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let al-Malik al-Muzzafar Qutuz know, as well as the Emirs of his state and the people of his kingdom, in Egypt and in the adjoining countries, that we are the army of God on His earth. He created us from his wrath and urged us against those who incurred His anger. In all lands there are examples to admonish you and to deter you from challenging our resolve. Be warned by the fate of others and hand over your power to us before the veil is torn and you are sorry and your errors are rebound upon you. For we do not pity those who weep, nor are we tender to those who complain. You have heard that we have conquered the lands and cleansed the earth of corruption and killed most of the people. Yours to flee: ours to pursue. And what land will shelter you, what road save you; what country protect you? You have no deliverance from our swords and you cannot avoid dreading us for our horses are swift, our arrows do pierce, our swords like thunder-bolts, our hearts like rocks and our numbers like sand. Fortresses cannot withstand us; armies are of no avail in fighting us. Your prayers against us will not be heard, for you have eaten forbidden things and your speech is foul, you betray oaths and promises, and disobedience and fractiousness prevail among you. Be informed that your lot will be shame and humiliation. "Today you are recommenced with the punishment of humiliation, because you were so proud on earth without right and for your wrongdoing" (Quran, xlvi, 20). "Those who have done wrong will know to what end they will revert" (Quran,xxvi. 227). Those who make war against us are sorry; those who seek our protection are safe. If you submit to our orders and conditions, then your rights and duties are the same as ours. If you resist you will be destroyed. Do not, therefore, destroy yourselves with you own hands. He who is warned should be on his guard. You are convinced that we are the infidels, and we are convinced that you are debauchers. God, who determines all and judges all, has urged us against you. What much for you is little for us, the honorable for you is base for us. Your kings should expect nothing from us except humiliation. Therefore, do not wait long but quickly answer us before the fire of war is set and the spark is thrown over you then You will not have from us dignity, nor comfort, nor protection, nor sanctuary and you will suffer at our hands the most fearful calamity, and your land will be empty of you. By writing to you we have dealt equitably with you and have awakened you by warning you. Now we have no other purpose but you. Peace be with both us and you, and with all of those who follow divine guidance, who fear the consequences of evil and who obey the
Supreme King. Say to Egypt, Hulagu has come with swords unsheathed and sharp. The mightiest of her people will become humble and he will send their children to join the aged." (Letter from Hulagu to Qutuz)
49:
472:, he sent his wife, his son and his money to Egypt. The population of Damascus and other Syrian towns began to flee. After besieging Aleppo for seven days, the Mongols sacked it and massacred its population. When an-Nasir Yusuf heard about the fall of Aleppo he fled to Egypt, leaving Damascus and its remaining population defenseless, but Qutuz denied him entry. An-Nasir Yusuf thus stayed on the border of Egypt, while his emirs deserted him and proceeded into the country. Sultan Qutuz ordered the seizing of an-Nasir Yusuf's jewelry and money, which were sent to Egypt with his wife and servants. Sixteen days after the fall of Aleppo to the Mongols, Damascus surrendered without a fight. An-Nasir Yusuf was taken prisoner by the Mamluks and sent to Hulagu.
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this message, you should at once submit with your men, your money and your knights to the king of kings the ruler of the earth. By doing that you can be saved from his evil and gain his goodness." "We have heard that the merchants of the Levant and others have fled with their money and women to Egypt. If they hide in mountains we will raze the mountains and if they hide in the earth we will sink the earth down. Where is safety ? none can flee because I own both the land and the sea..The lions were despised by our dignity and the princes and the viziers are held in my grasp."
585:, they were quickly followed by Qutuz's forces, but they managed to gather and returned to the battlefield making a successful counterattack. Qutuz cried loudly three times "O Islam! O God grant your servant Qutuz a victory against the Mongols". The Mongols with their Christian allies were then defeated by Qutuz's army and fled to Syria where they became prey for the local population. Qutuz kissed the ground and prayed while the soldiers collected the booty. Kitbuqa, the Commander of the Mongol army, was killed and his head was sent to Cairo.
414:. Vice-Sultan Qutuz and the Egyptian Emirs were alarmed by a message from an-Nasir Yusuf in which he appealed for immediate help from Egypt. The emirs assembled at the court of the 15-year-old Sultan Al-Mansur Ali and Qutuz told them that because of the seriousness of the situation, Egypt should have a strong and capable sultan who could fight the Mongols. On 12 November 1259, Al-Mansur Ali was deposed by Qutuz. When Qutuz became the new sultan, he promised the emirs that they could install any other sultan after he defeated the Mongols.
