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1051:. Baybars himself went with a few troops to deal with the Mongol right flank that was pounding his left wing. Baybars ordered a force from the army from Hama to reinforce his left. The large Mamluk numbers were able to overwhelm the Mongol force, who instead of retreating dismounted from their horses. Some Mongols were able to escape and took up positions on the hills. Once they became surrounded they once again dismounted, and fought to the death. During the celebration of victory, Baybars said that "How can I be happy? Before I had thought that I and my servants would defeat the Mongols, but my left wing was beaten by them. Only Allah helped us".
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874:, the Khan of Golden Horde. He particularly was recorded to receive the first two hundred soldiers from Golden Horde to visit warmly, where Baybars persuade them to convert to Islam while also observing the growing enmity between the Golden Horde Khan with Hulagu. Baybars, who at that time has just defeated Hulagu, immediately sent envoy to Berke to inform the latter about this. Then, As soon as Berke converted to Islam, he sent envoy to Egypt to give news about this matter, and later, Baybars brought more peoples from Golden Horde to be sent into Egypt, where they also converted to Islam.
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585:, persuading him to break the accord and invade Egypt. Aybak wrote to an-Nassir Yusuf warning him of the danger of these Mamluks who took refuge in Syria, and agreed to grant him their territorial domains on the coast, but an-Nasir Yusuf refused to expel them and instead returned to them the domains which Aybak had granted. In 1255, an-Nasir Yusuf sent new forces to the Egyptian border, this time with many of Aktai's Mamluks, among them Baybars, and Qalawun al-Alfi, but he was defeated again. In 1257, Baybars and other Bahri Mamluks left Damascus to
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897:, who unlike Mengu Timur was very cooperative with Baybars. It is theorized that this intimacy was not only due to the religious connection (as Noqai was a Muslim, unlike his Khan), but also because Noqai was not really fond of Mengu-Timur. However, Baybars was pragmatic in his approach and did not want to become involved in complicated intrigue inside the Golden Horde, so instead he stayed close to both Mengu Timur and Noqai.
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950:, who arrived in Acre in May 1271 and attempted to ally himself with the Mongols against Baybars. So Baybars declared a truce with Tripoli, as well as with Edward, who was never able to capture any territory from Baybars anyway. According to some reports, Baybars tried to have Edward assassinated with poison, but Edward survived the attempt and returned home in 1272.
721:, until 1517. Like his unfortunate predecessor, al-Hakim I also received the formal oath of allegiance of Baybars and provided him with legitimation. While most of the Muslim world did not take these caliphs seriously, as they were mere instruments of the sultans, they still lent a certain legitimation as well as a decorative element to their rule.
528:, where he employed an ingenious strategy in ordering the opening of a gate to let the crusader knights enter the town; the crusaders rushed into the town that they thought was deserted to find themselves trapped inside. They were besieged from all directions by the Egyptian forces and the town population, and suffered heavy losses.
667:. Al-Kurani is said originated from Nishapur. Al-Kurani and his follower are recorded to have attacked the weapon stores and stables of Cairo during a night raid. Baybars, however, manage to suppress the rebellion quickly as he surrounded and arrested them all. Al- Kurani and another rebel leaders were executed (crucified) in
427:'s dating of his birth, since he says it took place in 625 AH (12 December 1227 – 29 November 1228) and also that Baybars was about 24 years old in 1247, which would put his birth closer to 1223. He belonged to the Barli tribe. According to a fellow Cuman and eyewitness, Badr al-Din Baysari, the Barli fled the armies of the
1930:الظاهر بيبرس: ركن الدين أبو الفتوح بيبرس التركي البندقداري ثم الصالحي صاحب مصر والشام ولد في حدود العشرين وستمائة كان رجلاً شجاعاً فارساً مقداماً مجاهداً عظيم الهيبة يضرب بشجاعته المثل، وله في الإسلام أيام بيض وفتوحات مشهورة. أجازه الشيخ محيي الدين ابن عربي برواية جميع مؤلفاته توفي 676 هـ، ذكره الشعراني ضمن تلاميذ ابن عربي.
1027:'; they were also allowed to continue being governed by a king from the native royal family, although this king was chosen personally by Baybars, namely a Makurian noble named Shakanda. In practice this was reducing Makuria to a vassal kingdom, effectively ending Makuria's status as an independent kingdom.
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affairs. A punitive Mamluk expedition was sent in response, but did not pass beyond the second cataract. Three years later the
Makurians attacked and destroyed Aswan, but this time, Baybars responded with a well-equipped army setting off from Cairo in early 1276, accompanied by a cousin of king David
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By origin he was a
Kipchak Turk from the territory lying to the north of the Black Sea. When the Mongols conquered this region about 1241, Baybars's people fled across the Black Sea and sought refuge with a Turcoman chieftain in Anatolia, who proved treacherous, and turned on the fugitives with fire
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One of Baibar's wives was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Nogay at-Tatari. Another wife was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Giray at-Tatari. Another wife was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din
Tammaji. Another wife was Iltutmish Khatun. She was the daughter of Barka Khan a former Khwarazmian amir.
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The story of the involvement of
Baybars in the assassination was told by different historians in different ways. In one account the assassins killed Qutuz while he was giving a hand to Baybars (Al-Maqrizi and Ibn-Taghri). In another, from an Ayyubid source, Qutuz was giving a hand to someone when
1780:
Baybars I, al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn ak-Din
Baybars al-Salihi, was born around the year 1223 in what is now southern Russia. A member of the tribe of Kipchak Turks living on the north shores of the Black Sea, Barbars was a victim of the Mongol invasion of his native region in the late 1230's. By the
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sent a letter to
Baybars asking him to delay his departure. Baybars chastised him for not aiding him during the Battle of Elbistan. Baybars told him he was leaving for Sivas to mislead Pervâne and the Mongols as to his true destination. Baybars also sent Taybars al-Waziri with a force to raid the
927:, two days later the first line of defences was captured by the besiegers; he was probably referring to a walled suburb outside the castle's entrance. After a lull of ten days, the besiegers conveyed a letter to the garrison, supposedly from the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Tripoli,
1107:
Sultan
Baybars married a noble lady from Tripoli (modern-day Lebanon) named Aisha al Bushnatiya, a prominent Arab family. Aisha was a warrior who fought the Crusaders along with her brother lieutenant Hassan. She met Sultan Baybars after he camped in Tripoli during his siege. They had a short
831:
by giving control of
Armenia's border fortresses to the Mamluks. In 1269, Hetoum abdicated in favour of his son and became a monk, but he died a year later. Leo was left in the awkward situation of keeping Cilicia as a subject of the Mongol Empire, while at the same time paying tribute to the
1747:
Baybars is described as a tall man with broad chest and shoulders, slim legs, a powerful voice, swarthy skin, and blue eyes. He was probably born about 625/1227–8 in the southern
Russian steppes as a member of a Qipçāq-Turkish group. At the age of fourteen he became a slave. The amīr Aydakīn
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in 1188 but returned to the
Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1240. Baybars promised the knights safe passage to the Christian town of Acre if they surrendered their fortress. Badly outnumbered, the knights agreed. Upon surrender, Baybars broke his promise and massacred the entire Templar garrison. On
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Baybars struck his back with a sword (Abu-Al-Fida). A third account mentioned that Baybars tried to help Qutuz against the assassins (O. Hassan). According to Al-Maqrizi, the Emirs who struck Qutuz were Badr ad-Din Baktut, Emir Ons, and Emir Bahadir al-Mu'izzi. (Al-Maqrizi, p.519/vol.1)
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from 21 March to 30 April. After breaking into the town he offered free passage to the defending Knights Hospitallers if they surrendered their formidable citadel. The Knights accepted Baybars' offer but were enslaved anyway. Baybars razed the castle to the ground. He next attacked
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and duly received investiture as sultan from him. Unfortunately, al-Mustansir II was killed by the Mongols during an ill-advised expedition to recapture Baghdad from the Mongols later in the same year. In 1262, another Abbasid, allegedly the great-great-great-grandson of the Caliph
660:, which lifted the Mongol threat for a while. On 17 January 1261, Baybars's forces were able to rout the troops of Sinjar outside Damascus, and pursued the attack to the city, where the citizens were loyal to Sinjar and resisted Baybars, although their resistance was soon crushed.
