243:
though the exact scope of their authority remained vague. Below the Head
Surgeons were Surgeons, followed by Hospital Mates. Sometime prior to 1785, Head Surgeons were redesignated Surgeon-Majors, with Hospital Mates becoming Assistant Surgeons. Apart from the Surgeon-General or his equivalent, all medical officers ranked with warrant officers. The rank of Surgeon-Major was apparently discontinued around 1785 and replaced by the former rank of Head Surgeon. In 1786, formal three-member Medical Boards were established, with one Board for each Presidency.
33:
144:
appointment of a surgeon general. The first to accept this position was John
Woodall, who was however accused of embezzling pay from apprentices that he used to hire. With continuing complaints and financial crunch he was retrenched in 1642. Another Surgeon Walter Chesley was sent home from service in Sumatra for drunkenness, while a Dr. Coote was removed from Bencoolen for debauchery in 1697.
218:. Each non-native regiment had a surgeon and over time the strength of the Medical Service grew. The Bengal service had 382 in 1854 while Madras had 217 and Bombay 181. For a while the military service also required combat service and upon promotion they could choose one branch either as Captain or Surgeon. The first Indian natives to join the service was
160:
advisor on various matters of government. Surgeons were often spared in wartime. William
Fullerton was the sole survivor in 1763 at Patna when the English fought Nawab Mir Qasim. Later, around 1830, John Martin Honigberger from Transylvania served Ranjit Singh. He also worked at a hospital set up by Sir Henry Lawrence at Lahore.
264:
a
Superintending Surgeon. In 1842, the three positions on each Medical Board were ranked in order of seniority as Physician-General, Surgeon-General and Inspector-General of Hospitals, respectively. In 1843, the East India Company formalized equivalent military ranks for medical officers, as follows:
263:
In 1807, the rank of
Superintending Surgeon was officially introduced, having been informally used since around 1803. Ranking above Head Surgeons (redesignated Senior Surgeons around this time), they supplanted them as professional administrators of military hospitals. Each army division was allotted
455:
The following notes were compiled altogether from the point of view of a member of the Bengal
Medical Service, but I believe that the statements about pay, rank, furlough, &c., in fact all the notes on the early history of the Bengal service, would apply equally, mutatis mutandis, to Madras and
159:
of
Calcutta. He was captured in 1756 by Siraj-ud-Daulah and survived the Black Hole. Holwell was noted as a careful student of native customs and it has been suggested that if he had been in charge of Fort William, the entire incident would not have happened. He returned to England and became as an
242:
From 1764, there were four primary ranks of medical officer. The
Surgeon-General (at other times designated Physician-General or Chief Surgeon) headed the service from around 1769, while Head Surgeons, who ranked immediately below, nominally oversaw the main military hospitals in the subcontinent,
105:
on the Red Dragon and three other ships, each with two surgeons and a barber. This was the voyage on which the serendipitous experiment on lemon juice as a cure for scurvy was carried out. The establishment of the East India
Company in India was greatly aided by a doctor, although a lot of fiction
222:
who entered the service on 24 January 1855 followed by
Rajendra Chandra Chandra on 27 January 1858. The Medical Services of the Madras, Bengal and Bombay Presidencies were united after 1857. Separate Medical Boards involved that recruited for the Presidencies were abolished on 12 November 1857. A
346:
IMS officers were given formal military ranks for the first time in 1891, corresponding to those of their British Indian Army counterparts. The appointment of surgeon-general was upgraded to that of a major-general, with the title of surgeon major-general. The rank of surgeon-lieutenant was also
213:
The first signs of organization began with the establishment of the Bengal Medical Service on 20 October 1763 with fixed grades, rules for promotion and service. Similar services were established by 1764 in both Madras and Bombay. In Bengal increasing military actions required the separation of
143:
served around 1694 at Fort St. George, Madras from where he also reported on his botanical and other natural history studies. Jean Martin served Haider Ali and Jean Castarede served under Tipoo Sultan. A hierarchy was introduced into the establishment of the East India Company in 1614 with the
284:
When the British government dissolved the East India Company in 1858 and asserted its rule over India, it abolished the Medical Boards and replaced the appointments of Physician-General and Surgeon-General with a single Director-General. Superintending Surgeons were also redesignated Deputy
305:
In 1862, the rank of director-general was briefly redesignated as principal inspector-general, but the former designation was restored in 1866, followed by the redesignation of director-general as inspector-general in 1869. A new ranking system was introduced in 1873:
347:
introduced in 1891. In 1895, the head of the service was named its director-general, holding the rank and appointment of a surgeon-general (surgeon major-general). IMS military ranks retained the prefix of "surgeon" until it was dropped in 1898.
52:, which also had some civilian functions. It served during the two World Wars, and remained in existence until the independence of India in 1947. Many of its officers, who were both British and Indian, served in civilian hospitals.
