10271:Processing
10215:By origin
10127:Amylomaize
10038:Smart grid
9867:Production
9564:Sanitation
9519:Livelihood
9442:Ecovillage
9427:Eco-cities
9344:Accounting
9253:Pico hydro
9233:Hydropower
9051:Technology
8849:Principles
8627:Cryosphere
8588:permafrost
8360:Resilience
8312:Adaptation
8287:Litigation
8277:Governance
8222:adaptation
8004:Carbon tax
7957:Mitigation
7894:Antarctica
7782:Disability
7101:insulation
7094:Building (
7057:transition
6900:technology
6885:industries
6580:Technology
6561:Salicornia
6544:Miscanthus
6467:Sugar beet
6339:cellulosic
6312:Bioliquids
6292:Biobutanol
5601:: 102022.
5222:: 141920.
4912:11503/1330
4636:16 October
4606:25 October
4596:ThomasnetÂź
4227:"Gasoline"
4025:(Report).
3710:: 147516.
3290:3 December
3172:18 January
3087:1137604985
2878:30 January
2853:30 January
2827:30 January
2512:1137604985
2470:24 January
2428:1137604985
2384:: 100036.
2333:References
2149:grasslands
1854:footnoting
1815:March 2024
1621:, and are
1619:wastewater
1605:Algae fuel
1458:biomethane
1340:through a
931:combustion
927:oxygenated
744:biobutanol
668:waste heat
628:sugar cane
484:bioethanol
437:See also:
354:bioethanol
205:Wind power
200:Wave power
141:Pico hydro
131:Hydropower
11145:Bioenergy
11085:Pinolillo
11080:Mazamorra
11065:Corn beer
11018:Beverages
11009:Succotash
10984:Maja maĂz
10893:Hushpuppy
10863:Corn chip
10760:Cornbread
10709:Nacatamal
10578:Corn stew
10573:Corn soup
10354:Corn crib
10326:Corn smut
10308:Pathology
10204:Varieties
10120:Varieties
9657:Recycling
9652:Planetary
9642:Materials
9637:Landscape
9622:Fisheries
9589:Transport
9514:Landscape
9497:Marketing
9472:Gardening
9412:Community
9359:Reporting
9223:Footprint
9111:Biosphere
8642:Feedbacks
8413:Education
7914:Caribbean
7909:Australia
7836:Migration
7799:Fisheries
7750:Livestock
7676:Wildfires
7582:Heat wave
7202:Recycling
6925:Pollution
6905:transport
6655:Agflation
6548:giganteus
6477:Sunflower
6472:Sugarcane
6390:foodstock
6297:Biodiesel
6256:Bioenergy
6120:(Report).
6104:11 August
5765:0096-3402
5631:212954432
5623:1389-9341
5361:15 August
5338:1364-0321
5291:2095-221X
5277:(3): 14.
5244:0048-9697
5189:0960-8524
5140:1754-5692
5105:116245776
5083:: 37â50.
4777:0960-8524
4730:111115884
4538:0362-4331
4509:2 January
4485:0961-9534
4364:CiteSeerX
3934:23 August
3901:14 August
3844:23 August
3790:2352-5509
3734:1385-8947
3201:2 January
3095:cite book
3033:1545-7885
2972:238787289
2964:2214-7853
2948:: 93â99.
2755:1364-5021
2578:134824935
2570:1759-7269
2520:cite book
2436:cite book
2137:biodiesel
1862:July 2023
1525:pyrolysed
1481:landfills
1450:digestate
1444:fed into
1326:pyrolysis
1250:and is a
1141:compounds
1112:Bioethers
1068:aromatics
1066:, low in
1018:Neste Oil
1010:Singapore
1006:Louisiana
1002:petroleum
985:molecules
908:fuel rail
869:lubricant
865:safflower
835:sunflower
791:Biodiesel
777:Biodiesel
608:in Brazil
515:biodiesel
498:or other
488:biodiesel
451:The term
401:feedstock
389:sugarcane
358:biodiesel
291:bioenergy
47:biodiesel
34:Bioenergy
11130:Biofuels
11105:TesgĂŒino
11070:Corn tea
10919:Alivenci
10903:Sorullos
10878:Corn nut
10868:Corn dog
10719:Pasteles
10648:Sagamite
10618:MÄmÄligÄ
10553:CocoloÈi
10461:Cornmeal
10372:Tanzania
9924:Nantenna
9884:Biofuels
9770:Category
9569:Sourcing
9504:Greening
9397:Business
9273:Security
9268:Scarcity
8768:Glossary
8756:Category
8578:biologic
8292:Politics
8184:Personal
7889:Americas
7762:Children
7528:Physical
7321:Overview
7261:Overview
6713:Category
6648:Concepts
6531:Duckweed
6520:Camelina
6497:Non-food
6445:Rapeseed
6435:Palm oil
6378:Wood gas
6351:Methanol
6344:mixtures
6264:Biofuels
6140:Archived
6069:40785300
6061:17702929
5995:18267903
5837:Archived
5827:52810681
5819:18258860
5680:31 March
5580:84426763
5503:Archived
5477:19 April
5452:19 April
5429:BBC News
5405:Archived
5387:13 March
5252:32889316
5197:28965912
5059:26667057
4995:5 August
4989:Archived
4861:Archived
4835:20675125
4785:24140355
4687:20031983
4630:Archived
4600:Archived
4543:14 March
4257:Archived
4178:Archived
4145:Archived
4116:Archived
4098:Archived
4068:Archived
4003:31 March
3972:Archived
3925:Archived
3895:Archived
3870:5 August
3864:Archived
3838:Archived
3678:19 April
3644:Archived
3617:15 March
3608:Archived
3524:Archived
3448:31 March
3417:Archived
3413:ABC News
3368:16233120
3333:30107263
3284:Archived
3253:Archived
3166:Archived
3142:19 April
3051:36996247
3042:10063169
2797:14 March
2773:33363439
2733:(2243).
