Kingdom of Benin - Knowledge

559: 638: 1619:, to be made king in his place, and returned to Yorubaland thereafter. His son the new king was soon found to be deaf and mute, and so the elders appealed to Oranmiyan. He gave them charmed seeds known as "omo ayo"(The seed of the Ayo game found in Yorubaland) to play with, saying that to do so will make him talk. The little Eweka played with the seeds with his peers at Useh near egor, his mother's hometown. While playing with the seeds, he announced "Owomika"(My hand has grasped it!) in the Yoruba language, which became his royal name. Thus, he gave rise to the tradition of the subsequent Obas of Benin spending seven days and nights at Usama before proceeding to announce their royal names at Useh. Eweka thus started a dynasty that now bears his name. Oranmiyan went on to serve as the founder of the 1556:

of horrors" came a grass common "thickly strewn with the skulls and bones of sacrificed human beings". The historian James D. Graham, in his article "The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History" (1965) has shown that the area where the skulls and bones of human beings were concentrated, called a "Golgotha" by a few European visitors, was actually a place where the bodies of dead and executed criminals were deposited, as noted by Captain H.L. Gallwey, who visited Benin in the 1890s: "Gallwey in 1893 stated that 'the king is all powerful though he would appear to be somewhat in the hands of his big men and very much tied down by fetish customs'. He also observed that the "Golgotha" was really 'the place where all criminals' bodies were deposited.' "

348: 698:) and his chiefs to sign a treaty which gave Britain legal justification for exerting greater influence over the Empire. While the treaty itself contains text suggesting Ovonramwen sought Benin to become a protectorate, this was contrasted by Gallwey's own account, which suggests the Oba was hesitant to sign the treaty. Although some suggest that humanitarian motivations were driving Britain's actions, letters written between colonial administrators suggest that economic motivations were predominant. The treaty itself does not explicitly mention anything about Benin's "bloody customs" that Burton had written about, and instead only includes a vague clause about ensuring "the general progress of civilization". 1304: 733:, had asked his superiors in the British Foreign Office for permission to lead an armed British expedition to depose the Oba of Benin not long before the expedition, but left for Benin City with a diplomatic delegation (or a reconnaissance mission disguised as a peaceful diplomatic delegation) before receiving a reply to his request. Perceiving this to be an attempt to depose the Oba, the Oba's generals unilaterally ordered an attack on the delegation as it was approaching Benin City (which included eight unknowing British representatives and hundreds of African porters and labourers) all but two of whom were killed. A 795:. A general emancipation of slaves followed in the wake of British occupation but Britain also imposed a system of forced labour in Benin and in surrounding areas, as they did throughout other parts of southern Nigeria. The British launched an additional operation in 1899, called the "Benin Territories Expedition", against rebels still holding out against the British. The British burnt down numerous towns, and destroyed farms in an attempt to starve the rebels into submission. After the 1899 expedition, military resistance in the former Kingdom of Benin against the British occupation ceased. 466: 36: 555:

walls. It was from this bastion that he launched his military campaigns and began the expansion of the kingdom from the Edo-speaking heartlands. Excavations also uncovered a rural network of earthen walls 6,000 to 13,000 km (4,000 to 8,000 mi) long that would have taken an estimated 150 million man-hours to build and must have taken hundreds of years to build. These were apparently raised to mark out territories for towns and cities. Thirteen years after Ewuare's death, tales of Benin's splendors lured more Portuguese traders to the city gates.

116: 713: 1482: 1390:, also retained her own regiment – the "Queen's Own". The Metropolitan and Royal regiments were relatively stable semi-permanent or permanent formations. The Village Regiments provided the bulk of the fighting force and were mobilized as needed, sending contingents of warriors upon the command of the king and his generals. Formations were broken down into sub-units under designated commanders. Foreign observers often commented favorably on Benin's discipline and organization as "better disciplined than any other 1367: 751:

their neighbours about trade or slave raiding and it appears at least improbable that they have any arms to speak of except the usual number of trade guns... When Captain Gallwey visited the city the only canon he saw were half a dozen old Portuguese guns. They were lying on the grass unmounted'. Compare this with the opinion of his immediate predecessor, Ralph Moor, who was convinced that 'the people in all the villages are no doubt possessed of arms' (F.O. 2/84, Moor to F.O. no. 39 of I2 Sept. 1895).

1522:. The buildings are of different sizes however, resting on wooden pillars, from top to bottom lined with copper casts, on which pictures of their war exploits and battles are engraved. All of them are being very well maintained. Most of the buildings within this court are covered with palm leaves, instead of with square planks, and every roof is adorned with a small spired tower, on which cast copper birds are standing, being very artfully sculpted and lifelike with their wings spread. 140: 1178: 439: 1312:

men could have completed the walls within 97 days, or by 2,421 men in 200 days. However, these estimates have been criticized for not taking into account the time it would have taken to extract earth from an ever deepening hole and the time it would have taken to heap the earth into a high bank. It is unknown whether slavery or some other type of labour was used in the construction of the walls.

1236:. They consist of 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) of city iya and an estimated 16,000 kilometres (9,900 miles) in the rural area around Benin. Some estimates suggest that the walls of Benin may have been constructed between the thirteenth and mid-fifteenth century CE and others suggest that the walls of Benin (in the Esan region) may have been constructed during the first millennium AD. 1611:("ile" means land, "ubinu" means anger), and thus the kingdom was called Ubinu in Ife tongue, which was mispronounced Bini in the 15th and 16th centuries by the Portuguese). This was out of frustration as he often expressed that "only a child born, trained and educated in the arts and mysteries of the land could reign over the people". He arranged for his son born to him by 669:. Following that came attempts to establish a treaty between Benin and the United Kingdom by Hewtt, Blair and Annesley in 1884, 1885 and 1886 respectively. However, these efforts did not yield any results. The kingdom resisted becoming a British protectorate throughout the 1880s, but the British remained persistent. Progress was made 1892 during the visit of Vice-Consul 682:

After British consul Richard Burton visited Benin in 1862 he wrote of Benin's as a place of "gratuitous barbarity which stinks of death", a narrative which was publicized in Britain and increased support for the territory's colonization. In spite of this, the kingdom maintained its independence and was not visited by another representative of Britain until 1892 when

1078:(the Oba of Benin) in 1897. He participated in the defence of Benin during the 1897 expedition, engaging the British expeditionary force sent to capture the Oba. A quote uttered by the general that "no other person dare pass this road except the Oba" (So kpon Oba) was later translated to "SAKPONBA", which a well known road in Benin was named after. 524:. Connah estimated that its construction if spread out over five dry seasons, would have required a workforce of 1,000 laborers working ten hours a day, seven days a week. Ewuare also added great thoroughfares and erected nine fortified gateways. Excavations at Benin City have revealed that it was already flourishing around 1200–1300 CE. 1169:. The Oba's divinity and sacredness was the focal point of the kingship. The Oba was shrouded in mystery; he only left his palace on ceremonial occasions. It was previously punishable by death to assert that the Oba performed human acts, such as eating, sleeping, dying or washing. The Oba was also credited with having magical powers. 1434:, allowing 10,000 warriors of Benin to enter and conquer it. As payment, the Europeans received items, such as palm oil and bundles of pepper. The example of Benin shows the power of indigenous military systems, but also the role outside influences and new technologies brought to bear. This is a normal pattern among many nations. 2590:, R. H. Bacon, Benin the City of Blood (London, I897), 17, [The assumption here again is that the festival meant a holocaust of human beings. The Oba was celebrating the Ague festival, which was one of rededication. This did not involve human sacrifices. See also W. N. M. Geary: Nigeria Under British Rule (London, 1927), II4. ] 1430:

resolved by a strategy of attrition, slowly cutting off and starving out the enemy fortification until it capitulated. On occasion, however, European mercenaries were called on to aid with these sieges. In 1603–04 for example, European cannon helped batter and destroy the gates of a town near present-day

741:, captured Benin City. They deliberately sought out and destroyed certain areas of the city, including those thought to belong to the chiefs responsible for the ambush of the British delegation, and in the process a fire burnt the palace and surrounding quarters, which the British claimed was accidental. 1114:

Edo historian Professor Philip Igbafe states that in pre-colonial Benin, the tradition was that only slaves could be sacrificed. This could include hardened criminals and those who had committed serious crimes, who would either be executed or sold into slavery. Sacrifices were made at the anniversary

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In the late 19th century, the Kingdom of Benin managed to retain its independence and the Oba exercised a monopoly over trade which British merchants in the region found irksome. The territory was coveted by an influential group of investors for its rich natural resources such as palm-oil, and ivory.

