963:
249:
286:
807:
860:
33:
1699:
739:
921:
Robinson notes that after the writings of
Eusebius and Jerome, he found no further references to Bethel in the written historical record. However, he notes that the ruins at Beitin are greater than those of a village and seem to have undergone expansion after the time of Jerome, noting also the
785:
Recent excavations at
Elevation Point 914, a prominent hill located 900 meters east of the village of Beitin, by Aharon Tavger have uncovered several Middle Bronze and Iron II remains which have led excavator at E.P. 914 to propose this place as the ancient cult site of Bethel, and perhaps the
525:
to go to Bethel to visit the 'Hill of God,' where he will meet a group of prophets coming down from the high place with a 'psaltery, and a tabret, and a pipe, and a harp.' It appears that there was a
Philistine garrison there at that time. Bethel is mentioned again in
566:
in the far north of his kingdom. This was apparently to make it unnecessary for the people of Israel to have to go to
Jerusalem to worship in the temple there. It seems that this action provoked the hostility of the Judaeans. A story is told at
607:). Later, when Elisha returned alone to Bethel, he was taunted by some young men (not 'young boys' as it is translated in some English Bibles) as he climbed up to the shrine, and cursed them; whereupon 42 of the young men were mauled by bears (
774:, had somehow, and for some reason, deposited the object there after her husband’s untimely death in 1897. Bizarrely, neither of the stamps (or the single one) have been traced for decades, and the only evidence that can be seen today is a
753:
During his excavation campaigns, James Kelso found a clay stamp in contextually challenging debris near a Middle Bronze Age wall on the site’s south-west side in 1957. Intriguingly, this find bore a striking resemblance to one
703:
for the worship of Baal, and accuses them of making or using images for 'idol' worship. Chief among these, it appears, was the image of the bull at Bethel, which by the time of Hosea was being worshipped as an image of Baal.
890:
During the Early Iron Age, a newer settlement was established. This settlement was continuously inhabited during the early and later phases of the Iron Age, although the exact date of its destruction remains uncertain.
840:. Two city gates dating to this period have been excavated, one in the northeast and the other northwest of the wall. A second temple was built in Luz during this period, but was destroyed as a result of an earthquake.
749:
first excavated a test pit in Bethel in 1927, while
Extensive excavations were conducted at Beitin by Albright and James L. Kelso in 1934, which continued under the direction of Kelso in 1937, 1954, 1957, and 1960.
348:
repeats the covenant with God and the naming of the place as El-Bethel, and makes this the site of Jacob's own change of name to Israel. Both versions state that the original name of the place was
272:. These proposals have been rejected by Jules Francis Gomes, who wrote that "The voices of Livingston and Bimson have hardly been taken seriously by those who worked on the excavations of Bethel."
1407:
Tavger, Aharon (2021). ""And He Called the Name of that Place Bethel" (Gen 28: 19): Historical-Geography and
Archaeology of the Sanctuary of Bethel". In Hensel, Benedikt (ed.).
225:(1838–52). Robinson based this assessment on the location described in ancient texts, and on the philological similarities between the modern and ancient name, arguing that
626:). The shrine at Bethel apparently avoided destruction in the Assyrian invasions of the Kingdom of Israel in c. 740 and 722, but was finally completely destroyed by King
1731:
260:
A minority view was proposed by David Palmer
Livingston and John J. Bimson, who proposed an alternative identification, suggesting that Bethel might be equated with
826:
tombs, houses and olive presses were discovered to the north and southeast of the village. The remains of a
Canaanite temple were also excavated by archaeologists.
180:, remaining uninhabited for centuries until the mid-19th century when modern-day Beitin was established. In 1977, the biblical name was applied to the
1468:
770:) in 1894. Indeed, such was the similarity, some scholars considered that the Bethel stamp was actually the Bent find and that the latter’s wife,
646:
Do not seek Bethel, do not go to Gilgal, do not journey to
Beersheba. For Gilgal will surely go into exile, and Bethel will be reduced to nothing.
1724:
1533:
245:
period. The name "Beitin," with the /n/ ending, was not documented until the 19th century, possibly coming into use after the Early Middle Ages.