678:
515:. However, that year the Crusaders recognized the Mongols as the greater threat. Qutuz suggested a military alliance with the Crusaders against the Mongols, but the Crusaders opted to stay neutral. They did, however, allow Qutuz and his forces to travel unmolested through Crusader territory, and to camp and resupply near the Crusader stronghold of Acre. Qutuz and his army stayed there for three days until they heard that the Mongols had crossed the
653:, Baibars was involved in the assassination. Al-Maqrizi further explains that the emirs who struck down Qutuz were Emir Badr ad-Din Baktut, Emir Ons, and Emir Bahadir al-Mu'izzi. While Western historians mentions that Baibars was in on the conspiracy and assigned him direct responsibility. Muslim chroniclers from the Mamluk era stated that Baibars' motivation was either to avenge the killing of his friend, the leader of the Bahariyya
371:
315:, on the triumphant return journey to Cairo. Although Qutuz's reign was short, he is known as one of the most popular Mamluk sultans in the Islamic world and holds a high position in Islamic history. His name Qutuz means 'Vicious beast'. He received this name because he fought like a vicious beast against other slave children.
759:
the leader of the
Bahariyya Mamluks, during the reign of Sultan Aybak, many Bahariyya Mamluks fled from Egypt. Baibars, Qalawun and other prominent Mamluks took refuge in Syria, but after a dispute with an-Nasir Yusuf the Ayyubid king of Syria they moved to Al Karak which was also ruled by an Ayyubid
577:, Baghdad and Syria, Egypt was the last citadel of Islam in the Middle East, and the existence of crusade beach-heads along the coast of the Levant presented a serious menace to the Islamic world. Therefore, the future of Islam and of the Christian west as well depended on the outcome of that battle.
806:
The message was given by Hulagu to an-Nasir's son al-Malik al-Aziz. some of its passages said: "As al-Malik an-Nasir the ruler of Aleppo knows, we have conquered
Baghdad by the sword of the almighty God, we killed its knights, we razed its buildings and we captured its inhabitants" When you receive
668:
Qutuz was first buried in the town of Al-Qusair and then reburied in a cemetery in Cairo, Egypt. Baibars returned to a Cairo which were undergoing celebrations on the victory over the
Mongols, where he became the new sultan. Baibars was at once admired by the people as he revoked the war taxes which
593:
to liquidate the remaining
Mongols. While Alam ad-Din Sonjar was nominated by Qutuz as the sultan's deputy in Damascus, Qutuz granted Aleppo to al-Malik al-Said Ala'a ad-Din as the Emir of Mosul; also a new Abbasid Caliph was about to be installed by Qutuz. The Levant region from the border of Egypt
580:
Baibars, who was known to be a swift commander, led the vanguard and succeeded in his maneuver and lured the Mongol army to Ain Jalut where the
Egyptian army led by Qutuz waited. The Egyptians at first failed to counter the Mongol attack and were scattered after the left flank of their army suffered
492:
Qutuz went to Al-Salihiyya and assembled his commanders to decide on when to march against the
Mongols. But the emirs showed timidity. Qutuz shamed them into joining him, with the statement "Emirs of the Muslims, for some time now you have been fed by the country treasury and you hate to be invaded.