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Benin temporarily declined after 1700 after a civil war, then partially recovered later in that century, only to decline once again in the late 19th century. Benin's economy was previously thriving in the early to mid 19th century with the development of the trade in palm oil, and the continuation of

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Aside from Benin City, the system of rule of the Oba in the empire, even through the golden age of the kingdom, was still loosely based upon the Ogiso dynasty's tradition, which was military protection in exchange for pledged allegiance and taxes paid to the royal administrative centre. The language

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Scientific analysis of the brass (or "bronze") used to make the famous Benin plaques and other sculptures found that, beginning in the late 15th century, the metal (previously thought to have come from the Netherlands) began to derive from the Rhineland region of Germany. At that time, the brass was

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Queen Iden is yet another heroine whose sacrifice helped shape Benin Kingdom. She was the queen during the reign of Oba Ewuape in about 1700 AD. She is known to have volunteered herself as a sacrificial lamb for the welfare of her husband and that of the entire kingdom after she consulted the oracle

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British trader James Pinnock who visited the kingdom writes that he saw "a large number of men all handcuffed and chained" with "their ears cut off with a razor". T. B. Auchterlonie describes the approach to the capital through an avenue of trees hung with decomposing human remains. After the "lane

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Until the introduction of guns in the 15th century, traditional weapons like the spear, short sword, and bow held sway. Efforts were made to reorganize a local guild of blacksmiths in the 18th century to manufacture light firearms, but dependence on imports was still heavy. Before the coming of the

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The inhabitants of the Benin are in general a kind and polite people, of whom one with kindness might get everything he desires. Whatever might be offered to them out of politeness, will always be doubled in return. However, they want their politeness to be returned with likewise courtesy as well,

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Benin's tactics were well organized, with preliminary plans weighed by the Oba and his sub-commanders. Logistics were organized to support missions from the usual porter forces, water transport via canoe, and requisitioning from localities the army passed through. Movement of troops via canoes was

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Estimates for the initial construction of the walls range from the first millennium to the mid-fifteenth century. According to Connah, oral tradition and travelers' accounts suggest a construction date of 1450–1500. It has been estimated that, assuming a ten-hour work day, a labour force of 5,000

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F.O. 2/I02, Phillips to F.O. no. 105 of i6 Nov 1896. Phillips wrote that 'there is nothing in the shape of a standing army. ... and the inhabitants appear to be if not a peace-loving at any rate a most unwarlike people whose only exploits during many generations had been an occasional quarrel with

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There has much debate of why James Phillips set out on the mission to Benin without much weaponry. Some have argued he was going on a peaceful mission. Such commentators argue that the message from the Oba that his festival would not permit him to receive European visitors touched the humanitarian

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In the late 17th century, the kingdom temporarily declined following a major civil war. However, the early 18th century saw a revival where Oba Ewuakpe restored the authority of the oba position and the fortunes of the kingdom. His son, Oba Akenzua benefited from trade with Europeans and was to be

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A series of walls marked the incremental growth of the city from 850 AD until its decline in the 16th century. To enclose his palace he commanded the building of Benin's inner wall, and 11-kilometre-long (7 mi) earthen rampart girded by a moat 6 m (20 ft) deep. This was excavated in

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architecture to store rainwater. Among the residences of the nobility, a compluvium channeled the rainwater into the impluvium in order to permit light and air through the walls since windows were absent among these structures. The stored rainwater in the impluvium was discharged out of the house

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Igbafe also points to Phillips' November 1896 advocacy of military force regarding Benin, arguing that this is inconsistent with the perception of Phillips as a man of peace in January 1897. Igbafe posits that Phillips was going on a reconnaissance mission and that Phillips' haste to Benin can be

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Benin City (formerly Edo) sprang up by around 1000, in a forest that could be easily defended. The dense vegetation and narrow paths made the city easy to defend against attacks. The rainforest, which Benin City is situated in, helped in the development of the city because of its vast resources –

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There were two separate annual series of rites that honored past Obas. Sacrifices were performed every fifth day. At the end of each series of rites, the current Oba's deceased father was honored with a public festival. During the festival, twelve criminals, chosen from a prison where the worst

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expanded the kingdom eastwards, after defeating an invasion and attempted conquest of Benin by the Igala kingdom. Benin gained political strength and ascendancy over much of what is now mid-western Nigeria. Its wealth grew through its extensive trade, especially with the interior of the region,

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in 1485 would refer to it as Benin and the centre would become known as Benin City. The Oba had become the mount of power within the region. In the 15th century, Oba Ewuare is credited with turning Benin City into a city-state from a military fortress built by the Ogisos, protected by moats and

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as the basis, not only in the city itself and the villages but even in the rooms of houses. He commented that "When Europeans first came to Africa, they considered the architecture very disorganised and thus primitive. It never occurred to them that the Africans might have been using a form of

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By the latter half of the 19th century, Britain preferred a closer relationship with the Kingdom of Benin; as British officials were increasingly interested in controlling trade in the area and in accessing the kingdom's palm oil, kola nut, ivory and potentially rubber resources, following the

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The state developed an advanced artistic culture, especially in its famous artifacts of bronze, iron and ivory. These include bronze wall plaques and life-sized bronze heads depicting the Obas and Iyobas of Benin. These plaques also included other human and animal figures as well as items like

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Fortifications were important in the region and numerous military campaigns fought by Benin's soldiers revolved around sieges. Benin's military earthworks are the largest of such structures in the world, and Benin's rivals also built extensively. Barring a successful assault, most sieges were

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fish from rivers and creeks, animals to hunt, leaves for roofing, plants for medicine, ivory for carving and trading, and wood for boat building – that could be exploited. However, domesticated animals, from the forest and surrounding areas, could not survive, due to a disease spread by

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Benin um 1700. Kommentierte deutsche Neu-Übersetzung eines Briefes von David van Nyendael an Willem Bosman über das Königreich Benin nebst einer Synopsis des im Holländischen zuerst 1704 verlegten Originals und der zeitgenössischen Übersetzungen ins Englische (1705) sowie ins Deutsche

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At the gate where I entered on horseback, I saw a very high bulwark, very thick of earth, with a very deep broad ditch, but it was dry, and full of high trees... That gate is a reasonable good gate, made of wood in their manner, which is to be shut, and there always there is watch

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Skowronek, Tobias B.; Decorse, Christopher R.; Denk, Rolf; Birr, Stefan D.; Kingsley, Sean; Cook, Gregory D.; Benito Dominguez, Ana María; Clifford, Brandon; Barker, Andrew; Otero, José Suárez; Moreira, Vicente Caramés; Bode, Michael; Jansen, Moritz; Scholes, Daniel (2023).

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J. D. Graham, are exaggerated or based on rumour and speculation. He says that all of the evidence "points to a limited, ritual custom of human sacrifice, many of the written accounts referring to the human sacrifices describe them as actually being executed criminals".

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exported from Germany in the form of ring-shaped ingots which were used as currency in the trans-Atlantic slave trade (bought from the Portuguese and incorporated by the people in Benin as a metal source in sculpture), and subsequently melted down in Benin to produce

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J.R. Phillips to Foreign Office. Advising the deposition of the Benin King. 17 Nov. 1896. Dispatches to Foreign Office from Consul-General, Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. National Archives of Nigeria,

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side of Phillips's character because of an incorrect assumption that the festival included human sacrifice. According to Igbafe, this does not explain why Phillips set out before he had received a reply from the Foreign Office to his request where he stated that:

1422:, a key area of Benin's domination. Tactics in the field seem to have evolved over time. While the head-on clash was well known, documentation from the 18th century shows greater emphasis on avoiding continuous battle lines, and more effort to encircle an enemy ( 1141:; the eldest son was to become the new Oba. In order to validate the succession of the kingship, the eldest son had to bury his father and perform elaborate rituals. If the eldest son failed to complete these tasks, he might be disqualified from becoming king. 1592:, the only son of the last Ogiso, was sentenced to death as a result of the first queen (who was barren) changing an oracle's message to the Ogiso. In carrying out the royal order, that he be killed, the palace messengers had mercy and set the prince free at 1517:

and entirely surrounded by a special wall, comparable to the one which encircles the town. It is divided into many magnificent palaces, houses and apartments of the courtiers, and comprises beautiful and long squares with galleries, about as large as the

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By the 1st century BC, the Benin territory was partially agricultural; and it became primarily agricultural by around 500 AD, but hunting and gathering still remained important. Also by 500, iron was in use by the inhabitants of the Benin territory.

1049:, the Oba who reigned in about 1481 AD. She was a famous warrior who received much of the credit for the victories of her son as his political counsel, together with her mystical powers and medicinal knowledge, were viewed as critical elements of 1115:

of the Oba's father, at the annual bead ceremony, and to propitiate the gods when poor weather threatened crops or when an epidemic threatened. In addition, the threat of a major calamity or national disaster was also an occasion for sacrifices.

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They extend for some 16,000 km in all, in a mosaic of more than 500 interconnected settlement boundaries. They cover 2,510 sq. miles (6,500 square kilometres) and were all dug by the Edo people. In all, they are four times longer than the

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was a trader who sold her wares at the exact point where her statue now stands. She was historically credited with setting up the first primary school in the kingdom and saving the monarchy during one of its lowest moments. She helped the

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The houses are built of sun-dried bricks covered with palm leaves. Benin, which is 80 leagues long by 40 leagues broad, is always at war with its neighbours from whom it obtains captives, whom we buy at from 12 to 15 brass or copper

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In the 15th and 16th century the kingdom reached the height of its prosperity, expanding its territory, trading with European powers, and creating a remarkable artistic legacy in cast bronze, iron, carved ivory, and other materials.

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The world-famous Benin Bronze artworks created by African metalsmiths between the 16th and 19th centuries were made of brass rings produced in Germany's Rhineland region. These rings were used as currency in the transatlantic slave

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The first English expedition to Benin was in 1553, and significant trading developed between Europe and Benin based on the export of ivory, palm oil, pepper, and later slaves. Visitors in the 16th and 19th centuries brought back to

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A British delegation departed from the Oil Rivers Protectorate in 1897 with the stated aim of negotiating with the Oba of Benin regarding the trade agreement, which they felt he was not keeping. The leader of the delegation,

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Humans were sacrificed in an annual ritual in honour of the god of iron, where warriors from Benin City would perform an acrobatic dance while suspended from the trees. The ritual recalled a mythical war against the sky.

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and culture was not enforced, as the empire remained heterogeneous and localized according to each group within the kingdom, though a local enogie (or duke) was often appointed by the Oba for specific ethnic areas.

531:, also known as Ewuare the Great, came to power and expanded the borders of the former city-state. It was only at this time that the administrative centre of the kingdom began to be referred to as Ubinu after the 1494:

tales of "Great Benin", a fabulous city of noble buildings, ruled over by a powerful king. A fanciful engraving of the settlement was made by a Dutch illustrator (from descriptions alone) and was shown in

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or execution of criminals took place in Benin in the thirteenth century AD. From the early days, human sacrifices were a part of the state religion. But many of the accounts of the sacrifices, says

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although the trade with Europeans that developed from the late 15th century onwards in pepper, slaves, cloth, and ivory provided a smaller, additional supplement to Benin's wealth and its economy.