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Baybars was born around 1220 CE among the Qipchaq Turks, who lived in the steppe region north of the Black Sea. Fleeing from the Mongol invasions in the area in 1241–1242, Baybars and his family moved to Anatolia. There, Baybars was captured and ended up in the slave market of
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Rage and sorrow are seated in my heart...so firmly that I scarce dare to stay alive. It seems that God wishes to support the Turks to our loss...ah, lord God...alas, the realm of the East has lost so much that it will never be able to rise up again. They will make a
623:
in 1260, when he decisively defeated the Mongols. After the battle, Sultan Qutuz (aka Koetoez) was assassinated while on a hunting expedition. It was said that Baybars was involved in the assassination because he expected to be rewarded with the governorship of
1054:
The possibility of a new Mongol army convinced Baybars to return to Syria, since he was far away from his bases and supply line. As the Mamluk army returned to Syria the commander of the Mamluk vanguard, Izz al-Din Aybeg al-Shaykhi, deserted to the Mongols.
700:, a theoretically supreme leader who had sometimes used his office to endow distant Muslim rulers with legitimacy by sending them writs of investiture. Thus, when the Abbasid refugee Abu al-Qasim Ahmad, the uncle of the last Abbasid caliph
931:, which granted permission for them to surrender. The garrison capitulated and the Sultan spared their lives. The new owners of the castle undertook repairs, focused mainly on the outer ward. The Hospitaller chapel was converted to a
333:, which was famous for being unconquerable by previous Muslim empire invasion attempts. As sultan, Baybars also engaged in a combination of diplomacy and military action, allowing the Mamluks of Egypt to greatly expand their empire.
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A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith Sir Thomas Walker Arnold. men , observing the growing enmity between ... Baybars , who persuaded them to embrace Islam.1 Baybars himself was at war with Hūlāgū , whom he had recently
843:, capturing the city on 18 May. Baybars had promised to spare the lives of the inhabitants, but he broke his promise and had the city razed, killing or enslaving much of the population after the surrender. prompting the fall of the
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854:, which belonged to Guy, the son of John of Ibelin. Jaffa fell to Baybars on 7 March after twelve hours of fighting; most of Jaffa's citizens were slain, but Baybars allowed the garrison to go unharmed. After this he conquered
648:. Also, the threat from the Mongols was still serious enough to be considered as a threat to Baybars' authority. However, Baybars first chose to deal with Sinjar, and marched on Damascus. At the same time the princes of
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capturing Safed, Baybars did not raze the fortress to the ground but fortified and repaired it instead, as it was strategically situated and well constructed. He installed a new governor in Safed, with the rank of
455:, including the regions where the Cuman refugees recently settled. Both Baybars, who witnessed his parents being massacred, and Baysari were among the captives during the invasion and were sold into slavery in the
847:. The massacre of men, women, and children at Antioch "was the single greatest massacre of the entire crusading era." Priests had their throats slit inside their churches, and women were sold into slavery.
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in the south, which, previously being Alodia's northernmost province, had by this period become a kingdom of its own. The king of al-Abwab, however, handed David over to Baybars, who had him executed.
839:. After successfully conquering Cilicila, Baybars in 1267 settled his unfinished business with Acre, and continued the extermination of remaining crusader garrisons in the following years. In 1268, he
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and sword. Baybars was among the captives. He was then about fourteen years of age, and his journey southwards can be traced through the slave-markets of Sivas, Aleppo, Damascus and Hamah.
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and reinforced the union of Egypt and Syria as the region's pre-eminent Muslim state, able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols, and even managed to subdue the kingdom of
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In 1265 a Mamluk army allegedly raided Makuria as far south as Dongola while also expanding southwards along the African Red Sea coast, thus threatening the Nubians. In 1272 king
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of Holy Mary's convent, and since the theft pleases her Son, who should weep at this, we are forced to comply as well...Anyone who wishes to fight the Turks is mad, for
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He was also an efficient administrator who took interest in building various infrastructure projects, such as a mounted message relay system capable of delivery from
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importance. In order to support his military campaigns, Baybars commissioned arsenals, warships and cargo vessels. He was also arguably the first to employ explosive
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Adventuring in the Englishes: Language and Literature in a Postcolonial Globalized World, Ikram Ahmed Elsherif, Piers Michael Smith. 2014. Part I; Chapter 2, pg 18.
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on 1 July 1277, when he was 53 years old. His demise has been the subject of some academic speculation. Many sources agree that he died from drinking poisoned
751:, which had become a vassal state of the Mongols and had participated in attacks against Islamic targets in Damascus and Syria. In 1263, Baybars laid siege to
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Kastritsis, Dimitris (2013). "The Historical Epic "Ahval-i Sultan Mehemmed" (The Tales of Sultan Mehmed) in the Context of Early Ottoman Historiography".
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does not fight them any more. They have conquered, they will conquer. For every day they drive us down, knowing that God, who was awake, sleeps now, and
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Thorau, Peter (2010). "Baybars I, al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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relationship and after that they got married. There are conflicting stories of whether Aisha returned with Baybars to Egypt or was martyred in Tripoli.
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that was intended for someone else. Other accounts suggest that he may have died from a wound while campaigning, or from illness. He was buried in the
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Baybars then turned his attention to Tripoli, but he interrupted his siege there to call a truce in May 1271. The fall of Antioch had led to the brief
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685:, who had earlier staved off the Mongol threat, were permitted to continue their rule in exchange for their recognizing Baybars' authority as Sultan.