2071:
1717:
1703:
1177:
622:
and destruction of their temple, it is said that Jehu continued to tolerate the presence of the golden calves in Bethel and Dan (
1651:
1630:
1588:
1563:
1498:
1447:
1418:
1151:
2081:
1323:
962:
125:
that Jacob named Bethel "House of God". The name is further used for a border city located between the territory of the
2066:
1209:
1074:
451:
as the "House of God", the people of Israel go to Bethel to ask counsel of God when they are planning to attack the
221:
1127:. Jerusalem ; Winona Lake, Virginia: The Hebrew University Magness Press ; Eisenbrauns. pp. 59–60.
408:
the descendants of Joseph capture the city of Bethel, which again is said to have previously been called Luz. At
462:
Bethel was evidently already an important religious centre at this time; it was so important, in fact, that the
361:
1886:
833:(around 1750 BCE) its status was elevated from a village to a fortified Canaanite town which is believed to be
1744:
248:
2027:
2091:
1001:
798:
period. Archaeological excavations in 1950 uncovered flint tools, pottery and animal bones from that time.
1556:
Rethinking Israel: Studies in the
History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein
1476:
1440:
Rethinking Israel: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein
1604:
1144:
Confronting the Past: Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever
551:
385:
531:
911:
623:
559:
527:
502:
692:
608:
604:
568:
495:
1671:
1530:
717:
666:
Don’t prophesy anymore at Bethel, because this is the king’s sanctuary and the temple of the kingdom.
588:
216:
696:
479:
475:
456:
444:
417:
306:
2076:
684:
683:(8th century BC) speaks (at least according to modern translations) of the "wickedness" of Bethel (
405:
393:
377:
226:
1181:
429:
409:
345:
318:
285:
1753:
Sites involved in the 13th–11th century BCE archaeological phenomenon of the Israelite Settlement
713:
193:
24:
1881:
1683:
997:
977:
659:
483:
57:
1139:
133:, which first belonged to the Benjaminites and was later conquered by the Ephraimites. In the
1873:
1243:
871:
440:
150:
1199:
1064:
2086:
1167:
989:
923:
847:
city at Bethel was destroyed at some point during the late 13th or early 12th century BCE.
837:
349:
313:
stayed and built an altar on his way to Egypt and on his return. It is said to be close to
238:
173:
1380:
Jamme (1990), 'The Bethel Inscribed Stamp Again: A Vindication of Mrs. Theodore Bent', in
1274:
1225:
8:
1800:
1740:
1313:
900:
806:
755:
746:
463:
1171:
1899:
1816:
1343:
1322:. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Vol. 39. Cambridge, Mass.:
563:
518:
448:
215:
Among the earliest proponents of this identification was biblical scholar and traveler
181:
1647:
1626:
1584:
1559:
1443:
1414:
1335:
1205:
1147:
1070:
830:
575:
visited the shrine at Bethel and prophesied that it would eventually be destroyed by
510:
452:
421:
416:
is said to dwell at Bethel under the palm-tree of Deborah (presumably a reference to
326:
126:
122:
1709:
1394:
1962:
1367:
Van Beek and Jamme (1958), 'An inscribed South Arabian Clay Stamp From Bethel', in
1327:
819:
572:
290:
130:
1502:
16:
Ancient Israelite city mentioned in the Bible, located in the modern-day West Bank
2096:
1661:
1537:
1408:
1317:
844:
298:
265:
72:
48:
1759:
New settlements at previously unoccupied sites in late 13th/early 12th centuries
1680:
Biblical Researches in Palestine, 1838–52: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838
1895:
935:
721:
639:
381:
373:
237:
was not unusual. This viewpoint was later reaffirmed by another early scholar,
95:
87:
1031:, name of a god or an aspect of a god from the Assyrian to Hellenistic periods
2101:
2060:
2042:
2029:
1967:
1339:
1034:
974:
779:
775:
542:
After the kingdom of Israel was split into two kingdoms on the death of King
433:
204:
Bethel is widely identified by most scholars with the modern Arab village of
189:
1936:
1028:
992:
in the 12th century. During the Crusader period, the village was given as
834:
795:
671:
651:
111:
107:
20:
1581:
For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE
1977:
1905:
1867:
555:
428:, is said to have been buried under a tree at Bethel). Bethel is said in
314:
146:
134:
859:
1347:
927:
811:
771:
763:
759:
365:
302:
117:
Bethel is first referred to in the Bible as being near the place where
103:
68:
614:
Bethel is next mentioned in connection with the tenth king of Israel,
333:; God stands at the top of the ladder, and promises Jacob the land of
32:
2003:
1993:
1972:
1946:
1820:
1775:
1765:
1675:
915:
904:
894:
209:
165:
1551:
1435:
1331:
822:(around 3200 BCE) normally nomadic populations settled in the area.