558: 1584:. The first Ogiso (Ogiso Igodo), wielded much influence and gained popularity as a good ruler. He died after a long reign and was succeeded by Ere, his eldest son. In the 12th century, a great 2571: 1322:. Scattered pieces of the structure remain in Edo, with the vast majority of them being used by the locals for building purposes. What remains of the wall itself continues to be torn down for 1122:

Sacrifices of a man, a woman, a goat, a cow and a ram were also made to a god called "the king of death". The god, named Ogiuwu, was worshipped at a special altar in the centre of Benin City.

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the trade in textiles, ivory and other resources. To preserve the kingdom's independence, the Oba gradually banned the export of goods from Benin, until the trade was exclusively in palm oil.

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without the appearance of any disappointment or rudeness, and rightly so. To be sure, trying to take anything from them with force or violence, would be as if one tries to reach out to the

4692: 3882: 1386:, and others who supervised a Metropolitan Regiment based in the capital, and a Royal Regiment made up of hand-picked warriors that also served as bodyguards. Benin's queen mother, the 1157:

just outside Benin City, in a place called Uselu. The mother held a considerable amount of power; she was, however, never allowed to meet her son – who was now a divine ruler – again.

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Uyilawa Usuanlele and Victor Osaro Edo, "Migrating out of reach: fugitive Benin communities in colonial Nigeria, 1897-1934", in Femi James Kolapo and Kwabena O. Akurang-Parry (eds.),

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Uyilawa Usuanlele and Victor Osaro Edo, "Migrating out of reach: fugitive Benin communities in colonial Nigeria, 1897-1934", in Femi James Kolapo and Kwabena O. Akurang-Parry (eds.),

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of Ondo, Ekiti, Mahin/Ugbo, and Ijebu. At its height in the 16th century, Benin dominated trade along the entire coastline from the Western Niger Delta, through Lagos reaching almost

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Uyilawa Usuanlele and Victor Osaro Edo, "Violent Ethno-Communual Conflicts as a Legacy of Indirect Rule in Africa: Understanding the Jesse-Urhobo-Benin-Edo Land Conflicts of 1998",

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suggests that Pereira was probably mistaken with his description by saying that there was no wall. Connah says, " considered that a bank of earth was not a wall in the sense of the

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Walter Ibekwe Ofonagoro, "An Aspect of British Colonial Policy in Southern Nigeria: The Problems of Forced Labour and Slavery, 1895-1928", in Boniface I. Obichere (ed.),

673:. This mission was the first official visit after Burton's. Moreover, it would also set in motion the events to come that would lead to Oba Ovonramwen's fall from power. 625:

in the West. Benin's power declined from the late 16th century as it lost control over territories in the west. (It was for this reason that this coastline was named the

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By the end of the eighteenth century, three to four people were sacrificed at the mouth of the Benin River annually, to attract European trade, according to one source.

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The king's court is square and located on the right-hand side of the city, as one enters it through the gate of Gotton. It is about the same size as the city of

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Chief Obasogie was not just an outstanding Benin warrior of old who defended the kingdom against external invasion but also a talented blacksmith and sculptor.

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can be changed. Though, when one is willing to accept these customs, they are very easy-going and will cooperate in every way possible to reach an agreement.

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and will never be left unreckoned. When it comes to trade, they are very strict and will not suffer the slightest infringement of their customs, not even a

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Akenzua, Edun (2000). "The Case of Benin". Appendices to the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix 21, House of Commons, The United Kingdom Parliament, March 2000.

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explorers under João Afonso de Aveiro in about 1485. A strong mercantile relationship developed, with the Edo trading slaves and tropical products such as

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ceremonial belts. Ivory was also used, as seen in the carving of ivory into ornate boxes, combs and armlets. The most well-known artifact is based on

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The walls were built of a ditch and dike structure; the ditch dug to form an inner moat with the excavated earth used to form the exterior rampart.

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as war booty. The looted portrait figures, busts, and groups created in iron, carved ivory, and especially in brass (conventionally termed the "

7641: 1343:. They took an estimated 150 million hours of digging to construct, and are perhaps the largest single archaeological phenomenon on the planet. 507:– the ruler of the sky. Nearly 36 known Ogiso are accounted for as rulers of this initial incarnation of the state. The Ogiso began to use the 5993: 3161:

Nevadomsky, Joseph; Lawson, Natalie; Hazlett, Ken (2014). "An Ethnographic and Space Syntax Analysis of Benin Kingdom Nobility Architecture".

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J.R. Phillips to Foreign Office. Advising the deposition of the Benin King. 17 Nov 1896. Despatches to Foreign Office from Consul-General,

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Ogundiran, Akinwumi (June 2005). "Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives".

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success on the battlefield. Queen Idia became more popular when an ivory carving of her face was adopted as the symbol of FESTAC in 1977.

272: 2600: 4345:"Ludewig Ferdinand Römer's "Nachrichten von der Küste Guinea" (Mid-18th Century) as a Source on the Benin Kingdom History and Culture" 2310:"Ludewig Ferdinand Römer's "Nachrichten von der Küste Guinea" (Mid-18th Century) as a Source on the Benin Kingdom History and Culture" 7804: 7502: 7129: 5419: 543:

and Edo who all lived together in the royal administrative centre of the kingdom. The Portuguese who arrived in an expedition led by

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through a drainage system beneath the floor. Archaeological works from the mid 20th century has revealed the existence of edge-laid

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During the late 16th century, Oba Ehengbuda was the last of the warrior kings; after his reign the empire gradually shrank in size.

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Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?".

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Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?".

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Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?".

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Another description given around 1600, one hundred years after Pereira's description, is by the Dutch explorer Dierick Ruiters.

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long from gate to gate; it has no wall but is surrounded by a large moat, very wide and deep, which suffices for its defence.

629:. The present-day Republic of Benin, formerly Dahomey, decided to choose the name of this bight as the name of its country). 5282: 7734: 7724: 7122: 5364: 5128: 3208: 2923: 6852: 7145: 5101: 4954: 3240:"Conservation Management of the Benin Earthworks of Southern Nigeria: A critical review of past and present action plans" 2678:

African agency and European colonialism: latitudes of negotiation and containment: essays in honor of A.S. Kanya-Forstner

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African agency and European colonialism: latitudes of negotiation and containment: essays in honor of A.S. Kanya-Forstner

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African agency and European colonialism: latitudes of negotiation and containment: essays in honor of A.S. Kanya-Forstner

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After residing there for some years he called a meeting of the people and renounced his office, remarking in vexation

772:; most were sold elsewhere and are now on display in various museums around the world. In March 2021, institutions in 5642: 5595: 5342: 5116: 4989: 4732: 4439: 4411: 4392: 4373: 4165: 3993: 3748: 3636: 3251: 3222: 3112: 2947:

Graham, James D. (1965). "The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History: The General Approach".

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and was informed that human sacrifice would be needed to appease the gods and restore peace and unity in the kingdom.

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European traders in Benin to Major Copland Crawford. Reporting the stoppage of trade by the Benin King 1896 Apr 13,

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Ben-Amos, Paula (1999). Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Benin. Indiana University Press, 1999.

1398:

gun, guilds of blacksmiths were charged with war production—particularly swords and iron spearheads. In addition,

1378:. The monarch of the realm served as supreme military commander. Beneath him were subordinate generalissimos, the 7655: 6624: 4592: 4276: 4066: 5786: 5470: 4866: 115: 496:; after centuries of exposure, some animals, such as cattle and goats, developed a resistance to the disease. 7799: 7062: 5448: 5307: 5287: 5236: 5074: 4984: 4964: 4886: 4881: 3596: 1185:

by a Dutch illustrator in 1668. The wall-like structure in the centre probably represents the walls of Benin.

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is a kingdom within what is now southern Nigeria. It has no historical relation to the modern republic of

7739: 7704: 7067: 6104: 5475: 5399: 5260: 5203: 4974: 4949: 3704: 2282: 1644: 761: 690:), visited Benin City hoping to open up trade and ultimately annex Benin Kingdom and transform it into a 139: 1303: 549: 7719: 5549: 5213: 4999: 3214: 2824: 2467: 1631:

and entered the earth with his horse. His descendants now rule in Ile Ife, Oyo and Benin to this day.

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The original name of the kingdom of Benin, at its creation some time in the first millennium CE, was

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Military operations relied on a well trained disciplined force. At the head of the host stood the

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Sir Ralph Moore to Foreign Office. Reporting on the abortive Expedition into Benin. 1895 Sept.12

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Studies in Southern Nigerian History: A Festschrift for Joseph Christopher Okwudili Anene 1918-68

1797: 1340: 721: 126: 4605:

Benin Under British Administration: The Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom, 1897-1938

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Eisenhofer, Stefan (1995). "The origins of the Benin kingship in the works of Jacob Egharevba".

3727: 2915: 2909: 2559:

Benin under British Administration: the Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom, 1897-1938

2016: 1703:

Ben-Amos, Paula Girshick (1995). The Art of Benin Revised Edition. British Museum Press. p. 20.

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After the son was installed as king, his mother – after having been invested with the title of

662: 61: 4631: 1889: 1883: 7003: 6963: 6776: 6651: 5715: 5705: 5664: 5635: 5504: 5312: 5277: 5198: 5106: 4016:"The Kingdom of Benin - Precolonial Africa - KS3 History - homework help for year 7, 8 and 9" 3816:"German brass for Benin Bronzes: Geochemical analysis insights into the early Atlantic trade" 3761: 2742: 2601:"The kingdom of Benin was obliterated by the British, who still have the evidence on display" 2257: 2251: 1538:. In his description, Nyendael states the following about the character of the Benin people: 730: 189: 6891: 4311:"A homoarchic alternative to the homoarchic state: Benin Kingdom of the 13th–19th centuries" 1064:

in reclaiming the throne from his usurper brother, Oba Uwaifiokun who reigned about 1432 AD.

