125:
187:
314:
that respect, the
British War Cabinet came to agree with the American proposal that tribunals of justice should be established with the consequence that all individual Nazi leaders would now be tried as criminals, and all Nazi institutions, agencies, and associations would be declared "criminal organizations," with proved membership being grounds for judicial penalties. Since, in practice, by May 1945, such Nazi bodies were the only functioning institutions of German civil administration, the effect was to designate the entire civil apparatus of state power in Germany and all employment within it as "criminal" activity in the service of the Nazi Party on the basis that "the Nazi state was structurally, in its genesis and throughout its existence, a vast criminal enterprise."
101:
161:
89:
551:
148:
44:
538:, which no longer included the German eastern territories. In its initial proceedings, the Allied Control Council assumed itself to be the sole repository of German state sovereignty especially in respect of external relations, but it largely left each of the Allied Powers to administer its own occupation zones as it saw fit. The functioning of the Allied Control Council proved, however, to be severely compromised by obstruction from the Allied Powers represented on it. Initially France, which had not been invited to the
318:
remained generals, soldiers remained soldiers, and military orders issued by the German High
Command were valid orders with legal effect right up to 8 May 1945 although the counterpart civil state of Germany was considered already extinct. It followed that the representatives of the German High Command had been legally entitled to sign the Instrument of Surrender in Berlin and that their orders to the army, navy, and air force to lay down their arms were valid orders, which were properly enforceable by the procedures of
113:
174:
2057:
371:
The key articles for the future governance of
Germany were therefore Article 11, which provided for the arrest and trial by the Allies of Nazi leaders and other suspected war criminals, and Article 13, which provided almost unrestricted authority to the Allied Powers to direct German civil, economic,
334:
consequent on the unconditional surrender of all German armed forces and the total absence of any German central government authority. However, the text of the articles of the
Declaration maintained, in several places, the continued existence of a German national people and territory, which, for the
317:
Nevertheless, although the Nazi state was designated as a criminal enterprise with no valid claim to exercise civil authority in
Germany, the "criminal" designation was not extended by the Allies to the German High Command and the members of the armed forces. Generals in the service of the Nazi state
272:
a comprehensive text of unconditional surrender, which was intended to be used in the potential circumstances of Nazi power being overthrown within
Germany by military or civil authorities. A post-Nazi government would then be set up in Germany and seek an armistice. In the event, Nazi power remained
267:
of 8 May 1945 had provided only for the military capitulation of German armed forces, the German signatories being representatives of the German High
Command. Consequently, full civil provisions for the unconditional surrender of the German state remained without explicit formal basis. The Allies had
412:
The Allied contention that the German Reich no longer existed was, however, challenged in legal and political debate, with a number of scholars maintaining that the legal extinction of a state could not be achieved except by formal annexation of its peoples and territory into another state and that
351:
in the West. The preamble also confirmed the four nominated representatives of the
Governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French Republic as the "Allied Representatives," which would from then
313:
without trial, which remained
British policy until April 1945. The principles of the Moscow Declarations were to be elaborated in the proceedings of the European Advisory Commission to specify that the Allies would undertake that both Nazism and German militarism would be eradicated from Europe. In
308:
of
October 1943, which was also stated that after a German surrender, any individuals participating in atrocities within territories under German occupation would be returned to those territories to be judged and punished, and the entire leadership of Nazi Germany, classed as "criminals," would be
288:
were unacceptable to the Allies. Therefore, the previously-agreed surrender text, redrafted as a declaration and with an extended explanatory preamble, was adopted unilaterally by the four Allied Powers as the Declaration regarding the defeat of Germany on 5 June 1945. It spelled out the Allied
433:
in 1990, the descendants of expropriated prewar landowners challenged the legal basis of Allied occupying power in respect of the Soviet-instigated East German land reform and sought through the German courts to dispossess the descendants of the postwar beneficiaries of the reform programme or
421:
on the powers and responsibilities constraining military occupation in wartime. The Allies maintained that the conventions could not and did not apply in the circumstances of the occupation of Germany, as the complete and lasting elimination of Nazism and its crimes against humanity and German
367:
The Allies asserted that their assumption of sovereign powers within Germany would not effect its annexation. The declaration consisted of 15 articles, the first eight being concerned with the capitulation of the German armed forces and the surrender to the Allies of military equipment and
605:
Officially, the "Declaration regarding the defeat of Germany and the assumption of supreme authority with respect to Germany by the Governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French
426:, in his 'Proclamation number 1' concerning the intended Allied Occupation of Germany, had promised the total obliteration of Nazism and militarism, the suspension of the German legal system, and the assumption by the Allies of supreme executive, legislative and judicial power.