475:
With the centers of
Islamic power in Syria and Baghdad conquered, the center of the Islamic power transferred to Egypt, and became Hulagu's next target. Hulagu sent messengers to Cairo with a threatening letter, urging Qutuz to surrender and submit to the Mongols. Qutuz's response was to execute the
908:
Different medieval historians supply contradicting accounts. Al-Maqrizi and Ibn Taghri say that the assassins killed Qutuz while he was giving his hand to
Baibars. Abu Al-Fida says that Qutuz was giving his hand to someone else when Baibars struck his back with a sword. Hassan, O. says that Baibars
862:
From the King of Kings in the East and the West, the mighty Khan: In your name, O God, You who laid out the earth and raised up the skies. Let al-Malik al-Muzaffar Qutuz, who is of the race of
Mamluks who fled before our swords into this country, who enjoyed its comforts and then killed its rulers,
459:
Hulagu and his forces were proceeding towards Damascus. Some of the Syrian emirs suggested to an-Nasir Yusuf to surrender and submit to Hulagu as the best solution was to save themselves and Syria. Baibars, who was present at the meeting, was upset by the suggestion, and the Mamluks decided to kill
885:
While in Damascus, Qutuz chose an Abbasid named Abu al-Abbas Ahmad to become the new Abbasid Chaliph. After the assassination of Qutuz, Baibars invited Abu al-Abbas to Cairo but before his arrival another Abbasid named Abu al-Qasim Ahmad arrived to Cairo and was installed by Baibars as the new
310:
was fought on 3 September 1260 in southeastern Galilee, between the Egyptian Mamluk army and the Mongols. The Mongols were crushingly defeated by Qutuz's forces, in what has been considered a historical turning point. Qutuz was assassinated by a fellow Mamluk leader,
388:. Qutuz led the Mu'izi Mamluks who had arrested Aybak's widow Shajar al-Durr and installed al-Mansur Ali as the new sultan of Egypt. In November 1257 and April 1258, he defeated raids from the forces of al-Malik al-Mughith of Al-Karak which were supported by the
1764:
1231:
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The Battle of Ain Jalut was fought on 3 September 1260 and was one of the most important battles and a turning point in history. In 1250, only ten years before the battle, the Bahariyya Mamluks (Qutuz, Baibars and Qalawun) led Egypt against the
829:
The surrendering to Hulagu suggestion was uttered by the Syrian Emir Zain ad-Din al-Hafizi. Baibars who was outraged struck and insulted the Emir saying to an-Nasir Yusuf and his Emirs: "You are the reason of the destruction of the
588:
This was the first defeat suffered by the Mongols since they attacked the Islamic world. They fled from Damascus, then from the whole of the northern Levant. Qutuz entered Damascus with his army and sent Baibars to
852:
An-Nasir Yusuf, his son al-Aziz, and his brother al-Zahir were abducted in Gaza by one of his servants and were sent to Hulagu. In another account, an-Nasir went to Kitbuga who arrested him and sent him to
581:
a severe damage but Qutuz stood firm, he threw his helmet to the air and shouted "O Islam" and advanced towards the damaged side followed by his unit. The Mongols were pushed back and fled to a vicinity of
480:
gate in Cairo. Then, rather than waiting for the Mongols to attack, Qutuz decided to raise an army to engage them outside of Egypt. Moroccans who resided in Egypt fled westward, while Yemenis escaped to
625:
in Arabic) were employed by the Mamluk Egyptians during the battle to frighten the Mongol horses and cavalry and cause disorder in their ranks. The Mamluks under Qutuz then went on to take back all of
1452:
See Perry (p. 150), Riley-Smith (p. 237, Baybars ... murdered Qutuz"), Amitai-Preiss (p. 47, "a conspiracy of amirs, which included Baybars and was probably under his leadership"), Holt et al. (
1769:
295:. The centers of Islamic power in Syria and Baghdad were conquered by the Mongols, and the center of the Islamic Empire moved to Egypt, which became their next target. Qutuz led an Egyptian
1138:
1759:
384:
He became the most prominent Mu'izi Mamluk of Sultan Aybak, and then became his vice-sultan in 1253. Aybak was assassinated in 1257 and Qutuz remained as vice-sultan for Aybak's son
493:
I will go alone and who likes to join me should do that and who does not like to join me should go back home, but who will not join will carry the sin of not defending our women."
48:
1949:
661:'s reign; or due to Qutuz's decision to grant Aleppo to al-Malik al-Said Ala'a ad-Din the Emir of Mosul, instead of to Baibars as had promised to him before the
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to the river Euphrates was freed from the Mongols' control. After this victory the Mamluks stretched their sovereignty to the Levant and were recognized by the
1942:
1726:
1892:
696:
The coins during the reign of Qutuz are unique in the history of Mamluk coinages as no other names except his names and titles were inscribed on it:
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to observe the small Mongol garrison there, which Baibars easily defeated. After spending a day in Gaza, Qutuz led his army along the coast towards
439:
The 1260 Mongol offensives in the Levant. The early successful attacks on Aleppo and Damascus led to smaller attacks on secondary targets such as
562:
464:. Baibars and the Mamluks then left Syria, travelling to Egypt where they were warmly welcomed by Sultan Qutuz, who granted Baibars the town of
1567:
1521:
172:
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went to Syria then to Al Karak where they persuaded al-Malik al-Mughith the Ayyubid king of Al Karak to attack Egypt. (See also
392:. The raids caused a dispute among the Bahriyya Mamluks in Al-Karak as some of them wanted to support their followers in Egypt.