317:
and just to the west of it. More famously, it is mentioned again in
268:. However, Ophrah is commonly identified with the nearby village of
1811:
1644:
The Sanctuary of Bethel and the Configuration of Israelite Identity
1201:
The Sanctuary of Bethel and the Configuration of Israelite Identity
1066:
The Sanctuary of Bethel and the Configuration of Israelite Identity
691:(6th century BC) speaks of the "shame" which it brought on Israel (
688:
547:
467:
261:
242:
169:
138:
1501:. Jerusalem Media and Communications Center (JMCC). Archived from
384:, and part of the territory of the descendants of Joseph (that is
2013:
2008:
1952:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1833:
1829:
1792:
1770:
1012:
in 1187, the church was destroyed and the village was abandoned.
1009:
1005:
543:
425:
413:
389:
310:
185:
177:
118:
121:
pitched his tent. Later, Bethel is mentioned as the location of
1931:
1926:
1909:
1781:
1698:
823:
733:
700:
627:
603:
to Jericho shortly before Elijah was taken up to heaven alive (
600:
596:
592:
576:
514:
506:
369:
338:
334:
269:
205:
161:
154:
142:
37:
1142:. In Gitin, Seymour; Wright, J. Edward; Dessel, J. P. (eds.).
1125:
Ancient Place Names in the Holy Land: Preservation and History
738:
1998:
1957:
1847:
New settlements at long deserted sites in 12th/11th centuries
1787:
1022:
971:
945:
939:
814:
by Middle Bronze Age II city wall. Tel Beit El, Beitin, 2017.
767:
680:
471:
330:
160:
Most scholars identify Bethel with the modern-day village of
993:
619:
615:
522:
322:
1623:
Historia Religionum: Handbook for the History of Religions
1140:"Looking for Bethel: An Exercise in Historical Geography"
922:
presence of what appear to be ruins of churches from the
794:
Human settlement at the site of Beitin dates back to the
188:, founded nearby. In several countries, particularly the
810:
Early Bronze Age Canaanite ritual site, cut through the
638:
The shrine is mentioned with disapproval by the prophet
618:(c. 842–815 BC). Despite his killing of the prophets of
241:. The final 'l' in the name "Bethel" endured until the
1540:
Studium Biblicum Franciscanum - Jerusalem. 2000-12-19.
329:
stretching between Heaven and Earth and thronged with
1739:
1638:
Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite
1382:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1369:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
40:, the site of ancient Bethel, during the 19th century
1554:. In Lipschits, O.; Gadot, Y.; Adams, M. J. (eds.).
1438:. In Lipschits, O.; Gadot, Y.; Adams, M. J. (eds.).
633:
321:, when Jacob, fleeing from the wrath of his brother
192:, the name has been given to various locations (see
62:
899:Bethel/Beitin was again inhabited and fortified by
662:, a priest of Bethel, expels Amos from the shrine:
455:
at the battle of Gibeah. They make a second visit (
895:Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and medieval periods
1583:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 535.
1395:https://glaser.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/gl/rec/110007437/0
983:
2058:
1620:
521:to judge Israel. At I Samuel 10:3, Samuel tells
447:, where the Hebrew Beth-El is translated in the
153:to the right or the east of the road leading to
145:described Bethel as a small village that lay 12
1987:Not destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries
1291:
562:ff) and set one up in Bethel, and the other in
1410:The History of the Jacob Cycle (Genesis 25-35)
1166:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1725:
1670:
1660:Kelso, James Leon; Swauger, James L. (1968).
1499:"Palestinian Cultural Sites: Beitin-Ramallah"
1311:
1296:. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 90.