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995:. The Nubian army destroyed the town, causing “a blow to the very heart of Islam”. This initiated several decades of intervention by the Mamluks in
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919:. Peasants who lived in the area had fled to the castle for safety and were kept in the outer ward. As soon as Baybars arrived, he began erecting
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552:. Shortly after the victory over the Crusaders, Baybars and a group of Mamluk soldiers assassinated Turanshah, leading to as-Salih Ayyub's widow
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in 1260, repelling Mongol forces from Syria. Although in the Muslim world he has been considered a national hero for centuries, and in the
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for his military success, but Qutuz, fearing his ambition, refused to give him the post. Baybars succeeded Qutuz as Sultan of Egypt.
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827:, so that when Hetoum arrived with Mongol troops, the country was already devastated. Hetoum had to negotiate the return of his son
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Dimitri Korobeinikov (2008), "A Broken Mirror: The Kıpçak World in the Thirteenth Century", in Florin Curta; Roman Kovalev (eds.),
3272:"La frontière entre le bilād al-islām et le bilād al-Nūba : enjeux et ambiguïtés d'une frontière immobile (VIIe-XIIe siècle)"
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Gazda, M (2005). "Mameluke invasions on Nubia in the 13th Century. Some Thoughts on Political Interrelations in the Middle East".
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which essentially ended the Seventh Crusade and led to the capture of Louis IX. Egyptian forces in that battle were led by Sultan
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1663:"Baybars is described as a tall man with broad chest and shoulders, slim legs, a powerful voice, swarthy skin, and blue eyes."
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in four days. He built bridges, irrigation and shipping canals, improved the harbours, and built mosques. He was a patron of
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is still regarded as such, Baybars was reviled in the Christian world of the time for his successful campaigns against the
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named Mashkouda or Shekanda. The Mamluks defeated the Nubians in three battles at Gebel Adda, Meinarti and finally at the
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Soon after Baybars had ascended to the Sultanate, his authority was confirmed without any serious resistance, except from
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1165:, Baybars made the meritocratic ascent up the ranks of Mamluk society, where he commanded Mamluk forces in the decisive
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893:. Baybars continued to conduct warm correspondence with the Golden Horde, particularly with Mengu Timur's general
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According to Matthew Paris, only 2 Templars, 1 Hospitaller and one 'contemptible person' escaped. Matthew Paris,
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The image of an Ottoman city: imperial architecture and urban experience in Aleppo in the 16th and 17th centuries
1227:. The arrival of the Mongol's Golden Horde to Egypt resulted in a significant number of Mongols accepting Islam.
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Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
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time he was fourteen, Baybars had become a prisoner of war; he was sold in the slave market in Sivas, Anatolia.
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Aegyptus et Nubia Christiana. The Włodzimierz Godlewski Jubilee Volume on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday
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Baybars was a popular ruler in the Muslim world who had defeated the crusaders in three campaigns, and the
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The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith, By Thomas Walker Arnold, p. 192
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tribute, and in return they were allowed to keep their religion, being protected under Islamic law as '
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and solidified the durability of their military system. He managed to pave the way for the end of the
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Gold coin minted under Baybars, with an Arabic inscription and an image of a panther or lion below it
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his return to Egypt, which was eagerly accepted. He was still a commander under sultan Qutuz at the
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2113:. ʿAlī b. Maḥmūd b. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar b. Shāhanshāh b. Ayyūb b. Shādī b. Marwān, Ismāʿīl Abulfeda.
1438:"Sultans with Horns: The Political Significance of Headgear in the Mamluk Empire (MSR XII.2, 2008)"
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1116:. She died in 1284–85. Another wife was the daughter Karmun Agha, a Mongol Amir. He had three sons
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776:, where he captured both towns after destroying the crusaders' resistance, and razed the citadels.
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Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382, from the Islamic Sources
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Kingship and Ideology in the Islamic and Mongol Worlds Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization
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A probable near-contemporary depiction of Sultan Baybars: enthroned ruler and attendants in the
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713:, Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad, who had survived from the defeated expedition, was proclaimed caliph as
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State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E
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Maqrīzī (al-), Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn 'Alī (1956). Ziada (al-Ziyādah), Muḥammad Muṣṭafā (ed.).
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2922:. The medieval Mediterranean peoples, economies and cultures, 400–1500. Brill. p. 391.
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Possibly based on the Turkic meaning of his name, Baybars used the panther as his heraldic
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The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, H.H. Berton Publisher, 1973–1974, p.773/vol.2
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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
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A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades
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395:. He had broad shoulders, slim legs, and a powerful voice. It was observed that he had
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There was also a brief rebellion in Cairo led by a leading figure of the Shiite named
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Concise History of Humanity(المختصر في أخبار Tarikh al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar)
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384:) plays with a rat, which may be interpreted to represent Baybars' Crusader enemies.
298:. He was one of the commanders of the Egyptian forces that inflicted a defeat on the
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The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile
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On 30 March 1271, after Baybars captured the smaller castles in the area, including
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The Mamluks under Baybars (yellow) fought off the Franks and the Mongols during the
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As sultan, Baybars engaged in a lifelong struggle against the Crusader kingdoms in
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quoting Magrisi Sultans, I, i, p. 116; Abu al Fida pp. 145–50; Bar Hebraeus p. 439
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Muhyi al-Din ibn 'Arabi and his jurisprudential opinions in al-Futuhāt al-Makkiyya
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The Elite: The Story of Special Forces – From Ancient Sparta to the War on Terror
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Armenian town of al-Rummana, whose inhabitants had hidden the Mongols earlier.
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612:. The combined forces tried in vain to invade Egypt during the reign of Aybak.
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3435:"The works of Sultan Bibars al-Bunduqdârî in Egypt [avec 31 planches]"
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The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time
1019:. Under the terms of the settlement, the Nubians were now subjected to paying
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instead. He used siege engines to defeat the Crusaders in battles such as the
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After suppressing the revolt of Sinjar, Baybars then managed to deal with the
345:, Baybars' name means "great panther" or "lord panther" (see also Wiktionary:
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Writing History at the Ottoman Court: Editing the Past, Fashioning the Future
3295:"La liste des conquêtes nubiennes de Baybars selon Ibn Šadd ād (1217 – 1285)"
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2320:"Hudson Institute > American Outlook > American Outlook Article Detail"
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1362:
1251:
in war, at the Battle of Ain Jalut. His military campaign also extended into
1158:
1137:
1124:
and Khizir. He had seven daughters; one of them was named Tidhkarbay Khatun.
943:
912:
851:
764:
710:
509:
493:
428:
311:
291:
213:
136:
3452:
3330:
Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche
2896:
747:, in part because the Christians had aided the Mongols. He started with the
353:
3947:
3304:(in French). Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology. pp. 553–577.
1925:
1372:
1290:
1220:
1199:
882:
752:
317:
The reign of Baybars marked the start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the
3538:
3434:
2061:
1348:
has a wealth of manuscripts in various branches of knowledge to this day.
376:, and placed it on both coins and buildings. The lion/panther used on the
347:
3935:
3284:
3271:
2779:
1248:
973:
923:, powerful siege weapons which he would turn on the castle. According to
886:
836:
668:
377:
1882:
The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans
1701:
The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517
3905:
3688:
3263:
2402:
The Preaching of Islam A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith
2073:
al-Madidi, Khasd; Abdul Muhammad, Sawadi; Abdul Qadir an-Nuri, Duraid.