283:, he rose to become vice-sultan for more than 20 years, becoming the power behind the throne. He was prominent in defeating the
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as well as raids against other Palestine towns, perhaps including Jerusalem. Smaller raiding parties reached as far south as
2331:
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and the others as legitimate rulers. When Hulagu heard about the defeat of the Mongol Army he executed an-Nasir Yusuf near
2086:
2219:
1675:
Qasim, Abdu Qasim, Dr., Asr Salatin AlMamlik (era of the Mamluk Sultans), Eye for human and social studies, Cairo 2007.
1401:"Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries"
2098:
1702:
1618:
1537:
1022:
2316:
2050:
1878:
2044:
602:. Hulagu kept threatening the Mamluk Sultanate, but soon he was struck hard by conflicts with the Mongols of the
1626:
The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1A: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War
511:. The Crusaders were traditional enemies of the Mamluks, and had been approached by the Mongols about forming a
2249:
2207:
1736:
272:. He reigned as Sultan for less than a year, from 1259 until his assassination in 1260, but served as the
2341:
1453:
820:
who was the leader of the Bahari Mamluks and who was assassinated by Al-Mansur Ali's father Sultan Aybak.
2306:
2195:
774:
2273:
430:
2183:
1905:
1791:
899:. Tuquz Khaton wife of Hulagu appealed for the life of Yusuf's son al-Aziz and he was not executed.
1532:
Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar, Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996,
1718:
1601:
Chronicles of the Crusades: being contemporary narratives of the crusade of Richard Coeur de Lion
718:
713:
378:
324:
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512:
360:
265:
220:
59:
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in 1259, he took control of the military and deposed the reigning sultan, 15-year-old Sultan
2336:
2301:
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840:
611:
537:
505:
435:
8:
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by Lord John de Joinville. (London: H. G. Bohn, 1848; reissued New York: AMS Press, 1969)
873:
662:
559:
532:
461:
406:. They then advanced towards present-day Syria which was then ruled by the Ayyubid ruler
338:
307:
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During the reign of Sultan Aybak many Bahari Mamluks fled from Egypt after their leader
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army north to confront the Mongols who had made a pact with Egypt's long-time enemy the
2261:
2231:
2201:
2032:
1731:
1580:
1561:
1466:
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Mısır Memlükleri tarihi: Sultan al-Malik al-Mu'ayyad Şeyh al-Mahmûdô devri: (1412-1421)
817:
770:
756:
654:
633:. The last City that the Mamluks retook before his assassination was the grand city of
574:
551:
364:
130:
2177:
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2062:
2026:
2014:
1996:
1714:
1698:
1683:
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1614:
1587:
1549:
1533:
1412:
1381:
1371:
1061:
1051:
1028:
1018:
995:
985:
614:. Hulagu died in 1265 and would never avenge the defeat of the Mongols at Ain Jalut.
1610:
Fahmi, Dr. Abd al-Rahman, al-Niqood al-Arabiya (Arabic coins), Mat Misr, Cairo 1964.
2213:
2002:
1990:
566:
280:
150:
645:
On his way back to Cairo, Qutuz was assassinated while on a hunting expedition in
2038:
1972:
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1639:
Ibn Aybak Al-Dwedar, Kinz al-Dorar wa Jamia al-Ghorar, Hans Robert Roemer, Cairo.
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501:
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an-Nasir Yusuf that night. However, he managed to escape with his brother to the
403:
284:
212:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2104:
2080:
2074:
2068:
1860:
1645:, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968.
794:
508:
407:
400:
330:
98:
1653:. Translated by Popper, William. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
2295:
2115:
1958:
1925:
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1553:
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1065:
1032:
999:
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520:
389:
385:
292:
77:
1385:
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746:. During the reign of Sultan Baibars he was killed in the Citadel of Cairo.
677:
603:
519:, at which point Qutuz and Baibars led their forces to meet the Mongols at
516:
269:
1870:
1574:
Al-Qalqashandi, Sobh al-Asha Fi sena'at al-Insha, Dar Alkotob, Cairo 1913.
1456:, Baibars "came to power with regicide on his conscience"), and Tschanz.