1160:
707:
176:, Bethel was left in ruins under the rule of
1659:
1294:The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism, Part 2
778:made of the Bent stamp, which is now in the
699:describes how the Israelites are abandoning
368:and on the west side of it; in this episode
1920:Destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries
1083:
1004:. After the Crusaders were defeated by the
513:, used to make a yearly circuit of Bethel,
1732:
1718:
1427:
1047:
727:
337:; when Jacob awakes he anoints the stone (
168:, 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) northeast of
1549:
1543:
1433:
1178:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
1102:
1100:
380:it is again said to be next to Luz, near
360:Bethel is mentioned again in the book of
297:Bethel is mentioned several times in the
289:Depiction of Jacob's dream at Bethel, by
1666:. American Schools of Oriental Research.
1603:Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p.
1307:
1305:
1303:
1106:Harold Brodsky (1990). "Bethel". In the
961:
918:captured Bethel in the summer of 69 CE.
805:
737:
284:
247:
31:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1122:
582:
341:) with oil and names the place Bethel.
2059:
1621:Bleeker, C. J.; Widengren, G. (1988),
1578:
1558:. Penn State Press. pp. 233–246.
1463:
1461:
1459:
1442:. Penn State Press. pp. 233–246.
1406:
1137:
1097:
1094:Robinson and Smith, 1856, pp. 449–450.
957:
926:. The town appears on the 6th century
789:
720:as being resettled at the time of the
537:
275:
208:, situated in the central part of the
1713:
1641:
1300:
1197:
1062:
2072:Former populated places in West Asia
1663:The excavation of Bethel (1934-1960)
1517:
1491:
1324:American School of Oriental Research
1319:The Excavation of Bethel (1934-1960)
1118:
1116:
970:The church fell into ruin after the
854:
264:, while positing Beitin as biblical
110:that is frequently mentioned in the
1456:
1053:Bleeker and Widegren, 1988, p. 257.
498:, it is said to be kept at Shiloh.
494:At the next mention of the Ark, in
52:
13:
1572:
1413:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 201–222.
1264:, T. Nelson and Sons, London, 1894
466:was kept there, under the care of
309:) as a place near the place where
280:
14:
2113:
1691:
1113:
1021:Bayt-Allah, another name for the
966:A domed structure in Bethel, 1945
722:return of the exiles from Babylon
634:Books of Amos, Hosea and Jeremiah
599:visited Bethel on a journey from
550:, the first king of the northern
489:
399:
355:
199:
1697:
1204:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 5.
1069:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1.
858:
482:, Bethel is said to be south of
222:Biblical Researches in Palestine
1613:
1597:
1400:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1285:
1267:
1254:
1236:
679:A few years later, the prophet
256:photographed by Daniel B. Shepp
1646:, Walter de Gruyter & Co,
1218:
1191:
1131:
1056:
988:The church was rebuilt by the
984:Crusader & Ayyubid periods
505:, it is said that the prophet
424:, the nurse of Jacob's mother
325:, falls asleep on a stone and
252:Beitin in 1894, from the book
1:
1642:Gomes, Jules Francis (2006),
1475:. 9 July 2007. Archived from
1040:
801:
1579:Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021).
1531:Luza, also Bethel - (Beitin)
1262:Illustrated Bible Dictionary
1198:Gomes, Jules (13 May 2006).
1146:. Eisenbrauns. p. 270.
1108:Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary
1063:Gomes, Jules (13 May 2006).
1002:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
758:brought back from al-Mašhad
7:
2082:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
1015:
850:
786:location of Abram’s altar.
459:) after losing the battle.
301:. It is first mentioned in
63:
10:
2118:
1469:"Site of the Week: Beitin"
1260:"Bethel" in M. G. Easton,
946:
940:
731:
708:Books of Ezra and Nehemiah
630:of Judah (c. 640–609 BC).
71:" or "House of God", also
18:
1986:
1919:
1846:
1758:
1751:
1704:Bethel (biblical village)
1314:Albright, William Foxwell
1138:Rainey, Anson F. (2006).
944:), also known as Bethel (
91:
2067:Ancient Israel and Judah
1550:Lipschits, Oded (2017).
1434:Lipschits, Oded (2017).
1292:Stephen L. Cook (2004).