1315:
1174:
894:
890:
881:, Baybars wrote condolences and congratulations to the new Khan of the
878:
714:
388:
78:
2072:
1056:
835:
This isolated Antioch and Tripoli, led by Hethum's son-in-law, Prince
692:
in Iraq was overthrown by the Mongols in 1258 when they conquered and
451:, where they had arrived to Bulgaria about 1242. In the meantime, the
3362:
2147:
A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades
1605:. Seminar Studies (first ed.). Routledge. p. 121, Plate 8.
1456:
1170:
1040:
1016:
590:
586:
440:
416:
392:
3255:
1548:
Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide; New Revised Edition
877:
In some time around October to November 1267, or about 666 Safar of
504:
3646:
1341:
1278:
1203:
1121:
1088:
1081:
920:
855:
816:
808:
760:
645:
408:
396:
287:
164:
132:
2844:"Memlûk Sarayında Tek Eşlilik ve Çok Eşlilik Üzerine Bir İnceleme"
1314:
recording his battles and achievements. He has a heroic status in
677:, while quietly eliminating the prince of Kerak. Ayyubids such as
360:
3911:
3857:
3652:
1907:
1367:
1327:
1236:
1215:
Baybars also played an important role in bringing the Mongols to
1162:
1048:
792:
784:
704:, arrived in Cairo in 1261, Baybars had him proclaimed caliph as
674:
574:
330:
208:
198:
3222:
From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260
2580:
615:
Baybars then sent 'Ala al-Din Taybars al-Waziri to discuss with
593:. Later on, they fought against the forces of an-Nasir Yusuf at
189:
al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari Abu al-Futuh
3803:
3791:
1505:
The history of the Mongol conquests, By J. J. Saunders, pg. 115
1195:
984:
936:
932:
697:
625:
594:
448:
444:
412:
373:
326:
2487:
540:. Only five Templar Knights escaped alive. The second was the
482:. In 1247, al-Bunduqārī was arrested and the sultan of Egypt,
3676:
3599:
3587:
1357:
1331:
1319:
1274:
1256:
1252:
1224:
1216:
1092:
1020:
996:
992:
871:
820:
780:
773:
744:
616:
609:
582:
566:
479:
460:
295:
223:
3250:, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University: 177–210,
3197:. Gdansk Archaeological MuseumGdansk Archaeological Museum.
2816:"Zahiriyya Madrasa and Mausoleum of Sultan al-Zahir Baybars"
2760:
1748:
al-Bunduqdār bought him in Ḥamāt (Hama) a short while later.
1011:
Baybars then completed his conquest of Nubia, including the
2405:. A. Constable and Company; Harvard University. p. 192
1517:
1298:
988:
653:
649:
641:
464:
310:
in 1260, which marked the first substantial defeat of the
2857:(43). The Journal of International Social Research: 557.
2628:
2604:
2249:. CUP Archive. 11 November 1907 – via Google Books.
1223:
and took steps for the Golden Horde Mongols to travel to
803:
Later, in 1266, Baybars invaded the Christian country of
381:
365:
3225:, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,
2889:"Women, Architecture and Representation in Mamluk Cairo"
2715:
2568:
2516:
2514:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
779:
In the same year, Baybars laid siege to the fortress of
3134:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281
2993:
100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present
2920:
The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society
2263:
The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society
1982:, Cambridge University Press, London, 1951, pp. 272–273
1551:. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 185.
900:
306:. He also led the vanguard of the Egyptian army at the
2998:
2531:
2529:
1285:, such as his support for the medical research of his
815:, Baybars managed to ravage the three great cities of
3049:
Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East
2616:
2592:
2511:
1895:
1301:, providing the cats of Cairo with food and shelter.
1030:
2395:
1899:محيي الدين بن عربي وآراؤه الفقهية في الفتوحات المكية
1879:
1004:. David fled upstream the Nile, eventually entering
2526:
2499:
1412:
al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī
1293:. As a testament of a special relationship between
1219:. He developed strong ties with the Mongols of the
915:, he besieged the Krak des Chevaliers, held by the
870:Baybars actively pursued a close relationship with
314:army and is considered a turning point in history.
232:
Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari
2936:
2783:
2260:Winter, Michael; Levanoni, Amalia (3 April 2018).
2102:(in Arabic). Vol. 2. Cairo: Lajnat al-Ta'līf.
759:, although the siege was abandoned when he sacked
3238:
2947:. Mamluk Studies. V&R Unipress. p. 105.
2942:
2732:
2730:
2481:
1764:. In Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (eds.).
1544:
1340:is the school built adjacent to his Mausoleum in
724:
3961:
3429:
2646:
1828:"Baybars I | Mamlūk Sultan of Egypt & Syria"
1513:
1511:
3041:
2911:
2138:
2136:
1854:
1150:Bronze bust of Sultan Baibars in Cairo, at the
478:, an Egyptian of high rank, who brought him to
3381:Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya and Baybars Mausoleum
3152:"The Taking of Le Krak des Chevaliers in 1271"
3068:
2917:
2727:
2427:
2368:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 1969. p. 557.
2259:
2209:Rodney Stark, 'God's Battalions', 2009, p. 230
1799:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
1766:Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages
1629:The Fall of Christendom: The Road to Acre 1291
1598:
242:; 1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), commonly known as
3554:
3131:
2766:
2687:
2097:
1508:
1043:Mongols. He defeated a Ilkhanate army at the
865:
644:who was popular and powerful enough to claim
565:In 1254, a power shift occurred in Egypt, as
486:, confiscated his slaves, including Baybars.
3300:. In A. Łajtar; A. Obłuski; I. Zych (eds.).
2673:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2453:
2451:
2133:
1954:Egyptian Counter-attack, The Seventh Crusade
1873:
255:
3568:
2841:
983:marched east and attacked the port town of
953:
261:
16:Sultan of Egypt and Syria from 1260 to 1277
3561:
3547:
3318:
2721:
2434:. Cambridge University Press. p. 59.
2076:History of the Arab world and the Crusades
1850:
1848:
1578:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
1297:, Baybars left a cat garden in Cairo as a
960:Makuria § Decline (12th century–1365)
47:
3292:
3283:
3269:
3218:
2586:
2574:
2448:
2172:
2100:Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk
2027:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1472:
656:proved able to defeat the Mongols in the
536:were both killed, along with most of the
387:Baybars was described as a tall man with
2882:
2880:
2851:Journal of International Social Research
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2650:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World
2647:El Hareir, Mbaye, Idris, Ravane (2011).
2307:A Concise History of the Armenian People
2142:
1625:
1592:
1310:("Life of al-Zahir Baibars"), a popular
1145:
1067:
963:
734:
524:in two major battles. The first was the
516:In 1250, he supported the defeat of the
503:
359:
3209:
3074:Albert Z. Iskandar, "Ibn al-Nafis", in
3004:
2222:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades
1845:
1655:"Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE — Brill"
1538:
423:at the time. There is a discrepancy in
240:الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري
4015:One Thousand and One Nights characters
3995:Generals of the medieval Islamic world
3962:
3336:
3327:
2943:Clifford, W.W.; Conermann, S. (2013).