36:
Declaration regarding the defeat of Germany and the assumption of supreme authority with respect to Germany by the Governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French
566:
On 5 June 1945 in the former headquarters of Marshal G. K. Zhukov here, the representatives of the high commands of the Anti-Hitler Coalition signed the Declaration of the defeat of Nazi Germany and the assumption of governmental authority through the four allied
408:
being tasked with preparing the terms for an eventual peace treaty and final settlement of the war, and with establishing through the Control Council a wholly new German Government and state adequate for the purpose of accepting that settlement.
519:) administrations, pending the final apportionment of territories in a future Final German Peace Treaty. The treaty was delayed for ideological and political differences among the Allied Powers and was not finally ratified until 1991, when the
289:
position that after the gross criminal abuses of Nazism, and in the circumstances of complete defeat, Germany now had no government or central administration and that the vacated civil authority in Germany had consequently been assumed as a
343:), subject to the four signatory powers also asserting their authority to determine the future boundaries of Germany. That claimed authority to determine the boundaries of Germany would shortly be exercised in the incorporation of
413:
since that option had been explicitly forsworn in the Berlin Agreement, the German national state must in some form be considered as having survived the collapse of Nazi Germany independently of the Allied Control Council.
416:
Postwar legal debate also challenged the powers assumed by the Allies in Articles 11 and 13 to effect radical change to the civic, legal, and economic structures of Germany in direct conflict with the provisions of the
372:
and legal structures in the zones under their control. That article was extensively applied to effect the de-Nazification of public institutions and economic enterprises at all levels of German society, to extract
352:
on exercise supreme civil and military authority within German territory and over former German forces. Otherwise, the text of the declaration was that prepared for but not eventually used in the
251:"supreme authority" over Germany after its military defeat and asserted the legitimacy of their joint determination of issues regarding its administration and boundaries prior to the forthcoming
304:
The principle that hostilities against Germany should continue until its armed forces laid down their arms on the basis of unconditional surrender had been adopted by the Allies in the
1712:
380:
by redistributing expropriated rural land from large prewar landed estates to the ownership of surviving tenant occupiers and expellee farmers from formerly-eastern parts of Germany.
1771:
1238:
542:
and refused to be bound by the Potsdam Agreement, and then the Soviet Union in 1948 walked out of the Control Council, which prevented it from meeting again until 1971 and 1990.
1012:
1541:
1334:
1248:
404:, the Allies stated their intention that the exercise of full German sovereignty by the Allied Control Council would be one of tutelage and of limited duration, the
1202:
1796:
1525:
1233:
586:
520:
473:
1450:
1417:
1559:
507:
of 1 August 1945 confirmed the establishment of British, American and French zones of occupation and set the boundary between Poland and Germany at the
676:
Fraser, David (2017). "(De)Constructing the Nazi State: Criminal Organizations and the Constitutional Theory of the International Military Tribunal".
1054:
1197:
1130:
1121:
442:
in 2005, which found in favour of the legality of the Allied occupation. The postwar occupation of Germany was found to have been 'an occupation
400:, and any continuing sovereign identity for Germany as a whole was now represented solely by the Allied Control Council. Under the terms of the
964:
1816:
1801:
1739:
1207:
910:
240:
192:
124:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1519:
1190:
1140:
17:
1228:
1135:
1707:
554:
Memorial tablet marking Soviet Marshall Zhukov's leadership at signing of the Allied agreement on the military occupation of Germany.