172:. After the fall of the
728:History and archaeology
712:Bethel is mentioned in
194:Bethel (disambiguation)
25:Bethel (disambiguation)
1684:University of Michigan
1473:This Week in Palestine
1123:Elitzur, Yoel (2004).
998:Baldwin V of Jerusalem
967:
815:
743:
677:
657:
344:Another account, from
294:
257:
99:
41:
23:. For other uses, see
1168:Baker Tristram, Henry
965:
809:
741:
732:Further information:
664:
644:
571:ff of how a man from
288:
251:
35:
1745:Israelite settlement
1706:at Wikimedia Commons
1186:Bethel Beitin ruins.
901:Bacchides the Syrian
782:Collection, Vienna.
583:Second Book of Kings
439:In the narrative of
352:, a Canaanite name.
239:Henry Baker Tristram
2092:Hebrew Bible cities
2039: /
1801:Khirbet el-Mastarah
1312:Kelso, James Leon;
958:Early Muslim period
912:Great Jewish Revolt
903:in the time of the
790:Chalcolithic period
747:William F. Albright
538:First Book of Kings
464:Ark of the Covenant
276:Biblical references
19:For the deity, see
2043:31.9226°N 35.245°E
1797:Khirbet ed-Dawwara
1552:"Bethel Revisited"
1536:2013-10-03 at the
1436:"Bethel Revisited"
1173:The Land of Israel
968:
870:. You can help by
816:
744:
449:King James Version
441:Levite's concubine
376:to capture Ai. At
364:as being close to
327:dreams of a ladder
295:
258:
182:Israeli settlement
42:
2022:
2021:
1830:Tell es-Sa'idiyeh
1808:Khirbet Ibn Nasir
1702:Media related to
1653:978-3-11-018993-3
1632:978-90-04-08928-0
1590:978-0-300-24813-5
1565:978-1-57506-787-2
1449:978-1-57506-787-2
1420:978-3-16-159927-9
1153:978-1-57506-117-7
888:
887:
831:Middle Bronze Age
591:ff, the prophets
552:Kingdom of Israel
509:, who resided at
453:Tribe of Benjamin
307:Genesis 12 and 13
164:, located in the
127:tribe of Benjamin
102:) was an ancient
61:
2109:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
1963:Tell Beit Mirsim
1878:Khirbet Marjameh
1734:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1701:
1686:
1672:Robinson, Edward
1667:
1656:
1635:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1547:
1541:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1505:on 10 March 2007
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1479:on 26 April 2012
1465:
1454:
1453:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1060:
1054:
1051:
949:
948:
943:
942:
883:
880:
862:
855:
820:Early Bronze Age
675:
655:
470:the grandson of
420:, where another
291:Jusepe de Ribera
233:with the Arabic
174:Crusader kingdom
131:tribe of Ephraim
129:and that of the
93:
66:
56:
54:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2077:Hebrew language
2057:
2056:
2048:31.9226; 35.245
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2018:
1982:
1915:
1842:
1817:Tel Be'er Sheva
1805:Khirbet Ghuraba
1754:
1747:
1738:
1694:
1689:
1654:
1633:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1548:
1544:
1538:Wayback Machine
1529:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1467:
1466:
1457:
1450:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1332:10.2307/3768539
1310:
1301:
1290:
1286:
1279:www.sefaria.org
1273:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1248:www.sefaria.org
1244:"Genesis 28:19"
1242:
1241:
1237:
1230:www.sefaria.org
1224:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1196:
1192:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1084:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1018:
986:
960:
897:
884:
878:
875:
868:needs expansion
853:
845:Late Bronze Age
804:
792:
736:
730:
710:
676:
670:
656:
650:
636:
585:
540:
492:
412:the prophetess
404:In the book of
402:
362:Joshua 7:2, 8:9
358:
299:Book of Genesis
283:
281:Book of Genesis
278:
227:the replacement
217:Edward Robinson
202:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1896:Tell en-Nasbeh
1893:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1827:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1693:
1692:External links
1690:
1688:
1687:
1668:
1657:
1652:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1596:
1589:
1571:
1564:
1542:
1516:
1490:
1455:
1448:
1426:
1419:
1399:
1393:Squeeze A727 (
1386:
1373:
1360:
1326:in Jerusalem.