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2547:
2520:
2493:
2475:
2053:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1993.
1792:
1728:
1672:
1262:
336:
3542:
3188:
3103:
3097:
2967:
2961:
2886:
2877:
2826:
2778:
2772:
2535:
2505:
1722:
1571:
1435:
681:and the Ayyubid Emir Dynasty of Hama
548:, the young son of recently deceased
3149:
2842:Akkuş Yiğit, Fatma (20 April 2016).
2469:
2457:
2218:
1697:
1675:Sultan Baybars der Erste von Ägypten
1518:Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh (2004).
1431:
1429:
901:Continued campaign against Crusaders
755:, the capital of the remnant of the
364:Bridge built by Baybars near modern
3395:Extensive Arabic Article on Baybars
2338:The Concise History of the Crusades
1759:
1626:Bartlett, W. B. (15 October 2021).
1463:
256:
239:
13:
1906:] (in Arabic) (1st ed.).
1859:. Simon and Schuster. p. 64.
1243:which many scholars deem of great
1230:
1031:Further campaign against Ilkhanate
631:
597:, then fled to join the forces of
532:, who took refuge in a house, and
14:
4041:
3408:; Pouwels, Randall, eds. (2000),
3356:
2918:Winter, M.; Levanoni, A. (2004).
2895:. pp. 20, 21. Archived from
1884:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 379–412
1825:
1426:
1152:Egyptian National Military Museum
3975:Muslims of Lord Edward's crusade
3689:Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir
3616:
3609:
1941:Lord of Joinville, 110, part II.
499:
492:(d. 973/1565) counted him among
469:'Alā' al-Dīn Īdīkīn al-Bunduqārī
3019:
3010:
2986:
2808:
2748:
2739:
2681:
2640:
2541:
2482:Folda, French & Coupel 1982
2463:
2421:
2356:
2343:
2330:
2312:
2299:
2287:
2253:
2239:
2212:
2203:
2166:
2091:
2051:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
2043:
2033:
1972:
1959:
1944:
1935:
1889:
1819:
1786:
1753:
1691:
1666:
1647:
1632:. Amberley Publishing Limited.
1619:
3970:Muslims of the Seventh Crusade
3719:Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il
3525:24 October 1260 – 1 July 1277
3410:The History of Islam in Africa
3219:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977),
3136:, Cambridge University Press,
3132:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (2004),
2554:. Cambridge University Press.
1659:referenceworks.brillonline.com
1565:
1499:
1490:
1405:
1112:She was the mother of his son
725:Campaign against the Crusaders
1:
3980:Medieval history of Palestine
3150:King, D. J. Cathcart (1949),
2756:Mamluk Ilkhanid war 1260–1281
2688:Hopkins.Peter (3 June 2014).
2428:F. Broadbridge, Anne (2008).
2365:The Later Crusades, 1189–1311
2219:Lock, Peter (15 April 2013).
2079:. Mosul University Press 1981
1732:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
1420:
1304:His memoirs were recorded in
1035:In 1277, Baybars invaded the
534:William Longespée the Younger
463:. Afterwards, he was sold in
431:, arranging to settle in the
73:24 October 1260 – 1 July 1277
3104:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009).
2887:Karam, Amina (22 May 2019).
2736:Ibn Taghri, Al-Zahir Baibars
2152:. CUP Archive. p. 316.
1072:Mausoleum chamber of sultan
939:were added to the interior.
696:, the Muslim world lacked a
679:Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs
638:Alam al-Din Sinjar al-Halabi
402:
7:
4010:13th-century Mamluk sultans
3323:. Indiana University Press.
2247:"The Crusaders in the East"
1826:Rabie, Hassanein Muhammad.
1797:. In Meri, Josef W. (ed.).
1351:
1157:As the first Sultan of the
968:Possible depiction of king
907:Fall of Krak des Chevaliers
10:
4046:
3864:Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf
3367:Encyclopedia of the Orient
3125:
3084:Kluwer Academic Publishers
1896:Nader Jamil Jum'a (2020).
1801:. Routledge. p. 101.
1795:"Baybars I, Mamluk Sultan"
1768:. Routledge. p. 124.
1545:Caroline Williams (2008).
1383:Mosque of al-Zahir Baybars
1266:
1131:
987:, located on an important
957:
904:
866:Alliance with Golden Horde
728:
411:thought to be born in the
18:
3782:
3625:
3607:
3580:
3527:
3521:Sultan of Egypt and Syria
3518:
3510:
3505:
3470:
3376:Concise Britannica online
3293:Seignobos, Robin (2016).
3270:Seignobos, Robin (2010).
3214:, New York: Marboro Books
3210:Howarth, Stephen (1982),
3170:10.1017/S0003598X0002007X
2863:10.17719/jisr.20164317631
2711:– via Google Books.
2548:Howard, Jonathan (2011).
2283:– via Google Books.
2235:– via Google Books.
2199:– via Google Books.
2143:Runciman, Steven (1987).
1704:. Routledge. p. 90.
1127:
1102:
1047:and captured the city of
1039:, then controlled by the
281:sultan of Egypt and Syria
219:
207:
197:
188:
183:
179:
150:
142:
126:
114:
110:
100:
90:
77:
69:
62:
55:Baptistère de Saint Louis
46:
35:
30:
3852:Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad
3035:26 February 2008 at the
2995:. Paul K. Davis, pg. 141
2691:Kenana Handbook of Sudan
1912:Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya
1855:Ranulph Fiennes (2019).
1436:Fuess, Albrecht (2018).
1398:
1393:Sayyidah Zainab District
1338:Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya
1063:
954:Campaign against Makuria
948:Prince Edward of England
453:Mongols invaded Bulgaria
130:1 July 1277 (aged 50/55)
21:Baybars (disambiguation)
4025:Supporters of Ibn Arabi
3453:10.3406/bifao.1926.1832
3328:Werner, Roland (2013).
3108:. Infobase Publishing.
2745:Al-Maqrizi, p. 99/vol.2
2653:. UNESCO. p. 300.
2496:, p. 117, note 16.
2182:. Penguin Books India.
1793:Amitai, Reuven (2006).
1760:Fry, C. George (1998).
1677:. Longman. p. 28.
1599:Niall Christie (2014).
1572:Petry, Carl F. (2022).
1037:Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm
972:on a wallpainting from
889:, to urge him to fight
845:Principality of Antioch
749:Principality of Antioch
731:Siege of Antioch (1268)
459:at the slave market in
433:Second Bulgarian Empire
378:bridge built by Baybars
351:"rich person, noble" +
37:Sultan Misr wa al-Sham
3894:Sayf al-Din Khushqadam
3816:Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz
3341:. The British Museum.
3337:Welsby, Derek (2002).
3191:Gdansk African Reports
2589:, p. 554, note 2.