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1686:
1681:
1601:
1536:
1150:
1004:
1034:
1024:
985:
2107:
344:
1734:
1702:
1764:
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309:
seized and "punished by the joint decision of the government of the Allies," a formula that was understood as indicating
1588:
1363:
1116:
957:
418:
434:
otherwise to be granted compensation at current market value. After a succession of four cases was brought before the
2087:
1724:
1484:
1462:
1039:
330:
The preamble of the declaration asserted both German responsibility for the war and the complete legal extinction of
1440:
1214:
1821:
2112:
1991:
1496:
1358:
1220:
1185:
1180:
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1155:
1106:
1069:
996:
397:
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2002:
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1577:
1548:
1064:
988:
512:
439:
353:
264:
1274:
2117:
2060:
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1729:
950:
1099:
931:
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and meanwhile took over administrative responsibilities from Soviet forces for their respective sectors of
435:
405:
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2014:
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479:
129:
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1781:
1651:
1501:
1428:
1317:
1059:
360:
but not including the proposed dismemberment clause, was added to the agreed surrender instrument at
753:
Mosely, Philip E (1950). "Dismemberment of Germany, the Allied Negotiations from Yalta to Potsdam".
2102:
2082:
1606:
1531:
1490:
1467:
1423:
1295:
1285:
788:
Kelsen, Hans (1947). "Is a peace treaty with Germany legally Possible and Politically Desirable?".
2092:
1873:
1455:
1399:
1279:
1089:
577:
535:
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ceased to exist, with its historic institutions and organisation having been expunged under the
1849:
1744:
550:
531:
496:
298:
294:
244:
2008:
1944:
1513:
1445:
1393:
1094:
524:
389:
277:
558:
A monument (pictured above) was erected at the site in the Wendenschloss district of Berlin-
1974:
1932:
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1749:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1565:
1433:
1305:
973:
467:
430:
285:
335:
purpose of the Declaration was taken to be as defined on 31 December 1937 (after the 1935
8:
1956:
1754:
1411:
1256:
1079:
1044:
822:
319:
305:
695:
Kelsen, Hans (1945). "The legal status of Germany according to the Berlin Declaration".
43:
1968:
1506:
1405:
1145:
770:
720:
712:
539:
516:
491:
The military forces of the Western Allies had pulled back westwards from the original "
423:
252:
117:
1950:
1938:
1839:
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1759:
1632:
1477:
1310:
1300:
1074:
724:
504:
401:
348:
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93:
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militarism in general were their major wartime objectives. Indeed, in October 1944,
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1914:
1902:
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1811:
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1962:
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was established on 30 August 1945 to execute supreme governmental power over
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intelligence assets. By July 1945, those actions had largely been completed.
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88:
936:
2020:
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1996:
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495:" by transferring the administration of the vacated territories to the
1611:
766:
347:
into Poland and the Soviet Union and the short-lived creation of the
340:
284:, his nominated successor, to have established a civil government at
708:
449:, which had 'conferred powers of sovereignty' on the Allied Powers.
511:. The former German territories east of the line now came under
500:
678:
Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review
665:. Center of Military History, United States Army. p. 114.
457:
The declaration was signed by the Allied commanders-in-chief:
1352:
627:
Hansen, Reimar (1995). "Germany's Unconditional Surrender".
1369:
376:
and in the Soviet zone also to effect a major programme of
280:
in the ruins of Berlin on 30 April 1945; and the claims of
1013:
Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
293:
of the four Allied Representative Powers on behalf of the
1335:
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
562:
on Niebergall Street. Translated from German, it reads:
587:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
521:
Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany
1451:
Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954
438:
over a decade, an appeal was eventually made to the
383:
356:
of 8 May 1945, in the form previously agreed by the
663:
The US Army and the Occupation of Germany 1944-1946
1713:Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite
1526:President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
1090:Military Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany
1418:U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
932:Full text of the Berlin Declaration on Wikisource
297:overall, an authority later constituted into the
2074:
1542:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
1560:Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act
654:
1802:Statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Capitol)
1740:Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport
1657:Republican Party presidential primaries (1948
958:
840:. Translated by Dona Geyer. CUP. p. 222.