1299:
1284:
1266:
1253:
1235:
1217:
1210:
1190:
1159:
1152:
1130:
1112:
1096:
1082:
1075:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1017:
1014:
985:
982:
959:
956:
896:
893:
886:
885:
879:September 2023
865:
863:
852:
849:
803:
800:
791:
788:
729:
726:
709:
706:
693:Jeremiah 48:13
668:
648:
635:
632:
584:
581:
539:
536:
532:2 Samuel 30:27
491:
490:Book of Samuel
488:
401:
400:Book of Judges
398:
372:sent men from
357:
356:Book of Joshua
354:
282:
279:
277:
274:
229:of the Hebrew
219:, in his work
201:
200:Identification
198:
123:Jacob's Ladder
73:transliterated
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2114:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:Tell el-Ful (
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1211:9783110189933
1207:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1076:9783110189933
1072:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1035:Allon Bachuth
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
981:
979:
976:
975:Rashidun army
973:
964:
955:
953:
937:
933:
929:
925:
919:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
892:
882:
873:
869:
866:This section
864:
861:
857:
856:
848:
846:
841:
839:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
813:
808:
799:
797:
787:
783:
781:
780:Eduard Glaser
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Theodore Bent
751:
748:
740:
735:
725:
723:
719:
718:Nehemiah 7:32
715:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
673:
667:
663:
661:
653:
647:
643:
641:
631:
629:
625:
624:2 Kings 10:29
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:According to
580:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
560:1 Kings 12:28
557:
556:golden calves
553:
549:
545:
535:
533:
529:
528:1 Samuel 13:2
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:1 Samuel 7:16
499:
497:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
434:Mount Ephraim
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
353:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
287:
273:
271:
267:
263:
255:
250:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
218:
213:
211:
207:
197:
195:
191:
190:United States
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
65:
59:
50:
46:
39:
36:The ruins of
34:
30:
26:
22:
2024:
1941:
1937:Beit Shemesh
1839:Tell Radanna
1776:Izbet Sartah
1679:
1662:
1643:
1622:
1614:Bibliography
1599:
1580:
1574:
1555:
1545:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:the original
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:the original
1472:
1439:
1429:
1409:
1402:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1318:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1275:"Genesis 35"
1269:
1261:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1226:"Genesis 12"
1220:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1172:
1162:
1143:
1133:
1124:
1110:. 1:710-712.
1107:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1029:Bethel (god)
987:
969:
951:
931:
920:
909:
898:
889:
876:
872:adding to it
867:
842:
828:
817:
796:Chalcolithic
793:
784:
752:
745:
742:Bethel, 1912
711:
697:Hosea 13:1–3
678:
665:
658:
645:
637:
613:
609:2 Kings 2:23
605:2 Kings 2:11
586:
569:1 Kings 13:1
546:(c.931 BC),
541:
501:In the book
500:
496:1 Samuel 4:3
493:
480:Judges 21:19
476:Judges 20:27
461:
457:Judges 20:26
445:Judges 20:18
438:
418:Genesis 35:8
403:
359:
343:
296:
259:
253:
234:
230:
220:
214:
203:
159:
116:
112:Hebrew Bible
108:sacred space
83:
79:
75:
67:, "House of
44:
43:
29:
21:Bethel (god)
2087:Golden calf
2046: /
1978:Tel Megiddo
1906:Tel Rumeida
1509:19 December
1483:19 December
1384:280: 89-91.
924:Middle Ages
910:During the
760:Wādī Dawʿan
685:Hosea 10:15
589:2 Kings 2:1
554:, made two
406:Judges 1:22
394:Joshua 16:4
147:Roman miles
135:4th century
2061:Categories
2034:35°14′42″E
2031:31°55′21″N
1889:(Kinneret)
1887:Tel Kinrot
1676:Smith, Eli
1371:151: 9-16.
1180:. p.
1041:References
1008:forces of
980:the area.