700:("The victorious king, sword of the temporal world and of the faith") and
476:
messengers. They were sliced in half, and their heads were mounted on the
2267:
1657:
Mawsoa Thakafiya (Culture encyclopedia), Franklin Publishing, Cairo 1973.
1517:
618:
477:
1400:
2237:
2020:
1642:
1526:
689:
681:
650:
646:
444:
146:
359:. According to some sources, Qutuz claimed that he was descended from
497:
452:
374:
351:
where he was sold to an Egyptian slave merchant who then sold him to
300:
287:, which invaded Egypt in 1249–1250. When Egypt was threatened by the
1017:(in Turkish). Ankara: Ministry of Culture and Tourism Publications.
1978:
895:
Hulagu executed An-Nasir Yusuf and his brother al-Zahir Ghazi near
743:
595:
348:
649:. According to both modern and medieval Muslim historians such as
2243:
2189:
1984:
1966:
1837:
782:
778:
634:
570:
555:
468:. When an-Nasir Yusuf heard that the Mongol army was approaching
440:
396:
334:
312:
288:
87:
2135:
2123:
1856:
896:
872:
Also, 'As Salhiyah' in north Egypt, east of the Nile Delta. In
736:
Al-Malik al-Mughith Omar Ben al-Adil II Ben al-Kamil Muhammed (
599:
582:
469:
465:
418:
411:
296:
256:
94:
2008:
1919:
1529:, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
786:
658:
630:
486:
482:
448:
370:
356:
352:
252:
200:
161:
22:
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1216:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1649:
Ibn-Taġrībirdī, Abu-'l-Maḥāsin Yūsuf Ibn-ʻAbdallāh (1954).
626:
590:
1250:
1248:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1118:
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Chaliph. Qutuz' candidate Abu al-Abbas returned to Syria.
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
982:
L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves, 1250–1517
773:
was assassinated. The stayed in Syria, Al Karak and the
1582:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281
1430:
1428:
1426:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1697:(History of Islamic Egypt), dar al-Maref, Cairo 1266,
1245:
1197:
816:
Not to be confused with his namesake and contemporary
421:
of the Egyptian army and began to prepare for battle.
417:
Qutuz kept Emir Faris ad-Din Aktai al-Mostareb as the
1613:
Hassan, O, Al-Zahir Baibars, Dar Alamal, Cairo 1997,
1296:
541:
Troop movements leading up to the Battle of Ain Jalut
1548:(in French). Translated by Bouriant, Urbain. Paris.
1423:
1102:
1603:by Richard of Devizes and Geoffrey de Vinsauf; and
1546:
Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte
1579:
1724:
1624:Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (2005)
1210:Ibn Taghri, pp. 105–273/vol. 7 /Al-Muzafar Qutuz.
2293:
739:الملك المغيث عمر بن العادل الثانى بن الكامل محمد
1544:Al-Maqrīzī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī Taqī al-Dīn (1895).
1770:Map of the location of the Battle of Ain Jalut
1680:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades
1648:
1050:(in Turkish). İstanbul: Kayıhan Publications.
1886:
1577:
1086:
1084:
737:
236:
1900:
1709:The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia
698:al-Malik al-Muzafar Saif al-Donya wa al-Din
565:, and accompanied by the Christian king of
399:, massacred its inhabitants and killed the
241:
1893:
1879:
1693:Shayyal, Jamal, Prof. of Islamic history,
1566:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1543:
1081:
909:tried to help Qutuz against the assassins.
554:. The Mongol army at Ain Jalut was led by
47:
1586:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1398:
496:Qutuz ordered Baibars to lead a force to
410:, who received a threatening letter from
395:In February 1258, the Mongol army sacked
1012:
676:
536:
434:
369:
1370:(2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
504:, a city that remains a remnant of the
2294:
1725:Tschanz, David W. (July–August 2007).
1365:
526:
233:al-Malik al-Muẓaffar Sayf ad-Dīn Quṭuz
188:al-Malik al-Muzaffar Sayf ad-Din Qutuz
1874:
1045:
979:
777:. Two of the most prominent Mamluks
569:and also by the Christian prince of
333:prince from Persia, captured by the
1711:, H.H. Berton Publisher, 1973–1974.
738:
704:("The victorious sword of faith").