2708:35165202
2646:33363439
2548:Biofuels
2182:See also
2036:palm oil
1973:captured
1954:oil palm
1850:citation
1686:hydrogen
1662:hydrogen
1551:hydrogen
1543:methanol
1532:turbines
1517:hydrogen
1460:. The CO
1317:Camelina
1308:palm oil
1295:Jatropha
1269:jet fuel
1248:aircraft
1200:(TAEE).
1186:(ETBE),
1178:(MTBE),
1125:gasoline
839:palm oil
819:jatropha
815:rapeseed
704:hydrogen
638:such as
632:molasses
588:propanol
584:alcohols
521:, using
474:defines
408:additive
405:gasoline
367:made by
287:biowaste
18:Biofuels
11175:Biomass
11100:Tejuino
11004:Popcorn
10929:Conkies
10924:Binatog
10883:Cornick
10750:Cachapa
10714:Pamonha
10699:Hallaca
10694:Guanime
10672:Tamales
10638:Polenta
10633:Pashofa
10613:KaÄamak
10583:Cou-cou
10398:Culture
10349:Biofuel
10224:Ecuador
10219:Bolivia
10194:Shoepeg
10177:MON 863
10172:MON 810
9949:Storage
9803:Degrees
9796:Studies
9789:Science
9584:Tourism
9477:Geopark
9467:Finance
9462:Fashion
9037:Control
8925:Ethical
8834:Outline
8583:oceanic
8433:fiction
8282:Justice
8233:Society
7841:Poverty
7560:Drought
7428:History
7352:Sources
7106:natural
7026:biofuel
6959:Water (
6934:control
6762:General
6462:Soybean
6456:Sorghum
6405:Cassava
6334:Ethanol
6317:Biomass
6287:Bagasse
6272:Alcohol
6209:by the
6170:.gov.uk
6168:NetRegs
6156:by the
6080:Sources
6040:Science
5986:2373893
5797:Bibcode
5788:Science
5745:Bibcode
5718:Reuters
5603:Bibcode
5521:Reuters
5318:Bibcode
5224:Bibcode
5167:Bibcode
5085:Bibcode
5050:4678123
5029:Bibcode
4958:Bibcode
4933:: 1â13.
4892:Bibcode
4867:10 June
4815:Bibcode
4757:Bibcode
4710:Bibcode
4678:2874236
4465:Bibcode
4351:. IATA.
4237:6 March
4154:14 July
4122:14 July
3822:Bibcode
3768:Bibcode
3712:Bibcode
3650:7 March
3557:14 July
3530:14 July
3504:14 July
3392:21 June
3259:14 July
2764:7735313
2735:Bibcode
2699:8892349
2676:Bibcode
2637:7735313
2616:Bibcode
2357:2 April
2153:biomass
2133:ethanol
2127:due to
2074:updated
2001:Ukraine
1805:updated
1682:protons
1666:methane
1658:butanol
1562:biochar
1414:methane
1389:Gaseous
1367:e-fuels
1346:ethanol
1334:alcohol
1322:biomass
1312:Babassu
1304:tallows
1276:biomass
1172:methyl
1170:(DEE),
955:Diester
912:solvent
902:' and '
893:viscous
827:mustard
710:Butanol
664:bagasse
640:whiskey
600:enzymes
592:butanol
572:Ethanol
519:ethanol
492:biomass
480:biomass
476:biofuel
465:gaseous
453:biofuel
365:alcohol
279:biomass
271:Biofuel
89:Biomass
79:Biofuel
11095:Tejate
11045:Chicha
10999:Pinole
10974:Kuymak
10969:Kenkey
10959:Hominy
10837:Totopo
10812:Sloosh
10807:Pupusa
10704:Humita
10689:Binaki
10684:Tamale
10643:Pozole
10486:Starch
10437:(film)
10262:Stover
10257:Kernel
10184:Purple
9860:Energy
9853:Fields
9752:(2015)
9729:(2000)
9723:(1997)
9707:(1992)
9695:(1987)
9627:Forest
9529:Market
9524:Living
9141:Energy
8997:Market
8563:Albedo
8556:Theory
8267:Denial
8058:Energy
7919:Europe
7899:Arctic
7884:Africa
7809:Health
7804:Gender
7767:Cities
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