928:Madaba Map
802:Bronze Age
772:Mabel Bent
764:Hadhramaut
642:(c. 750):
430:Judges 4:5
410:Judges 4:5
346:Genesis 35
319:Genesis 28
303:Lech-Lecha
2004:Jerusalem
1994:Beth-shan
1973:Tel Hazor
1968:Tel 'Eton
1949:(Succoth)
1947:Deir Alla
1892:Tel Masos
1826:Tel Esdar
1821:Beersheba
1766:Bull Site
1625:, BRILL,
1353:5 January
1340:0066-0035
990:Crusaders
978:conquered
916:Vespasian
905:Maccabees
824:Canaanite
714:Ezra 2:28
432:to be in
254:Holy Land
210:West Bank
166:West Bank
151:Jerusalem
149:north of
106:city and
104:Israelite
58:romanized
53:בֵּית אֵל
1812:Tel Arad
1678:(1856),
1534:Archived
1316:(1968).
1170:(1876).
1025:in Mecca
1016:See also
851:Iron Age
835:biblical
689:Jeremiah
669:—
649:—
548:Jeroboam
468:Phinehas
386:Manasseh
262:al-Bireh
243:Crusader
170:Ramallah
155:Neapolis
139:Eusebius
2014:Taanach
2009:Shechem
1953:Lachish
1864:Et-Tell
1859:Tel Dan
1854:Bethzur
1834:Zaretan
1793:Heshbon
1771:Tel Dor
1743:of the
1348:3768539
1010:Saladin
1006:Ayyubid
1000:to the
972:Islamic
829:In the
818:In the
776:squeeze
660:Amaziah
544:Solomon
478:f). At
426:Rebecca
422:Deborah
414:Deborah
390:Ephraim
382:Jericho
374:Jericho
186:Beit El
178:Saladin
84:Beit El
80:Beth-El
76:Beth El
64:Bēṯ ʾĒl
60::
2097:Samuel
1942:Bethel
1932:Ashdod
1927:Azekah
1910:Hebron
1900:Mizpah
1882:Shiloh
1874:Gibeon
1782:Gibeah
1650:
1629:
1587:
1562:
1446:
1417:
1346:
1338:
1208:
1150:
1073:
952:Bethēl
734:Beitin
701:Adonai
687:) and
674:, 7:13
628:Josiah
601:Gilgal
597:Elisha
593:Elijah
577:Josiah
519:Mizpah
515:Gilgal
507:Samuel
484:Shiloh
392:, cf.
370:Joshua
339:baetyl
335:Canaan
331:angels
270:Taybeh
266:Ophrah
206:Beitin
162:Beitin
143:Jerome
100:Bethel
92:Βαιθήλ
49:Hebrew
45:Bethel
38:Beitin
1999:Gezer
1958:Rabud
1788:Giloh
1741:Sites
1344:JSTOR
1023:Kaaba
947:Βεθηλ
941:Λουζα
936:Greek
932:Louza
812:bamah
768:Yemen
681:Hosea
654:, 5:5
611:ff).
573:Judah
511:Ramah
472:Aaron
443:, in
311:Abram
119:Abram
96:Latin
88:Greek
2102:Saul
1648:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1511:2011
1485:2011
1444:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1355:2021
1336:ISSN
1206:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1071:ISBN
994:fief
954:)".
843:The
716:and
672:Amos
652:Amos
640:Amos
620:Baal
616:Jehu
595:and
530:and
523:Saul
517:and
388:and
378:16:1
323:Esau
141:and
1328:doi
1182:162
996:by
930:as
874:.
838:Luz
695:).
564:Dan
396:).
350:Luz
196:).
184:of
2063::
1868:Ai
1682:,
1674:;
1605:11
1519:^
1471:.
1458:^
1397:).
1342:.
1334:.
1302:^
1277:.
1246:.
1228:.
1184:.
1176:.
1115:^
1099:^
1085:^
950:,
938::
914:,
907:.
766:,
724:.
579:.
534:.
486:.
436:.
366:Ai
315:Ai
235:in
231:el
212:.
157:.
137:,
114:.
98::
94:;
90::
86:;
82:,
78:,
69:El
55:,
51::
1912:)
1908:(
1902:)
1898:(
1870:)
1866:(
1836:)
1832:(
1823:)
1819:(
1784:)
1733:e
1726:t
1719:v
1593:.
1568:.
1513:.
1487:.
1452:.
1423:.
1357:.
1330::
1281:.
1250:.
1232:.
1214:.
1156:.
1079:.
934:(
881:)
877:(
762:(
558:(
474:(
305:(
293:.
47:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