237:
219:; died 24 October 1260), also
216:
13:
14:
2358:
1865:September 1260 – 24 October 1260
1850:Annexed after Battle of Ain Jalut
1753:
1281:Shayyal, pp. 122–123, 126 /vol. 2
16:Sultan of Egypt from 1259 to 1260
2021:Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir
1948:
1941:
1832:November 1259 – 24 October 1260
640:
424:
108:September 1260 – 24 October 1260
1651:History of Egypt, 1382–1469 A.D
1522:The Concise History of Humanity
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617:Some of the earliest explosive
69:November 1259 – 24 October 1260
2347:13th-century murdered monarchs
2327:Muslims of the Seventh Crusade
2051:Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il
1682:, Oxford University Press US,
1664:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
1628:, Cambridge University Press,
1578:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995).
1486:Al-Maqrizi, pp. 519–520/vol. 2
1194:Al-Maqrizi, pp. 514–515/vol. 1
1167:Ibn Aybak Al-Dwedar, pp. 47–48
1158:Al-Maqrizi, pp. 515–516/vol. 1
1072:
1039:
1013:Koperman, Kazım Yaşar (1989).
1006:
973:
964:
952:
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1:
1727:"History's Hinge: 'Ain Jalut"
1678:Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2001)
1232:Al-Salihiyyah on a Google map
915:
606:, in the western half of the
341:
318:
2322:Assassinated Egyptian people
1717:, Mankind and mother earth,
1048:Memlukler 648-923/ 1250-1517
984:(in French). Paris: Perrin.
818:Faris ad-Din Aktai al-Jemdar
7:
2332:13th-century Mamluk sultans
1605:of the crusade of St. Louis
1347:Shayyal, pp. 123–124/vol. 2
755:After the assassination of
742:) was the Ayyubid ruler of
707:
669:had been imposed by Qutuz.
10:
2363:
2196:Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf
1511:
1443:Al-Maqrizi, p. 519/vol. 1.
530:
428:
322:
238:الملك المظفر سيف الدين قطز
20:
2114:
1957:
1939:
1912:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1777:
1495:Al-Maqrizi, p. 521/vol. 1
1399:al-Hassan, Ahmad (2003).
1329:Al-Maqrizi, p. 517/vol. 1
1254:Al-Maqrizi, p. 516/vol. 1
1222:Al-Maqrizi, p. 515/vol. 1
1176:Al-Qalqashandi, pp. 63–64
1149:Al-Maqrizi, p. 513/vol. 1
1129:Al-Maqrizi, p. 509/vol. 1
1099:Al-Maqrizi, p. 506/vol. 1
940:Al-Maqrizi, p. 507/vol. 1
431:Mongol Invasions of Syria
196:
187:
182:
178:
168:
156:
136:
124:
120:
112:
104:
93:
83:
73:
65:
58:
46:
35:
30:
2184:Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad
1695:Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah
1320:Amitai-Preiss pp. 39–45.
839:Qalyub is a town in the
724:
672:
21:Not to be confused with
2317:Murdered Mamluk sultans
1719:Oxford University Press
1660:Perry, Glenn E. (2004)
1356:Al-Maqrizi, pp. 518–519
775:Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm
719:Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
714:List of rulers of Egypt
355:, the Mamluk sultan in
337:during the fall of the
325:Siege of Baghdad (1258)
276:ruler for two decades.
2226:Sayf al-Din Khushqadam
2148:Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz
1477:Mawsoa, p. 764/vol. 24
1434:Shayyal, p. 126/vol. 2
1366:Morgan, David (2007).
1338:Shayyal, p. 132/vol. 2
1311:Shayyal, p. 123/vol. 2
1139:Qalyub on a Google map
1115:Shayyal, p. 122/vol. 2
1046:Yiğit, İsmail (2008).
929:Encyclopaedia Islamica
702:al-Muzafar Saif al-Din
693:
542:
513:Franco-Mongol alliance
456:
381:
361:Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
2087:Salah al-Din Muhammad
2027:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
2015:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
1997:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
1078:Amitai-Preiss, p. 35.
779:Baibars al-Bunduqdari
680:
540:
438:
373:
2268:Sayf al-Din Tumanbay
2244:Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay
2033:Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr
2003:Zayn al-Din Kitbugha
1979:Badr al-Din Salamish
1973:Nasir al-Din Barakah
1789:Cadet branch of the
1739:on 12 September 2007
1662:The History of Egypt
1242:Riley-Smith, p. 204.