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near Benin. When his father the Ogiso died, the Ogiso dynasty ended. The people and royal

691: 185: 6876: 4554:"The slave trade, depopulation and human sacrifice in Benin history: the general approach" 4238:"The slave trade, depopulation and human sacrifice in Benin history: the general approach" 2850: 1748:"Continuities and Discontinuities in Pre-colonial and Colonial Benin Politics (1897–1951)" 8: 6788: 6668: 6634: 6536: 6356: 6351: 6163: 5882: 5818: 5693: 5678: 5554: 5534: 5404: 5384: 5272: 5035: 5016: 4682: 4627: 3072: 2773: 1965: 1451: 1336: 1138: 6504: 6494: 3850: 3831: 3815: 2066: 7396: 6901: 6881: 6864: 6815: 6680: 6489: 6440: 6373: 6291: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6178: 6148: 6040: 5938: 5806: 5781: 5588: 5564: 5496: 5414: 5389: 5241: 5171: 5059: 4901: 4806: 4740: 4584: 4576: 4540: 4532: 4503: 4495: 4458: 4362: 4327: 4310: 4268: 4260: 4210: 4202: 4121: 4113: 3488: 3453: 3368: 3294: 3186: 3178: 3076: 3011: 3003: 2964: 2431: 2423: 2378: 2370: 2232: 2224: 2116: 1773: 1669: 1527: 1519: 768:") were sold off to defray the cost of the expedition and some were accessioned to the 651: 465: 394:

from the 17th century until 1975. The Kingdom of Benin's capital was Edo, now known as

3514: 1248:

have been known to Westerners since around 1500. Around 1500, the Portuguese explorer

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formed a specialized unit of the Benin army. Archers and crossbowmen were trained in

1202: 717: 3545:"Story of cities #5: Benin City, the mighty medieval capital now lost without trace" 3332: 1914: 960: 661:

Several attempts were made to achieve this end beginning with the official visit of

7532: 7360: 7330: 7305: 7259: 7254: 7199: 6859: 6646: 6641: 6597: 6584: 6514: 6482: 6477: 6341: 6336: 6318: 6279: 6212: 6195: 6136: 6126: 6121: 6062: 6018: 5948: 5931: 5914: 5877: 5628: 5604: 5544: 5539: 5519: 5434: 5429: 5317: 4876: 4833: 4568: 4524: 4487: 4431: 4252: 4192: 4184: 4105: 3845: 3835: 3773: 3628: 3445: 3286: 3170: 3068: 2995: 2956: 2858: 2754: 2572:"Migrating out of reach: fugitive Benin communities in colonial Nigeria, 1897-1934" 2413: 2405: 2360: 2352: 2214: 2206: 2133:

Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Africa's Glorious Legacy (1994) pp. 102–4

2100: 1991: 1755: 1411: 1347: 792: 587: 7422: 4226: 4015: 2628:, Philip A. Igbafe, The Journal of African History Vol. 16, No. 3 (1975), pp. 418. 1721: 1481: 7606: 7159: 7077: 7045: 6918: 6886: 6869: 6825: 6820: 6798: 6793: 6751: 6744: 6719: 6579: 6574: 6415: 6296: 6190: 6185: 6153: 5978: 5968: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5835: 5791: 5673: 5659: 5524: 5121: 4944: 4796: 4766: 4515:

Eisenhofer, Stefan (1997). "The Benin kinglist/s: some questions of chronology".

3840: 3666: 2450: 2172: 2091:

Ryder, A. F. C. (March 1965). "A Reconsideration of the Ife-Benin Relationship".

1940: 1608: 1459: 1391: 1103: 1010: 606: 532: 171: 6499: 2691:"Remarkable Historical Figures of Ancient Benin Kingdom – The Centenary Project" 7279: 7264: 7229: 7174: 7020: 7015: 6978: 6953: 6936: 6847: 6832: 6803: 6761: 6609: 6569: 6564: 6519: 6445: 6405: 6395: 6385: 6200: 6079: 5973: 5840: 5722: 5609: 5218: 4791: 4781: 4222: 4173:"Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?" 1684: 1674: 1403: 1366: 1245: 1206: 925: 769: 712: 626: 472: 423: 407: 7114: 4470: 4188: 4109: 3449: 3290: 3174: 2999: 2409: 2356: 2210: 2104: 1318:

The Benin Walls were partially demolished by the British in 1897 during their

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missionaries to Benin City. Some residents of Benin City could still speak a

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was launched in response, and a 1,200-men strong force, under the command of

618: 614: 540: 521: 175: 6529: 6509: 3122: 2933: 2884:"Benin Kingdom Loses Prominent Chief, As Obaseki Mourns the Obasogie – TELL" 1759: 7580: 7468: 7350: 7214: 7179: 7169: 6993: 6734: 6724: 6690: 6619: 6614: 6541: 6331: 6313: 6274: 6269: 6249: 6244: 6116: 6109: 6099: 6094: 6089: 5983: 5921: 5902: 5887: 5823: 4776: 3859: 3549: 1679: 1654: 1471: 1375: 1221: 976: 874: 738: 683: 670: 610: 508: 457: 453: 167: 4572: 4364:

Royal Art of Benin: the Perls Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

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Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate

4141:

Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate

4134:

Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate

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Robert Sydney Smith, Warfare & diplomacy in pre-colonial West Africa,

3059:

Law, Robin (January 1985). "Human Sacrifice in Pre-Colonial West Africa".

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of Oyo. He then returned to Ile-Ife where he was the king of Ife until he

7565: 7552: 7325: 7184: 6712: 6697: 6546: 6259: 6168: 6158: 6084: 5732: 5727: 5009: 5004: 4994: 4979: 2469:

The Sustainability of Agriculture in Nigeria Using Rubber as a Case Study

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explained by a belief that nothing bad would happen to him or his party.

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A Popular History of Benin. The Rise and Fall of a Mighty Forest Kingdom

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The Benin Kingdom and the Edo-speaking Peoples of South-western Nigeria

3036:

The Benin Kingdom and the Edo-speaking Peoples of South-western Nigeria

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nation", contrasting them with the slacker troops from the Gold Coast.

1350: 1225: 1194: 1182: 1075: 1003: 695: 583: 567: 528: 493: 415: 395: 328: 237: 156: 4117: 3080: 3007: 2983: 2587: 7517: 7507: 7459: 7386: 6629: 6400: 6284: 6254: 6035: 5909: 5700: 4843: 4197: 3905:"Famous Benin Bronzes from West Africa used metal sourced in Germany" 3792:"Famous Benin Bronzes from West Africa used metal sourced in Germany" 3244:

The Protection of Archaeological Heritage in Times of Economic Crisis

2774:"Women Leaders in African History: Idia, First Queen Mother of Benin" 2418: 2365: 2219: 1506: 1229: 1190: 1177: 1107: 899: 862: 852: 536: 399: 4528: 4491: 3762:"The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History" 2743:"The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History" 1095:

Forty-one female skeletons thrown into a pit were discovered by the

686:, the British Vice-Consul of the Oil Rivers Protectorate (later the 7478: 7335: 6030: 5813: 5771: 5710: 4697: 2017:"History | The Benin Royal Family - Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria" 1455: 1354: 1199: 1166: 811: 777: 422:

around the 11th century AD, and lasted until it was annexed by the

199: 3875:"Benin bronzes made from metal mined in west Germany, study finds" 3313: 2043:

The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3: From c. 1050 to c. 1600

7616: 7537: 7406: 5943: 5872: 5828: 5683: 4821: 4728: 3471:

Connah, Graham (June 1967). "New Light on the Benin City Walls".

3351:

Connah, Graham (June 1967). "New Light on the Benin City Walls".

1624: 1593: 1536:

Nauwkeurige Beschryving van de Guinese Goud-, tand- en Slave-kust

1514: 1233: 964: 921: 824: 445: 438: 403: 391: 366: 225: 5744: 3337:. Smithsonian Libraries. Halifax, Eng., F. King & Sons, ltd. 1485:

Bronze plate depicting a Portuguese soldier, 16th–17th centuries

7585: 7274: 5776: 5651: 4811: 4096:

Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment".

3585:(Doctoral dissertation). University of Hamburg. pp. 4–264. 1865:

Anthropos: International Review of Anthropology and Linguistics

1585: 1509:

in 1668. The work states the following about the royal palace:

1491: 1475: 1467: 1288: 1252:, briefly described the walls during his travels. In Pereira's 1154: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1046: 948: 937: 773: 590:. Ivory masks were meant to be worn around the waist of kings. 4343:

Bondarenko, Dmitri M.; Roese, Peter M.; Roese, Tobias (2001).

4328:"The Benin Kingdom (13th – 19th centuries) as a megacommunity" 3724:

Nauwkeurige Beschryving van de Guinese Goud-tand-en Slave-kust

3709:

Nauwkeurige Beschryving van de Guinese Goud-tand-en Slave-kust

2308:

Bondarenko, Dmitri M.; Roese, Peter M.; Roese, Tobias (2001).

1418:

critically important in the lagoons, creeks and rivers of the

1370:

Bronze plate depicting two warriors wielding ceremonial swords

1205:

in Benin city, dated around or prior to the 14th century. The

406:. The Benin Kingdom was "one of the oldest and most developed 7542: 7492: 7401: 7355: 7310: 6410: 4816: 4154:, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu. 4136:, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu. 1616: 1150: 1020: 1014: 881: 622: 504: 449: 387: 4688:

The Story of Africa: Ife and Benin — BBC World Service

2574:, in Femi James Kolapo and Kwabena O. Akurang-Parry (eds.), 720:

supposedly brought to Britain by Lieutenant (later Admiral)

7345: 4826: 1861:"Benin Prehistory. The Origin and Settling Down of the Edo" 1572:

The original people and founders of the Benin Kingdom, the

1548: 1544: 1466:. In the early 16th century, the Oba sent an ambassador to 1042: 943: 5620: 1038:

Below are several notable figures of the Kingdom of Benin

511:

sceptres as symbols of their authority from around ~16AD.