118:
As more factories of the East India Company were established in India at this time, new positions began to be created for the appointment of surgeons and physicians. These men of medicine included Nicholas Manucci, a
110:
is said to have saved Shah Jahan's daughter princess Jahanara from injuries due to burns. In reward he was given duty-free trading rights and this document was utilized by the East India Company to obtain a
89:(formed as the Association of Merchant Adventurers in 1599 and receiving the royal charter on the last day of 1600) were as ship surgeons. The first three surgeons to have served were John Banester on the
205:. It was formed as a wartime necessity for attracting suitably qualified men for service in a rapidly expanding army. The IAMC was re-designated the Army Medical Corps with effect from 26 January 1950.
198:
147:
Surgeons were often assigned on diplomatic missions to various courts and they were found to be very influential. The first surgeon at Calcutta was a Dutchman who resigned in 1691.
139:
named Sikandar Beg served as surgeon to Suleiman Shikoh, son of Darah Shikoh, and there are records of several Dutch and French physicians in various courts across India.
359:
set up the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine between 1910 and its opening in 1921 as a postgraduate center for tropical medicine at the heart of the Indian Empire.
326:
In 1880, the rank of brigade surgeon was introduced and all surgeons regardless of their date of joining were ranked as captains. The IMS ranks were then as follows:
983:
190:
where he served for the 135th Indian Field Ambulance. Stiebel served as a lieutenant with the Indian Medical Service including with No. 1 Indian General Hospital.
231:
Prior to the formation of the IMS in 1764, all medical officers in the employ of the East India Company were unranked. There were two grades of medical officer:
714:
700:
988:
993:
368:
223:
single Indian Medical Service that separated from the civil medical service in 1858 was placed under a single Director General.
17:
998:
675:
968:
956:
946:
164:
is particularly well known for capturing numerous photographs during his service in the second half of the 19th century.
219:
168:
931:
877:
Helen Power, "The Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine: Institutionalizing Medical Research in the Periphery,"
585:
540:
Sinha, K.K. (1993). "Gabriel Boughton and William Hamilton: surgeons who helped build British power in India".
373:
172:
64:
660:
Catalogue description Medal card of Stiebel, Charles Alexander Corps: Lancashire Fusiliers; Labour Corps
378:
148:
86:
202:
194:
140:
658:
152:
68:
8:
951:
Ghosh, Col A, History of the Armed Forces Medical Services: India (Sangam Books, 1988)
855:
830:
780:
755:
643:
618:
441:
416:
952:
942:
860:
842:
785:
767:
630:
591:
581:
549:
446:
428:
268:
Physician-General/Surgeon-General/Inspector-General - ranking with Brigadier-Generals
73:
701:"Army Medical Corps Raising Day 2023: History, significance, and little-known facts"
32:
915:
850:
775:
638:
436:
285:
Inspectors-General at the same time. The ranks of the medical service thus became:
161:
107:
906:
895:
599:
246:
On 24 October 1788, medical officers were reclassified as commissioned officers:
179:
167:
Later, in the nineteenth century, the IMS became one of the routes to becoming a
102:
917:
977:
939:
The Morale Builders. Forty Years with the Military Medical Services of India.
846:
771:
634:
595:
432:
215:
864:
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450:
182:. In August 1915, he was transferred to the 5th Indian General Hospital at
805:
Public Health in British India: Anglo-Indian Preventive Medicine 1859-1914
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356:
124:
60:
56:
49:
969:
Roll of the Indian Medical Services, 1614-1930 by Lt.-Col D. G. Crawford
183:
136:
132:
289:
Director-General/Inspector-General - ranking with Brigadier-Generals
322:
Surgeons (less than 6 years of service) - ranking with lieutenants
128:
120:
673:
36:
Unidentified members of the IMS in France, during World War I.
187:
916:
Bayley, Henry Vincent - of the Bengal Civil Service (1838).
292:
Deputy Inspectors-General - ranking with Lieutenant-Colonels
178:
Charles Stiebel served with the medical services during the
908:
A history of the Indian Medical Service 1600-1913. Volume 2
897:
A history of the Indian Medical Service 1600-1913. Volume 1
71:, best known for his illustrations in the anatomy textbook
919:
Dorjé-Ling. A description of its merits as a health resort
676:"Lieutenant Charles Stiebel | War Casualty Details 630342"
313:
Deputy surgeons-General - ranking with lieutenant-Colonels
271:
Superintending Surgeons - ranking with Lieutenant-Colonels
155:
who came to Bengal as a Surgeon in 1732 was appointed as
106:
may have been introduced into accounts relating to this.
67:, later honorary physician to three British monarchs and
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
319:
Surgeons (6+ years of service) - ranking with captains
417:"Notes on the History of the Bengal Medical Service"
811:
336:
Brigade surgeons - ranking with lieutenant-colonels
135:from 1678-82. Later, he then settled in Madras. An
85:The earliest positions for medical officers in the
922:. Calcutta: G. H. Huttmann, Military Orphan Press.
542:Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh
715:"Army Medical Corps celebrates 252nd anniversary"
310:Surgeon-general - ranking with Brigadier-Generals
193:On 3 April 1943, the Indian Medical Service, the
975:
330:Surgeon-general - ranking with brigadier-general
101:. The first Company fleet went out in 1600 with
984:Medical and health organisations based in India
333:Deputy surgeons-General - ranking with colonels
250:Surgeon-General/Physician-General/Chief Surgeon
904:
893:
802:
115:or rights for itself from the ruler in Surat.
301:Assistant Surgeons - ranking with lieutenants
280:Assistant Surgeons - ranking with Lieutenants
259:Assistant Surgeons - ranking with Lieutenants
756:"Notes on History of Bengal Medical Service"
575:
539:
578:The British Empire & Tibet 1900 - 1922
854:
779:
642:
440:
55:Among its notable ranks, the IMS had Sir
27:Military medical service in British India
828:
807:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
753:
707:
616:
414:
31:
989:Administrative corps of the Indian Army
831:"History of the Indian Medical Service"
369:List of Indian Medical Service officers
14:
976:
941:(London: Asia Publishing House, 1965)
295:Senior Surgeons - ranking with Majors
274:Senior Surgeons - ranking with Majors
674:Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
350:
339:Surgeons-major - ranking with majors
316:Surgeons-major - ranking with majors
48:) was a military medical service in
253:Head Surgeons - ranking with Majors
199:Indian Hospital & Nursing Corps
24:
887:
680:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
220:Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chuckerbutty
25:
1010:
962:
342:Surgeons - ranking with captains
298:Surgeons - ranking with captains
277:Surgeons - ranking with Captains
256:Surgeons - ranking with Captains
994:Indian Medical Service officers
871:
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667:
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610:
569:
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911:. London: W. Thacker & Co.
900:. London: W. Thacker & Co.
617:Garrison, Fielding H. (1914).
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999:1763 establishments in India
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127:before studying medicine in
7:
619:"The Anglo-Indian Surgeons"
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173:Indian Political Department
10:
1015:
930:(London: Heinemann, 1950)
928:Surgeons Twoe and a Barber
835:The Indian Medical Gazette
760:The Indian Medical Gazette
421:The Indian Medical Gazette
379:Army Medical Corps (India)
201:were amalgamated into the
87:British East India Company
80:
937:Thapar, Lt Gen Daya Ram,
623:Edinburgh Medical Journal
357:British Indian government
203:Indian Army Medical Corps
195:Indian Medical Department
151:was particularly famous.
829:Crawford, D. G. (1907).
754:Crawford, D. G. (1901).
415:Crawford, D. G. (1901).
226:
123:born in 1639 who served
905:Crawford, D.G. (1914).
894:Crawford, D.G. (1914).
881:(1996) 40#2 pp 197-214.
803:Harrison, Mark (1994).
374:Women’s Medical Service
214:Military Surgeons from
153:John Zephaniah Holwell
93:, Lewis Attmer on the
42:Indian Medical Service
37:
18:Bengal Medical Service
580:, London: Routledge,
576:Wendy Palace (2004),
65:Sir Benjamin Franklin
35:
69:Henry Vandyke Carter
744:Crawford 1:201-222
735:Crawford 1:197-198
530:Crawford 1:180-196
521:Crawford 1:150-176
512:Crawford 1:116-127
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926:Donald McDonald,
351:Later development
169:Political officer
97:and Rober on the
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149:William Hamilton
131:where he served
108:Gabriel Boughton
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61:Nobel Prize
57:Ronald Ross
978:Categories
721:3 November
587:0415346827
427:(1): 1–4.
385:References
197:, and the
184:Alexandria
847:0019-5863
772:0019-5863
685:9 October
635:0367-1038
596:834529138
433:0019-5863
209:Structure
133:Shah Alam
91:Leicester
865:29005090
790:29004070
604:3291326M
451:29004198
363:See also
157:Zamindar
137:Armenian
121:Venetian
63:winner,
856:5165998
781:5164019
644:5271284
554:7687669
456:Bombay.
442:5164180
238:Surgeon
171:in the
99:Francis
81:History
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129:Lahore
113:farman
95:Edward
227:Ranks
188:Egypt
953:ISBN
943:ISBN
861:PMID
843:ISSN
786:PMID
768:ISSN
723:2023
687:2023
631:ISSN
592:OCLC
582:ISBN
550:PMID
447:PMID
429:ISSN
355:The
59:, a
40:The
851:PMC
776:PMC
639:PMC
437:PMC
186:in
46:IMS
980::
859:.
849:.
839:42
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