1520:People to People Student Ambassador Program
1296:Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization
829:
582:Legal status of the German Reich after 1945
225:Declaration regarding the defeat of Germany
965:
951:
895:
880:
865:
620:
42:
1682:United States Presidential election (1952
937:http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/ger01.asp
850:
737:
388:The Allies then maintained that with the
1777:Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center
1602:Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960
972:
549:
523:became effective and formally ended the
486:
14:
2075:
835:
787:
752:
694:
675:
660:
645:
626:
946:
939:- Full text of the Berlin Declaration
697:American Journal of International Law
1735:Eisenhower Executive Office Building
1672:Republican National Convention (1952
1107:Supreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952
818:The International Law of Recognition
814:
1903:Mary "Mamie" Geneva Doud Eisenhower
898:The International Law of Occupation
883:The International Law of Occupation
868:The International Law of Occupation
24:
1589:Student loans in the United States
1364:National Aeronautics and Space Act
419:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
48:Occupation zones of Germany, 1945.
25:
2129:
1725:Eisenhower National Historic Site
1485:Federal Voting Assistance Program
1463:Air Pollution Control Act of 1955
1040:1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy
925:
790:American Political Science Review
384:Legal status in international law
2056:
2055:
1441:Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954
648:The Nuremberg Military Tribunals
545:
205:English, Russian, French, German
185:
172:
159:
146:
123:
111:
99:
87:
1992:Eisenhower baseball controversy
1537:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
1497:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
1359:EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958
1070:People of Western Europe speech
997:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
904:
889:
874:
859:
851:Takahashi, Yutaka-Arai (2009).
844:
808:
661:Ziemke, Earl Frederick (1990).
1578:National Defense Education Act
1549:Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957
1065:June 6, 1944, order of the day
1055:European Theater of Operations
989:President of the United States
781:
746:
731:
688:
669:
639:
599:
452:
440:European Court of Human Rights
398:criminal assault of Nazi power
354:German Instrument of Surrender
265:German Instrument of Surrender
221:Berliner Erklärung/Deklaration
13:
1:
1859:Backstairs at the White House
1730:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial
1554:Little Rock Nine intervention
1446:Internal Revenue Code of 1954
613:
258:
227:, had the governments of the
2108:Allied occupation of Germany
1822:Other tributes and memorials
1100:European Advisory Commission
436:Federal Constitutional Court
406:Council of Foreign Ministers
358:European Advisory Commission
270:European Advisory Commission
7:
2015:Introduction to Outer Space
2003:And I don't care what it is
1817:Places named for Eisenhower
1400:Outer Continental Shelf Act
1221:Military–industrial complex
836:Eckert, Astrid. M. (2012).
742:. John Murray. p. 475.
571:
18:Berlin Declaration (Allied)
10:
2134:
1268:Korean Armistice Agreement
1239:Presidential Proclamations
1146:State of the Union Address
1005:Chief of Staff of the Army
838:The Struggle for the Files
646:Heller, Kevin Jon (2011).
480:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
243:, acting on behalf of the
130:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
2034:
1984:
1893:
1830:
1782:Eisenhower Medical Center
1695:
1652:Draft Eisenhower movement
1644:
1625:
1502:Interstate Highway System
1429:National Wool Act of 1954
1386:
1318:Atomic Energy Act of 1954
1280:"Chance for Peace" speech
1247:
1115:
1060:Allied invasion of Sicily
1023:
980:
896:Benvenisti, Eyal (2012).
881:Benvenisti, Eyal (2012).
866:Benvenisti, Eyal (2012).