980:Clot, André (2009).
843:now, north of Cairo.
841:Qalyubia Governorate
573:. After the fall of
506:Kingdom of Jerusalem
2220:Shihab al-Din Ahmad
2208:Fakhr al-Din Uthman
2190:Sayf al-Din Barsbay
2093:Zayn al-Din Sha'ban
2057:Sayf al-Din Sha'ban
2045:Shihab al-Din Ahmad
1991:Salah al-Din Khalil
1985:Sayf al-Din Qalawun
1967:Rukn al-Din Baybars
1765:Al-Salihiyah on Map
874:Sharqia Governorate
663:Battle of Ain Jalut
560:Nestorian Christian
533:Battle of Ain Jalut
527:Battle of Ain Jalut
462:citadel of Damascus
339:Khwarazmian dynasty
308:Battle of Ain Jalut
53:Qutuz bust in Cairo
37:The Victorious King
2342:Anushtegin dynasty
2262:Al-Ashraf Janbalat
2232:Sayf al-Din Bilbay
2202:Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq
2166:Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
2160:Al-Musta'in Billah
2154:Nasir al-Din Faraj
2142:Nasir al-Din Faraj
2136:Sayf al-Din Barquq
2124:Sayf al-Din Barquq
2105:Salah al-Din Hajji
2075:Salah al-Din Salih
2039:Ala'a al-Din Kujuk
2009:Husam al-Din Lajin
1732:Saudi Aramco World
1715:Toynbee, Arnold J.
1467:Faris ad-Din Aktai
771:Faris ad-Din Aktai
757:Faris ad-Din Aktai
694:
655:Faris ad-Din Aktai
552:Louis IX of France
543:
457:
382:
365:Khwarazmian Empire
347:, he was taken to
131:Khwarazmian Empire
39:Sword of the Faith
2307:Egyptian nobility
2289:
2288:
2250:An-Nasir Muhammad
2178:Sayf al-Din Tatar
2172:Al-Muzaffar Ahmad
2081:Badr al-Din Hasan
2069:Badr al-Din Hasan
2063:Sayf al-Din Hajji
1932:Sayf al-Din Qutuz
1869:
1868:
1835:Succeeded by
1688:978-0-19-285428-5
1670:978-0-313-32264-8
1634:978-0-521-29135-4
1593:978-0-521-46226-6
1377:978-1-4051-3539-9
1057:978-605-5996-02-4
991:978-2-262-03045-2
688:Qutuz, minted in
363:, a ruler of the
209:Sayf al-Din Qutuz
206:
205:
192:
191:
31:Sayf al-Din Qutuz
2354:
2274:Qansuh al-Ghawri
2256:Abu Sa'id Qansuh
2214:Sayf al-Din Inal
2099:Ala'a al-Din Ali
1952:
1945:
1920:Izz al-Din Aybak
1895:
1888:
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1872:
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1818:Preceded by
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1801:
1792:Mamluk Sultanate
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1090:Qasim, p. 44
1074:
1047:
1041:
1014:
1008:
981:
975:
970:Qasim, p. 24
966:
954:
945:
936:
931:, "Baalbek".
928:
924:
904:
891:
881:
868:
858:
848:
835:
825:
812:
802:
765:
751:
732:
701:
697:
695:
685:
667:
659:Sultan Aybak
644:
622:
619:hand cannons
616:
604:Golden Horde
587:
579:
544:
517:Jordan River
495:
491:
474:
458:
416:
404:Al-Musta'sim
394:
383:
329:Qutuz was a
328:
305:
278:
273:
232:
228:
224:
208:
207:
142:(1260-10-24)
36:
18:
2337:1221 births
2302:1260 deaths
2282:(1516–1517)
2280:Tumanbay II
2276:(1501–1516)
2264:(1500–1501)
2258:(1498–1500)
2252:(1496–1498)
2246:(1468–1496)
2240:(1467–1468)
2228:(1461–1467)
2216:(1453–1461)
2204:(1438–1453)
2192:(1422–1438)
2186:(1421–1422)
2168:(1412–1421)
2156:(1405–1412)
2144:(1399–1405)
2138:(1390–1399)
2132:(1389–1390)
2126:(1382–1389)
2107:(1381–1382)
2101:(1377–1381)
2095:(1363–1377)
2089:(1361–1363)
2083:(1354–1361)
2077:(1351–1354)
2071:(1347–1351)
2065:(1346–1347)
2059:(1345–1346)
2053:(1342–1345)
2041:(1341–1342)
2029:(1310–1341)
2023:(1309–1310)
2017:(1299–1309)
2011:(1296–1299)
2005:(1294–1296)
1999:(1293–1294)
1993:(1290–1293)
1987:(1279–1290)
1975:(1277–1279)
1969:(1260–1277)
1934:(1259–1260)
1928:(1257–1259)
1922:(1250–1257)
1518:Abu al-Fida
1368:The Mongols
610:during the
478:Bab Zuweila
345: 1231
264:), was the
255:, Sword of
74:Predecessor
2296:Categories
2238:Timurbugha
1643:Ibn Taghri
1527:Al-Maqrizi
1291:Britannica
916:References
690:Alexandria
682:Gold dinar
651:al-Maqrizi
445:al-Subayba
429:See also:
323:See also:
319:Background
279:Sold into
231:and fully
1562:cite book
1554:758313479
1417:1361-8113
1066:949555454
1033:644353691
1000:912631823
830:Muslims!"
