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Frederick then arrived to take command and restore order. The
Austrians gained control of the causeway and began filling the trench on the other side, this time using the accumulated bodies of their enemies. Frederick had two horses shot out under him, and eventually withdrew from the battle with a
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amid a withering bombardment by the allies. The first wave was repulsed, but Mercy persisted in the attack, ordering fresh regiments into the assault. They continued to work filling the trenches, using the piled bodies of their comrades in the effort. They were about to take the first French line
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canal at the head of his army and at about 10 am fired on the French advance posts, who withdrew. On reaching
Crocetta, Mercy ordered Frederick, who had command of the Austrian left, to attack without delay. The Prince objected that he first had to cross more troops over the river and align them.
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The
Austrians lost 6,172 killed and wounded, including Marshal Mercy and 6 generals. There were also a great many deserters. The French lost 4,000 killed and wounded and the Sardinians 400. While the allies held the battlefield, it was not considered a great victory due to the heavy casualties.
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had taken command of the forces. He continued to maintain a defensive posture, as he thought that offensive action would leave either Mantua or the
Tyrolean border too weakly defended. It was not until early April that the Austrian army began marching out to face the allies, massing along the
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minor wound. Hotwever, the
Austrians persisted in the attack, driving the French to the walls of Parma amid continued heavy fighting. There the French made a desperate stand, and successfully stopped the Austrian advance. The Austrians then withdrew to the south after the onset of darkness.
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to prevent
Austrian reinforcements from reaching Italy. Charles Emmanuel's tactics including deliberately delaying military movements that were unfavorable to his aims. Frustrated by these tactics, Villars asked to be recalled in May 1734. En route to France, he fell ill, and died in
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Marshal Coigny determined to make a stand at Parma, and on 28 June established a strong position outside the city walls. Anchoring his left flank to the city's defenses, he placed the right at the village of
Crocetta, where it was further protected by swampy areas of the
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Starting in
October 1733, a combined Franco-Sardinian army, numbering over 40,000 and led by Charles Emmanuel, rapidly took control of Milanese territory without significant opposition from the roughly 12,000 Austrian troops defending the duchy. After the conquest of
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In response to the allied seizure of Milan, Austria organized a relief army. Due to
Charles Emmanuel's insistence on completely securing Milanese territory, some Austrian troops were able to cross the Alps to the stronghold of
576:. He and Charles Emmanuel disagreed on strategy, as the latter, distrustful of the French, wanted to secure Milan for himself, while Villars wanted to secure the southern ends of the passes through the
663:, not far from Parma. From 3 to 8 June the bulk of the allied army crossed the Po at Sacca to join the defensive position there. On 4 and 5 June a detachment of Sardinian troops drove the Austrians
655:. Throughout May, that wing, commanded by Frederick of Württemberg, moved upriver toward Parma, while the right wing, under Marshal Mercy, moved more slowly, delayed by the need for provisions and a
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Then Mercy said "Je vous laisse faire et je ferai la chose à ma mode (Do what you want, I will do it my way)" and led the right into battle. His troops began advancing, filling in the trenches with
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as early as
November 1733, bringing the troop strength there to about 7,000. By the end of the year the garrison had swollen to 12,000, mostly due to troops pulling out of Milanese strongholds.
735:. There was little significant conflict as the two armies faced each other across the Secchia until September, when Königsegg began a series of moves that culminated in the Austrian
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suffered by the aging Mercy, that deprived him of his sight. On 1 June Frederick dislodged a detachment of French troops that were stationed to protect a bridgehead at
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Rivers to monitor allied movements in January 1734, and fortified the Tyrolean border with Milan. By March the army's size had risen to 24,000, and Field Marshal
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was sick. He asked the French marshals to avoid engaging in offensive actions until he returned, although this was likely another delaying tactic on his part.
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739:, again with heavy casualties, on September 19, after which the Austrians retreated to the Oglio River, a position they maintained for the rest of the year.
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512:, European powers exerted diplomatic and military influence in the selection of his successor. Competing elections in August and October 1733 elected
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castle, where he wrote a report of the battle to the emperor, blaming the failure on Mercy's recklessness. The Austrians eventually retreated to the
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486:. Austrian troops assaulted an entrenched Franco-Sardinian position, and were ultimately repulsed, due in part to the death of their commander,
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644:, in a letter dated April 26, ordered Mercy to begin the campaign; total Austrian forces in northern Italy had grown to more than 55,000.