2340:(3rd ed. 2014), p. 168
1673:Thorau, Peter (1992).
1524:. Brill. p. 198.
1388:Sirat al-Zahir Baibars
1307:Sirat al-Zahir Baibars
1213:
1154:
1084:
976:
740:
513:
435:(named in the sources
380:near al-Ludd (today's
369:
357:"leopard, panther").
4020:13th-century Kipchaks
3755:Salah al-Din Muhammad
3695:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
3683:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
3665:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
3414:Ohio University Press
3390:Columbia Encyclopedia
3244:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
3106:Encyclopedia of Islam
2754:Reuven Amitai Press,
1698:Holt, P. M. (2014) .
1451:(2): 76, 84, Fig. 5.
1445:Mamlūk Studies Review
1267:Further information:
1191:
1149:
1132:Further information:
1071:
967:
958:Further information:
905:Further information:
850:Then he continued to
738:
729:Further information:
683:Al-Mansur Muhammad II
526:Battle of Al Mansurah
507:
363:
319:Eastern Mediterranean
3936:Sayf al-Din Tumanbay
3912:Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay
3701:Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr
3671:Zayn al-Din Kitbugha
3647:Badr al-Din Salamish
3641:Nasir al-Din Barakah
3482:Cadet branch of the
3285:10.4000/afriques.800
2397:Thomas Walker Arnold
1575:The Mamluk Sultanate
1346:Az-Zahiriyah Library
1097:Az-Zahiriyah Library
1078:Al-Zahiriyah Library
1013:Medieval lower Nubia
757:Kingdom of Jerusalem
658:First Battle of Homs
439:). They crossed the
415:region north of the
118:19 July 1223 or 1228
19:For other uses, see
4030:13th-century slaves
3888:Shihab al-Din Ahmad
3876:Fakhr al-Din Uthman
3858:Sayf al-Din Barsbay
3761:Zayn al-Din Sha'ban
3725:Sayf al-Din Sha'ban
3713:Shihab al-Din Ahmad
3659:Salah al-Din Khalil
3653:Sayf al-Din Qalawun
3635:Rukn al-Din Baybars
3184:on 23 December 2012
2899:on 18 December 2021
2637:, pp. 122–123.
2613:, pp. 120–122.
2326:on 29 January 2006.
1486:. 15 February 2024.
1263:Culture and science
1241:Battle of Ain Jalut
1167:Battle of Ain Jalut
1142:Battle of Ain Jalut
1015:which was ruled by
787:knights, which had
621:Battle of Ain Jalut
337:Name and appearance
308:Battle of Ain Jalut
271:Father of Conquests
3930:Al-Ashraf Janbalat
3900:Sayf al-Din Bilbay
3870:Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq
3834:Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
3828:Al-Musta'in Billah
3822:Nasir al-Din Faraj
3810:Nasir al-Din Faraj
3804:Sayf al-Din Barquq
3792:Sayf al-Din Barquq
3773:Salah al-Din Hajji
3743:Salah al-Din Salih
3707:Ala'a al-Din Kujuk
3677:Husam al-Din Lajin
2968:Papas, A. (2020).
2822:on 8 January 2009.
2790:. Dutton. p.
2767:Amitai-Preiss 2004
2336:Thomas F. Madden,
2174:Dalrymple, William
2049:MacHenry, Robert.
1978:Runciman, Steven,
1967:Louis IX's Crusade
1185:who fought in the
1155:
1085:
1045:Battle of Elbistan
1025:People of the Book
977:
807:which, under King
741:
571:Faris ad-Din Aktai
542:Battle of Fariskur
522:Louis IX of France
514:
370:
304:Louis IX of France
276:), was the fourth
39:Al-Malik al-Zahir
3957:
3956:
3918:An-Nasir Muhammad
3846:Sayf al-Din Tatar
3840:Al-Muzaffar Ahmad
3749:Badr al-Din Hasan
3737:Badr al-Din Hasan
3731:Sayf al-Din Hajji
3600:Sayf al-Din Qutuz
3537:
3536:
3528:Succeeded by
3514:Saif ad-Din Qutuz
3406:Levtzion, Nehemia
2979:978-90-04-39260-1
2970:Sufi Institutions
2954:978-3-8470-0091-4
2929:978-90-04-13286-3
1866:978-1-4711-5664-9
1808:978-0-415-96690-0
1775:978-1-57958-041-4
1711:978-1-317-87152-1
1684:978-0-582-06823-0
1639:978-1-4456-8418-5
1585:978-1-108-47104-6
1002:Battle of Dongola
690:Abbasid caliphate
640:, another Mamluk
229:
228:
193:
192:
172:Tidhkarbay Khatun
95:Saif ad-Din Qutuz
4037:
3942:Qansuh al-Ghawri
3924:Abu Sa'id Qansuh
3882:Sayf al-Din Inal
3767:Ala'a al-Din Ali
3620:
3613:
3588:Izz al-Din Aybak
3563:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3511:Preceded by
3501:
3494:
3485:Mamluk Sultanate
3468:
3467:
3464:
3431:Creswell, K.A.C.
3426:
3352:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3266:
3235:
3215:
3206:
3185:
3180:, archived from
3146:
3120:
3119:
3101:
3095:
3072:
3066:
3056:
3045:
3039:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2848:
2839:
2824:
2823:
2818:. Archived from
2812:
2806:
2805:
2789:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2664:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2524:
2518:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2460:, pp. 88–92
2455:
2446:
2445:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2393:
2380:
2379:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2322:. Archived from
2316:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2176:(3 April 1989).
2170:
2164:
2163:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2070:
2059:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1969:, p. 14/ Vol. 5.
1963:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:10.6082/M100007Z
1442:
1433:
1414:
1409:
1318:, as well as in
1245:macro-historical
1211:
1087:Baybars died in
970:David of Makuria
841:besieged Antioch
805:Cilician Armenia
719:Mamluk sultanate
607:
530:Robert of Artois
477:
457:Sultanate of Rum
325:presence in the
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
259:
258:
241:
181:
180:
146:Iltutmish Khatun
137:Mamluk Sultanate
51:
28:
27:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4034:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3778:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3605:
3576:
3567:
3533:
3531:Al-Said Barakah
3524:
3516:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3473:
3424:
3404:
3400:Brief biography
3363:Baibars article
3359:
3349:
3312:
3297:
3256:10.2307/1291467
3240:Folda, Jaroslav
3233:
3212:Knights Templar
3144:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3102:
3098:
3073:
3069:
3053:History Channel
3047:
3046:
3042:
3037:Wayback Machine
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2885:
2878:
2846:
2840:
2827:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2722:Kastritsis 2013
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2686:
2682:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2426:
2422:
2408:
2406:
2394:
2383:
2376:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2300:
2294:Claude Mutafian
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2141:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1922:
1894:
1890:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1853:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1824:
1820:
1809:
1791:
1787:
1776:
1758:
1754:
1743:
1727:
1723:
1712:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1671:
1667:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1354:
1283:Islamic science
1271:
1265:
1233:
1231:Military legacy
1212:
1210:
1206:waxes powerful.