647:Salihiyah
575:Khawarezm
521:Ain Jalut
301:Crusaders
257:the Faith
221:romanized
147:Salihiyah
113:Successor
84:Successor
1386:70831115
744:Al Karak
708:See also
596:Ayyubids
550:of King
349:Damascus
274:de facto
197:Religion
1838:Baibars
1800: ?
1721:, 1976.
1512:Sources
853:Hulagu.
692:in 1260
657:during
635:Baghdad
571:Antioch
556:Kitbuqa
441:Baalbek
397:Baghdad
377:sacked
375:Mongols
335:Mongols
313:Baibars
289:Mongols
245:
116:Baibars
88:Baibars
2270:(1501)
2234:(1467)
2222:(1461)
2210:(1453)
2198:(1438)
2180:(1421)
2174:(1421)
2162:(1412)
2150:(1405)
2047:(1342)
2035:(1341)
1981:(1279)
1857:Sultan
1846:Vacant
1803:
1779:Qutuz
1701:
1686:
1668:
1632:
1617:
1590:
1552:
1536:
1454:p. 215
1415:
1411:: 13.
1384:
1374:
1064:
1054:
1031:
1021:
998:
988:
960:p. 215
949:Mawsoa
897:Tabriz
686:Sultan
600:Tabriz
583:Beisan
470:Aleppo
466:Qalyub
447:, and
419:Atabeg
412:Hulagu
331:Turkic
297:Mamluk
213:Arabic
173:Gulńar
169:Spouse
157:Burial
95:Sultan
1906:Cairo
1861:Syria
1805:Died:
1798:Born:
787:Aybak
760:king.
725:Notes
673:Coins
631:Syria
623:midfa
487:Hejaz
483:Yemen
449:Ajlun
357:Cairo
353:Aybak
270:Egypt
259:Qutuz
229:Kotuz
225:Kutuz
201:Islam
183:Names
162:Cairo
151:Egypt
105:Reign
99:Syria
66:Reign
41:Qutuz
23:Kutus
1745:2007
1699:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1568:link
1550:OCLC
1534:ISBN
1465:See
1413:ISSN
1405:Icon
1382:OCLC
1372:ISBN
1062:OCLC
1052:ISBN
1029:OCLC
1019:ISBN
996:OCLC
986:ISBN
876:now.
793:and
781:and
629:and
627:Iraq
591:Homs
558:, a
502:Acre
498:Gaza
485:and
453:Gaza
306:The
253:King
242:lit.
137:Died
125:Born
1904:of
1859:of
684:of
268:of
227:or
223:as
97:of
2298::
1729:.
1564:}}
1560:{{
1520:,
1425:^
1407:.
1403:.
1380:.
1298:^
1247:^
1215:^
1199:^
1120:^
1104:^
1083:^
1060:.
1027:.
994:.
789:,
665:.
637:.
523:.
489:.
443:,
367:.
342:c.
303:.
215::
149:,
1894:e
1887:t
1880:v
1749:.
1747:.
1705:.
1690:.
1672:.
1636:.
1621:.
1596:.
1570:)
1556:.
1540:.
1419:.
1409:9
1388:.
1068:.
1035:.
1002:.
797:)
621:(
455:.
262:'
248:'
235:(
211:(
25:.
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