802:10.1017/s0003055400261108
738:MacDonagh, Giles (2007).
201:
138:
79:
71:
53:
41:
35:
2088:1945 in military history
1853:(1949 television series)
1607:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1532:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1491:Bank Holding Company Act
1468:Agricultural Act of 1956
1424:Agricultural Act of 1954
1275:1953 Iranian coup d'état
870:. OUP. pp. 161–164.
855:. Brill. pp. 32–35.
815:Chen, Ti-Chiang (1951).
592:
325:
223:) of 5 June 1945 or the
27:1945 historical document
1875:Ike: Countdown to D-Day
1456:Small Watershed Program
578:Legal status of Germany
536:Allied-occupied Germany
2113:World War II documents
1745:Eisenhower Fellowships
569:
555:
532:Allied Control Council
497:Soviet occupation zone
476:for the United Kingdom
392:on 30 April 1945, the
299:Allied Control Council
245:Allies of World War II
220:
59:; 79 years ago
2009:Atoms for Peace Award
1945:Ida Stover Eisenhower
1941:(great-granddaughter)
1514:Fish and Wildlife Act
1394:Executive Order 10479
1203:Judicial appointments
1095:Disarmed Enemy Forces
853:The Law of Occupation
564:
553:
525:Occupation of Germany
470:for the United States
390:death of Adolf Hitler
2118:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1975:Milton S. Eisenhower
1933:Mary Jean Eisenhower
1792:Eisenhower Golf Club
1750:Eisenhower Institute
1596:Hawaii Admission Act
1584:Federal Perkins Loan
1572:Humane Slaughter Act
1566:Alaska Statehood Act
1434:Special Milk Program
974:Dwight D. Eisenhower
821:. Praegar. pp.
503:. Subsequently, the
487:Further developments
468:Dwight D. Eisenhower
464:for the Soviet Union
431:German reunification
339:and before the 1938
1957:Edgar N. Eisenhower
1772:U.S. Postage stamps
1755:Eisenhower Monument
1412:Submerged Lands Act
1257:Eisenhower Doctrine
1080:Operation Veritable
1045:Louisiana Maneuvers
911:What Is to Be Done?
900:. OUP. p. 162.
885:. OUP. p. 161.
650:. OUP. p. 116.
394:former German state
345:eastern territories
320:military discipline
306:Moscow Declarations
268:agreed through the
32:
1969:Earl D. Eisenhower
1797:Eisenhower Theater
1507:Highway Trust Fund
1406:Refugee Relief Act
1306:1955 Geneva Summit
1229:Kennedy transition
1085:Berlin Declaration
556:
540:Potsdam Conference
517:Kaliningrad Oblast
474:Bernard Montgomery
424:General Eisenhower
295:Allied Governments
253:Potsdam Conference
213:Berlin Declaration
118:Bernard Montgomery
31:Berlin Declaration
30:
2070:
2069:
2047:John F. Kennedy →
2040:← Harry S. Truman
1951:Arthur Eisenhower
1939:Jennie Eisenhower
1869:(1979 miniseries)
1861:(1979 miniseries)
1851:Crusade in Europe
1840:Eisenhower jacket
1787:Eisenhower Trophy
1760:Eisenhower dollar
1634:Crusade in Europe
1621:
1620:
1478:Soil Bank Program
1311:1960 U-2 incident
1141:1957 inauguration
1136:1953 inauguration
1075:Normandy landings
505:Potsdam Agreement
402:Potsdam Agreement
349:Saar Protectorate
311:summary execution
247:, jointly assume
209:
208:
94:Dwight Eisenhower
16:(Redirected from
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2098:June 1945 events
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1927:Susan Eisenhower
1915:David Eisenhower
1812:Mount Eisenhower
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1215:Farewell address
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1980:
1935:(granddaughter)
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1921:Anne Eisenhower
1909:John Eisenhower
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1845:Eisenhower Tree
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1807:Fort Eisenhower
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1387:Domestic policy
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1328:Restricted Data
1323:Atoms for Peace
1301:New Look policy
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926:External links
924:
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918:, July 9, 1945
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761:(3): 487–498.