7575: 7497: 4170: 2488: 2395: 2342: 2196: 1815: 1463: 3961:"The Story of Ekaladerhan: was Oduduwa Benin or Yoruba?" 3812: 2531: 2529: 1410:. In 1514 or 1516, the Oba of Benin seized a Portuguese 787:

The British occupied Benin, which was absorbed into the

4693:

THE MILITARY SYSTEM OF BENIN KINGDOM, c. 1440–1897

3436:

Connah, Graham (January 1972). "Archaeology of Benin".

3160: 1992:"Ada And Eben Sceptre As Symbols of Authority in Benin" 503:, as its inhabitants called it. Their ruler was called 4289:

Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources

3705:"Beschryving van Rio Formosa, Anders gesegt de Benin." 3579:

The military system of Benin Kingdom, c. 1440–1897 (D)

3100:

Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study

2911:

Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study

2799:"Emotan, tale of ancient Benin Kingdom on MUSON stage" 2523:

E.G. Hernon, A. Britain's Forgotten Wars, p.409 (2002)

1339:, and consumed a hundred times more material than the 641:

Depiction of two women from the kingdom of Benin, 1797

2717:"The Oba of Benin Kingdom: A history of the monarchy" 2526: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2476: 1600:

preferred their late king's son as the next to rule.

4342: 3210:

African Civilizations: An Archaeological Perspective

2307: 1885:

Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology

1835:"The Kingdom of Benin | National Geographic Society" 7452: 3246:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 341–352. 1859:Bondarenko, Dmitri; Roese, Peter (1 January 1999). 1358:mathematics that they hadn’t even discovered yet." 1353:has discussed the planned layout of the city using 632: 617:amongst others. It also held sway over the Eastern 4361: 3690:Naukeurige Beschrijvinge der Afrikaensche Gewesten 3663:Naukeurige Beschrijvinge der Afrikaensche Gewesten 2829:The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News 2803:The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News 2500: 1502:Naukeurige Beschrijvinge der Afrikaensche Gewesten 578:one of the richest obas in the kingdom's history. 4171:Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). 3103:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2914:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1442:The first European travelers to reach Benin were 562:Bronze head of a queen mother, early 16th century 7686: 4626: 7144: 4382: 4291:(2nd ed.). New York: Bedford/St.Martin's. 3692:. Amsterdam: Jacob van Meurs. pp. 494/495. 3533:. New Scientist, 11 September 1999, Issue 2203. 3237: 2455:. Smithsonian Libraries. London : Methuen. 1858: 1144: 4748: 3711:. Utrecht: Anthony Schouten. pp. 212–257. 3413:Nigerian Perspectives: An Historical Anthology 3388:Nigerian Perspectives: An Historical Anthology 2984:"Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945" 2067:"Ewuare the Great | African king | Britannica" 1268:Pereira's account of the walls is as follows: 784:in their possession to their place of origin. 7795:States and territories disestablished in 1897 7438: 7130: 5636: 4713: 3651:R.S. Smith, Warfare & diplomacy pp. 54–62 3521: 1294:Ruiters' account of the walls is as follows: 676: 7715:Historic buildings and structures in Nigeria 7093:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 4368:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 3473:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 3353:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 3318:African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction 3314:"Two thousand years of West African history" 3272: 3270: 2857:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, 2626:Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945 4621:Olfert Dapper's Description of Benin (1668) 3621:Pargas, Damian Alan; Roşu, Felicia (2017). 3576:Osadolor, Osarhieme Benson (23 July 2001). 3571: 3569: 3567: 2045:. Cambridge University Press. p. 476. 7790:States and territories established in 1180 7445: 7431: 7137: 7123: 5643: 5629: 4720: 4706: 4514: 4477: 4325: 4305: 3620: 3311: 3305: 3231: 2881: 2851:"Benin, Oba of Godfrey Okoro, (1899–1978)" 2472:(Master). East Tennessee State University. 1989: 475:, totem of the kings and emperors of Benin 138: 4457: 4221: 4196: 3849: 3839: 3334:Great Benin; its customs, art and horrors 3276: 3267: 2772:Bortolot, Alexander Ives (October 2003). 2448: 2417: 2364: 2218: 1580:(Kings of the Sky) who called their land 125:supposedly brought to Britain by Admiral 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 5443: 4638:(in French). 2e Trimestre (12): 141–151. 4420: 3608: 3575: 3564: 3542: 3536: 3415:. Oxford University Press. p. 120. 3135: 3033: 2771: 2570:Uyilawa Usuanlele and Victor Osaro Edo, 2330: 1745: 1480: 1365: 1302: 1176: 711: 636: 557: 43:This article includes a list of general 6917: 4383:Roese, P.M.; Bondarenko, D. M. (2003). 4286: 4064: 3872: 3410: 3390:. Oxford University Press. p. 93. 3385: 3096: 2907: 2465: 2021:The Benin Royal Family in North America 1821: 701: 14: 7810:12th-century establishments in Nigeria 7687: 4602: 4551: 4235: 4095: 4067:"Erinmwinde - Restorer of Peace (4/4)" 4065:Bronzes, Next Gen (11 December 2023). 3958: 3759: 3726:. Utrecht: Anthony Schouten. pp. 3721: 3702: 3683: 3660: 3470: 3435: 3350: 3203: 2981: 2946: 2740: 2535: 2511: 2494: 2482: 2280: 2249: 2170: 2040: 1938: 1912: 1881: 1160: 1126:criminals were held, were sacrificed. 760:The expeditionary force also took the 694:. Gallwey was able to get Omo n’Oba ( 7426: 7118: 5624: 4701: 4427:Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800 4401: 3346: 3344: 3092: 3090: 3029: 3027: 3025: 2166: 2164: 2142: 2090: 1478:Portuguese in the late 19th century. 1213:made up of banks and ditches, called 993:for "Benin, the Cradle of the World") 4727: 4645:Benin and the Europeans, (1485–1897) 4359: 3330: 3073:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097676 2863:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u152217 1074:the Warrior was the sword bearer to 29: 4664:. Mammendorf: Pro-Literatur-Verlag. 4045:Languages, Literatures and Cultures 3624:Critical Readings on Global Slavery 3507:"Home | Benin Moat Foundation" 3331:Roth, H. Ling (Henry Ling) (1903). 3058: 2588:https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345 2253:The Kingdom of Benin in West Africa 2034: 1958: 1437: 593:Benin ruled over the tribes of the 24: 7815:1890s disestablishments in Nigeria 5465:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria 4450: 4404:Benin and the Europeans: 1485–1897 3543:Koutonin, Mawuna (18 March 2016). 3341: 3312:MacEachern, Scott (January 2005). 3087: 3022: 2901: 2825:"Queen Iden: Selfless intercessor" 2284:The Benin City Pilgrimage Stations 2161: 2145:Benin and the Europeans: 1485–1897 1746:Bradbury, R. E. (16 August 2018), 1588:intrigue erupted and crown prince 1567: 1090: 1085: 798: 535:word and corrupted to Bini by the 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 7826: 4676: 4671:Mammendorf: Pro-Literatur-Verlag. 4642: 4623:. Madison: University of Madison. 4387:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. 3959:Agusto, Lanu (10 November 2021). 3915:from the original on 7 April 2023 3885:from the original on 8 April 2023 2714: 7805:1897 disestablishments in Africa 2449:Boisragon, Alan Maxwell (1897). 1990:Edoaffairs (19 September 2022). 1839:education.nationalgeographic.org 1722:"What was the Kingdom of Benin?" 1470:, and the king of Portugal sent 789:British Niger Coast Protectorate 633:Britain seeks control over trade 464: 437: 346: 321: 307: 114: 34: 27:West African kingdom (1180–1897) 7730:Countries in precolonial Africa 7710:World Heritage Sites in Nigeria 7700:Archaeological sites in Nigeria 7453:Archaeological sites in Nigeria 4643:Ryder, Alan Frederick Charles. 4632:"Notice sur le peuple de Bénin" 4603:Igbafe, Philip Aigbona (1979). 4058: 4033: 4008: 3978: 3952: 3927: 3897: 3873:Alberge, Dalya (5 April 2023). 3866: 3806: 3784: 3753: 3715: 3696: 3677: 3654: 3645: 3614: 3602: 3589: 3499: 3464: 3429: 3404: 3379: 3324: 3197: 3154: 3129: 3052: 2975: 2940: 2875: 2843: 2817: 2791: 2765: 2734: 2708: 2683: 2670: 2657: 2644: 2631: 2619: 2593: 2581: 2564: 2551: 2541: 2517: 2459: 2442: 2389: 2336: 2324: 2301: 2274: 2243: 2190: 2136: 2127: 2084: 2059: 2009: 1983: 1932: 1224:in the area around present-day 1172: 1102:. These findings indicate that 414:". It grew out of the previous 4332:Social Evolution & History 4326:Bondarenko, Dmitri M. (2015). 4315:Social Evolution & History 4177:The Journal of African History 3438:The Journal of African History 2988:The Journal of African History 2882:Perishable (3 November 2020). 2398:The Journal of African History 2345:The Journal of African History 2199:The Journal of African History 2093:The Journal of African History 1906: 1875: 1852: 1827: 1790: 1754:, Routledge, pp. 76–128, 1739: 1714: 1697: 1623:, where he ruled as the first 1576:, were initially ruled by the 1165:In Benin, the Oba was seen as 780:announced decisions to return 665:in 1862 when he was consul at 123:Unidentified West African flag 13: 1: 5461:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 5420:Sustainable Development Goals 4683:Edo at Genealogical Gleanings 3597:University of Wisconsin Press 3163:African Archaeological Review 2652:The Social Contract in Africa 2466:Ogbebor, Owen Osahon (2013). 1915:"Nigerian Traditional States" 1690: 1239: 1228:, the capital of present-day 482: 410:in the coastal hinterland of 342:Southern Nigeria Protectorate 7745:Countries in medieval Africa 4145:National Archives of Nigeria 3841:10.1371/journal.pone.0283415 3038:. Routledge. pp. 54–8. 2256:. Benchmark Books. pp. 1665:Flag of the Kingdom of Benin 1145:Separation of son and mother 791:and eventually into British 7: 7735:Nigerian traditional states 7725:Former monarchies of Africa 7146:Nigerian traditional states 5650: 5425:Water supply and sanitation 4561:Cahiers d'Études africaines 4287:Strayer, Robert W. (2013). 4245:Cahiers d'Études africaines 3766:Cahiers d'Études africaines 3511:www.beninmoatfoundation.org 3279:Journal of World Prehistory 2949:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 2747:Cahiers d'Études africaines 1966:"THE ADA AND EBEN SCEPTRES" 1645:Art of the Kingdom of Benin 1638: 1458:for European goods such as 1361: 566:In the early 16th century, 144:The extent of Benin in 1625 10: 7831: 4143:, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. 4098:Journal of African History 4088: 3215:Cambridge University Press 3097:Trigger, Bruce G. (2003). 2908:Trigger, Bruce G. (2003). 2281:Aisien, Ekhaguosa (2001). 2177:World History Encyclopedia 1945:World History Encyclopedia 1137:The monarchy of Benin was 1132: 705: 677:The Gallwey Treaty of 1892 514: 7594: 7551: 7477: 7458: 7379: 7288: 7152: 7086: 7038: 6555: 5959: 5658: 5582: 5495: 5365:Female genital mutilation 5268: 5259: 5179: 5170: 5075:Federal Executive Council 5043: 5034: 4940: 4931: 4852: 4739: 4552:Graham, James D. (1965). 4236:Graham, James D. (1965). 4189:10.1017/S0021853701007915 4110:10.1017/S0021853700010215 3686:"Het Kongrijk van Benijn" 3450:10.1017/S0021853700000244 3291:10.1007/s10963-006-9003-y 3242:. In Korka, Elena (ed.). 3175:10.1007/s10437-014-9151-x 3140:. Routledge. p. 40. 3000:10.1017/S002185370001433X 2982:Igbafe, Philip A (1975). 2695:Google Arts & Culture 2410:10.1017/S0021853701007915 2357:10.1017/S0021853701007915 2211:10.1017/S0021853701007915 2105:10.1017/s0021853700005314 1326:developments in Nigeria. 997: 982: 970: 956: 931: 918:Omo n'Oba, Uku Akpolopolo 911: 868: 858: 848: 840: 830: 820: 810: 805: 362: 286: 282: 269: 259: 255: 247: 243: 231: 221:• 1180–1246 (first) 219: 215: 205: 195: 181: 163: 149: 137: 111: 106: 96: 5117:House of Representatives 5048:Administrative divisions 4667:Spahr, Thorsten (2006): 4659:Spahr, Thorsten (2006): 3741:Britain's Forgotten Wars 3411:Hodgkin, Thomas (1960). 3386:Hodgkin, Thomas (1960). 3238:Patrick Darling (2015). 2250:Millar, Heather (1996). 1526:Another Dutch traveler, 1330:wrote in New Scientist: 1320:1897 punitive expedition 708:Benin Expedition of 1897 688:Niger Coast Protectorate 233:• 1888–1897 (last) 131:Benin Expedition of 1897 7785:19th century in Nigeria 7780:18th century in Nigeria 7775:17th century in Nigeria 7770:16th century in Nigeria 7765:15th century in Nigeria 7760:14th century in Nigeria 7755:13th century in Nigeria 7750:12th century in Nigeria 3722:Bosman, Willem (1704). 3703:Bosman, Willem (1704). 3684:Dapper, Olfert (1668). 3661:Dapper, Olfert (1668). 3136:Bradbury, R.E. (2017). 3034:Bradbury, R.E. (2017). 