1187:Seventh Crusade
1179:Crusader States
1144:
1134:Seventh Crusade
1130:
1118:al-Said Barakah
1114:Al-Said Barakah
1105:
1076:(1260-1277) in
1066:
1033:
962:
956:
929:Hugues de Revel
909:
903:
868:
733:
727:
706:al-Mustansir II
634:
632:Becoming Sultan
601:
599:al-Mughith Umar
575:Qalawun al-Alfi
538:Knights Templar
518:Seventh Crusade
502:
471:
425:Ibn Taghrībirdī
421:Dasht-i Kipchak
405:
343:Turkic language
339:
300:Seventh Crusade
290:origin, in the
273:
270:
267:
264:
175:
160:Al-Said Barakah
131:
121:Dasht-i Kipchak
119:
105:Al-Said Barakah
64:Sultan of Egypt
58:
40:
38:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3798:As-Salih Hajji
3795:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3594:Nur al-Din Ali
3591:
3584:
3582:
3581:Salihi Mamluks
3578:
3577:
3570:Mamluk sultans
3566:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3506:Regnal titles
3503:
3502:
3481:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3427:
3422:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3383:
3378:
3369:
3358:
3357:External links
3355:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3310:
3290:
3267:
3236:
3231:
3216:
3207:
3186:
3147:
3142:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3115:978-1438126968
3114:
3096:
3067:
3040:
3026:Ahmad Y Hassan
3018:
3009:
3007:, p. 223.
2997:
2985:
2978:
2960:
2953:
2935:
2928:
2910:
2876:
2825:
2807:
2800:
2771:
2769:, p. 175.
2759:
2747:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2700:
2680:
2659:
2639:
2627:
2625:, p. 254.
2615:
2603:
2601:, p. 244.
2591:
2587:Seignobos 2016
2579:
2577:, p. 554.
2575:Seignobos 2016
2567:
2560:
2540:
2525:
2523:, p. 118.
2510:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2447:
2440:
2420:
2381:
2374:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2311:
2298:
2286:
2273:978-9004132863
2272:
2252:
2238:
2231:
2211:
2202:
2188:
2165:
2158:
2132:
2105:
2090:
2060:
2042:
2032:
2030:, p. 348.
2028:Humphreys 1977
2020:
2018:, p. 332.
2016:Humphreys 1977
2008:
2006:, p. 331.
2004:Humphreys 1977
1996:
1994:, p. 326.
1992:Humphreys 1977
1984:
1971:
1958:
1943:
1934:
1920:
1914:. p. 86.
1888:
1872:
1865:
1844:
1818:
1807:
1785:
1774:
1752:
1741:
1721:
1710:
1690:
1683:
1665:
1646:
1638:
1618:
1611:
1591:
1584:
1564:
1557:
1537:
1530:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1471:
1462:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:Kipchak people
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1312:Arabic romance
1295:Islam and cats
1287:Arab physician
1269:Islam and cats
1264:
1261:
1232:
1229:
1208:
1183:Templar knight
1129:
1126:
1104:
1101:
1065:
1062:
1032:
1029:
955:
952:
902:
899:
867:
864:
813:Battle of Mari
789:been conquered
783:, held by the
726:
723:
694:sacked Baghdad
633:
630:
579:an-Nasir Yusuf
554:Shajar al-Durr
550:as-Salih Ayyub
501:
498:
484:As-Salih Ayyub
407:Baybars was a
404:
401:
341:In his native
338:
335:
250:and nicknamed
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
211:
205:
204:
201:
195:
194:
191:
190:
186:
185:
177:
176:
174:
173:
170:
167:
162:
156:
154:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
128:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
81:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4042:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Bahri sultans
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3784:Burji dynasty
3781:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3627:Bahri dynasty
3624:
3619:
3612:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3478:
3477:Bahri dynasty
3469:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:Brief article
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3311:9788394228835
3307:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3278:(in French).
3277:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3232:0-87395-263-4
3228:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:(90): 83–92,
3163:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3143:9780521522908
3139:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3092:0-7923-4066-3
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:Helaine Selin
3071:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2803:
2801:9780525950165
2797:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2731:
2724:, p. 26.
2723:
2718:
2703:
2701:9781136775260
2697:
2694:. Routledge.
2693:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2660:9789231041532
2656:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2561:9780521209816
2557:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2538:, p. 95.
2537:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2508:, p. 93.
2507:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2484:, p. 179
2483:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2443:
2441:9780521852654
2437:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2417:
2404:
2403:
2399:(1896). "8".
2398:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2375:9780299048440
2371:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2352:
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2333:
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2321:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2234:
2232:9781135131449
2228:
2225:. Routledge.
2224:
2223:
2215:
2206:
2191:
2189:9780143031079
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2159:9780521347723
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2094:
2078:
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2069:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:9782745192783
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1883:
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1833:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1742:9789004161658
1738:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1612:9781138022744
1608:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1558:9789774162053
1554:
1550:
1549:
1541:
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1531:90-04-12454-3
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1363:Bahri dynasty
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1138:Ninth Crusade
1135:
1125:
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1099:in Damascus.
1098:
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913:Chastel Blanc
908:
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766:
765:Fall of Arsuf
762:
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732:
722:
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712:
711:al-Mustarshid
707:
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531:
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511:
510:Ninth Crusade
506:
500:Rise to power
497:
496:'s students.
495:
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3493:19 July 1223
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3190:
3182:the original
3161:
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3133:
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3043:
3021:
3012:
3005:Howarth 1982
3000:
2992:
2988:
2969:
2963:
2944:
2938:
2919:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2897:the original
2893:AUC DAR Home
2892:
2854:
2850:
2820:the original
2810:
2785:
2780:Young, Robyn
2774:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2741:
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2690:
2683:
2649:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2550:
2543:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2472:, p. 91
2465:
2430:
2423:
2414:
2407:. Retrieved
2401:
2364:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2324:the original
2314:
2306:
2305:Bournotian,
2301:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2262:
2255:
2241:
2221:
2214:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2178:
2168:
2146:
2145:
2125:27 September
2123:. Retrieved
2115:
2108:
2099:
2093:
2083:27 September
2081:. Retrieved
2075:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1961:
1953:
1950:Asly, p. 49.
1946:
1937:
1929:
1926:Google Books
1924:– via
1903:
1898:
1891:
1881:
1875:
1856:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:
1821:
1812:
1798:
1788:
1779:
1765:
1755:
1746:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1700:
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1547:
1540:
1520:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1448:
1444:
1411:
1407:
1373:Cuman people
1337:
1336:
1305:
1303:
1291:Ibn al-Nafis
1272:
1249:hand cannons
1234:
1221:Golden Horde
1214:
1200:Jesus Christ
1192:
1156:
1110:
1106:
1086:
1073:
1053:
1034:
1010:
978:
941:
917:Hospitallers
910:
883:Golden Horde
876:
869:
849:
834:
802:
797:
778:
742:
702:al-Musta'sim
687:
672:
662:
635:
614:
564:
557:
556:being named
515:
488:
443:from either
406:
399:in one eye.