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2026:Kay Summersby
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629:History Today
623:
619:
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546:Commemoration
543:
541:
537:
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528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
462:Georgy Zhukov
460:
459:
458:
450:
448:
446:
441:
437:
432:
427:
425:
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414:
410:
407:
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338:
333:
323:
321:
315:
312:
307:
302:
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296:
292:
287:
283:
279:
276:
273:to the last;
271:
266:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:United States
226:
222:
218:
214:
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168:
157:
155:
154:United States
144:
143:
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137:
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126:
121:
119:
114:
109:
107:
106:Georgy Zhukov
102:
97:
95:
90:
85:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
56:
52:
45:
40:
34:
19:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2021:Eddie Slovik
2013:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1718:Boyhood home
1703:Bibliography
1633:
1377:Operation 40
1084:
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515:and Soviet (
490:
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428:
415:
411:
387:
370:
366:
332:Nazi Germany
329:
316:
303:
275:Adolf Hitler
262:
248:
233:Soviet Union
224:
212:
210:
167:Soviet Union
1885:(2014 play)
1877:(2004 film)
1347:Suez Crisis
1015:(1943–1945)
1007:(1945–1948)
999:(1951–1952)
991:(1953–1961)
684:(1/8): 133.
453:Signatories
445:sui generis
378:land reform
374:reparations
291:condominium
282:Karl Dönitz
80:Signatories
2077:Categories
1997:Camp David
1917:(grandson)
1708:Birthplace
1262:Korean War
1131:Transition
1117:Presidency
614:References
606:Republic".
482:for France
259:Background
64:1945-06-05
1977:(brother)
1971:(brother)
1965:(brother)
1959:(brother)
1953:(brother)
1645:Elections
1612:Sikes Act
725:147286480
341:Anschluss
286:Flensburg
2061:Category
1947:(mother)
1883:Pressure
1286:Cold War
1122:timeline
1025:Military
775:20030265
635:(5 May).
572:See also
560:Köpenick
202:Language
72:Location
37:Republic
1985:Related
1833:culture
1831:Popular
1198:Cabinet
717:2193527
567:states.
249:de jure
139:Parties
62: (
1905:(wife)
1895:Family
1696:Legacy
1636:(1948)
1614:(1960)
1598:(1959)
1582:1958;
1574:(1958)
1568:(1958)
1562:(1957)
1556:(1957)
1528:(1956)
1522:(1956)
1516:(1956)
1493:(1956)
1487:(1955)
1420:(1953)
1414:(1953)
1408:(1953)
1402:(1953)
1396:(1953)
1379:(1960)
1368:1958;
1355:(1958)
1349:(1956)
1282:(1953)
1266:1953;
1027:career
773:
723:
715:
513:Polish
501:Berlin
241:France
239:, and
235:, the
231:, the
217:German
193:France
190:
177:
164:
151:
54:Signed
1911:(son)
1687:1956)
1677:1956)
1667:1956)
1626:Books
1353:DARPA
771:JSTOR
721:S2CID
713:JSTOR
593:Notes
362:Yalta
326:Terms
1662:1952
1370:NASA
1191:1961
1186:1960
1181:1959
1176:1958
1171:1957
1166:1956
1161:1955
1156:1955
1151:1953
986:34th
915:Time
825:-74.
263:The
211:The
1867:Ike
798:doi
763:doi
705:doi
530:An
2079::
823:70
794:41
792:.
769:.
759:28
757:.
719:.
711:.
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699:.
682:39
680:.
633:45
631:.
580:-
527:.
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301:.
255:.
219::
2005:"
2001:"
1223:"
1219:"
1124:)
1120:(
966:e
959:t
952:v
804:.
800::
777:.
765::
727:.
707::
447:'
215:(
66:)
20:)
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