2041:Oliver, Roland (1977). 1882:Connah, Graham (2004). 1760:10.4324/9781351031264-4 1341:Great Pyramid of Cheops 1254:Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis 1153:– was transferred to a 64:more precise citations. 5358:Oodua Peoples Congress 4463:Short History of Benin 4402:Ryder, A.F.C. (1969). 3935:"The kingdom of Benin" 3760:Graham, James (1965). 2741:Graham, James (1965). 2143:Ryder, A.F.C. (1969). 1888:. Routledge. pp. 1798:"The kingdom of Benin" 1553: 1524: 1486: 1371: 1345: 1308: 1301: 1278: 1263: 1250:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 1186: 754: 725: 663:Richard Francis Burton 642: 597:including the Western 563: 271:• Annexed by the 7063:Medieval great powers 5476:Niger Delta conflicts 5022:Wildlife conservation 4897:Military dictatorship 4573:10.3406/cea.1965.3035 4465:. Ibadan: Ibadan Up. 4307:Bondarenko, Dmitri M. 4257:10.3406/cea.1965.3035 3778:10.3406/cea.1965.3035 2961:10.3406/cea.1965.3035 2759:10.3406/cea.1965.3035 2287:. Aisien Publishers. 1540: 1520:Exchange at Amsterdam 1511: 1484: 1369: 1332: 1306: 1296: 1272:This city is about a 1270: 1258: 1180: 747: 731:James Robert Phillips 715: 640: 561: 545:João Afonso de Aveiro 390:, which was known as 190:Catholic Christianity 164:Common languages 7800:1180s establishments 7073:European colonialism 7058:Ancient great powers 4970:Environmental issues 4647:. London: Longmans. 4636:Décade Philosophique 4628:Palisot-Beauvois, A. 4619:Jones, Adam (1998): 4598:on 26 February 2020. 4422:Thornton, John Kelly 4406:. London: Longmans. 4282:on 26 February 2020. 2147:. London: Longmans. 724:after the expedition 702:The Massacre of 1897 692:British protectorate 7667: / 7068:Modern great powers 5471:Islamist insurgency 4669:Benin Bibliography. 4607:. London: Longman. 4459:Egharevba, Jacob U. 4360:Ezra, Kate (1992). 3832:2023PLoSO..1883415S 2497:, pp. 385–400. 1824:, pp. 695–696. 1337:Great Wall of China 1161:Divinity of the Oba 735:punitive expedition 586:, now known as the 520:the early 1960s by 261:• Established 7740:French West Africa 7705:Prehistoric Africa 5308:Child sexual abuse 5288:Capital punishment 5237:Telecommunications 4231:. London: Methuen. 4228:The Benin Massacre 3018:– via JSTOR. 2715:Zeijl, Femke van. 2607:. 29 November 2020 2452:The Benin massacre 2173:"Kingdom of Benin" 2171:Cartwright, Mark. 2071:www.britannica.com 1941:"Kingdom of Benin" 1939:Cartwright, Mark. 1919:Worldstatesmen.org 1670:History of Nigeria 1528:David van Nyendael 1487: 1372: 1348:Ethnomathematician 1309: 1187: 957:Connected families 896:Okhaemwen of Benin 778:Aberdeen, Scotland 726: 652:Hevea brasiliensis 643: 564: 454:kings and emperors 7720:Linear earthworks 7650: 7649: 7420: 7419: 7112: 7111: 7034: 7033: 6999:Polish–Lithuanian 6174:Gurjara-Pratihara 5618: 5617: 5578: 5577: 5530:List of Nigerians 5491: 5490: 5370:Gender inequality 5333:Domestic violence 5297:Girl child labour 5255: 5254: 5166: 5165: 5129:Political parties 5112:National Assembly 5097:Human trafficking 5080:Foreign relations 5030: 5029: 4927: 4926: 4517:History in Africa 4480:History in Africa 3990:motleytravels.org 3599:: 1989, pp. 54–62 2561:(1979), pp. 56-61 1769:978-1-351-03126-4 1256:, 1505, we read: 1036: 1035: 718:West African flag 378:, also known as 372: 371: 358: 357: 354: 353: 334: 333: 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 7822: 7695:Kingdom of Benin 7682: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7660: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7424: 7423: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7116: 7115: 6915: 6914: 6580:Austro-Hungarian 6280:Chagatai Khanate 5645: 5638: 5631: 5622: 5621: 5598: 5591: 5441: 5440: 5266: 5265: 5222: 5204:Economic history 5177: 5176: 5041: 5040: 4938: 4937: 4887:Southern Nigeria 4882:Northern Nigeria 4877:Colonial Nigeria 4746: 4745: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4656: 4639: 4616: 4599: 4597: 4591:. 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article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7685: 7684: 7675: 7673: 7671:6.333°N 5.617°E 7669: 7666: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7646: 7607:Durbi Takusheyi 7590: 7547: 7473: 7454: 7451: 7421: 7416: 7375: 7284: 7148: 7143: 7113: 7108: 7097:American Empire 7082: 7078:African empires 7030: 6913: 6605:Central African 6551: 6369:Romano-Germanic 5955: 5689:Middle Assyrian 5662: 5654: 5649: 5619: 5614: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5574: 5550:Public holidays 5487: 5454: 5453: 5439: 5251: 5220: 5162: 5102:Law enforcement 5026: 4945:Adamawa Plateau 4923: 4919:Fourth Republic 4907:Second Republic 4848: 4760: 4759: 4735: 4726: 4679: 4674: 4595: 4567:(18): 317–334. 4556: 4529:10.2307/3172022 4492:10.2307/3171912 4453: 4451:Further reading 4448: 4442: 4414: 4395: 4376: 4299: 4279: 4251:(18): 317–334. 4240: 4223:Boisragon, Alan 4091: 4086: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3984: 3983: 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2658: 2649: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2569: 2565: 2557:Philip Igbafe, 2556: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2464: 2460: 2447: 2443: 2394: 2390: 2341: 2337: 2333:, p. 76–77 2331:Thornton (1999) 2329: 2325: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2248: 2244: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2169: 2162: 2155: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1880: 1876: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1770: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1641: 1609:Yoruba language 1570: 1568:Oral traditions 1505:, published in 1440: 1364: 1242: 1215: 1175: 1163: 1147: 1135: 1104:human sacrifice 1093: 1091:Human sacrifice 1088: 1086:Rituals and law 1076:King Ovonramwen 1007: 975: 963: 940: 924: 920: 893:Enogie of Benin 878: 801: 799:Notable figures 774:Berlin, Germany 710: 704: 679: 635: 547: 517: 485: 480: 479: 478: 477: 476: 469: 461: 460: 442: 347: 322: 308: 275: 262: 234: 222: 154: 145: 133: 120: 119: 102: 99: 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7828: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7637:Sungbo's Eredo 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7557: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7484: 7482: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7427: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 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4412: 4399: 4393: 4380: 4374: 4357: 4340: 4323: 4303: 4298:978-0312583460 4297: 4284: 4233: 4219: 4183:(3): 353–376. 4168: 4158: 4155: 4148: 4137: 4130: 4104:(3): 385–400. 4092: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4057: 4032: 4007: 3996:on 9 July 2021 3986:"Benin Empire" 3977: 3951: 3926: 3896: 3865: 3805: 3783: 3752: 3732: 3714: 3695: 3676: 3653: 3644: 3637: 3613: 3601: 3588: 3563: 3535: 3527:Pearce, Fred. 3520: 3498: 3463: 3428: 3422:978-0192154347 3421: 3403: 3397:978-0192154347 3396: 3378: 3359:(4): 597–599. 3340: 3323: 3304: 3285:(2): 133–168. 3266: 3252: 3230: 3223: 3205:Connah, Graham 3196: 3153: 3147:978-1315293837 3146: 3128: 3113: 3086: 3051: 3045:978-1315293837 3044: 3021: 2994:(3): 409–429. 2974: 2955:(18): 327–30. 2939: 2924: 2900: 2874: 2842: 2816: 2790: 2764: 2733: 2707: 2682: 2669: 2656: 2654:(2014), p. 149 2643: 2630: 2618: 2592: 2580: 2563: 2550: 2540: 2538:, p. 387. 2525: 2516: 2499: 2487: 2485:, p. 385. 2475: 2458: 2441: 2404:(3): 353–376. 2388: 2351:(3): 353–376. 2335: 2323: 2300: 2293: 2273: 2267:978-0761400882 2266: 2242: 2205:(3): 353–376. 2189: 2160: 2153: 2135: 2126: 2083: 2058: 2052:978-0521209816 2051: 2033: 2008: 1982: 1957: 1931: 1905: 1899:978-0415305914 1898: 1874: 1851: 1826: 1814: 1789: 1768: 1738: 1713: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1685:Walls of Benin 1682: 1677: 1675:Iyoba of Benin 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1640: 1637: 1569: 1566: 1439: 1436: 1363: 1360: 1241: 1238: 1207:Walls of Benin 1174: 1171: 1162: 1159: 1146: 1143: 1134: 1131: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1069: 1065: 1054: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1018: 1008: 999: 998:Cadet branches 995: 994: 987:Edo Orisiagbon 984: 980: 979: 974:Bini religion 972: 968: 967: 958: 954: 953: 952: 951: 946: 941: 933: 929: 928: 926:Royal Highness 915: 909: 908: 907: 906: 905:Olooi of Benin 903: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 879: 870: 866: 865: 860: 856: 855: 850: 846: 845: 844:c.12th century 842: 838: 837: 832: 831:Current region 828: 827: 822: 818: 817: 808: 807: 806:House of Eweka 800: 797: 770:British Museum 706:Main article: 703: 700: 678: 675: 654:saplings, via 634: 631: 627:Bight of Benin 516: 513: 484: 481: 470: 463: 462: 443: 436: 435: 434: 433: 432: 424:British Empire 370: 369: 364: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 344: 335: 332: 331: 326: 318: 317: 312: 300: 299: 294: 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 273:United Kingdom 270: 267: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 232: 229: 228: 223: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 183: 179: 178: 165: 161: 160: 151: 147: 146: 143: 135: 134: 121: 113: 112: 109: 108: 104: 103: 100: 97: 88: 87: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7827: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7683: 7680: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 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conflict 5479: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5343:Ethnic groups 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5158:Supreme Court 5156: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 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Amsterdam: 3664: 3657: 3648: 3640: 3638:9789004346611 3634: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3592: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3531: 3530:African Queen 3524: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3271: 3255: 3253:9781443874113 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3224:9780521596909 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3114:0-521-82245-9 3110: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2779: 2778:metmuseum.org 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2722: 2721:aljazeera.com 2718: 2711: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2622: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2560: 2554: 2544: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2520: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2454: 2453: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2296: 2294:9789783153356 2290: 2286: 2285: 2277: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2154:9780582645141 2150: 2146: 2139: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2022: 2018: 2012: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1901: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:Benin Studies 1749: 1742: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1710: 1709:0-7141-2520-2 1706: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1629:shape shifted 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1562:Benin Bronzes 1557: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1532:Willem Bosman 