386:
371:
352:
346:
340:
316:
252:Abu al-Futuh
251:
247:
243:
231:
230:
57:(1320–1340).
36:
25:
3990:1277 deaths
3985:1223 births
3950:(1516–1517)
3948:Tumanbay II
3944:(1501–1516)
3932:(1500–1501)
3926:(1498–1500)
3920:(1496–1498)
3914:(1468–1496)
3908:(1467–1468)
3896:(1461–1467)
3884:(1453–1461)
3872:(1438–1453)
3860:(1422–1438)
3854:(1421–1422)
3836:(1412–1421)
3824:(1405–1412)
3812:(1399–1405)
3806:(1390–1399)
3800:(1389–1390)
3794:(1382–1389)
3775:(1381–1382)
3769:(1377–1381)
3763:(1363–1377)
3757:(1361–1363)
3751:(1354–1361)
3745:(1351–1354)
3739:(1347–1351)
3733:(1346–1347)
3727:(1345–1346)
3721:(1342–1345)
3709:(1341–1342)
3697:(1310–1341)
3691:(1309–1310)
3685:(1299–1309)
3679:(1296–1299)
3673:(1294–1296)
3667:(1293–1294)
3661:(1290–1293)
3655:(1279–1290)
3643:(1277–1279)
3637:(1260–1277)
3602:(1259–1260)
3596:(1257–1259)
3590:(1250–1257)
3500:1 July 1277
3447:: 129–193.
2903:22 December
2635:Werner 2013
2623:Welsby 2002
2611:Werner 2013
2599:Welsby 2002
2521:Werner 2013
2494:Werner 2013
2409:26 November
1952:Skip Knox,
1762:"Baybars I"
1480:"Baybars I"
974:Old Dongola
925:Ibn Shaddad
887:Mengu-Timur
837:Bohemond VI
669:Bab Zuweila
602: [
490:Al-Sha'rani
472: [
91:Predecessor
41:Rukn al-Din
3964:Categories
3906:Timurbugha
3423:0821444611
3348:0714119474
2536:Gazda 2005
2506:Gazda 2005
1832:Britannica
1484:Britannica
1421:References
1316:Kazakhstan
1189:lamented:
1175:Kazakhstan
989:pilgrimage
879:Hijra year
715:al-Hakim I
688:After the
577:, fled to
494:Ibn 'Arabi
389:olive skin
257:أبو الفتوح
79:Coronation
3461:267765212
3203:1731-6146
3178:164061795
3157:Antiquity
2871:1307-9581
2669:cite book
2470:King 1949
2458:King 1949
2266:. BRILL.
2179:In Xanadu
1814:Damascus.
1735:. Brill.
1324:Palestine
1171:Near East
1041:Ilkhanate
1017:Banu Kanz
991:route to
946:, led by
921:mangonels
832:Mamluks.
665:al-Kurani
587:Jerusalem
546:Turanshah
441:Black Sea
437:Wallachia
417:Black Sea
403:Biography
393:blue eyes
101:Successor
85:Salihiyah
3472:Baybars
3433:(1926).
3276:Afriques
3078:(1997),
3033:Archived
2782:(2007).
2349:Madden,
2309:, p. 101
1352:See also
1342:Damascus
1279:Damascus
1209:—
1204:Muhammad
1122:Solamish
1089:Damascus
1082:Damascus
1006:al-Abwab
935:and two
860:Caesarea
856:Ashkalon
817:Mamistra
809:Hethum I
761:Nazareth
675:Ayyubids
646:Damascus
397:cataract
323:Crusader
302:of King
220:Religion
165:Solamish
133:Damascus
83:1260 at
3372:Baibars
3264:1291467
3126:Sources
2786:Crusade
2707:3 April
2353:at 168.
2279:3 April
2195:3 April
2056:Baybars
1908:Lebanon
1837:16 June
1368:Cumania
1328:Lebanon
1239:in the
1237:Mongols
1163:dynasty
1161:Mamluk
1074:Baybars
1057:Pervâne
1049:Kayseri
937:mihrabs
793:Saladin
785:Templar
569:killed
559:sultana
429:Mongols
409:Kipchak
331:Makuria
288:Kipchak
265:
248:Baybars
244:Baibars
209:Dynasty
31:Baybars
4005:Cumans
3938:(1501)
3902:(1467)
3890:(1461)
3878:(1453)
3866:(1438)
3848:(1421)
3842:(1421)
3830:(1412)
3818:(1405)
3715:(1342)
3703:(1341)
3649:(1279)
3496:
3459:
3420:
3345:
3332:. Lit.
3308:
3262:
3229:
3201:
3176:
3140:
3112:
3090:
3063:Part 5
3059:Part 4
3055:, 2007
2976:
2951:
2926:
2869:
2798:
2698:
2657:
2558:
2438:
2372:
2296:, p.60
2270:
2229:
2186:
2156:
1918:
1863:
1805:
1772:
1739:
1708:
1681:
1636:
1609:
1582:
1555:
1528:
1344:. The
1196:Mosque
1140:, and
1128:Legacy
1103:Family
997:Nubian
985:Aidhab
933:mosque
825:Tarsus
698:caliph
626:Aleppo
595:Nablus
449:Alania
445:Crimea
413:steppe
374:blazon
327:Levant
312:Mongol
285:Turkic
278:Mamluk
236:Arabic
203:Zahiri
169:Khizir
143:Spouse
3574:Cairo
3498:Died:
3491:Born:
3457:S2CID
3440:BIFAO
3365:from
3298:(PDF)
3260:JSTOR
3174:S2CID
2847:(PDF)
2351:supra
2120:(PDF)
1902:[
1441:(PDF)
1399:Notes
1358:Ablaq
1332:Syria
1320:Egypt
1275:Cairo
1257:Nubia
1253:Libya
1225:Egypt
1217:Islam
1159:Bahri
1093:kumis
1064:Death
1021:jizya
993:Mecca
981:David
895:Noqai
891:Abaqa
872:Berke
852:Jaffa
821:Adana
781:Safed
774:Haifa
770:Atlit
745:Syria
617:Qutuz
610:Kerak
606:]
583:Syria
567:Aybak
480:Cairo
476:]
461:Sivas
419:, or
296:Qutuz
283:, of
224:Islam
214:Bahri
199:House
184:Names
152:Issue
70:Reign
3418:ISBN
3343:ISBN
3306:ISBN
3227:ISBN
3199:ISSN
3138:ISBN
3110:ISBN
3088:ISBN
3061:and
2974:ISBN
2949:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2905:2021
2867:ISSN
2796:ISBN
2709:2018
2696:ISBN
2675:link
2655:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2411:2023
2370:ISBN
2281:2018
2268:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2197:2018
2184:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2127:2021
2085:2021
1916:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1839:2023
1803:ISBN
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1526:ISBN
1330:and
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1255:and
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1173:and
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772:and
753:Acre
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391:and
354:pars
262:lit.
127:Died
115:Born
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