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and the Habsburg territories in what is now northern Italy. The Italian campaign was conducted in conjunction with King
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when Mercy was struck and killed by a musket ball, creating confusion and disorder within the lines.
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536:. On October 10, France declared war on Austria and Saxony to draw military strength away from
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Atti del Congresso Internazionale di Scienze Storiche, du Prof. Dott. Ludovico Oberziner (1906)
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494:. Both sides suffered significant casualties in the battle, which lasted for most of the day.
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The battle was witnessed by the population of Parma and in particular by Venetian playwright
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River, where they were joined in July by reinforcements and a new leader, Field Marshal
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in June. The French troops in the army were then placed under the command of generals
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in February 1734, the fighting season slowed and the army camped for the winter.
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This article is about the 1734 battle. For the battle during World War II, see
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Martin's history of France: The decline of the French monarchy, Volume 1
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Late in June 1734, Charles Emmanuel returned to Turin, because his wife
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The army was joined in November 1733 by the 81-year-old French Marshal
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On 1 May the left wing of the Austrian army began crossing the
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to be the next king. Stanisław was supported primarily by
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to plan an attack against the allied position at Parma.
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Edition Quaderni Parmensi, de Gianfranco Stella (1988)
764:, Henri Martin, translated by Mary Louise Booth (1866)
478:, between the village of La Crocetta and the city of
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788:Edition Aurea Parma, de Giancarlo Gonizzi (2004)
684:. The road between Crocetta and Parma ran on a
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64:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
16:1734 battle of the War of the Polish Succession
508:Following the death in February 1733 of King
490:, and the wounding of his second in command,
462:was fought on 29 June 1734 between troops of
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807:Battles of the War of the Polish Succession
540:, and shortly thereafter invaded both the
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23:. For the film about the WWII battle, see
756:History of the house of Austria, Volume 3
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
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474:troops on the other, as part of the
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518:Frederick August, Elector of Saxony
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837:Military history of Emilia-Romagna
792:Die Schlacht bei Parma (in German)
746:, who happened to be in the city.
548:, to whom France had promised the
261:François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie
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546:Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia
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623:established patrols along the
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504:War of the Polish Succession
369:War of the Polish Succession
119:War of the Polish Succession
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598:Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg
32:San Pietro (disambiguation)
21:Battle of San Pietro Infine
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786:la battaglia di San Pietro
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817:Battles involving Austria
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476:War of Polish Succession
330:6,200 killed and wounded
327:4,400 killed and wounded
303:Frederick of Württemberg
191:Franco-Sardinian victory
50:This article includes a
25:The Battle of San Pietro
79:more precise citations.
642:Prince Eugene of Savoy
248:Commanders and leaders
768:la battaglia di Parma
758:, William Coxe (1889)
514:Stanisław Leszczyński
510:Augustus II of Poland
322:Casualties and losses
454:, also known as the
452:Battle of San Pietro
112:Battle of San Pietro
30:For other uses, see
737:defeat at Guastalla
715:Battle of Guastalla
667:, who retreated to
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456:Battle of Crocetta
52:list of references
822:Conflicts in 1734
610:Battle of Colorno
604:Austrian campaign
560:Allies take Milan
472:Habsburg Austrian
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77:introducing
801:Categories
682:Taro River
587:de Broglie
574:de Villars
534:Charles VI
498:Background
417:San Pietro
317:50,000 men
314:60,000 men
733:Königsegg
709:Aftermath
542:Rhineland
432:Guastalla
698:fascines
686:causeway
649:Po River
532:Emperor
530:Habsburg
528:and the
468:Sardinia
402:Trarbach
309:Strength
229:Sardinia
137:Location
750:Sources
729:Secchia
669:Sorbolo
661:Colorno
567:Tortona
552:in the
458:or the
437:Clausen
412:Colorno
397:Bitonto
290:†
242:Austria
163:10°18′E
160:44°48′N
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675:Battle
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617:Mantua
591:Coigny
538:Poland
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653:Parma
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151:Italy
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58:, or
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627:and
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