1529: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1497:Olfert Dapper 1493: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1408:field archery 1405: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1368: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1307:Benin in 1897 1305: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1291:of his day." 1290: 1286: 1285:Graham Connah 1283: 1282:archaeologist 1277: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1184: 1181:Depiction of 1179: 1170: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:Graham Connah 1098: 1097:archaeologist 1080: 1077: 1073: 1072:General Asoro 1070: 1066: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1030:Abodi (Ikale) 1029: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 985: 981: 978: 973: 969: 966: 962: 959: 955: 950: 947: 945: 942: 939: 936: 935: 934: 930: 927: 923: 919: 916: 914: 910: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 876: 873: 872: 871: 867: 864: 861: 857: 854: 851: 847: 843: 839: 836: 833: 829: 826: 823: 819: 816: 815:royal dynasty 813: 809: 804: 796: 794: 790: 785: 783: 782:Benin Bronzes 779: 775: 771: 767: 766:Benin Bronzes 763: 758: 753: 752: 746: 742: 740: 736: 732: 723: 722:F. W. Kennedy 719: 714: 709: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:Henry Gallwey 674: 672: 671:Henry Gallwey 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 647: 639: 630: 628: 624: 620: 619:Yoruba tribes 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 579: 575: 572: 569: 560: 556: 551: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 525: 523: 522:Graham Connah 512: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 489: 474: 467: 459: 455: 451: 447: 440: 431: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:Benin Kingdom 381: 377: 368: 365: 363:Today part of 361: 345: 343: 340: 339: 336: 330: 327: 320: 319: 316: 313: 306: 305: 302: 301: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 285: 281: 277: 274: 268: 264: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 239: 236: 230: 227: 224: 218: 214: 210: 208: 204: 201: 198: 194: 191: 187: 184: 180: 177: 173: 169: 166: 162: 158: 152: 148: 141: 136: 132: 128: 127:F. W. Kennedy 124: 117: 110: 105: 95: 92: 84: 81: 73: 70:November 2016 63: 59: 53: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 7676:6.333; 5.617 7652: 7581:Samun Dukiya 7469:Dufuna canoe 7300: 6853:Contemporary 6703:Indo-Persian 6691:Nazi Germany 6635:Contemporary 6537:Vijayanagara 6436:Great Seljuk 6347:Thessalonica 6275:Golden Horde 5988: 5915:Carthaginian 5694:Neo-Assyrian 5679:Neo-Sumerian 5570:Video gaming 5515:Coat of arms 5410:Social class 5395:Prostitution 5323:Demographics 5293:Child labour 5194:Central Bank 5085:Human rights 5065:Constitution 4771: 4668: 4660: 4644: 4635: 4620: 4604: 4593:the original 4564: 4560: 4520: 4516: 4483: 4479: 4462: 4426: 4403: 4384: 4363: 4352: 4348: 4335: 4331: 4318: 4314: 4288: 4277:the original 4248: 4244: 4227: 4180: 4176: 4151: 4140: 4133: 4101: 4097: 4074:. Retrieved 4070: 4060: 4048:. Retrieved 4044: 4035: 4023:. Retrieved 4020:BBC Bitesize 4019: 4010: 3998:. Retrieved 3994:the original 3989: 3980: 3968:. Retrieved 3964: 3954: 3942:. 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Retrieved 2604: 2595: 2583: 2575: 2566: 2558: 2553: 2543: 2519: 2490: 2478: 2468: 2461: 2451: 2444: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2326: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2283: 2276: 2252: 2245: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2180:. Retrieved 2176: 2144: 2138: 2129: 2099:(1): 25–37. 2096: 2092: 2086: 2074:. Retrieved 2070: 2061: 2042: 2036: 2024:. Retrieved 2020: 2011: 1999:. Retrieved 1995: 1985: 1973:. Retrieved 1969: 1960: 1948:. Retrieved 1944: 1934: 1922:. Retrieved 1918: 1913:Ben Cahoon. 1908: 1884: 1877: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1842:. Retrieved 1838: 1829: 1822:Strayer 2013 1817: 1805:. Retrieved 1802:BBC Bitesize 1801: 1792: 1781:, retrieved 1751: 1741: 1729:. Retrieved 1726:BBC Bitesize 1725: 1716: 1699: 1680:Oba of Benin 1655:Edo language 1633: 1604: 1602: 1571: 1558: 1554: 1541: 1535: 1525: 1512: 1501: 1488: 1441: 1428: 1423: 1416: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1376:Oba of Benin 1373: 1346: 1333: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1297: 1293: 1279: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1253: 1243: 1222:Edo language 1214: 1193:was used in 1188: 1173:Architecture 1164: 1148: 1136: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1094: 1037: 1027:(Maternally) 1017:(Maternally) 986: 977:Christianity 917: 859:Current head 821:Parent house 786: 759: 755: 749: 748: 743: 727: 680: 660: 648: 644: 592: 580: 576: 573: 565: 526: 518: 509:Ada and Eben 498: 494:tsetse flies 490: 486: 428: 383: 379: 375: 373: 297:Succeeded by 296: 291: 186:Edo Religion 91: 76: 67: 48: 18:Benin empire 7674: / 7595:Other sites 7566:Katsina-Ala 7553:Nok culture 6441:Khwarezmian 6374:Carolingian 6179:Rashtrakuta 5883:Shaishunaga 5782:Hellenistic 5765:New Kingdom 5755:Old Kingdom 5189:Brain Drain 5184:Agriculture 5090:LGBT rights 4995:Niger Delta 4980:Jos Plateau 4867:before 1500 4777:Kanem-Bornu 4523:: 139–156. 4486:: 141–163. 4338:(2): 46–76. 4321:(2): 18–88. 3320:. Academia. 3067:(334): 65. 2855:Who Was Who 2536:Igbafe 1970 2512:Igbafe 1970 2495:Igbafe 1970 2483:Igbafe 1970 1950:19 December 1924:17 November 1844:19 December 1807:19 December 1660:Festac Town 1590:Ekaladerhan 1582:Igodomigodo 1420:Niger Delta 1400:crossbowmen 1328:Fred Pearce 1324:real estate 835:Niger Delta 667:Fernando Pó 656:Kew Gardens 595:Niger Delta 548: [ 501:Igodomigodo 420:Igodomigodo 418:Kingdom of 412:West Africa 380:Great Benin 315:Igodomigodo 292:Preceded by 62:introducing 7689:Categories 7627:Ngazargamu 7602:Benin Moat 7392:Egba Alake 7011:Portuguese 6892:Revival Le 6882:Vietnamese 6525:Later Tran 6495:Vietnamese 6391:Singhasari 6379:Holy Roman 6003:Bulgarian 5939:Satavahana 5910:Phoenician 5846:Achaemenid 5807:Indo-Greek 5787:Macedonian 5701:Babylonian 5535:Literature 5313:Corruption 5278:Censorship 5221:(currency) 5199:Corruption 4965:Ecoregions 4471:1037105916 4355:: 135–149. 3944:24 January 3669:. p. 3479:(4): 608. 2605:abc.net.au 2320:: 135–149. 2026:23 January 2001:23 January 1996:Edoaffairs 1975:23 January 1871:: 542–552. 1783:27 January 1691:References 1650:Edo people 1621:Oyo Empire 1613:Erinmwinde 1598:kingmakers 1574:Edo people 1444:Portuguese 1351:Ron Eglash 1240:City walls 1226:Benin City 1211:earthworks 1183:Benin City 1139:hereditary 1062:Oba Ewuare 1047:Oba Ozolua 1043:Queen Idia 971:Traditions 762:palace art 696:Ovonramwen 584:Queen Idia 568:Oba Esigie 533:Portuguese 529:Oba Ewuare 483:Prehistory 396:Benin City 329:Ife Empire 238:Ovonramwen 196:Government 157:Benin City 129:after the 45:references 7612:Igbo-Ukwu 7518:Kwiambana 7513:Kursakata 7508:Iwo Eleru 7460:Neolithic 7387:Akwa Akpa 7371:Bassa Nge 7240:Kontagora 7004:Couronian 6642:Ethiopian 6630:Manchukuo 6585:Brazilian 6431:Ghaznavid 6401:Srivijaya 6352:Trebizond 6337:Byzantine 6319:North Sea 6314:Norwegian 6302:Almoravid 6285:Ilkhanate 6255:Majapahit 6228:Muromachi 6137:Solomonic 6122:Ethiopian 6036:Caliphate 5969:Aragonese 5797:Ptolemaic 5449:Conflicts 5380:Languages 5338:Education 5247:Transport 5227:Petroleum 5146:President 5070:Elections 4985:Mountains 4933:Geography 4902:Civil War 4872:1500-1800 4844:Kwararafa 4653:959073935 4613:473877102 4589:143678155 4545:162291387 4508:161445279 4273:143678155 4215:145691565 4198:2022/3613 4126:154621156 3965:Oluwalanu 3485:0018-2540 3458:162976770 3444:(1): 33. 3365:0018-2540 3299:144422848 3191:145149202 3016:161431780 2436:145691565 2419:2022/3613 2383:145691565 2366:2022/3613 2237:145691565 2220:2022/3613 2121:161293672 2113:0021-8537 1778:159119713 1605:Ile-Ibinu 1507:Amsterdam 1472:Christian 1424:ifianyako 1414:for use. 1261:manillas. 1203:pavements 1191:Impluvium 1108:historian 900:Odionwere 877:of Benin 863:Ewuare II 853:Oranmiyan 658:in 1895. 607:Itshekiri 537:Itsekhiri 527:In 1440, 426:in 1897. 400:Edo State 182:Religion 107:1180–1897 7479:Iron Age 7336:Kumbwada 7331:Kalabari 7289:Kingdoms 7255:Potiskum 7200:Damaturu 7153:Emirates 6984:Japanese 6947:Scottish 6927:American 6919:Colonial 6848:Imperial 6816:Moroccan 6752:Japanese 6730:Afsharid 6589:Burmese 6575:Austrian 6530:Later Le 6505:Early Le 6490:Venetian 6416:Tiwanaku 6329:Hellenic 6292:Moroccan 6223:Kamakura 6213:Japanese 6196:Saffarid 6149:Georgian 6063:Chalukya 6041:Rashidun 6031:Calakmul 5999:Bruneian 5878:Haryanka 5856:Sasanian 5851:Parthian 5802:Bactrian 5792:Seleucid 5772:Goguryeo 5750:Egyptian 5684:Assyrian 5674:Akkadian 5665:Colonies 5605:Category 5555:Religion 5405:Refugees 5400:Protests 5385:Polygamy 5328:Diaspora 5273:Abortion 5107:Military 5053:Villages 5036:Politics 5017:Wildlife 4857:Timeline 4753:Kingdoms 4733:articles 4630:(1800). 4461:(1968). 4424:(1999). 4309:(2005). 4225:(1897). 3913:Archived 3883:Archived 3860:37018227 3851:10075414 3820:PLOS ONE 3798:. 2023. 3493:41856902 3373:41856902 3207:(2001). 3183:43916862 3123:50291226 2934:50291226 2182:18 March 1639:See also 1460:manillas 1456:palm oil 1362:Military 1355:fractals 1200:potsherd 1051:Esigie's 1006:(Benin) 913:Style(s) 902:of Benin 884:of Benin 812:Nigerian 601:Tribes, 200:Monarchy 7632:Old Oyo 7538:Ugwuele 7503:Itaakpa 7407:Oke Ila 7160:Adamawa 7051:largest 7046:Empires 7026:Swedish 7021:Spanish 7016:Russian 6979:Italian 6954:Chinese 6942:English 6937:British 6932:Belgian 6907:Vietnam 6897:Tay son 6843:Tsarist 6838:Russian 6833:Ottoman 6799:Dzungar 6794:Khoshut 6767:Mexican 6762:Maratha 6745:Pahlavi 6725:Safavid 6720:Iranian 6647:Haitian 6610:Chinese 6570:Ashanti 6542:Wagadou 6468:Eastern 6463:Western 6446:Timurid 6406:Tibetan 6396:Songhai 6386:Serbian 6307:Almohad 6297:Idrisid 6201:Samanid 6191:Tahirid 6186:Iranian 6164:Kannauj 6144:Genoese 6080:Chinese 6073:Eastern 6068:Western 6056:Fatimid 6051:Abbasid 6046:Umayyad 6019:Burmese 5979:Ayyubid 5974:Angevin 5944:Xianbei 5932:Eastern 5927:Western 5873:Magadha 5836:Iranian 5829:Xiongnu 5814:Hittite 5723:Chinese 5711:Kassite 5660:Ancient 5652:Empires 5589:Outline 5565:Smoking 5520:Cuisine 5497:Culture 5415:Slavery 5390:Poverty 5261:Society 5242:Tourism 5172:Economy 5060:Cabinet 4975:Islands 4950:Borders 4807:Katsina 4756:Empires 4741:History 4729:Nigeria 4581:4390897 4537:3172022 4500:3171912 4265:4390897 4207:3647167 4089:Sources 4076:19 June 4050:19 June 4025:25 June 3970:19 June 3919:8 April 3889:8 April 3828:Bibcode 3556:2 April 3259:9 March 2969:4390897 2893:13 July 2888:tell.ng 2868:13 July 2835:13 July 2809:13 July 2726:13 July 2700:13 July 2611:11 July 2428:3647167 2375:3647167 2229:3647167 2076:19 June 1731:19 June 1625:Alaafin 1594:Ughoton 1515:Haarlem 1412:bombard 1299:holden. 1234:Nigeria 1220:in the 1133:Burials 1004:Akenzua 932:Members 922:Majesty 849:Founder 841:Founded 515:History 452:of the 446:leopard 404:Nigeria 392:Dahomey 367:Nigeria 248:History 226:Eweka I 150:Capital 58:improve 7662:5°37′E 7659:6°20′N 7622:Kagogi 7586:Taruga 7561:Kagara 7523:Mejiro 7488:Afikpo 7412:Wukari 7397:Idoani 7280:Patigi 7275:Zazzau 7265:Suleja 7260:Sokoto 7230:Ilorin 7175:Bauchi 6989:Mongol 6974:German 6969:French 6959:Danish 6902:Dainam 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